Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371889

  Ductal carcinoma in situ doesn’t typically cause symptoms. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS. […] DCIS can sometimes cause symptoms such as: A breast lump. Bloody nipple discharge. […] DCIS is usually found on a mammogram. It appears as tiny flecks of calcium in the breast tissue. These are calcium deposits, often referred to as calcifications. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ is a very early form of breast cancer. In ductal carcinoma in situ, the cancer cells are confined inside a milk duct in the breast. The cancer cells haven’t spread into the breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ is often shortened to DCIS. It’s sometimes called noninvasive, preinvasive or stage 0 breast cancer. […] DCIS has a low risk of spreading and becoming life-threatening. However, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options.

• #2 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/types-of-breast-cancer/dcis.html

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive or pre-invasive breast cancer. Nearly all women with this early stage of breast cancer can be cured. DCIS is a non-invasive or pre-invasive breast cancer. This means the cells that line the ducts have changed to cancer cells but they have not spread through the walls of the ducts into the nearby breast tissue. Because DCIS hasn’t spread into the breast tissue around it, it can’t spread (metastasize) beyond the breast to other parts of the body. However, DCIS can sometimes become an invasive cancer. At that time, the cancer has spread out of the duct into nearby tissue, and from there, it could metastasize to other parts of the body. Right now, there’s no good way to know for sure which will become invasive cancer and which ones won’t, so almost all women with DCIS will be treated. […] In most cases, a woman with DCIS can choose between breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and simple mastectomy.

• #3 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17869-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is cancer in your breasts milk ducts. It isnt aggressive and it typically doesnt spread. This early form of breast cancer is usually curable with appropriate treatment, which often includes lumpectomy and radiation therapy. DCIS is highly treatable, and the outlook is excellent. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ doesnt generally cause symptoms. But a few people with DCIS may notice a breast lump, itchy skin or nipple discharge (like blood). […] Ductal carcinoma in situ can turn into invasive ductal carcinoma if you dont treat it. If you have DCIS, its important to get treatment as soon as possible. […] Although DCIS isnt an aggressive cancer, its still important to get treatment or have a healthcare provider monitor your condition closely. Some forms of ductal carcinoma in situ may become invasive without treatment. This means that the cancer spreads beyond your milk ducts and into your surrounding breast tissue.

• #4 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/dcis/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a common form of breast cancer, accounting for approximately 20-25% of all new breast cancer cases in the United States. DCIS does not usually present with any noticeable signs or symptoms and is often found as a result of an annual screening mammogram, making early detection the key to finding breast cancer in this early stage. […] Because DCIS is early-stage breast cancer (Stage 0), it typically does not have any noticeable signs or symptoms. In rare cases, some people may experience a breast lump or discharge (clear fluid) from the nipple, but the majority of DCIS cases are found through a mammogram. […] If left untreated or undetected, DCIS may spread out of the milk ducts and into the surrounding breast tissue. When DCIS spreads beyond the milk ducts and invades other areas of the breast, it becomes invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and advances in stage.

• #5 Ductal Carcinoma in situ | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types-breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-situ

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive breast cancer where abnormal cells are contained within the milk ducts, and while it doesn’t typically cause symptoms, treatment is recommended to prevent it from developing into invasive breast cancer. […] DCIS cannot usually be felt as a breast lump or other breast change. […] Most women with DCIS are not aware of any symptoms at the time of diagnosis. […] The aim of treating DCIS is to prevent invasive breast cancer from developing. […] If DCIS is not treated it may develop into invasive breast cancer, which can spread outside the ducts into the breast tissue and then possibly to other parts of the body. […] DCIS can be treated successfully and most women diagnosed and treated for DCIS will not later develop invasive breast cancer.

• #6 Understanding Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ is not a life threatening diagnosis and has a very high survival rate of 100%. However, having DCIS does increase the risk of developing invasive breast cancer, which can be very serious if not treated. […] In most cases, DCIS does not present with any symptoms. However, in a very small number of cases, there may be a lump in the breast or an unusual discharge. […] Most women with ductal carcinoma in situ experience no pain or notice any other symptoms. However, in some cases there may be an unusual lump or discharge from the nipple, which may be uncomfortable. […] If DCIS is left untreated, there is a higher risk that it can develop into invasive breast cancer, which can spread to other parts of the body.

• #7 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371889

  Ductal carcinoma in situ doesn’t typically cause symptoms. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS. […] DCIS can sometimes cause symptoms such as: A breast lump. Bloody nipple discharge. […] DCIS is usually found on a mammogram. It appears as tiny flecks of calcium in the breast tissue. These are calcium deposits, often referred to as calcifications. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ is a very early form of breast cancer. In ductal carcinoma in situ, the cancer cells are confined inside a milk duct in the breast. The cancer cells haven’t spread into the breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ is often shortened to DCIS. It’s sometimes called noninvasive, preinvasive or stage 0 breast cancer. […] DCIS has a low risk of spreading and becoming life-threatening. However, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options.

• #8 Understanding Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is considered the earliest form of breast cancer. A diagnosis of DCIS means that abnormal cells have been found within the milk ducts of the breast. At this stage, the cells have not broken through the walls of the milk ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. […] DCIS generally does not result in any signs or symptoms. It is most commonly discovered through breast screening mammograms or an ultrasound. However, ductal carcinoma in situ can occasionally be found following a change in the breast such as a lump or discharge from the nipple. If these symptoms do occur, it’s more likely that it will be invasive breast cancer. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, or further changes in the breast such as an area of puckered, thickened or unusual skin, it is recommended to seek medical attention.

• #9 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/dcis/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a common form of breast cancer, accounting for approximately 20-25% of all new breast cancer cases in the United States. DCIS does not usually present with any noticeable signs or symptoms and is often found as a result of an annual screening mammogram, making early detection the key to finding breast cancer in this early stage. […] Because DCIS is early-stage breast cancer (Stage 0), it typically does not have any noticeable signs or symptoms. In rare cases, some people may experience a breast lump or discharge (clear fluid) from the nipple, but the majority of DCIS cases are found through a mammogram. […] If left untreated or undetected, DCIS may spread out of the milk ducts and into the surrounding breast tissue. When DCIS spreads beyond the milk ducts and invades other areas of the breast, it becomes invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and advances in stage.

• #10 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17869-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is cancer in your breasts milk ducts. It isnt aggressive and it typically doesnt spread. This early form of breast cancer is usually curable with appropriate treatment, which often includes lumpectomy and radiation therapy. DCIS is highly treatable, and the outlook is excellent. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ doesnt generally cause symptoms. But a few people with DCIS may notice a breast lump, itchy skin or nipple discharge (like blood). […] Ductal carcinoma in situ can turn into invasive ductal carcinoma if you dont treat it. If you have DCIS, its important to get treatment as soon as possible. […] Although DCIS isnt an aggressive cancer, its still important to get treatment or have a healthcare provider monitor your condition closely. Some forms of ductal carcinoma in situ may become invasive without treatment. This means that the cancer spreads beyond your milk ducts and into your surrounding breast tissue.

• #11

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/cancer/breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early and non-invasive form of breast cancer found in your milk ducts. Its commonly treated with surgery and radiation therapy to prevent it from progressing into invasive cancer. […] DCIS often has no symptoms, since its restricted to the breasts milk ducts. Self-exams and regular screenings are vital for early detection. […] However, there are instances where signs may indicate a potential issue, including: Breast lump or thickening, Nipple discharge, Changes in breast appearance, Breast pain or tenderness. […] Should you notice any changes in your breasts or experience concerning symptoms, schedule an appointment with your provider for further evaluation. […] While surgery is the most common treatment for DCIS, it’s not the only option. In some cases, especially for low-grade DCIS or when surgery isn’t recommended due to other health concerns, the best treatment for DICIS will depend on several factors unique to your situation.

• #12

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/cancer-institute/cancers-we-treat/breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is non-invasive breast cancer but can become invasive meaning it can spread into your surrounding breast tissue if not promptly managed. […] DCIS typically doesn’t cause any noticeable symptoms because it is confined to the milk ducts of the breast. […] Most cases of DCIS are detected through self-exams or regular screenings with your doctor before any symptoms develop. However, in some cases, there might be signs that could indicate an issue, including: […] Although DCIS usually doesn’t produce a palpable lump, some women may notice a lump or thickening in the breast. […] In rare cases, DCIS may cause nipple discharge, which may be bloody or clear. […] DCIS may cause changes in the size, shape or contour of the breast. […] Some women with DCIS may experience breast pain or tenderness, although this is not a common symptom.

• #13 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis/

  DCIS usually has no symptoms. Most cases of DCIS are found during routine breast screening or if a mammogram is done for some other reason. […] Occasionally DCIS is found when someone has a breast change such as a lump or discharge (liquid) from the nipple. However, if someone with DCIS has a breast change its more likely they will also have an invasive breast cancer. […] Some people with DCIS also have a type of rash involving the nipple known as Pagets disease of the breast, although this is rare. […] If DCIS is not treated, the cancer cells may develop the ability to spread outside the ducts, into the surrounding breast tissue. This is known as invasive breast cancer. Invasive cancer has the potential to also spread to other parts of the body. […] In some cases, DCIS will never develop further or grows so slowly that it would never cause harm during a persons lifetime. Although the size and grade of the DCIS can help predict if it will become invasive, there is currently no way of knowing if this will happen. High-grade DCIS is more likely to become an invasive breast cancer and to do so over a shorter time than low-grade DCIS.

• #14 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/ductal-carcinoma-situ

  Ductal carcinoma in situ does not have distinctive symptoms, such as a breast lump or skin changes. In most cases, the cancer is detected during a routine mammogram before any symptoms become apparent. […] As DCIS progresses and cancerous cells invade the milk duct, noticeable symptoms such as itchy skin and ulceration (sores) may develop.

• #15 DCIS breast cancer (Ductal carcinoma in situ) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis

  DCIS usually has no symptoms. It is usually found through changes seen on a mammogram. Mammograms are used as part of the NHS breast screening programme. […] A small number of people go to their GP with symptoms and are referred for a mammogram. Symptoms include: a breast lump, discharge from the nipple, an eczema-like rash on the nipple. […] If DCIS is not treated, over time there may be more changes to the cells. This means it may spread into (invade) the breast tissue surrounding the ducts. It then becomes an invasive breast cancer. […] Not every untreated DCIS will develop into invasive breast cancer. But doctors usually advise treating DCIS. This is because it is not possible to tell for certain which cases of DCIS will become invasive cancer. […] Having DCIS means you have a slightly higher risk of getting cancer elsewhere in the same breast or in your other breast.

• #16 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis/

  DCIS usually has no symptoms. Most cases of DCIS are found during routine breast screening or if a mammogram is done for some other reason. […] Occasionally DCIS is found when someone has a breast change such as a lump or discharge (liquid) from the nipple. However, if someone with DCIS has a breast change its more likely they will also have an invasive breast cancer. […] Some people with DCIS also have a type of rash involving the nipple known as Pagets disease of the breast, although this is rare. […] If DCIS is not treated, the cancer cells may develop the ability to spread outside the ducts, into the surrounding breast tissue. This is known as invasive breast cancer. Invasive cancer has the potential to also spread to other parts of the body. […] In some cases, DCIS will never develop further or grows so slowly that it would never cause harm during a persons lifetime. Although the size and grade of the DCIS can help predict if it will become invasive, there is currently no way of knowing if this will happen. High-grade DCIS is more likely to become an invasive breast cancer and to do so over a shorter time than low-grade DCIS.

• #17 Understanding Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is considered the earliest form of breast cancer. A diagnosis of DCIS means that abnormal cells have been found within the milk ducts of the breast. At this stage, the cells have not broken through the walls of the milk ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. […] DCIS generally does not result in any signs or symptoms. It is most commonly discovered through breast screening mammograms or an ultrasound. However, ductal carcinoma in situ can occasionally be found following a change in the breast such as a lump or discharge from the nipple. If these symptoms do occur, it’s more likely that it will be invasive breast cancer. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, or further changes in the breast such as an area of puckered, thickened or unusual skin, it is recommended to seek medical attention.

• #18 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis/

  DCIS usually has no symptoms. Most cases of DCIS are found during routine breast screening or if a mammogram is done for some other reason. […] Occasionally DCIS is found when someone has a breast change such as a lump or discharge (liquid) from the nipple. However, if someone with DCIS has a breast change its more likely they will also have an invasive breast cancer. […] Some people with DCIS also have a type of rash involving the nipple known as Pagets disease of the breast, although this is rare. […] If DCIS is not treated, the cancer cells may develop the ability to spread outside the ducts, into the surrounding breast tissue. This is known as invasive breast cancer. Invasive cancer has the potential to also spread to other parts of the body. […] In some cases, DCIS will never develop further or grows so slowly that it would never cause harm during a persons lifetime. Although the size and grade of the DCIS can help predict if it will become invasive, there is currently no way of knowing if this will happen. High-grade DCIS is more likely to become an invasive breast cancer and to do so over a shorter time than low-grade DCIS.

• #19 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371889

  Ductal carcinoma in situ doesn’t typically cause symptoms. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS. […] DCIS can sometimes cause symptoms such as: A breast lump. Bloody nipple discharge. […] DCIS is usually found on a mammogram. It appears as tiny flecks of calcium in the breast tissue. These are calcium deposits, often referred to as calcifications. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ is a very early form of breast cancer. In ductal carcinoma in situ, the cancer cells are confined inside a milk duct in the breast. The cancer cells haven’t spread into the breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ is often shortened to DCIS. It’s sometimes called noninvasive, preinvasive or stage 0 breast cancer. […] DCIS has a low risk of spreading and becoming life-threatening. However, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options.

• #20 Breast cancer in situ – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/717

  Breast cancer in situ comprises ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a non-invasive breast cancer that is confined to the duct in which it originates, and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). […] Typically asymptomatic and diagnosed at screening. […] Diagnosis is with mammography, supplemented with other imaging, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a potential precursor of invasive carcinoma and suggests that cancer will become invasive at that site. […] DCIS predicts an increased risk of invasive ductal carcinoma developing at the site of a biopsy demonstrating DCIS. […] Treatment of low-risk DCIS is usually lumpectomy (breast-conserving surgery) followed by radiotherapy. […] Local recurrence of DCIS.

• #21 Ductal Carcinoma | AdventHealth Cancer Institute

  https://www.adventhealthcancerinstitute.com/programs/breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma

  DCIS doesn’t typically have any signs or symptoms. However, DCIS can sometimes cause signs such as a breast lump or bloody nipple discharge. […] DCIS is usually found on a mammogram and appears as small clusters of calcifications that have irregular shapes and sizes.

• #22 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371895

  Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, is most often discovered during a mammogram used to screen for breast cancer. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ can often be cured. Treatment for this very early form of breast cancer often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, also may be treated with radiation therapy and medicines. […] DCIS treatment has a high likelihood of success. In most instances, the cancer is removed and has a low chance of coming back after treatment. […] Radiation therapy is often used after lumpectomy to reduce the chance that DCIS will come back or that it will progress to invasive cancer. But it might not be necessary if you have only a small area of DCIS that is considered slow-growing and was completely removed during surgery.

• #23 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/dcis-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/

  Most people will not experience any DCIS symptoms. In rare cases, women may feel a lump in their breast or have nipple discharge. But typically, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is found on a mammogram. […] A DCIS diagnosis is ultimately confirmed by biopsy; tissue is removed and sent to the lab for analysis. DCIS can vary in its structural features and genetics, which adds complexity to diagnosis and has led to multiple systems for classification. […] DCIS is a key intermediate in the progression to invasive breast cancer, but different subtypes grow at different rates, and not all breast cancers appear to have a long-lived DCIS stage—notably, triple-negative breast cancer. Research suggests that the rapid tumor progression that is a hallmark of triple-negative breast tumors means that there is seldom triple-negative DCIS at the time of diagnosis.

• #24

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/cancer-institute/cancers-we-treat/breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  Regular breast self-exams and mammograms are crucial for early detection and treatment of DCIS and other types of breast cancer. If you notice any changes in your breasts or experience any concerning symptoms, schedule an appointment with your doctor for further evaluation. […] Diagnosing DCIS can be tricky since it typically doesn’t have any noticeable symptoms. Instead, it’s often discovered during routine breast exams or mammograms. Any abnormalities seen on a mammogram will be further evaluated with a stereotactic breast biopsy. […] A pathologist will then determine whether the tissue is benign or cancerous to confirm a diagnosis of DCIS.

• #25 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types/common-breast-cancer-types/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  The growth potential of ductal carcinoma in situ varies based on three grades: […] A DCIS diagnosis may also include information on the cancers hormone-receptor status. […] For patients who have hormone-receptor positive DCIS, hormone therapy is sometimes used for up to five years after treatment to reduce the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ returning or a new invasive cancer developing.

• #26 Ductal carcinoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/what-is-breast-cancer/cancerous-tumours/ductal-carcinoma

  Ductal carcinoma starts in gland cells in the breast ducts. It is the most common type of breast cancer. It may be non-invasive (called ductal carcinoma in situ) or invasive. […] DCIS is usually too small to be felt in the breast, so it is most often found during a screening mammography. […] Knowing the grade is important as it can help doctors predict how likely DCIS will come back after treatment or turn into an invasive breast cancer. […] Comedo DCIS has cells that look like they have plugs of dead tissue in the centre. This type of DCIS is high grade, which means the cells are growing quickly, and it is more likely to come back after treatment. This type of DCIS is also more likely to become an invasive breast cancer. […] Non-comedo DCIS is low grade or intermediate grade, which means that it is slow growing and less likely to become an invasive breast cancer.

• #27 Breast Conditions: Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

  https://healthed.govt.nz/products/breast-conditions-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a very early form of breast cancer that affects the breast ducts, which carry milk to the nipple. It is a growth that is cancerous but non-invasive. This means that it has not spread into the surrounding breast tissue and/or other areas of the body, but is contained within a breast duct. […] The majority of women do not experience symptoms. A small number of women are diagnosed with DCIS after finding a lump or experiencing nipple discharge or occasionally a change in the nipple itself. […] Most cases of ductal carcinoma in situ are detected by screening with mammography. […] DCIS is often split into three groups: high grade, intermediate grade and low grade. The grading of DCIS (ie, high, intermediate or low) indicates how actively the abnormal cells are multiplying. Therefore, high-grade DCIS is when the cells are dividing more rapidly than low grade. High-grade DCIS is more likely to progress to high-grade aggressive invasive cancer. […] Recurrence after local excision (the return of cancer at the site of surgery) is relatively uncommon. Recurrence after mastectomy is rare. The recurrence rate is less than 1 percent per year.

• #28 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Symptoms, screening, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  In instances where a person does not receive treatment for DCIS, the cancer could progress to an invasive type and spread to other parts of the body. […] According to Cancer Research UK, it is rare for DCIS to return after a mastectomy. […] Breastcancer.org notes that those who undergo a lumpectomy without radiation have a 25-30% chance of experiencing a recurrence. With radiation therapy, this is lowered to 15%. […] The researchers of a 2019 meta-analysis found the chance of developing invasive breast cancer is increased if: a person is premenopausal, there were residual tumor cells after the treatment, the DCIS was previously high grade, or grade III.

• #29 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types/common-breast-cancer-types/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  The growth potential of ductal carcinoma in situ varies based on three grades: […] A DCIS diagnosis may also include information on the cancers hormone-receptor status. […] For patients who have hormone-receptor positive DCIS, hormone therapy is sometimes used for up to five years after treatment to reduce the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ returning or a new invasive cancer developing.

• #30 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17869-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is cancer in your breasts milk ducts. It isnt aggressive and it typically doesnt spread. This early form of breast cancer is usually curable with appropriate treatment, which often includes lumpectomy and radiation therapy. DCIS is highly treatable, and the outlook is excellent. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ doesnt generally cause symptoms. But a few people with DCIS may notice a breast lump, itchy skin or nipple discharge (like blood). […] Ductal carcinoma in situ can turn into invasive ductal carcinoma if you dont treat it. If you have DCIS, its important to get treatment as soon as possible. […] Although DCIS isnt an aggressive cancer, its still important to get treatment or have a healthcare provider monitor your condition closely. Some forms of ductal carcinoma in situ may become invasive without treatment. This means that the cancer spreads beyond your milk ducts and into your surrounding breast tissue.

• #31 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/dcis/

  The recurrence rate of DCIS is generally low, around 15%, for patients who received both surgery and radiation as treatment. However, a small number of women will experience a recurrence of DCIS. In about half of breast cancer recurrence after DCIS treatment, the cancer is found to be invasive, such as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or other types of invasive breast cancer. […] When left undetected or untreated, DCIS cells may continue to grow and spread, eventually becoming invasive breast cancer once the cancerous cells spread out of the milk ducts and into the surrounding breast tissue or beyond.

• #32 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis/

  DCIS usually has no symptoms. Most cases of DCIS are found during routine breast screening or if a mammogram is done for some other reason. […] Occasionally DCIS is found when someone has a breast change such as a lump or discharge (liquid) from the nipple. However, if someone with DCIS has a breast change its more likely they will also have an invasive breast cancer. […] Some people with DCIS also have a type of rash involving the nipple known as Pagets disease of the breast, although this is rare. […] If DCIS is not treated, the cancer cells may develop the ability to spread outside the ducts, into the surrounding breast tissue. This is known as invasive breast cancer. Invasive cancer has the potential to also spread to other parts of the body. […] In some cases, DCIS will never develop further or grows so slowly that it would never cause harm during a persons lifetime. Although the size and grade of the DCIS can help predict if it will become invasive, there is currently no way of knowing if this will happen. High-grade DCIS is more likely to become an invasive breast cancer and to do so over a shorter time than low-grade DCIS.

• #33 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/dcis-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/

  If left untreated, some cases of DCIS will transform into invasive breast cancer, but it is uncertain how many. Estimates of DCIS cases that will become invasive breast cancer range from 20-50 percent. Put another way, 50-80 percent of DCIS cases will not become invasive. […] Currently, our ability to stratify DCIS by risk is in its early stages. At this point, the standard of care is to reduce risk as much as possible by treating DCIS like early-stage breast cancer, typically with the combination of surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy depending on the case. These DCIS treatments are recommended because they have been shown in clinical trials to decrease the risk of developing an invasive breast cancer in the future; however, the 10-year survival rate for a DCIS diagnosis is very high (at 98 percent) regardless of whether treatment is given after surgery.

• #34 Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: molecular features and clinical significance | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01779-3

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents pre-invasive breast carcinoma. In untreated cases, 2560% DCIS progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). […] DCIS is often categorized as non-invasive or pre-invasive stage of breast cancer. Nonetheless, our understanding of the underlying causes of DCIS as well as how it progressed to be invasive is limited. […] Studies have reported that approximately 2560% of untreated DCIS cases progressed to IDC within 924 years of follow-up, based on the limited sample size statistics. […] After treatments, the overall recurrence rate of DCIS is approximately 20%, in which 50% are in situ recurrence while another 50% invasive recurrence. […] Although the epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics indicate the progression from DCIS to IDC, the underlying biological mechanisms remain obscure.

• #35 Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) and Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) Breast Cancer

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/ductal-carcinoma-invasive-in-situ

  DCIS usually has no symptoms. Most of the time, its found by a mammogram and appears as small white clusters (calcifications) in odd shapes and sizes. DCIS can sometimes cause these symptoms: […] A breast lump […] Bloody nipple discharge […] Itchy skin. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as intraductal carcinoma, accounts for 1 of every 5 new breast cancer diagnoses. It’s an uncontrolled growth of cells within the breast ducts. Its noninvasive, meaning it hasnt grown into the breast tissue outside of the ducts. The phrase „in situ” means „in its original place.” […] Even though its noninvasive, it can lead to invasive cancer. It’s important that those with the disease get treatment. Research shows that the risk of getting invasive cancer is low if youve been treated for DCIS. If it isnt treated, 30% to 50% of those with DCIS will get invasive cancer. The invasive cancer usually develops in the same breast and in the same area where the DCIS happened.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), whereby if left untreated, approximately 12% of patients develop invasive disease. […] Although non-invasive, DCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) whereby the neoplastic epithelial cells may evade ductal confinement, breach the myoepithelium and basement membrane, and invade surrounding tissue. […] Currently, the progression and recurrence of DCIS is clinically unpredictable. […] Since up to 88% of untreated cases will remain in situ and potentially not progress, there is considerable overtreatment of DCIS patients. […] Up to 98% of DCIS lesions are asymptomatic and non-palpable, with clinical symptoms only reported in a minority of cases. […] The smaller studies that reviewed disease course after misdiagnosis reported that anywhere between 14 to 53% of patients went on to develop IDC within 10 years.

• #37 Lattice-Based Model of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Suggests Rules for Breast Cancer Progression to an Invasive State | PLOS Computational Biology

  https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003997

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a heterogeneous group of non-invasive lesions of the breast that result from abnormal proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. […] Whereas DCIS is not life-threatening, some of these lesions may progress to IDC if left untreated. […] The natural progression between morphologies cannot be investigated in vivo since lesions are usually surgically removed upon detection; however, our model suggests probable transitions between these morphologies during breast cancer progression. […] Importantly, cribriform and comedo appear to be the ultimate morphologies of DCIS. […] It remains unclear how DCIS evolves into invasive breast cancer. In most cases, DCIS is detected by mammography in an otherwise asymptomatic patient; the lesions are then removed surgically after detection and so the natural history of the lesion cannot be monitored in vivo.

• #38

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

  In a larger review of 1286 patients who did not receive surgery or radiation treatment for a primary diagnosis of DCIS, as recorded in the SEER program (19922014), the 10-year net risk of ipsilateral IDC was 12.2% in patients with non-high grade DCIS and 17.6% in patients with high grade disease. […] The 10-year cumulative incidence of ipsilateral invasive breast cancer over the whole cohort was 10.5% and the incidence of contralateral invasive disease was 3.9%. […] These data suggest that, while the risk of progression to invasive disease is not insignificant, there is considerable over-treatment of DCIS, particularly in older patients. […] The prognostic uncertainty of DCIS means 98% of patients receive locoregional treatment involving surgery, with or without radiation treatment. […] While the 5-year recurrence rate for low-intermediate grade DCIS tumors, with a diameter of 2.5 cm or smaller, was just 6% and the recurrence rate for small high grade DCIS tumors (diameter of 1 cm or less) was 15%, the recurrence rate increased steadily in both groups over the 12 year period without plateau.

• #39 Breast Ductal Carcinoma in Situ – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567766/

  Approximately 10% to 20% of DCIS lesions diagnosed on core needle biopsy be upgraded to invasive cancer after definitive resection; furthermore, large high-grade DCIS lesions have a higher likelihood of containing an invasive component. […] Given the noninvasive nature of DCIS, metastases or death in women with DCIS who are treated are rare. If untreated, however, DCIS usually transforms into invasive cancer that may be deadly. […] A recent meta-analysis from 2019 identified 6 factors that were linked to a higher risk of recurrence of invasive breast cancer. These factors are DCIS found by a doctor during a physical exam, premenopausal, positive margins, high-grade DCIS, high levels of p16 protein, and African American ethnicity.

• #40 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Symptoms, screening, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  In instances where a person does not receive treatment for DCIS, the cancer could progress to an invasive type and spread to other parts of the body. […] According to Cancer Research UK, it is rare for DCIS to return after a mastectomy. […] Breastcancer.org notes that those who undergo a lumpectomy without radiation have a 25-30% chance of experiencing a recurrence. With radiation therapy, this is lowered to 15%. […] The researchers of a 2019 meta-analysis found the chance of developing invasive breast cancer is increased if: a person is premenopausal, there were residual tumor cells after the treatment, the DCIS was previously high grade, or grade III.

• #41 Biomarkers Predicting Progression and Prognosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/45/4/1305

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive, non-obligate precursor lesion to invasive breast cancer (IBC) made up of malignant epithelial cells in the basement membrane of the terminal duct lobular units of the breast. […] The primary goal of treating DCIS is to prevent progression to IBC, through treatment modalities such as surgery, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. However, the main challenge is identifying which DCIS lesions will progress, and which will not. […] Multiple studies have estimated that progression rates of DCIS to IBC range from 14% to 53% over at least a 10-year period. […] However, DCIS can also remain indolent and never progress to IBC despite being left untreated. […] The natural history of low-grade DCIS may extend more than four decades. […] To add complexity to the challenges in DCIS management, it is also important to consider that a significant number of DCIS lesions, ranging from 6-33%, are upstaged to invasive carcinoma upon excision.

• #42 A morphometric signature to identify ductal carcinoma in situ with a low risk of progression | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-024-00769-6

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may progress to ipsilateral invasive breast cancer (iIBC), but often never will. […] To identify features associated with progression, we developed an artificial intelligence-based DCIS morphometric analysis pipeline (AIDmap) on hematoxylin-eosin-stained (HE) tissue sections. […] A combined clinical-morphometric signature, characterized by small-sized ducts, a low number of cells and a low DCIS/stroma ratio, was associated with outcome (HR=0.56; 95% CI 0.280.78). […] Therefore, there is an urgent need to classify DCIS lesions that will remain indolent, and those that might progress to IBC to prevent overtreatment of low-risk DCIS. […] The main features related to low-risk DCIS were smaller ducts, lower DCIS/stroma ratio and lower number of DCIS cells per duct, whereas those with larger ducts and a higher cellularity are associated with a higher risk to progress to iIBC.

• #43 A morphometric signature to identify ductal carcinoma in situ with a low risk of progression | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-024-00769-6

  By analyzing the 15 years iIBC cumulative risk curve, we observed that patients with lesions classified within the 1-Blue signature (containing lesions with small duct sizes, reduced number of cells, and lower DCIS/stroma ratio) had a significant favorable iIBC-free survival compared with the other signatures (p=0.0001). […] The association with low-risk of iIBC events remained significant after multivariate Cox regression analysis including histopathological grade, ER, HER2 and COX-2 expression: hazard ratio (HR)=0.56 (0.400.80 95%CI). […] AIDmap is the first step on the road to a promising tool to identify women with indolent DCIS lesions and therefore may be spared surgery and/or radiotherapy, while not compromising the excellent outcomes of women with high-risk DCIS that do need treatment.

• #44 Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: molecular features and clinical significance | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01779-3

  The major questions in this regard are: (1) does IDC originate from DCIS? and (2) if so, how does DCIS progress during the DCIS-IDC transition? […] The independent lineage model hypothesizes that DCIS and IDC derive from two distinct normal epithelial cells. […] The evolutionary bottleneck model for DCIS-IDC transition hypothesizes that during the transition, only a small proportion of DCIS tumor cells with specific genetic events are selected to form a single clone, which subsequently breaks the evolutionary bottleneck and evolves into IDC. […] The multiclonal invasion model differs from the evolutionary bottleneck model in that it refers to multiple subclones escaping and co-migrating to invasive regions to generate IDC. […] The convergent phenotype model describes that subclones of different genotypes within DCIS may all give rise to an invasive phenotype to establish IDC, with concordant genomic profiles between the DCIS and related IDC.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

  The transition to IDC is accompanied by signaling changes to aid cell migration. […] Overall, the genomic similarity between synchronous DCIS and IDC reveals that the DCIS-IDC transition is not governed by a single transformative change, nor is it dependent on a single DCIS clone of a certain genotype, as the evolutionary bottleneck model suggests. […] The observation of intratumor grade heterogeneity in both DCIS and IDC further supports the multiclonal invasion model and opposes the convergent evolution model. […] An increased immune presence in DCIS tissue is associated with poor prognostic features including high grade, hormone receptor negativity, HER2 positivity and comedo necrosis, suggesting that more aggressive tumors trigger a more intense immune response than less aggressive tumors.

• #46 Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: revisited – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23890733/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an intraductal neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells that is separated from the breast stroma by an intact layer of basement membrane and myoepithelial cells. DCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast cancer, and up to 40% of these lesions progress to invasive disease if untreated. Currently, it is not possible to predict accurately which DCIS would be more likely to progress to invasive breast cancer as neither the significant drivers of the invasive transition have been identified, nor has the clinical utility of tests predicting the likelihood of progression been demonstrated. […] Although molecular studies have shown that qualitatively, synchronous DCIS and invasive breast cancers are remarkably similar, there is burgeoning evidence to demonstrate that intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity is observed in a subset of DCIS, and that the process of progression to invasive disease may constitute an 'evolutionary bottleneck’, resulting in the selection of subsets of tumor cells with specific genetic and/or epigenetic aberrations. Here we review the clinical challenge posed by DCIS, the contribution of the microenvironment and genetic aberrations to the progression from in situ to invasive breast cancer, the emerging evidence of the impact of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity on this process, and strategies to combat this heterogeneity.

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

  The transition to IDC is accompanied by signaling changes to aid cell migration. […] Overall, the genomic similarity between synchronous DCIS and IDC reveals that the DCIS-IDC transition is not governed by a single transformative change, nor is it dependent on a single DCIS clone of a certain genotype, as the evolutionary bottleneck model suggests. […] The observation of intratumor grade heterogeneity in both DCIS and IDC further supports the multiclonal invasion model and opposes the convergent evolution model. […] An increased immune presence in DCIS tissue is associated with poor prognostic features including high grade, hormone receptor negativity, HER2 positivity and comedo necrosis, suggesting that more aggressive tumors trigger a more intense immune response than less aggressive tumors.

• #48 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/dcis/

  The recurrence rate of DCIS is generally low, around 15%, for patients who received both surgery and radiation as treatment. However, a small number of women will experience a recurrence of DCIS. In about half of breast cancer recurrence after DCIS treatment, the cancer is found to be invasive, such as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or other types of invasive breast cancer. […] When left undetected or untreated, DCIS cells may continue to grow and spread, eventually becoming invasive breast cancer once the cancerous cells spread out of the milk ducts and into the surrounding breast tissue or beyond.

• #49 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): Your Guide | MyBCTeam

  https://www.mybcteam.com/resources/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-your-guide

  People with DCIS have a higher risk of developing breast cancer again in the future. Some people who have been treated with DCIS will experience a relapse. The chances of relapse partly depend on which treatment options a person chooses. For example, people who undergo a lumpectomy alone have a 25 percent to 30 percent chance of experiencing a relapse. People who have a lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy have up to a 15 percent chance of relapse. […] Those who are diagnosed with high-grade (faster-growing) DCIS are more likely to have a relapse than those with low-grade DCIS. They are also more likely to have invasive cancer.

• #50 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Symptoms, screening, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  In instances where a person does not receive treatment for DCIS, the cancer could progress to an invasive type and spread to other parts of the body. […] According to Cancer Research UK, it is rare for DCIS to return after a mastectomy. […] Breastcancer.org notes that those who undergo a lumpectomy without radiation have a 25-30% chance of experiencing a recurrence. With radiation therapy, this is lowered to 15%. […] The researchers of a 2019 meta-analysis found the chance of developing invasive breast cancer is increased if: a person is premenopausal, there were residual tumor cells after the treatment, the DCIS was previously high grade, or grade III.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

  In a larger review of 1286 patients who did not receive surgery or radiation treatment for a primary diagnosis of DCIS, as recorded in the SEER program (19922014), the 10-year net risk of ipsilateral IDC was 12.2% in patients with non-high grade DCIS and 17.6% in patients with high grade disease. […] The 10-year cumulative incidence of ipsilateral invasive breast cancer over the whole cohort was 10.5% and the incidence of contralateral invasive disease was 3.9%. […] These data suggest that, while the risk of progression to invasive disease is not insignificant, there is considerable over-treatment of DCIS, particularly in older patients. […] The prognostic uncertainty of DCIS means 98% of patients receive locoregional treatment involving surgery, with or without radiation treatment. […] While the 5-year recurrence rate for low-intermediate grade DCIS tumors, with a diameter of 2.5 cm or smaller, was just 6% and the recurrence rate for small high grade DCIS tumors (diameter of 1 cm or less) was 15%, the recurrence rate increased steadily in both groups over the 12 year period without plateau.

• #52 What You Should Know About Ductal Carcinoma in Situ – Iowa Radiology

  https://www.iowaradiology.com/what-you-should-know-about-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ rarely presents symptoms, although some patients notice a lump or unusual nipple discharge prior to diagnosis. […] Approximately 80% of cases are found via mammography, suggesting that regular screening is a vital line of defense. […] Although DCIS is considered breast cancer, it is not life threatening in itself because it is contained within the milk ducts and has not infiltrated any of the surrounding tissue. DCIS does, however, increase the odds that invasive cancer will develop in the future; because doctors are not able to determine which cases will progress to infiltrating cancer, treatment is generally advised. […] Research suggests that without treatment, 40-50% of DCIS patients will develop invasive cancer. With treatment, however, DCIS survival is close to 100%.

• #53 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/dcis/

  The recurrence rate of DCIS is generally low, around 15%, for patients who received both surgery and radiation as treatment. However, a small number of women will experience a recurrence of DCIS. In about half of breast cancer recurrence after DCIS treatment, the cancer is found to be invasive, such as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or other types of invasive breast cancer. […] When left undetected or untreated, DCIS cells may continue to grow and spread, eventually becoming invasive breast cancer once the cancerous cells spread out of the milk ducts and into the surrounding breast tissue or beyond.

• #54

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

  In a larger review of 1286 patients who did not receive surgery or radiation treatment for a primary diagnosis of DCIS, as recorded in the SEER program (19922014), the 10-year net risk of ipsilateral IDC was 12.2% in patients with non-high grade DCIS and 17.6% in patients with high grade disease. […] The 10-year cumulative incidence of ipsilateral invasive breast cancer over the whole cohort was 10.5% and the incidence of contralateral invasive disease was 3.9%. […] These data suggest that, while the risk of progression to invasive disease is not insignificant, there is considerable over-treatment of DCIS, particularly in older patients. […] The prognostic uncertainty of DCIS means 98% of patients receive locoregional treatment involving surgery, with or without radiation treatment. […] While the 5-year recurrence rate for low-intermediate grade DCIS tumors, with a diameter of 2.5 cm or smaller, was just 6% and the recurrence rate for small high grade DCIS tumors (diameter of 1 cm or less) was 15%, the recurrence rate increased steadily in both groups over the 12 year period without plateau.

• #55 Pathology Outlines – DCIS

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastmalignantdcis.html

  36 – 53% of low grade DCIS lesions progress to invasive lesions if untreated. […] Time interval to the development of recurrence varies, low grade DCIS has longer interval (> 15 years), shorter interval observed in high grade DCIS (< 5 years). [...] Long term outcome meta analysis study of DCIS showed a 15 year total local recurrence rate of 40% with 28% recurring as invasive disease. [...] Positive surgical margins, high nuclear grade, large lesion size, comedo necrosis and young age (< 45 years) reported as the most important clinical pathologic predictors associated with local recurrence and prognosis. [...] A nomogram for predicting recurrence risk after breast conserving surgery based on clinical, pathologic and treatment variables has shown utility in providing individualized estimates of recurrence risk.

• #56 Breast Ductal Carcinoma in Situ – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567766/

  Approximately 10% to 20% of DCIS lesions diagnosed on core needle biopsy be upgraded to invasive cancer after definitive resection; furthermore, large high-grade DCIS lesions have a higher likelihood of containing an invasive component. […] Given the noninvasive nature of DCIS, metastases or death in women with DCIS who are treated are rare. If untreated, however, DCIS usually transforms into invasive cancer that may be deadly. […] A recent meta-analysis from 2019 identified 6 factors that were linked to a higher risk of recurrence of invasive breast cancer. These factors are DCIS found by a doctor during a physical exam, premenopausal, positive margins, high-grade DCIS, high levels of p16 protein, and African American ethnicity.

• #57 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Symptoms, screening, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  In instances where a person does not receive treatment for DCIS, the cancer could progress to an invasive type and spread to other parts of the body. […] According to Cancer Research UK, it is rare for DCIS to return after a mastectomy. […] Breastcancer.org notes that those who undergo a lumpectomy without radiation have a 25-30% chance of experiencing a recurrence. With radiation therapy, this is lowered to 15%. […] The researchers of a 2019 meta-analysis found the chance of developing invasive breast cancer is increased if: a person is premenopausal, there were residual tumor cells after the treatment, the DCIS was previously high grade, or grade III.

• #58 Pathology Outlines – DCIS

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastmalignantdcis.html

  36 – 53% of low grade DCIS lesions progress to invasive lesions if untreated. […] Time interval to the development of recurrence varies, low grade DCIS has longer interval (> 15 years), shorter interval observed in high grade DCIS (< 5 years). [...] Long term outcome meta analysis study of DCIS showed a 15 year total local recurrence rate of 40% with 28% recurring as invasive disease. [...] Positive surgical margins, high nuclear grade, large lesion size, comedo necrosis and young age (< 45 years) reported as the most important clinical pathologic predictors associated with local recurrence and prognosis. [...] A nomogram for predicting recurrence risk after breast conserving surgery based on clinical, pathologic and treatment variables has shown utility in providing individualized estimates of recurrence risk.

• #59 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17869-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis

  DCIS survival rates are excellent. According to the American Cancer Society, nearly all people with ductal carcinoma in situ can be cured with treatment. […] After treatment, outcomes are usually excellent. Ductal carcinoma in situ rarely recurs (returns). Even in those instances where DCIS does recur, the cancer isnt life-threatening.

• #60 Understanding Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | NBCFNational Breast Cancer Foundation logoNational Breast Cancer Foundation logo

  https://nbcf.org.au/about-breast-cancer/diagnosis/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ is not a life threatening diagnosis and has a very high survival rate of 100%. However, having DCIS does increase the risk of developing invasive breast cancer, which can be very serious if not treated. […] In most cases, DCIS does not present with any symptoms. However, in a very small number of cases, there may be a lump in the breast or an unusual discharge. […] Most women with ductal carcinoma in situ experience no pain or notice any other symptoms. However, in some cases there may be an unusual lump or discharge from the nipple, which may be uncomfortable. […] If DCIS is left untreated, there is a higher risk that it can develop into invasive breast cancer, which can spread to other parts of the body.

• #61 Stage 0 Breast Cancer – Symptoms, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-stage-0/

  People with breast cancer that has not spread beyond the breast tissue, such as Stage 0, have a five-year relative survival rate of 99%, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Even though Stage 0 is the earliest stage of breast cancer, it is important to talk with your healthcare team about treatment options and what to expect.

• #62 DCIS Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/dcis-breast-cancer

  You or your doctor may feel a small lump in your breast during a breast physical exam. But a noticeable lump is often rare. […] Most breast symptoms or changes arent caused by cancer, but tests are often needed to rule out the possibility of abnormal breast cells. […] The survival rate for people diagnosed with DCIS is very good. […] According to the National Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the 10-year survival rate for DCIS is 98 percent. And its estimated that 5080 percent of DCIS diagnoses will not become invasive. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a preinvasive breast cancer that has a very high cure rate. DCIS generally doesnt have any symptoms and is most often detected during a mammogram. […] Overall, DCIS has a very good outlook.

• #63

  https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/120425/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis

  A 58-year-old woman presented to her primary care physician after a screening mammogram revealed calcifications in the left breast. Physical exam revealed no palpable breast lumps or axillary lymphadenopathy. […] Symptoms: asymptomatic. […] Presentation: typically no palpable mass on exam. […] +/- nipple discharge. […] +/- overlying breast skin crusting. […] DCIS often detected on screening mammogram. […] 90% of DCIS presents with calcifications. […] 11% will have findings of microinvasion. […] ~6% risk of recurrence of invasive carcinoma after DCIS treatment in both contralateral and ipsilateral breast. […] ~1.7-3% mortality in treated patients.

• #64 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17869-ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis

  DCIS survival rates are excellent. According to the American Cancer Society, nearly all people with ductal carcinoma in situ can be cured with treatment. […] After treatment, outcomes are usually excellent. Ductal carcinoma in situ rarely recurs (returns). Even in those instances where DCIS does recur, the cancer isnt life-threatening.

• #65 Non-Invasive Breast Cancers | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-patients/the-day-of-your-surgery/breast-cancer-surgery/breast-cancer-types/noninvasive-breast-cancers/

  In ductal carcinoma in situ, the cancerous cells are in the milk ducts. Most patients do not have symptoms. DCIS is often found during screening mammograms. Symptoms may include: A lump in your breast […] Nipple discharge […] Changes in your breast size or color […] Breast skin dimpling, puckering, or thickening. All women with DCIS are referred for treatment. After you have DCIS, your risk for invasive breast cancer is 2.1-4 times greater.

• #66 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-dcis-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cancer accounts for about 20% of cases. […] DCIS doesn’t have specific symptoms such as a lump or breast pain. […] Most cases are diagnosed in a mammogram before causing any symptoms. […] DCIS most commonly shows up on a mammogram as new calcium deposits. […] Sometimes a distortion of the breast tissue on the scan can be a sign of DCIS. […] Once the cancerous cells start to invade the milk duct walls, you might notice itching or the formation of a sore. […] Because of the lack of symptoms, annual mammograms are the best way to discover DCIS. […] A study published recently in the BMJ indicated that women who developed DCIS were at much higher risk of developing breast cancer again at some point. Therefore, follow-up and diagnostic screening is a very important part of the patients after-care plan. […] A diagnosis of DCIS, while bringing anxiety and challenges, is a very treatable cancer. With proper diagnosis and treatment, DCIS can be cured.

• #67 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/our-specialities/breast-cancer/conditions-treatments/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  It’s crucial for individuals diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to work closely with their doctors to monitor any changes or potential signs of progression. […] DCIS is considered to be stage 0 breast cancer and is generally non-life threatening. However, if left untreated or not monitored properly, it can progress into invasive breast cancer. […] DCIS itself does not spread beyond the milk ducts and has no ability to metastasise. However, if left untreated or not managed effectively, it can progress into invasive breast cancer over time.

• #68 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Treatment in Delhi, India | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.blkmaxhospital.com/our-specialities/breast-cancer/conditions-treatments/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) does not usually cause any symptoms and is often detected during routine mammograms. Here are some key points about the symptoms of DCIS: […] Most cases of DCIS do not cause any noticeable signs or symptoms. […] When symptoms are present, they may include breast pain, nipple discharge, or a lump in the breast. […] In many cases, DCIS is asymptomatic, meaning that there are no obvious signs or physical changes. […] It is important to remember that even though DCIS may not cause symptoms, it can still be detected through regular screening mammograms. […] DCIS itself does not pose an immediate threat to life. However, if left untreated or undetected, there is a small chance that it may progress to invasive breast cancer. […] According to statistics, about 20% to 30% of women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) may develop invasive cancer over a period of 10 years.

• #69 Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: revisited – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23890733/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an intraductal neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells that is separated from the breast stroma by an intact layer of basement membrane and myoepithelial cells. DCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast cancer, and up to 40% of these lesions progress to invasive disease if untreated. Currently, it is not possible to predict accurately which DCIS would be more likely to progress to invasive breast cancer as neither the significant drivers of the invasive transition have been identified, nor has the clinical utility of tests predicting the likelihood of progression been demonstrated. […] Although molecular studies have shown that qualitatively, synchronous DCIS and invasive breast cancers are remarkably similar, there is burgeoning evidence to demonstrate that intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity is observed in a subset of DCIS, and that the process of progression to invasive disease may constitute an 'evolutionary bottleneck’, resulting in the selection of subsets of tumor cells with specific genetic and/or epigenetic aberrations. Here we review the clinical challenge posed by DCIS, the contribution of the microenvironment and genetic aberrations to the progression from in situ to invasive breast cancer, the emerging evidence of the impact of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity on this process, and strategies to combat this heterogeneity.

• #70 Biomarkers Predicting Progression and Prognosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/45/4/1305

  The primary goal of DCIS treatment is to prevent progression to IBC. […] The diagnosis of DCIS has dramatically increased due to the increased utilization of screening mammography. […] Despite the active immune environment, these immune cells are in a suppressed state and are characterized by increased presence of immunosuppressive Tregs, immunosuppressive M2, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), an immunophenotypic switch of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and lesser amounts of protective cytotoxic T cells. […] Several long noncoding RNAs also play a role in driving the premalignant phenotypic changes in normal breast epithelial and DCIS cells. […] Further validating the ability of these prognostic biomarkers for predicting DCIS progression will help reduce overtreatment while effectively managing the patients with DCIS that are at high risk of progression to IBC.

• #71 Potential biomarkers of ductal carcinoma in situ progression | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-020-6608-y

  Understanding BC progression will enable the design of effective strategies for diagnosis and treatment. Progression biomarkers should be able to predict DCIS cases destined to become invasive tumors, therefore allowing for proper monitoring and avoiding overtreatment. Here, we identified 3 progression-specific candidate genes namely FGF2, GAS1, SFRP1, downregulated in tissues with invasive capacity. The progression from DCIS to invasive BC is a complex process, being possible that DCIS of distinct molecular phenotypes progress to invasive BC through the acquisition of distinct genetic or epigenetic hits.

• #72 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: The Weight of the Word “Cancer”  – American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)

  https://www.aacr.org/blog/2022/10/12/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ-the-weight-of-the-word-cancer/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), a type of breast tumor, is classified as a stage 0 breast cancer. The abnormal cells are confined within a single duct, and they often grow more slowly than most cancer cells. However, around 20 percent of DCIS cases eventually transform into invasive cancer or recur after the primary tumor is removed. […] Marti pushed for the reclassification of DCIS as a neoplasia—an abnormal patch of tissue that often indicates increased cancer risk. She showed that the risk of DCIS progression increases by 1 to 2 percent per year, similar to other breast neoplasias such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, and lobular carcinoma in situ. […] While Marti emphasized that few cases of DCIS progress to invasive cancer, Narod argued that treating those few cases could prevent unnecessary relapses. In this way, DCIS acts more like an early-stage cancer than a risk factor. […] Mann estimated that only 3 percent of DCIS cases would progress into life-threatening cancers, and that only one-third of those cases would be prevented by radiation.

• #73

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10911-022-09517-7

  These findings suggest that, even in DCIS assessed as very low risk based on clinical and pathological features, the risk of ipsilateral recurrence and development of invasive disease are unpredictable and continue to rise over time, with no evidence of levelling out over longer periods. […] There are reservations regarding the de-escalation of the treatment of DCIS. […] To investigate potential strategies to de-escalate treatment of low-risk DCIS, several prospective studies are currently comparing standard DCIS treatment with active surveillance. […] The results of these prospective studies will reveal the feasibility of replacing upfront surgery with active surveillance, in the form of regular mammograms, for some DCIS patients. […] However, a pre-operative in situ diagnosis by biopsy is sometimes upstaged to an invasive diagnosis upon post-operative pathological review.

• #74 Lattice-Based Model of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Suggests Rules for Breast Cancer Progression to an Invasive State | PLOS Computational Biology

  https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003997

  Published clinical studies show that 1453% of DCIS originally misdiagnosed as benign breast disease later develops into invasive breast cancer. […] Furthermore, DCIS and invasive cancers often have the same morphological appearance and genetic profile, suggesting that they originate from the same source, and DCIS and invasive morphologies are often present in the same lesion. […] Our model suggests several plausible progressions between morphologies of DCIS, and predicts that some regions of a duct are preferential for tumor cell invasion.

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