Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Prognosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6226-rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare soft tissue cancer that typically affects children and teenagers but can also affect adults. […] Symptoms vary depending on the tumors location. For example, a tumor in your childs ear may cause earache or discharge from their ear. A tumor behind your eye may make it swell or bulge out of the socket. Other symptoms by tumor location include: […] Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms may resemble less serious conditions. Many health issues can cause symptoms like nosebleeds, vomiting or lumps and bumps and may not be symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma. […] Sometimes, treatment can cure rhabdomyosarcoma. This is called remission, which means that you dont have symptoms and tests dont detect signs of cancer. In many cases, remission is permanent, but rhabdomyosarcoma can come back. […] Survival rates vary widely depending on factors like the type of rhabdomyosarcoma, risk group classification and whether the condition comes back after treatment. Overall, 70% of children with this condition were alive five years after diagnosis. The five-year survival rate for adults is 20%.

• #2 Understanding adult rhabdomyosarcoma: Types, prognosis and treatment | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/understanding-adult-rhabdomyosarcoma–types–prognosis-and-treatment.h00-159773289.html

  Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms depend on the cancers location. Like most soft tissue sarcomas, the most common symptom is a growing, painless lump in the arms or legs. […] Other symptoms may include: […] Head and neck: nasal congestion or vision changes […] Genitourinary system: blood in the urine or difficulty urinating […] Enlarged lymph nodes near the affected part of your body. […] Since its so rare, many doctors do not have much experience with adult rhabdomyosarcoma. This is part of the reason many people are diagnosed when the cancer is at an advanced stage.

• #3 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyosarcoma

  RMS can occur in almost any soft-tissue site in the body; the most common primary sites are genitourinary (24%), parameningeal (16%), extremity (19%), orbit (9%), other head and neck (10%), and miscellaneous other sites (22%). RMS often presents as a mass, but signs and symptoms can vary widely depending on the site of the primary tumor. Genitourinary tumors may present with hematuria, urinary tract obstruction, and/or a scrotal or vaginal mass. Tumors that arise in the retroperitoneum and mediastinum can become quite large before producing signs and symptoms. Parameningeal tumors may present with cranial nerve dysfunction, symptoms of sinusitis, ear discharge, headaches, and facial pain. Orbital tumors often present with orbital swelling and proptosis. Extremity tumors generally present as a rapidly enlarging, firm mass in the relevant tissue. The cancer’s prevalence in the head, face, and neck will often allow for earlier signs of the disease simply due to the obvious nature of tumors in these locations. Despite the varying presentation and typically aggressive nature of the disease, RMS has the potential to be diagnosed and treated early. The fourth IRSG study found that 23% of patients were diagnosed in time for a complete resection of their cancer, and 15% had resection with only minimal remnants of the diseased cells. […] Outcomes vary considerably, with five-year survival rates between 35 and 95%, depending on the type of RMS involved, so clear diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and management.

• #4 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Types, Treatment Success, Support

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/rhabdomyosarcoma-7510787

  These cancers can occur anywhere in the body. Most commonly (about 40% of diagnoses), the cancer is found in the head and neck area, including near the membranes covering the brain, the eye socket, or other sites. About 30% of cases are in the urinary or reproductive organs. The arm or leg comprises about 15% of cases. Other locations are seen in the rest. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma can be put into remission, which means there is no detectable disease. For many individuals, this is permanent. However, there is no guarantee that it definitely won’t come back. In some people, it does return, or recur, and thus is not „cured.” […] Survival rates for children and teens with rhabdomyosarcoma vary greatly and depend on the stage and risk group of the cancer, the general health of the child, and how well the treatment works.

• #5 Rhabdomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507721/

  The survival of rhabdomyosarcoma patients has improved due to interprofessional collaboration, leading to advancements in diagnosis and management approaches. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma is classified into histologic subtypes: embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic, spindle, and mixed-type. Embryonal is the most commonly occurring subtype and also has the best prognosis. […] The most common metastatic sites include the lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. […] Distant metastatic disease is identified in approximately 20% of children at their initial diagnosis. Metastasis is a common finding secondary to lymphatic and hematogenous spread of RMS, with the most frequent areas of space being the lungs, bones, and bone marrow. The overall survival of patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma is meager, reported to be 20%.

• #6 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Cause | Types | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Complications | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Facial pain. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma is aggressive cancer commonly affecting young children. Its rate of growth depends on the subtype of the tumor. Several types of rhabdomyosarcomas have been identified; amongst them, the embryonal and the alveolar types are fast-growing. Although the embryonal type is aggressive, cancer responds well to the treatment. In contrast, the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is hard to treat because of its fast growth and aggressiveness.

• #7 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Signs and symptoms of this kind of tumor depend on its location. Most RMS starts out as a lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger and does not go away. Some children may have unusual bleeding. […] The most common sites are: […] Head and neck: the tumor may start inside the nose or sinuses. It may cause a blocked nose or nasal discharge. It may stick out from the ear or nose. There may be ear drainage, headache, facial pain, a lump in the neck, or signs of sinusitis. Areas of the face may become weak. […] Eye socket or orbit: the tumor may cause the eye to bulge or to be pushed downward. It may also cause vision changes. […] Trunk of the body: if the tumor is in the abdomen (belly), it may cause constipation, painful bowel movements, bloody urine, difficulty urinating, or swelling of the groin area. […] Muscles of arms or legs: the tumor may feel like a lump or a mass, and may be painful. […] Other areas of the body: tumor cells may also spread to other parts of the body. Common areas are the lungs, liver, brain, bones and bone marrow.

• #8 Rhabdomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507721/

  The survival of rhabdomyosarcoma patients has improved due to interprofessional collaboration, leading to advancements in diagnosis and management approaches. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma is classified into histologic subtypes: embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic, spindle, and mixed-type. Embryonal is the most commonly occurring subtype and also has the best prognosis. […] The most common metastatic sites include the lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. […] Distant metastatic disease is identified in approximately 20% of children at their initial diagnosis. Metastasis is a common finding secondary to lymphatic and hematogenous spread of RMS, with the most frequent areas of space being the lungs, bones, and bone marrow. The overall survival of patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma is meager, reported to be 20%.

• #9 Signs and Symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/rhabdomyosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) can start nearly anywhere in the body, so the symptoms of RMS can be different in each person. The symptoms depend on where the tumor is, how large it is, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. […] When the tumor is in the neck, chest, back, arm, leg, or groin (including the testicles), the first sign might be a lump or swelling. Sometimes it can cause pain, redness, or other problems. […] If RMS becomes more advanced, it can cause symptoms such as lumps under the skin (often in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin), bone pain, constant cough, weakness, or weight loss.

• #10 Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=rhabdomyosarcoma-in-children-90-P02743

  Symptoms depend on the location and the size and of the tumor. There may be no symptoms until the tumor is very large. The main symptom may be a lump or swelling that may be painful. Other symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. […] Symptoms of advanced rhabdomyosarcoma may include: Bone pain, Constant cough, Weakness, Weight loss. […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #11 Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/rhabdomyosarcoma-treatment-pdq

  Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in muscle tissue. […] A sign of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger. […] Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood rhabdomyosarcoma or by other conditions. The signs and symptoms that occur depend on where the cancer forms. Check with your child’s doctor if your child has any of the following: A lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger or does not go away. It may be painful. […] Sometimes childhood rhabdomyosarcoma continues to grow or comes back after treatment. […] Progressive rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that continues to grow, spread, or get worse. Progressive disease may be a sign that the cancer has become refractory to treatment. […] Recurrent childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the same place or in other parts of the body, such as the lung, bone, or bone marrow. Less often, rhabdomyosarcoma may come back in the breast in adolescent females or in the liver.

• #12 Rhabdomyosarcoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Symptoms vary based on the cancers location but often include a palpable mass […] Each may be a sign of rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare form of cancer that that affects children more often than adults about 60% of all people who are diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma are children, and most are under age 7. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma is located in the urinary tract, an individual may experience: Difficulty urinating, Blood in the urine, A vaginal mass growing within the vagina (in females) or around the testicles (in males), An abdominal mass. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma is located in the head or neck, an individual may experience: Sinus infections/nasal congestion, Nosebleeds, A change in the sound of the voice, Earaches, Headaches, Discharge or bleeding from within the ear, A growth developing within the ear canal, One eye that bulges, due to a growth behind the eye, Eye pain, Becoming cross-eyed. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma develops on an arm or leg, an individual may develop: A painless or painful bulge or mass, Swelling in the affected limb. […] If the cancer is located within the trunk, an individual may experience: Abdominal pain, Constipation, Vomiting.

• #13 What Is RMS Disease? 4 Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Tests

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_is_rms_disease/article.htm

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare, highly aggressive type of cancerous tumor that forms in the soft tissue, usually in the skeletal muscle tissue. While RMS can start nearly in any part of the body, the most common sites include the head and neck, urinary and reproductive organs, arms, legs, chest, and abdomen. […] Signs and symptoms of RMS depend on the location of cancer: […] Headache […] Bulging or swelling of the eyes […] Bleeding in the nose, throat, or ears […] Trouble urinating and blood in the urine […] Difficulty with bowel movements […] Mass or bleeding in the vagina or rectum […] Swelling or a lump in the arm or leg […] Pain in the affected area, although sometimes there is no pain.

• #14 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Your child may not experience any symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma until the tumor is very large, especially if it is located deep in the muscles or stomach. Common symptoms may include: […] A mass that can be seen or felt and may or may not be painful […] Bleeding from the nose, vagina, rectum, or throat (if the tumor is located in these areas) […] Tingling, numbness, or pain if the tumor compresses a nerve in the affected area […] Protrusion of the eye or drooping of the eyelid, which may indicate a tumor behind the eye. […] Keep in mind that some similar symptoms can be associated with more common medical problems and conditions. It is important to consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis.

• #15 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Symptoms depend on where the tumor is and how big it is. There may be no symptoms until the tumor is very large. The first sign might be a lump or swelling that hurts. Other symptoms depend on where the tumor starts. […] When the tumor is big or the cancer has spread, symptoms of advanced rhabdomyosarcoma may include: Bone pain, Constant cough, Weakness, Weight loss. […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma are a lot like those of other, more common, health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider to find out what’s causing these problems.

• #16 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Prognosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6226-rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare soft tissue cancer that typically affects children and teenagers but can also affect adults. […] Symptoms vary depending on the tumors location. For example, a tumor in your childs ear may cause earache or discharge from their ear. A tumor behind your eye may make it swell or bulge out of the socket. Other symptoms by tumor location include: […] Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms may resemble less serious conditions. Many health issues can cause symptoms like nosebleeds, vomiting or lumps and bumps and may not be symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma. […] Sometimes, treatment can cure rhabdomyosarcoma. This is called remission, which means that you dont have symptoms and tests dont detect signs of cancer. In many cases, remission is permanent, but rhabdomyosarcoma can come back. […] Survival rates vary widely depending on factors like the type of rhabdomyosarcoma, risk group classification and whether the condition comes back after treatment. Overall, 70% of children with this condition were alive five years after diagnosis. The five-year survival rate for adults is 20%.

• #17 Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=rhabdomyosarcoma-in-children-90-P02743

  Symptoms depend on the location and the size and of the tumor. There may be no symptoms until the tumor is very large. The main symptom may be a lump or swelling that may be painful. Other symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. […] Symptoms of advanced rhabdomyosarcoma may include: Bone pain, Constant cough, Weakness, Weight loss. […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #18 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/ja/mayo-health-library/rhabdomyosarcoma/

  Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the cancer starts. […] For example, if the cancer is in the head or neck area, symptoms may include: Headache. Bleeding in the nose, throat or ears. Tearing, bulging or swelling of the eyes. […] If the cancer is in the urinary or reproductive system, symptoms may include: A mass or bleeding in the vagina or rectum. Trouble urinating and blood in the urine. Trouble with bowel movements. […] If the cancer is in the arms or legs, symptoms may include: Possibly pain in the affected area, if the cancer pushes on nerves or other areas of the body. Swelling or a lump in the arm or leg.

• #19 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/ja/mayo-health-library/rhabdomyosarcoma/

  Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the cancer starts. […] For example, if the cancer is in the head or neck area, symptoms may include: Headache. Bleeding in the nose, throat or ears. Tearing, bulging or swelling of the eyes. […] If the cancer is in the urinary or reproductive system, symptoms may include: A mass or bleeding in the vagina or rectum. Trouble urinating and blood in the urine. Trouble with bowel movements. […] If the cancer is in the arms or legs, symptoms may include: Possibly pain in the affected area, if the cancer pushes on nerves or other areas of the body. Swelling or a lump in the arm or leg.

• #20 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/soft-tissue-sarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma can start in any part of the body. The symptoms depend on the part of the body that is affected. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma in the head or neck may cause: a lump that you can see or feel, which may or may not be painful, a blockage and discharge from the nose, changes in swallowing or hearing, the eye to appear swollen or pushed forward. […] In the tummy (abdomen), symptoms include: pain in the tummy (abdomen), difficulty pooing (constipation). […] If rhabdomyosarcoma develops in the bladder, vagina or testicles, it might cause: blood in your pee (urine), difficulty peeing, needing to pee more frequently, vaginal discharge, swelling in a testicle. […] These symptoms can be caused by conditions other than cancer. But if you notice any of these symptoms, get them checked by your GP.

• #21 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/rhabdomyosarcoma-cancer

  Rhabdomyosarcoma Cancer Symptoms […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the tumor is: […] Tumors in the muscles behind the eye can cause eye bulging, drooping eyelids, and vision problems. […] Tumors in the ear or nasal cavity can cause earaches, headaches, congestion, or nosebleeds. […] Tumors in the urinary tract can make it hard to pee or cause blood in the pee. […] Tumors in the vagina can cause bloody discharge. […] Tumors in the belly area can cause vomiting, pain, or constipation. […] Tumors in the neck, chest, arms, legs, back, or groin can cause lumps or swelling. These lumps could grow from the size of a mosquito bite to the size of a lime in just a few weeks. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other, less serious conditions. But getting an early diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma can make it easier to treat. So, if you or your child has one of these symptoms that cant be explained such as a bump that doesnt go away or gets bigger get it checked by a doctor.

• #22 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/pediatric-cancers/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Children do not typically have systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, or weight loss. Usually, children present with a firm, palpable mass or with organ dysfunction due to impingement on the organ by the cancer. […] Orbital and nasopharyngeal cancers may cause tearing, eye pain, or proptosis. Nasopharyngeal cavity cancers may cause nasal congestion, a change in voice, or mucopurulent discharge. […] Genitourinary cancers cause abdominal pain, a palpable abdominal mass, difficulty urinating, and hematuria. Vaginal tumors can manifest with mucosanguineous discharge with a polypoid mass protruding from the vagina. […] Extremity cancers appear as firm, indiscrete masses anywhere on the arms or legs. […] For all, regional lymph node spread occurs frequently, and metastases in the lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes can occur and usually do not cause symptoms.

• #23 Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/orbital-rhabdomyosarcoma

  In many cases, the first noticeable sign of an orbital rhabdomyosarcoma is a bulging or protruding eyeball (proptosis). Other symptoms can include: […] A red, swollen or droopy eyelid (ptosis) […] Difficulty moving the affected eye […] Vision changes or loss of vision […] Discoloration of the iris […] Nasal congestion […] Bleeding in the nose, throat or ears. […] In some cases, an orbital rhabdomyosarcoma is first discovered by an ophthalmologist during a routine eye examination.

• #24 Rhabdomyosarcoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare childhood cancer with an estimated 250-350 new cases per year. The head and neck region and in particular, the orbit, represent a major anatomic site for RMS. Orbital RMS is the most common primary orbital malignancy in children with approximately 35 new cases per year. […] Patients generally present with proptosis (80-100%), globe displacement (80%), blepharoptosis (30-50%), conjunctival and eyelid swelling (60%), palpable mass (25%), ptosis (25%) and pain (10%) (Shields). Typically, orbital rhabdomyosarcomas present with rapidly developing unilateral exophthalmos over the course of weeks, however some cases may have a slower onset, with chronic eyelid and conjunctival edema being present before proptosis and globe displacement. […] Pain and decreased vision are minimal and are symptoms of more advanced disease. Epiphora is uncommon although nasolacrimal duct obstruction has been rarely reported. While usually diagnosed due to the symptoms listed above, if allowed to progress, it can invade orbital bone and extend intracranially, producing neoplastic meningitis. Metastatic disease is rare, but it most often spreads hematogenously to bone and lung.

• #25 Symptoms | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/orbital-rhabdomyosarcoma/symptoms.html

  The most common symptom of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma is a bulging of the eye. […] Other symptoms include: Redness of the eyelid, Difficulty moving the affected eye. […] Rarer symptoms include: Changes in vision, including loss of vision or glaucoma caused by increased pressure in the eye, loss of vision, Misalignment of the eyes, Drooping eyelid, Discoloration of the iris. […] If the area near the sinuses is involved, there may be nasal congestion or bloody nose. The tumor does not generally cause pain.

• #26 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Signs and symptoms of this kind of tumor depend on its location. Most RMS starts out as a lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger and does not go away. Some children may have unusual bleeding. […] The most common sites are: […] Head and neck: the tumor may start inside the nose or sinuses. It may cause a blocked nose or nasal discharge. It may stick out from the ear or nose. There may be ear drainage, headache, facial pain, a lump in the neck, or signs of sinusitis. Areas of the face may become weak. […] Eye socket or orbit: the tumor may cause the eye to bulge or to be pushed downward. It may also cause vision changes. […] Trunk of the body: if the tumor is in the abdomen (belly), it may cause constipation, painful bowel movements, bloody urine, difficulty urinating, or swelling of the groin area. […] Muscles of arms or legs: the tumor may feel like a lump or a mass, and may be painful. […] Other areas of the body: tumor cells may also spread to other parts of the body. Common areas are the lungs, liver, brain, bones and bone marrow.

• #27 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/ja/mayo-health-library/rhabdomyosarcoma/

  Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the cancer starts. […] For example, if the cancer is in the head or neck area, symptoms may include: Headache. Bleeding in the nose, throat or ears. Tearing, bulging or swelling of the eyes. […] If the cancer is in the urinary or reproductive system, symptoms may include: A mass or bleeding in the vagina or rectum. Trouble urinating and blood in the urine. Trouble with bowel movements. […] If the cancer is in the arms or legs, symptoms may include: Possibly pain in the affected area, if the cancer pushes on nerves or other areas of the body. Swelling or a lump in the arm or leg.

• #28 Rhabdomyosarcoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Symptoms vary based on the cancers location but often include a palpable mass […] Each may be a sign of rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare form of cancer that that affects children more often than adults about 60% of all people who are diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma are children, and most are under age 7. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma is located in the urinary tract, an individual may experience: Difficulty urinating, Blood in the urine, A vaginal mass growing within the vagina (in females) or around the testicles (in males), An abdominal mass. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma is located in the head or neck, an individual may experience: Sinus infections/nasal congestion, Nosebleeds, A change in the sound of the voice, Earaches, Headaches, Discharge or bleeding from within the ear, A growth developing within the ear canal, One eye that bulges, due to a growth behind the eye, Eye pain, Becoming cross-eyed. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma develops on an arm or leg, an individual may develop: A painless or painful bulge or mass, Swelling in the affected limb. […] If the cancer is located within the trunk, an individual may experience: Abdominal pain, Constipation, Vomiting.

• #29 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Symptoms & Treatment | Children with Cancer UK

  http://www.childrenwithcancer.org.uk/childhood-cancer-info/cancer-types/sarcoma/soft-tissues-sarcoma/rhabdomyosarcoma/

  Symptoms of soft tissue sarcomas depend on the part of the body affected. […] Regarding childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common sign is a swelling or lump. […] If the tumour is in the head area, it can sometimes cause a blockage and a discharge from the nose. Occasionally an eye may appear swollen and protruding. […] If the tumour is in the abdomen, the child may have discomfort in the abdomen and difficulty going to the toilet. […] If the tumour is in the bladder, the child may also have blood in the urine. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma in children is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma to occur in childhood accounting for 6% of child cancer rates. […] It arises in muscle or fibrous tissue and can occur in almost any part of the body. The most common sites are around the head and neck, the bladder or the testes. Sometimes tumours may be found in a muscle or a limb, in the chest, or in the abdominal wall.

• #30 Rhabdomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507721/

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is typically asymptomatic, but depending on tumor features (eg, the site of origin, size, and metastases), patients may present with various symptoms. The most common RMS tumor site is the head, neck, and genitourinary areas. Patients with tumors arising in the head and neck area (eg, orbital, nasopharyngeal, and paranasal sinuses) may present with mucopurulent nasal drainage, sinus congestion, or proptosis. Additionally, symptoms caused by the mass effect of enlarging tumors can occur, including proptosis, dizziness, nausea, or headache. RMS tumors within the genitourinary area frequently cause symptoms such as vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, dysuria, hematuria, and urinary frequency. Patients with RMS tumors involving the extremities are typically painless, although patients with pleiomorphic RMS commonly have rapidly growing, painful masses. Physical findings noted on examination also vary according to the anatomical area involved, including cranial nerve palsies, uterine or scrotal enlargement, and bulging vaginal masses. Enlarged lymphatic nodes may be palpated as well if regional spread occurs.

• #31 Signs and Symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/rhabdomyosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) can start nearly anywhere in the body, so the symptoms of RMS can be different in each person. The symptoms depend on where the tumor is, how large it is, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. […] When the tumor is in the neck, chest, back, arm, leg, or groin (including the testicles), the first sign might be a lump or swelling. Sometimes it can cause pain, redness, or other problems. […] If RMS becomes more advanced, it can cause symptoms such as lumps under the skin (often in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin), bone pain, constant cough, weakness, or weight loss.

• #32 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/ja/mayo-health-library/rhabdomyosarcoma/

  Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the cancer starts. […] For example, if the cancer is in the head or neck area, symptoms may include: Headache. Bleeding in the nose, throat or ears. Tearing, bulging or swelling of the eyes. […] If the cancer is in the urinary or reproductive system, symptoms may include: A mass or bleeding in the vagina or rectum. Trouble urinating and blood in the urine. Trouble with bowel movements. […] If the cancer is in the arms or legs, symptoms may include: Possibly pain in the affected area, if the cancer pushes on nerves or other areas of the body. Swelling or a lump in the arm or leg.

• #33 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/rhabdomyosarcoma-cancer

  Rhabdomyosarcoma Cancer Symptoms […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the tumor is: […] Tumors in the muscles behind the eye can cause eye bulging, drooping eyelids, and vision problems. […] Tumors in the ear or nasal cavity can cause earaches, headaches, congestion, or nosebleeds. […] Tumors in the urinary tract can make it hard to pee or cause blood in the pee. […] Tumors in the vagina can cause bloody discharge. […] Tumors in the belly area can cause vomiting, pain, or constipation. […] Tumors in the neck, chest, arms, legs, back, or groin can cause lumps or swelling. These lumps could grow from the size of a mosquito bite to the size of a lime in just a few weeks. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other, less serious conditions. But getting an early diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma can make it easier to treat. So, if you or your child has one of these symptoms that cant be explained such as a bump that doesnt go away or gets bigger get it checked by a doctor.

• #34 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma is a fast-growing cancer that can develop in soft tissues (such as muscle) almost anywhere in the body. […] Symptoms depend on where rhabdomyosarcomas develop. […] In most children, the first symptom of the cancer is a firm lump or problems related to an organ affected by the cancer, such as the following: […] The cancers frequently spread, especially to the lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Usually, this spread does not cause symptoms. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, but it is usually diagnosed before the cancer has spread. About 15 to 25% of children are diagnosed after the cancer has spread. In these children, the cancer is most commonly located in the lungs. Bones, bone marrow, and the lymph nodes are other locations to which the cancer may spread.

• #35 Rhabdomyosarcoma > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Symptoms vary based on the cancers location but often include a palpable mass […] Each may be a sign of rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare form of cancer that that affects children more often than adults about 60% of all people who are diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma are children, and most are under age 7. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma is located in the urinary tract, an individual may experience: Difficulty urinating, Blood in the urine, A vaginal mass growing within the vagina (in females) or around the testicles (in males), An abdominal mass. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma is located in the head or neck, an individual may experience: Sinus infections/nasal congestion, Nosebleeds, A change in the sound of the voice, Earaches, Headaches, Discharge or bleeding from within the ear, A growth developing within the ear canal, One eye that bulges, due to a growth behind the eye, Eye pain, Becoming cross-eyed. […] When rhabdomyosarcoma develops on an arm or leg, an individual may develop: A painless or painful bulge or mass, Swelling in the affected limb. […] If the cancer is located within the trunk, an individual may experience: Abdominal pain, Constipation, Vomiting.

• #36 Rhabdomyosarcoma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/rhabdomyosarcoma/

  The most common symptom is a lump or swelling. Other symptoms will depend on the part of the body thats affected by the rhabdomyosarcoma: […] a tumour in the head or neck area can sometimes cause a blockage (obstruction) and discharge from the nose or throat; occasionally, an eye may appear swollen and protruding […] a tumour in the abdomen (tummy) can cause pain or discomfort in the abdomen and difficulty going to the toilet (constipation) […] a tumour in the bladder may cause symptoms such as blood in the urine and difficulty passing urine (peeing).

• #37 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/rhabdomyosarcoma-cancer

  Rhabdomyosarcoma Cancer Symptoms […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the tumor is: […] Tumors in the muscles behind the eye can cause eye bulging, drooping eyelids, and vision problems. […] Tumors in the ear or nasal cavity can cause earaches, headaches, congestion, or nosebleeds. […] Tumors in the urinary tract can make it hard to pee or cause blood in the pee. […] Tumors in the vagina can cause bloody discharge. […] Tumors in the belly area can cause vomiting, pain, or constipation. […] Tumors in the neck, chest, arms, legs, back, or groin can cause lumps or swelling. These lumps could grow from the size of a mosquito bite to the size of a lime in just a few weeks. […] Many of these symptoms can be caused by other, less serious conditions. But getting an early diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma can make it easier to treat. So, if you or your child has one of these symptoms that cant be explained such as a bump that doesnt go away or gets bigger get it checked by a doctor.

• #38 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | Sarcoma UK

  https://sarcoma.org.uk/about-sarcoma/what-is-sarcoma/types-of-sarcoma/embryonal-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  ERMS can occur anywhere in the body. But, it most often occurs in the head or neck, as well as in the organs of the genitourinary system. The main symptom of ERMS is a lump, lesion or swelling in the soft tissue of the body under the skin, often in the head or neck. This lump is often fast-growing, but usually painless. […] A lesion in the head or neck can also cause other symptoms, such as: Bulging of the eyes, Double vision, Swelling of the sinuses, Trouble swallowing or hearing. […] A lesion in the genitourinary system may cause symptoms such as: Lumps or swelling in the genitals, commonly on the scrotum, Trouble peeing, Blood in the pee. […] Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, known as jaundice. […] ERMS can reappear in the same area after the treatment of a previous tumour; this is called a local recurrence.

• #39 Signs and Symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/rhabdomyosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) can start nearly anywhere in the body, so the symptoms of RMS can be different in each person. The symptoms depend on where the tumor is, how large it is, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. […] When the tumor is in the neck, chest, back, arm, leg, or groin (including the testicles), the first sign might be a lump or swelling. Sometimes it can cause pain, redness, or other problems. […] If RMS becomes more advanced, it can cause symptoms such as lumps under the skin (often in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin), bone pain, constant cough, weakness, or weight loss.

• #40 Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=rhabdomyosarcoma-in-children-90-P02743

  Symptoms depend on the location and the size and of the tumor. There may be no symptoms until the tumor is very large. The main symptom may be a lump or swelling that may be painful. Other symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. […] Symptoms of advanced rhabdomyosarcoma may include: Bone pain, Constant cough, Weakness, Weight loss. […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #41 Rhabdomyosarcoma | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Symptoms depend on where the tumor is and how big it is. There may be no symptoms until the tumor is very large. The first sign might be a lump or swelling that hurts. Other symptoms depend on where the tumor starts. […] When the tumor is big or the cancer has spread, symptoms of advanced rhabdomyosarcoma may include: Bone pain, Constant cough, Weakness, Weight loss. […] The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma are a lot like those of other, more common, health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider to find out what’s causing these problems.

• #42 Rhabdomyosarcoma history and symptoms – wikidoc

  https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Rhabdomyosarcoma_history_and_symptoms

  Symptoms related to metastases lesions are: Bone pain, Respiratory difficulties, Abnormal lab test (anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia), Disseminated rhabdomyoblasts in the bone marrow present with leukemia symptoms. […] Specific rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms based on origin site are described as below: Proptosis/ dysconjugate gaze/ ophtalmoplasia, Upper respiratory symptoms such as sinus or nasal obstruction with or without a mucopurulent or bloody discharge, Hematuria, urinary obstruction, Urinary frequency, constipation due to tumoral pressure, Scrotal or inguinal enlargement, usually painful mass, Menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, Mucosanguineous discharge in very young girls, protrusion of polypoid mass from vagina, Painful or painless mass with or without erythematous skin.

• #43 Understanding Rhabdomyosarcoma: Impact, Symptoms, and Signs | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/rhabdomyosarcomas-devastating-impact-on-young-lives

  Rhabdomyosarcoma grows quickly and can spread widely if not identified and treated early. […] The early symptoms are often vague and missed, allowing the cancer time to take hold. But when caught early through awareness of telltale lumps or other signs, treatment can be most effective. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms may vary depending on the location of the tumor and its size. However, some common signs and symptoms may include: Unusual Lumps or Swellings: Keep an eye out for any unusual rhabdomyosarcoma lump or swelling, especially in the head and neck area, urinary tract, extremities or reproductive organs. Pain or Discomfort: Persistent pain or discomfort in the affected area, which may worsen over time, could be indicative of rhabdomyosarcoma. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits: Pay attention to any changes in bowel or bladder habits, such as difficulty urinating or blood in the urine or stool. Vision Changes: In cases where rhabdomyosarcoma affects the eye sockets, individuals may experience vision changes or eye protrusion.

• #44 What is Rhabdomyosarcoma? – Rally Foundation

  https://rallyfoundation.org/what-is-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  The prognosis for rhabdomyosarcoma, like many cancers, depends on several factors. […] The five-year survival rate for low risk rhabdomyosarcoma, based on the above factors, is approximately 80-95%. The majority of rhabdomyosarcoma cases are intermediate risk with a 50-70% survival rate. However, once the cancer has metastasized (high risk; 10-15% of cases) the survival rate drops to 20-30%. Nearly all recurrences of rhabdomyosarcoma occur within three years of diagnosis. […] Survival rates are better for children between the ages of one and nine than for younger or older patients. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a higher survival rate than alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. ARMS grows faster and often requires more intensive treatment.

• #45 Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988803-overview

  Those patients with metastatic disease without other high-risk factors, including unfavorable site, more than 3 sites, bone marrow involvement, and age younger than 1 year or older than 10 years, have a better prognosis (50% 3-y event-free survival) than those with 3-4 of these factors (12% and 5% 3-y event-free survival, respectively). […] The 5-year survival was highest in children aged 1-4 years (77%) and was worst in infants and adolescents (47% and 48%, respectively). Orbital and GU sites were the most favorable (86% and 80%, respectively). Unfavorable sites included tumors of the extremities (50%), retroperitoneum (52%), and trunk (52%). Embryonal histology was best (67%) compared with alveolar histology (49%). Most patients with local recurrence are curable with salvage therapy, particularly if the recurrence is after initial therapy has been completed.

• #46 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/rhabdomyosarcoma-pro

  Radiographic or clinical evidence for distant metastatic disease is present in about 20% of children at diagnosis. Metastases arise by both lymphatic and haematogenous routes, and spread to lung, bone, and bone marrow are relatively common. […] Rhabdomyosarcomas are highly malignant and grow rapidly. They are, however, potentially curable.

• #47 Rhabdomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507721/

  The survival of rhabdomyosarcoma patients has improved due to interprofessional collaboration, leading to advancements in diagnosis and management approaches. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma is classified into histologic subtypes: embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic, spindle, and mixed-type. Embryonal is the most commonly occurring subtype and also has the best prognosis. […] The most common metastatic sites include the lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. […] Distant metastatic disease is identified in approximately 20% of children at their initial diagnosis. Metastasis is a common finding secondary to lymphatic and hematogenous spread of RMS, with the most frequent areas of space being the lungs, bones, and bone marrow. The overall survival of patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma is meager, reported to be 20%.

• #48 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma is a fast-growing cancer that can develop in soft tissues (such as muscle) almost anywhere in the body. […] Symptoms depend on where rhabdomyosarcomas develop. […] In most children, the first symptom of the cancer is a firm lump or problems related to an organ affected by the cancer, such as the following: […] The cancers frequently spread, especially to the lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Usually, this spread does not cause symptoms. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, but it is usually diagnosed before the cancer has spread. About 15 to 25% of children are diagnosed after the cancer has spread. In these children, the cancer is most commonly located in the lungs. Bones, bone marrow, and the lymph nodes are other locations to which the cancer may spread.

• #49 Rhabdomyosarcoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507721/

  The survival of rhabdomyosarcoma patients has improved due to interprofessional collaboration, leading to advancements in diagnosis and management approaches. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma is classified into histologic subtypes: embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic, spindle, and mixed-type. Embryonal is the most commonly occurring subtype and also has the best prognosis. […] The most common metastatic sites include the lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. […] Distant metastatic disease is identified in approximately 20% of children at their initial diagnosis. Metastasis is a common finding secondary to lymphatic and hematogenous spread of RMS, with the most frequent areas of space being the lungs, bones, and bone marrow. The overall survival of patients with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma is meager, reported to be 20%.

• #50 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyosarcoma

  RMS can occur in almost any soft-tissue site in the body; the most common primary sites are genitourinary (24%), parameningeal (16%), extremity (19%), orbit (9%), other head and neck (10%), and miscellaneous other sites (22%). RMS often presents as a mass, but signs and symptoms can vary widely depending on the site of the primary tumor. Genitourinary tumors may present with hematuria, urinary tract obstruction, and/or a scrotal or vaginal mass. Tumors that arise in the retroperitoneum and mediastinum can become quite large before producing signs and symptoms. Parameningeal tumors may present with cranial nerve dysfunction, symptoms of sinusitis, ear discharge, headaches, and facial pain. Orbital tumors often present with orbital swelling and proptosis. Extremity tumors generally present as a rapidly enlarging, firm mass in the relevant tissue. The cancer’s prevalence in the head, face, and neck will often allow for earlier signs of the disease simply due to the obvious nature of tumors in these locations. Despite the varying presentation and typically aggressive nature of the disease, RMS has the potential to be diagnosed and treated early. The fourth IRSG study found that 23% of patients were diagnosed in time for a complete resection of their cancer, and 15% had resection with only minimal remnants of the diseased cells. […] Outcomes vary considerably, with five-year survival rates between 35 and 95%, depending on the type of RMS involved, so clear diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and management.

• #51 Sequential genomic analysis using a multisample/multiplatform approach to better define rhabdomyosarcoma progression and relapse | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00445-1

  The genomic spectrum of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) progression from primary to relapse is not fully understood. […] In this study we investigate genomic patterns of tumor progression in a well-annotated clinical and molecular cohort of FP and FN RMS, showing that FP-RMS exhibit relatively stable genomes at relapse, while secondary alterations present at diagnosis, i.e., CDKN2A/B, MYCN, and CDK4, impacted survival. […] Moreover, we explore the sensitivity of various deep-targeted and shallow whole-genome NGS platforms to define the best genomic approach of using liquid biopsy in future prospective clinical trials. […] Among the FP-RMS cohort (n=18 patients), matched genomic data from at least two tumor samples was analyzed, including 10 MSK-IMPACT, 7 WES, 1 targeted Dragon/WES. […] Overall the genomic landscape was stable, with pathogenic or likely pathogenic alterations being identified in 51 cancer genes, with 9 (18%) of them showing alterations being recurrent across different samples (MYCN, CDKN2A/2B, CDK4, GLI1, AKT1, IGF2, MED12, NCOR2).

• #52 Sequential genomic analysis using a multisample/multiplatform approach to better define rhabdomyosarcoma progression and relapse | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00445-1

  The most common recurrent alterations present at diagnosis, also designated as secondary major alterations, were mostly mutually exclusive: CDKN2A/2B alterations (5/18, 28%, 4 homozygous deletions, 1 non-sense mutation associated with loss of heterozygosity), MYCN alterations, (4/18, 22%, 2 amplifications, 2 missense mutations), and CDK4 amplifications (3/18, 17%, coamplified with GLI1 in 2 tumors and MDM2 in 1 tumor at 12q13-15 locus). […] In contrast, 8 patients lacking major secondary genetic alterations in the primary tumors developed a higher number of additional alterations in the relapse/metastatic disease. […] The genomic landscape of FN-RMS is more heterogeneous, with a number of potential genetic drivers being implicated in their pathogenesis, including alterations in tumor suppressor genes (BCOR, NF1, and TP53), RAS activating mutations or FGFR1 amplifications.

• #53 Sequential genomic analysis using a multisample/multiplatform approach to better define rhabdomyosarcoma progression and relapse | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00445-1

  The genomic spectrum of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) progression from primary to relapse is not fully understood. […] In this study we investigate genomic patterns of tumor progression in a well-annotated clinical and molecular cohort of FP and FN RMS, showing that FP-RMS exhibit relatively stable genomes at relapse, while secondary alterations present at diagnosis, i.e., CDKN2A/B, MYCN, and CDK4, impacted survival. […] Moreover, we explore the sensitivity of various deep-targeted and shallow whole-genome NGS platforms to define the best genomic approach of using liquid biopsy in future prospective clinical trials. […] Among the FP-RMS cohort (n=18 patients), matched genomic data from at least two tumor samples was analyzed, including 10 MSK-IMPACT, 7 WES, 1 targeted Dragon/WES. […] Overall the genomic landscape was stable, with pathogenic or likely pathogenic alterations being identified in 51 cancer genes, with 9 (18%) of them showing alterations being recurrent across different samples (MYCN, CDKN2A/2B, CDK4, GLI1, AKT1, IGF2, MED12, NCOR2).

• #54 Sequential genomic analysis using a multisample/multiplatform approach to better define rhabdomyosarcoma progression and relapse | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00445-1

  The most common recurrent alterations present at diagnosis, also designated as secondary major alterations, were mostly mutually exclusive: CDKN2A/2B alterations (5/18, 28%, 4 homozygous deletions, 1 non-sense mutation associated with loss of heterozygosity), MYCN alterations, (4/18, 22%, 2 amplifications, 2 missense mutations), and CDK4 amplifications (3/18, 17%, coamplified with GLI1 in 2 tumors and MDM2 in 1 tumor at 12q13-15 locus). […] In contrast, 8 patients lacking major secondary genetic alterations in the primary tumors developed a higher number of additional alterations in the relapse/metastatic disease. […] The genomic landscape of FN-RMS is more heterogeneous, with a number of potential genetic drivers being implicated in their pathogenesis, including alterations in tumor suppressor genes (BCOR, NF1, and TP53), RAS activating mutations or FGFR1 amplifications.

• #55 Sequential genomic analysis using a multisample/multiplatform approach to better define rhabdomyosarcoma progression and relapse | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00445-1

  These results unveil certain mutation patterns present only at relapse in FN-RMS, including BAP1 deletions (2/17, 12%) and SMARCA2 missense mutations and frameshift deletions (4/17, 24% patients). […] A subset of RMS is driven by coexisting alterations in multiple genes suggesting an evolutionary selection of multiple subclones that may drive relapse or refractory disease. […] Our longitudinal sampling of diagnostic and recurrent tumors with ctDNA along the treatment course also detects the emergence of treatment-resistant clones harboring mutations with high VAF not detected in the earlier timepoints, but apparent in the ctDNA and tumor relapse following several courses of chemotherapy. […] These findings support the benefit of future implementation of liquid biopsies for screening real-time disease burden and treatment response in both RMS subtypes.

• #56 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/21/5269

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare pediatric sarcoma affecting skeletal muscle in children and young adults. It is responsible for 3% of all childhood malignant tumors and is the third most prevalent pediatric extracranial solid tumor. Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods and clinical trials to improve pediatric RMS survival rates, children with high-risk RMS and recurrent disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30% and 17%, respectively. The cure rate remains low and the current RMS therapies continue to pose potential life-threatening toxicities, which can lead to lifelong morbidity. The treatment strategies for RMS include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without radiotherapy. […] Patient survival rates depend upon several variables such as the tumor subtype, size, grade, primary site, as well as RMS disease stage and clinical group. The overall 5-year survival rates for RMS in children have exceeded 70%. However, despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods over the past few decades, children with high-risk RMS and recurrent disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30% and 17%, respectively. […] Despite these developments, the cure rate for pediatric patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains low and current RMS therapies continue to pose potential life-threatening toxicities, which can lead to lifelong morbidity.

• #57 Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988803-overview

  Those patients with metastatic disease without other high-risk factors, including unfavorable site, more than 3 sites, bone marrow involvement, and age younger than 1 year or older than 10 years, have a better prognosis (50% 3-y event-free survival) than those with 3-4 of these factors (12% and 5% 3-y event-free survival, respectively). […] The 5-year survival was highest in children aged 1-4 years (77%) and was worst in infants and adolescents (47% and 48%, respectively). Orbital and GU sites were the most favorable (86% and 80%, respectively). Unfavorable sites included tumors of the extremities (50%), retroperitoneum (52%), and trunk (52%). Embryonal histology was best (67%) compared with alveolar histology (49%). Most patients with local recurrence are curable with salvage therapy, particularly if the recurrence is after initial therapy has been completed.

• #58 Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988803-overview

  Those patients with metastatic disease without other high-risk factors, including unfavorable site, more than 3 sites, bone marrow involvement, and age younger than 1 year or older than 10 years, have a better prognosis (50% 3-y event-free survival) than those with 3-4 of these factors (12% and 5% 3-y event-free survival, respectively). […] The 5-year survival was highest in children aged 1-4 years (77%) and was worst in infants and adolescents (47% and 48%, respectively). Orbital and GU sites were the most favorable (86% and 80%, respectively). Unfavorable sites included tumors of the extremities (50%), retroperitoneum (52%), and trunk (52%). Embryonal histology was best (67%) compared with alveolar histology (49%). Most patients with local recurrence are curable with salvage therapy, particularly if the recurrence is after initial therapy has been completed.

• #59 What is Rhabdomyosarcoma? – Rally Foundation

  https://rallyfoundation.org/what-is-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  The prognosis for rhabdomyosarcoma, like many cancers, depends on several factors. […] The five-year survival rate for low risk rhabdomyosarcoma, based on the above factors, is approximately 80-95%. The majority of rhabdomyosarcoma cases are intermediate risk with a 50-70% survival rate. However, once the cancer has metastasized (high risk; 10-15% of cases) the survival rate drops to 20-30%. Nearly all recurrences of rhabdomyosarcoma occur within three years of diagnosis. […] Survival rates are better for children between the ages of one and nine than for younger or older patients. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a higher survival rate than alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. ARMS grows faster and often requires more intensive treatment.

• #60 Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/rhabdomyosarcoma-treatment-pdq

  Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in muscle tissue. […] A sign of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger. […] Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood rhabdomyosarcoma or by other conditions. The signs and symptoms that occur depend on where the cancer forms. Check with your child’s doctor if your child has any of the following: A lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger or does not go away. It may be painful. […] Sometimes childhood rhabdomyosarcoma continues to grow or comes back after treatment. […] Progressive rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that continues to grow, spread, or get worse. Progressive disease may be a sign that the cancer has become refractory to treatment. […] Recurrent childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the same place or in other parts of the body, such as the lung, bone, or bone marrow. Less often, rhabdomyosarcoma may come back in the breast in adolescent females or in the liver.

• #61 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/rhabdomyosarcoma-cancer

  Rhabdomyosarcoma Prognosis […] Its easier to treat rhabdomyosarcoma if its caught early, before it has a chance to grow or spread much. […] Most people with rhabdomyosarcoma in the low- and intermediate-risk groups survive. But treatment can also work for people in the high-risk group. Children between 1 and 10 years old are especially likely to have a good outcome. […] But sometimes, the cancer can come back. When it does, it usually happens in the first few years after treatment. For this reason, your doctors will keep a close eye on you after your treatment ends. You might see the doctor every few months at first, then have regular follow-up appointments.

• #62 Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/rhabdomyosarcoma-treatment-pdq

  Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in muscle tissue. […] A sign of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger. […] Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood rhabdomyosarcoma or by other conditions. The signs and symptoms that occur depend on where the cancer forms. Check with your child’s doctor if your child has any of the following: A lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger or does not go away. It may be painful. […] Sometimes childhood rhabdomyosarcoma continues to grow or comes back after treatment. […] Progressive rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that continues to grow, spread, or get worse. Progressive disease may be a sign that the cancer has become refractory to treatment. […] Recurrent childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the same place or in other parts of the body, such as the lung, bone, or bone marrow. Less often, rhabdomyosarcoma may come back in the breast in adolescent females or in the liver.

• #63 Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/patient/rhabdomyosarcoma-treatment-pdq

  Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in muscle tissue. […] A sign of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is a lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger. […] Signs and symptoms may be caused by childhood rhabdomyosarcoma or by other conditions. The signs and symptoms that occur depend on where the cancer forms. Check with your child’s doctor if your child has any of the following: A lump or swelling that keeps getting bigger or does not go away. It may be painful. […] Sometimes childhood rhabdomyosarcoma continues to grow or comes back after treatment. […] Progressive rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that continues to grow, spread, or get worse. Progressive disease may be a sign that the cancer has become refractory to treatment. […] Recurrent childhood rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the same place or in other parts of the body, such as the lung, bone, or bone marrow. Less often, rhabdomyosarcoma may come back in the breast in adolescent females or in the liver.

• #64 Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma | Sarcoma UK

  https://sarcoma.org.uk/about-sarcoma/what-is-sarcoma/types-of-sarcoma/alveolar-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  Symptoms of ARMS can vary depending on the size and location of your tumour. The main symptom of ARMS is a lump, lesion or swelling in the soft tissue of the body under the skin. It often appears in the arms and legs. Its often fast-growing, but usually painless. A lesion in the head or neck can result in symptoms such as: […] A lesion in the muscles around the spine can result in symptoms such as: […] A lesion in the area between the genitals and the anus can result in symptoms such as: […] ARMS can reappear in the same area after the treatment of a previous tumour. This is called a local recurrence. If the cancer does reappear, it is important to get treated as quickly as possible. This could involve further surgery and/or radiotherapy. Your doctor will assess your treatment plan on an individual basis.

• #65 What is Rhabdomyosarcoma? – Rally Foundation

  https://rallyfoundation.org/what-is-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  The prognosis for rhabdomyosarcoma, like many cancers, depends on several factors. […] The five-year survival rate for low risk rhabdomyosarcoma, based on the above factors, is approximately 80-95%. The majority of rhabdomyosarcoma cases are intermediate risk with a 50-70% survival rate. However, once the cancer has metastasized (high risk; 10-15% of cases) the survival rate drops to 20-30%. Nearly all recurrences of rhabdomyosarcoma occur within three years of diagnosis. […] Survival rates are better for children between the ages of one and nine than for younger or older patients. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a higher survival rate than alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. ARMS grows faster and often requires more intensive treatment.

• #66 Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988803-overview

  Those patients with metastatic disease without other high-risk factors, including unfavorable site, more than 3 sites, bone marrow involvement, and age younger than 1 year or older than 10 years, have a better prognosis (50% 3-y event-free survival) than those with 3-4 of these factors (12% and 5% 3-y event-free survival, respectively). […] The 5-year survival was highest in children aged 1-4 years (77%) and was worst in infants and adolescents (47% and 48%, respectively). Orbital and GU sites were the most favorable (86% and 80%, respectively). Unfavorable sites included tumors of the extremities (50%), retroperitoneum (52%), and trunk (52%). Embryonal histology was best (67%) compared with alveolar histology (49%). Most patients with local recurrence are curable with salvage therapy, particularly if the recurrence is after initial therapy has been completed.

• #67 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/rhabdomyosarcoma-cancer

  Rhabdomyosarcoma Prognosis […] Its easier to treat rhabdomyosarcoma if its caught early, before it has a chance to grow or spread much. […] Most people with rhabdomyosarcoma in the low- and intermediate-risk groups survive. But treatment can also work for people in the high-risk group. Children between 1 and 10 years old are especially likely to have a good outcome. […] But sometimes, the cancer can come back. When it does, it usually happens in the first few years after treatment. For this reason, your doctors will keep a close eye on you after your treatment ends. You might see the doctor every few months at first, then have regular follow-up appointments.

• #68 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | Sarcoma UK

  https://sarcoma.org.uk/about-sarcoma/what-is-sarcoma/types-of-sarcoma/embryonal-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  A recurrence of ERMS may be accompanied by cancer in other parts of the body. This is called metastasis or secondary cancer. Some people are diagnosed with sarcoma because their metastases have been discovered before their primary ERMS tumour. In ERMS patients, these secondary cancers may appear in the lungs, which is why a chest x-ray is taken at follow-up appointments. […] Secondary cancers may also appear in the bone marrow and lymph nodes.

• #69 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Prognosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6226-rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare soft tissue cancer that typically affects children and teenagers but can also affect adults. […] Symptoms vary depending on the tumors location. For example, a tumor in your childs ear may cause earache or discharge from their ear. A tumor behind your eye may make it swell or bulge out of the socket. Other symptoms by tumor location include: […] Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms may resemble less serious conditions. Many health issues can cause symptoms like nosebleeds, vomiting or lumps and bumps and may not be symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma. […] Sometimes, treatment can cure rhabdomyosarcoma. This is called remission, which means that you dont have symptoms and tests dont detect signs of cancer. In many cases, remission is permanent, but rhabdomyosarcoma can come back. […] Survival rates vary widely depending on factors like the type of rhabdomyosarcoma, risk group classification and whether the condition comes back after treatment. Overall, 70% of children with this condition were alive five years after diagnosis. The five-year survival rate for adults is 20%.

• #70 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/21/5269

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare pediatric sarcoma affecting skeletal muscle in children and young adults. It is responsible for 3% of all childhood malignant tumors and is the third most prevalent pediatric extracranial solid tumor. Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods and clinical trials to improve pediatric RMS survival rates, children with high-risk RMS and recurrent disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30% and 17%, respectively. The cure rate remains low and the current RMS therapies continue to pose potential life-threatening toxicities, which can lead to lifelong morbidity. The treatment strategies for RMS include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without radiotherapy. […] Patient survival rates depend upon several variables such as the tumor subtype, size, grade, primary site, as well as RMS disease stage and clinical group. The overall 5-year survival rates for RMS in children have exceeded 70%. However, despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods over the past few decades, children with high-risk RMS and recurrent disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30% and 17%, respectively. […] Despite these developments, the cure rate for pediatric patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains low and current RMS therapies continue to pose potential life-threatening toxicities, which can lead to lifelong morbidity.

• #71 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Types, Treatment Success, Support

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/rhabdomyosarcoma-7510787

  For those with low-risk rhabdomyosarcoma, the five-year relative survival rate can range from 70% to 90%; for those with intermediate-risk disease, the five-year survival rate can range from 50% to 70%; and for the high-risk disease group, which means the disease has spread throughout the body, five-year survival rates range from 20% to 30%.

• #72 What is Rhabdomyosarcoma? – Rally Foundation

  https://rallyfoundation.org/what-is-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  The prognosis for rhabdomyosarcoma, like many cancers, depends on several factors. […] The five-year survival rate for low risk rhabdomyosarcoma, based on the above factors, is approximately 80-95%. The majority of rhabdomyosarcoma cases are intermediate risk with a 50-70% survival rate. However, once the cancer has metastasized (high risk; 10-15% of cases) the survival rate drops to 20-30%. Nearly all recurrences of rhabdomyosarcoma occur within three years of diagnosis. […] Survival rates are better for children between the ages of one and nine than for younger or older patients. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with a higher survival rate than alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. ARMS grows faster and often requires more intensive treatment.

• #73 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Prognosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6226-rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare soft tissue cancer that typically affects children and teenagers but can also affect adults. […] Symptoms vary depending on the tumors location. For example, a tumor in your childs ear may cause earache or discharge from their ear. A tumor behind your eye may make it swell or bulge out of the socket. Other symptoms by tumor location include: […] Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms may resemble less serious conditions. Many health issues can cause symptoms like nosebleeds, vomiting or lumps and bumps and may not be symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma. […] Sometimes, treatment can cure rhabdomyosarcoma. This is called remission, which means that you dont have symptoms and tests dont detect signs of cancer. In many cases, remission is permanent, but rhabdomyosarcoma can come back. […] Survival rates vary widely depending on factors like the type of rhabdomyosarcoma, risk group classification and whether the condition comes back after treatment. Overall, 70% of children with this condition were alive five years after diagnosis. The five-year survival rate for adults is 20%.

• #74

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7069123/

  Patients with UR rhabdomyosarcoma at first relapse or disease progression have a poor prognosis when treated with this multi-agent therapy while those with FR have a higher chance of cure with second-line therapy. […] Patients who are refractory to primary therapy or those who relapse following primary therapy have a poor prognosis. […] In aggregate, these unfavorable risk (UR) patients have a 5-year post relapse survival rate of approximately 10%. […] This clinical trial evaluated risk and response based multi-agent therapy for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma at first relapse. […] Importantly, this clinical trial showed prospectively a median FFS of 50% at six months in RMS patients with UR features at first relapse/progression.

• #75

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7069123/

  Patients with UR rhabdomyosarcoma at first relapse or disease progression have a poor prognosis when treated with this multi-agent therapy while those with FR have a higher chance of cure with second-line therapy. […] Patients who are refractory to primary therapy or those who relapse following primary therapy have a poor prognosis. […] In aggregate, these unfavorable risk (UR) patients have a 5-year post relapse survival rate of approximately 10%. […] This clinical trial evaluated risk and response based multi-agent therapy for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma at first relapse. […] Importantly, this clinical trial showed prospectively a median FFS of 50% at six months in RMS patients with UR features at first relapse/progression.

• #76 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/rhabdomyosarcoma-cancer

  Rhabdomyosarcoma Prognosis […] Its easier to treat rhabdomyosarcoma if its caught early, before it has a chance to grow or spread much. […] Most people with rhabdomyosarcoma in the low- and intermediate-risk groups survive. But treatment can also work for people in the high-risk group. Children between 1 and 10 years old are especially likely to have a good outcome. […] But sometimes, the cancer can come back. When it does, it usually happens in the first few years after treatment. For this reason, your doctors will keep a close eye on you after your treatment ends. You might see the doctor every few months at first, then have regular follow-up appointments.

• #77 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/rhabdomyosarcoma-cancer

  Rhabdomyosarcoma Prognosis […] Its easier to treat rhabdomyosarcoma if its caught early, before it has a chance to grow or spread much. […] Most people with rhabdomyosarcoma in the low- and intermediate-risk groups survive. But treatment can also work for people in the high-risk group. Children between 1 and 10 years old are especially likely to have a good outcome. […] But sometimes, the cancer can come back. When it does, it usually happens in the first few years after treatment. For this reason, your doctors will keep a close eye on you after your treatment ends. You might see the doctor every few months at first, then have regular follow-up appointments.

• #78 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | Sarcoma UK

  https://sarcoma.org.uk/about-sarcoma/what-is-sarcoma/types-of-sarcoma/embryonal-rhabdomyosarcoma/

  A recurrence of ERMS may be accompanied by cancer in other parts of the body. This is called metastasis or secondary cancer. Some people are diagnosed with sarcoma because their metastases have been discovered before their primary ERMS tumour. In ERMS patients, these secondary cancers may appear in the lungs, which is why a chest x-ray is taken at follow-up appointments. […] Secondary cancers may also appear in the bone marrow and lymph nodes.

• #79 Sequential genomic analysis using a multisample/multiplatform approach to better define rhabdomyosarcoma progression and relapse | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00445-1

  These results unveil certain mutation patterns present only at relapse in FN-RMS, including BAP1 deletions (2/17, 12%) and SMARCA2 missense mutations and frameshift deletions (4/17, 24% patients). […] A subset of RMS is driven by coexisting alterations in multiple genes suggesting an evolutionary selection of multiple subclones that may drive relapse or refractory disease. […] Our longitudinal sampling of diagnostic and recurrent tumors with ctDNA along the treatment course also detects the emergence of treatment-resistant clones harboring mutations with high VAF not detected in the earlier timepoints, but apparent in the ctDNA and tumor relapse following several courses of chemotherapy. […] These findings support the benefit of future implementation of liquid biopsies for screening real-time disease burden and treatment response in both RMS subtypes.

• #80 Signs and Symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/rhabdomyosarcoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) can start nearly anywhere in the body, so the symptoms of RMS can be different in each person. The symptoms depend on where the tumor is, how large it is, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. […] When the tumor is in the neck, chest, back, arm, leg, or groin (including the testicles), the first sign might be a lump or swelling. Sometimes it can cause pain, redness, or other problems. […] If RMS becomes more advanced, it can cause symptoms such as lumps under the skin (often in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin), bone pain, constant cough, weakness, or weight loss.

• #81 Rhabdomyosarcoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/ja/mayo-health-library/rhabdomyosarcoma/

  Signs and symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma depend on where the cancer starts. […] For example, if the cancer is in the head or neck area, symptoms may include: Headache. Bleeding in the nose, throat or ears. Tearing, bulging or swelling of the eyes. […] If the cancer is in the urinary or reproductive system, symptoms may include: A mass or bleeding in the vagina or rectum. Trouble urinating and blood in the urine. Trouble with bowel movements. […] If the cancer is in the arms or legs, symptoms may include: Possibly pain in the affected area, if the cancer pushes on nerves or other areas of the body. Swelling or a lump in the arm or leg.

• #82 Understanding Rhabdomyosarcoma: Impact, Symptoms, and Signs | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/rhabdomyosarcomas-devastating-impact-on-young-lives

  Rhabdomyosarcoma grows quickly and can spread widely if not identified and treated early. […] The early symptoms are often vague and missed, allowing the cancer time to take hold. But when caught early through awareness of telltale lumps or other signs, treatment can be most effective. […] Rhabdomyosarcoma symptoms may vary depending on the location of the tumor and its size. However, some common signs and symptoms may include: Unusual Lumps or Swellings: Keep an eye out for any unusual rhabdomyosarcoma lump or swelling, especially in the head and neck area, urinary tract, extremities or reproductive organs. Pain or Discomfort: Persistent pain or discomfort in the affected area, which may worsen over time, could be indicative of rhabdomyosarcoma. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits: Pay attention to any changes in bowel or bladder habits, such as difficulty urinating or blood in the urine or stool. Vision Changes: In cases where rhabdomyosarcoma affects the eye sockets, individuals may experience vision changes or eye protrusion.

• #83 Rhabdomyosarcoma: Current Therapy, Challenges, and Future Approaches to Treatment Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/21/5269

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare pediatric sarcoma affecting skeletal muscle in children and young adults. It is responsible for 3% of all childhood malignant tumors and is the third most prevalent pediatric extracranial solid tumor. Despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods and clinical trials to improve pediatric RMS survival rates, children with high-risk RMS and recurrent disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30% and 17%, respectively. The cure rate remains low and the current RMS therapies continue to pose potential life-threatening toxicities, which can lead to lifelong morbidity. The treatment strategies for RMS include multi-agent chemotherapies after surgical resection with or without radiotherapy. […] Patient survival rates depend upon several variables such as the tumor subtype, size, grade, primary site, as well as RMS disease stage and clinical group. The overall 5-year survival rates for RMS in children have exceeded 70%. However, despite advances in diagnostic and treatment methods over the past few decades, children with high-risk RMS and recurrent disease have 5-year survival rates of less than 30% and 17%, respectively. […] Despite these developments, the cure rate for pediatric patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains low and current RMS therapies continue to pose potential life-threatening toxicities, which can lead to lifelong morbidity.

• #84 Sequential genomic analysis using a multisample/multiplatform approach to better define rhabdomyosarcoma progression and relapse | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-023-00445-1

  These results unveil certain mutation patterns present only at relapse in FN-RMS, including BAP1 deletions (2/17, 12%) and SMARCA2 missense mutations and frameshift deletions (4/17, 24% patients). […] A subset of RMS is driven by coexisting alterations in multiple genes suggesting an evolutionary selection of multiple subclones that may drive relapse or refractory disease. […] Our longitudinal sampling of diagnostic and recurrent tumors with ctDNA along the treatment course also detects the emergence of treatment-resistant clones harboring mutations with high VAF not detected in the earlier timepoints, but apparent in the ctDNA and tumor relapse following several courses of chemotherapy. […] These findings support the benefit of future implementation of liquid biopsies for screening real-time disease burden and treatment response in both RMS subtypes.

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