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• #1 Patient education: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It is the most common thyroid disorder. […] In approximately 95 percent of cases, hypothyroidism is due to a problem in the thyroid gland itself and is called „primary hypothyroidism.” […] However, certain medications and diseases can also decrease thyroid function. As an example, hypothyroidism can also develop after medical treatments for hyperthyroidism, such as thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid) or radioiodine treatment (to destroy thyroid tissue). In some cases, hypothyroidism is a result of decreased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary gland (called secondary hypothyroidism). […] Thyroid problems are more common in females, increase with age, and (in the United States) are more common in white people and Mexican Americans than in African Americans.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

  Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. This condition also is called underactive thyroid. […] Hypothyroidism may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Over time, hypothyroidism that isn’t treated can lead to other health problems, such as high cholesterol and heart problems. […] Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough hormones. Conditions or problems that can lead to hypothyroidism include: […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s disease. Autoimmune diseases happen when the immune system makes antibodies that attack healthy tissues. Sometimes that process involves the thyroid gland and affects its ability to make hormones. […] Surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid gland can lower the gland’s ability to make thyroid hormones or stop it completely.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/

  Hypothyroidism results from low levels of thyroid hormone with varied etiology and manifestations. Hypothyroidism is primarily categorized as primary and secondary (ie, central) hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland cannot produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone. The less commonly seen secondary or central hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland functions normally; however, hypothyroidism results from the abnormal pituitary gland or hypothalamus function. Autoimmune thyroiditis and iodine deficiency are the most common causes of the disease. Central hypothyroidism is rare. […] The most prevalent etiology of primary hypothyroidism is an iodine deficiency in iodine-deficient geographic areas worldwide. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the leading causes of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions. Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most commonly seen etiology in the US and has a strong association with lymphoma. Hypothyroid etiology can be influenced locally by iodine fortification and the emergence of new iodine-deficient areas.

• #1 Thyroid – Hashimoto’s disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/thyroid-hashimotos-disease

  Hashimotos disease is a common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). […] Hashimotos disease is considered to be an autoimmune disease. Immune system cells that normally defend the body against foreign invaders (such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses) attack the thyroid gland. […] The cause of the immune system attack against the thyroid gland is unknown. Most medical researchers believe that a number of both genetic and environmental factors working in combination cause Hashimotos disease. Current theories include: […] Some type of microbe, such as a bacterium or virus, may prompt the immune system to attack the thyroid. […] A genetic defect may trigger the immune response. Genetic factors may play an important role, since women are more commonly affected. […] The condition may be related to ageing, since older people are at increased risk. […] Hashimotos disease also tends to run in families, which suggests that heredity may be important.

• #1 Thyroid Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8541-thyroid-disease

  Conditions that can cause hypothyroidism include: […] Hashimotos disease: This is a lifelong (chronic) autoimmune condition that can cause an underactive thyroid. Its the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries with widely available iodized salt and other iodine-enriched foods. […] Iodine deficiency: Your thyroid needs iodine to make thyroid hormone, so a lack of the mineral in your diet can lead to hypothyroidism. Its the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries that dont have iodized salt widely available. It often causes goiter (enlarged thyroid). […] Congenital hypothyroidism: Sometimes, babies are born with a missing or underactive thyroid. Congenital means present from birth. About 1 in every 2,000 to 4,000 babies have congenital hypothyroidism. […] Conditions that can cause both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism at different times include:

• #1 Hypothyroidism: 18 Symptoms, 6 Causes, Treatment, Diagnosis & Diet

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/hypothyroidism/article_em.htm

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. […] Hypothyroidism can be caused by conditions of the thyroid as well as other diseases which may indirectly affect the thyroid. […] 6 Common causes of hypothyroidism in adults include: Autoimmune Thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis) This inherited condition is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults. […] Previous Thyroid Therapy Surgical removal of the thyroid gland may be performed to treat thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism, or other conditions. […] Drug-induced Hypothyroidism Taking some prescription medications may alter thyroid function. […] Pituitary and Hypothalamic disease Both the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are involved in the signaling pathways that control the function of the thyroid gland. […] Iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency does not occur in the U.S. Only severe iodine deficiency will cause low thyroid hormone levels.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

  A relatively rare cause of hypothyroidism is the failure of the pituitary gland to make enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually because of a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. […] Some people develop hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy. If hypothyroidism happens during pregnancy and isn’t treated, it raises the risk of pregnancy loss, premature delivery and preeclampsia. […] The thyroid gland needs the mineral iodine to make thyroid hormones. Iodine is found mainly in seafood, seaweed, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and iodized salt. Too little iodine can lead to hypothyroidism. Too much iodine can make hypothyroidism worse in people who already have the condition.

• #1 Underactive Thyroid: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Holland & BarrettInstagramPinterestFacebookTwitter

  https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/the-health-hub/conditions/womens-health/hormones/6-symptoms-underactive-thyroid/

  What causes an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism? We answer this very question, plus share treatments and the most common symptoms. […] The most common reason behind an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) is an autoimmune disease, where the body attacks the thyroid, thinking it is made up of foreign cells. […] Some medical treatments can also induce hypothyroidism, including: some treatments for thyroid cancer, an overdose of anti-thyroid drugs (usually given for an overactive thyroid), medicines such as lithium and amiodarone, large amounts of iodine can change the way the thyroid functions (found in some cough medicines and some health foods, e.g. kelp), a problem with the pituitary gland. […] An underactive thyroid is usually diagnosed in those aged over 60. Hypothyroidism in men is less common than in females – as many as 1 in 5 women have the condition by the age of 60. One of the reasons for this is that it can be brought on by pregnancy.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

  Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck can affect the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism. […] Thyroiditis happens when the thyroid gland becomes inflamed. This may be due to an infection. Or it can result from an autoimmune disorder or another medical condition affecting the thyroid. Thyroiditis can trigger the thyroid to release all of its stored thyroid hormone at once. That causes a spike in thyroid activity, a condition called hyperthyroidism. Afterward, the thyroid becomes underactive. […] A number of medicines may lead to hypothyroidism. One such medicine is lithium, which is used to treat some psychiatric disorders. […] Some babies are born with a thyroid gland that doesn’t work correctly. Others are born with no thyroid gland. In most cases, the reason the thyroid gland didn’t develop properly is not clear.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism has several causes, including […] Hashimotos disease, thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid, congenital hypothyroidism, or hypothyroidism that is present at birth, surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid, radiation treatment of the thyroid, some medicines. […] Less often, hypothyroidism is caused by too much or too little iodine in the diet or by disorders of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Iodine deficiency, however, is extremely rare in the United States. […] Hashimotos disease, an autoimmune disorder, is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid. The thyroid becomes inflamed and cant make enough thyroid hormones. […] Thyroiditis, an inflammation of your thyroid, causes stored thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland. At first, the leakage increases your bloods hormone levels, leading to thyrotoxicosis, a condition in which thyroid hormone levels are too high.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/

  Other conditions may also lead to primary hypothyroidism. Postpartum thyroiditis affects nearly 10% of women and often presents 8 to 20 weeks after the delivery of the infant. Only a few women require treatment with thyroid hormone. However, some women are at high risk for permanent hypothyroidism or recurrent postpartum thyroiditis in future pregnancies. […] The use of radioactive iodine to manage Graves disease usually results in permanent hypothyroidism in about 80% to 90% of the patients within 8 to 20 weeks after treatment. […] A relatively uncommon cause of primary hypothyroidism is subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain disease. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis usually occurs in middle-aged women and is typically self-limited. Hypothyroidism can also be a part of the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type-1 condition that results from a mutation in the AIRE gene. This condition is a constellation of Addison disease, hypoparathyroidism, and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Polyendocrinopathy type-2 includes hypothyroidism, Addison disease, and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

• #1 Hypothyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. This condition is often called underactive thyroid. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is thyroiditis. In people with thyroiditis, swelling and inflammation (usually low grade) damage the thyroid gland’s cells. […] Causes of this problem include: The immune system attacking the thyroid gland, Viral infections (common cold) or other respiratory infections, Pregnancy (often called postpartum thyroiditis). […] Other causes of hypothyroidism include: Certain medicines, such as lithium and amiodarone, and some types of chemotherapy, Congenital (birth) defects, Radiation treatments to the neck or brain to treat different cancers, Radioactive iodine used to treat an overactive thyroid gland, Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland, Sheehan syndrome, a condition that may occur in a woman who bleeds severely during pregnancy or childbirth and causes the destruction of the pituitary gland (which regulates the thyroid gland), Pituitary tumor or pituitary surgery.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid) – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism

  Three types of thyroiditis can cause thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism. […] Some babies are born with a thyroid that is not fully developed or does not work properly. If untreated, congenital hypothyroidism can lead to intellectual disability and growth failure when a baby doesnt grow as expected. […] When surgeons remove part of the thyroid, the remaining part may produce normal amounts of thyroid hormone. But some people who have this surgery may develop hypothyroidism. Removing the entire thyroid always results in hypothyroidism. […] Radioactive iodine, a common treatment for hyperthyroidism, gradually destroys thyroid cells. If you receive radioactive iodine treatment, you probably will eventually develop hypothyroidism. […] Some medicines can interfere with thyroid hormone production and lead to hypothyroidism, including certain heart medicines, bipolar disorder medicines, cancer medicines.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519536/

  Other common causes of hypothyroidism include medications including amiodarone, thalidomide, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (eg, sunitinib, imatinib), stavudine, interferon, bexarotene, perchlorate, rifampin, ethionamide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, interleukin-2, and lithium. […] Secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism, also known as central hypothyroidism, is caused by a defect in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis secondary to any of the following: neoplastic, infiltrative, inflammatory, genetic, or iatrogenic disorders of the pituitary or hypothalamus.

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• #1 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Thyroiditis. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland, usually caused by an autoimmune attack or by a viral infection. Thyroiditis can make the thyroid dump its whole supply of stored thyroid hormone into the blood at once, causing brief hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid activity); then the thyroid becomes underactive. […] Medicines. Medicines such as amiodarone, lithium, interferon alpha, and interleukin-2 can prevent the thyroid gland from being able to make hormone normally. These drugs are most likely to trigger hypothyroidism in patients who have a genetic tendency to autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Too much or too little iodine. The thyroid gland must have iodine to make thyroid hormone. Iodine comes into the body in food and travels through the blood to the thyroid. Keeping thyroid hormone production in balance requires the right amount of iodine. Taking in too much iodine can cause or worsen hypothyroidism.

• #1 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview

  The following medications reportedly have the potential to cause hypothyroidism: Iodinated contrast, Amiodarone, Interferon alfa, Thalidomide, Lithium, Stavudine, Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors – Sunitinib, imatinib, Bexarotene, Perchlorate, Interleukin (IL)-2, Ethionamide, Rifampin, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, Aminoglutethimide, Sulfisoxazole, p-Aminosalicylic acid, Immune checkpoint inhibitors – Ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab. […] Central hypothyroidism (secondary or tertiary) results when the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is damaged.

• #1 Congenital Hypothyroidism (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/congenital-hypothyroidism.html

  Hypothyroidism (or underactive thyroid) is when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. Low thyroid hormones make the body use up energy more slowly, and chemical activity (metabolism) in the cells slows down. […] Most cases of congenital hypothyroidism happen because the thyroid doesn’t form correctly in the baby during pregnancy. At birth, the baby may have no thyroid gland at all, or have a small, partially developed gland. Why this happens is often unknown, but in some cases it is genetic. […] Less commonly, a baby’s thyroid did fully develop, but can’t make normal amounts of thyroid hormone. This is usually due to a genetic problem. Other children born to the same parents have a 1 in 4 chance of having the same thyroid problem.

• #1 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland. Some people with thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, or Graves disease need to have part or all of their thyroid removed. If the whole thyroid is removed, people will definitely become hypothyroid. If part of the gland is left, it may be able to make enough thyroid hormone to keep blood levels normal. […] Radiation treatment. Some people with Graves disease, nodular goiter, or thyroid cancer are treated with radioactive iodine (I-131) for the purpose of destroying their thyroid gland. Patients with Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, or cancers of the head or neck are treated with radiation. All these patients can lose part or all of their thyroid function. […] Congenital hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism that a baby is born with). A few babies are born without a thyroid or with only a partly formed one. A few have part or all of their thyroid in the wrong place (ectopic thyroid). In some babies, the thyroid cells or their enzymes dont work right.

• #1 Hypothyroidism: what it is, causes, symptoms and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/hypothyroidism

  „Hypothyroidism is more common in women and affects 2% of adult women”. […] „Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland (located at the base of the throat near the windpipe) produces less thyroid hormones than necessary.” […] „The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which results in progressive destruction of the thyroid as a consequence of autoimmune phenomena.” […] „Thyroid surgery for nodules, hyperthyroidism or thyroid carcinoma can also cause hypothyroidism.” […] „Radioactive iodine as a treatment for hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer also causes hypothyroidism.” […] „Lithium treatment, used in manic-depressive psychosis, blocks the release of thyroid hormones and is also a cause of hypothyroidism.” […] „Less common is hypothyroidism caused by enzyme defects, often inherited, that compromise thyroid hormone synthesis.”

• #1 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Damage to the pituitary gland. The pituitary, the master gland, tells the thyroid how much hormone to make. When the pituitary is damaged by a tumor, radiation, or surgery, it may no longer be able to give the thyroid instructions, and the thyroid may stop making enough hormone. […] Rare disorders that infiltrate the thyroid. In a few people, diseases deposit abnormal substances in the thyroid and impair its ability to function. For example, amyloidosis can deposit amyloid protein, sarcoidosis can deposit granulomas, and hemochromatosis can deposit iron.

• #1 Hypothyroidism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate function of the gland itself (primary hypothyroidism), inadequate stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland (secondary hypothyroidism), or inadequate release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the brain’s hypothalamus (tertiary hypothyroidism). […] Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism and endemic goiter worldwide. […] In areas of the world with sufficient dietary iodine, hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by the autoimmune disease Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (chronic autoimmune thyroiditis). […] Hashimoto’s may be associated with a goiter. It is characterized by infiltration of the thyroid gland with T lymphocytes and autoantibodies against specific thyroid antigens such as thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and the TSH receptor. […] Iatrogenic hypothyroidism can be surgical (a result of thyroidectomy, usually for thyroid nodules or cancer) or following radioiodine ablation (usually for Graves’ disease).

• #1 Hypothyroidism and Joint Pain – Rheumatology Advisor

  https://www.rheumatologyadvisor.com/ddi/hypothyroidism-and-joint-pain/

  Hypothyroidism may be caused by treatments for other conditions, such as medications or therapies, and as a response to physical conditions, such as a tumor or autoimmune condition, as listed in the table below. […] Therapeutics that cause hypothyroidism and resultant joint pain include anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy, dopamine, prednisone, opioids, radioactive iodine therapy, thyroid surgery, and radiation therapy to the head, neck, or brain. […] Physical conditions known to induce the onset of hypothyroidism include pituitary or hypothalamus disorders (e.g. tumors), Sheehan syndrome, TRH resistance or deficiency, and lymphocytic hypophysitis. […] Many conditions may lead to hypothyroidism. The list of differential diagnoses is extensive. […] Hypothyroidism is typically treated with levothyroxine, a thyroid hormone. Most patients receive 1.6 mcg/kg per day, while elderly and atrial fibrillation patients may require lower doses. […] Effective treatment should help improve all hypothyroidism symptoms. If a patients labs are normal while on thyroid replacement, but joint symptoms do not resolve, they likely are not due to hypothyroidism.

• #1 Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0515/p605.html

  Clinical hypothyroidism occurs when there is inadequate thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland or insufficient stimulation by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Causes may include primary gland failure or can be iatrogenic, transient, or central. […] Central causes, such as low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), are rare. […] Clinical hypothyroidism occurs in 0.3% of the U.S. general population, with a higher prevalence in people older than 65 years. […] Other risk factors include autoimmune disease (e.g., type 1 diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, autoimmune gastric atrophy, multiple autoimmune endocrinopathies), Down syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] Untreated hypothyroidism can contribute to numerous physiologic and metabolic derangements.

• #1 The lowdown on thyroid slowdown – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/the-lowdown-on-thyroid-slowdown

  Hypothyroidism can cause a host of health problems. Fortunately, an underactive thyroid can be easily diagnosed and treated. […] Low thyroid hormone production, or hypothyroidism, causes a range of symptoms, such as fatigue, constipation, dry skin and brittle nails, aches and pains, and feeling down. […] Moreover, hypothyroidism is especially common in women. Between ages 35 and 65, about 13% of women will have an underactive thyroid, and the proportion rises to 20% among those over 65. […] Untreated hypothyroidism can increase your risk for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart disease. […] Characteristic signs of hypothyroidism include fatigue, cold intolerance, appetite loss, weight gain, cardiovascular effects, mental effects, and other signs and symptoms. […] Permanent hypothyroidism can be successfully treated, though not cured. These are the main causes: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, surgery, and radiation treatment or exposure.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypothyroidism/symptoms-treatments-more

  Several medications may lower thyroid hormone production, resulting in hypothyroidism. […] Iodine deficiency occurs infrequently in the United States, but it is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in other parts of the world. […] Hypothyroidism may also result from problems involving the pituitary gland. […] Congenital hypothyroidism is hypothyroidism that’s present in children from birth. […] Around 5 to 10 percent of pregnant people will develop postpartum thyroiditis several months after their pregnancy. […] An upper respiratory infection that damages thyroid cells may cause De Quervain thyroiditis, an uncommon condition that is also called subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. […] Factors that can increase your risk of developing hypothyroidism include being female, being at least 60 years old, and having a family history of thyroid disorders.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism (also known as an underactive thyroid) is when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism in Australia is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto’s disease. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism in Australia is Hashimoto’s disease, also known as Hashimotos thyroiditis. This is an autoimmune disease that happens when your bodys immune system makes antibodies (specific blood proteins) that attack your thyroid gland. […] Other causes of hypothyroidism include: surgery that removes some or all of the thyroid, radiation therapy, treatment for an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), some medicines, such as lithium, genetic disorders, not including enough iodine in your diet. […] Hypothyroidism is sometimes linked with pregnancy. […] Thyroid conditions are more common in females than in males.

• #1 10 Common Causes of Hypothyroidism You Need to Know

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/thyroid-conditions/hypothyroidism/hashimotos-thyroiditis-plus-other-causes-hypothyroidism/

  Hashimotos thyroiditis, also called Hashimotos hypothyroidism, is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Its an autoimmune disease, a class of disorders in which your body attacks its own healthy tissues. People who have Hashimotos have antibodies that attack thyroid gland tissues. When your thyroid gland no longer has healthy tissues, it can weaken and fail to produce hormones as it should. […] Pregnancy leads to many hormonal changes, and thyroid hormone alterations are among them. Thyroid hormone demands increase during pregnancy, and a thyroid that is not working as well may not be able to keep up, which can trigger hypothyroidism. […] The pituitary gland, a very small gland located in the brain, is responsible for telling the thyroid to make hormones. This is accomplished via thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). While very rare as a cause of hypothyroidism, a pituitary gland disorder can disrupt this communication with the thyroid gland, and so disrupt thyroid hormone production.

• #1 Potential Root Causes of Thyroid Dysfunction | Paloma Health

  https://www.palomahealth.com/learn/root-causes-thyroid-dysfunction?srsltid=AfmBOopfnF3vKsef-oPSL0c5uoxXAqQBiBbxcGEVngaXkHbJROh7oRZe

  Genetics are complex and often play a role in thyroid dysfunction. Those with a family history of thyroid disorders have a higher chance of developing one themselves. […] In Hashimotos, thyroid antibodies destroy the thyroid gland, lowering thyroid hormone production. This results in an underactive thyroid. Hashimotos is the primary cause of hypothyroidism, which affects 1 in 5 adult Americans. […] Chronic stress, poor diet, or an untreated infection can worsen inflammation. Several studies link chronic inflammation to a leaky gut, a precursor to thyroid autoimmune conditions. […] Your thyroid depends on various nutrients to function at its best. Nutrient deficiencies can lead to thyroid dysfunction. […] Chronic stress or traumatic events can lead to high cortisol levels, thus disrupting the delicate balance of your hormonal systems. […] Believe it or not, infections can affect your thyroid function acutely and chronically. […] Experts believe that the inflammatory process and oxidative stress from the COVID-19 infection trigger an overactive immune system, resulting in an underactive thyroid gland.

• #1 Hypothyroidism | Hashimoto’s Disease | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hypothyroidism.html

  Hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid, happens when your thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormones to meet your body’s needs. […] Hypothyroidism has several causes. They include: Hashimoto’s disease, an autoimmune disorder where your immune system attacks your thyroid. This is the most common cause. […] In rare cases, untreated hypothyroidism can cause myxedema coma. This is a condition in which your body’s functions slow down to the point that it becomes life-threatening. […] During pregnancy, hypothyroidism can cause complications, such as premature birth, high blood pressure in pregnancy, and miscarriage. It can also slow the baby’s growth and development.

• #1 Hypothyroidism | Endocrine Conditions

  https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/hypothyroidism/

  With treatment, people with hypothyroidism can live normal lives. However, untreated hypothyroidism can cause heart and brain issues. […] During the first half of pregnancy, the foetus (developing baby) relies on the mother’s thyroid hormone (T4) because its own thyroid isnt fully functioning until around 1820 weeks.

• #1 Hypothyroidism in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypothyroidism

  Maternal hypothyroidism can cause irreversible harm to the fetus. […] Current recommendations include asking all women at the initial prenatal visit if they have any history of thyroid dysfunction or thyroid hormone medication. […] The most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism is that the thyroid gland did not move to the correct location in the lower third of the neck during prenatal development.

• #1 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12120-hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid disease) is a condition that happens when your thyroid gland doesnt make or release enough hormone into your bloodstream. As a result, your metabolism slows down. This can cause unintentional weight gain and make you feel exhausted all the time. […] Hashimotos disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Its an autoimmune disease, so it happens when your immune system attacks your thyroid. […] Other hypothyroidism causes include certain medications, including lithium, thalidomide and amiodarone. […] Conditions present at birth, like being born with no thyroid gland or a thyroid gland that doesnt work properly. […] Iodine deficiency (when you dont have enough iodine in your body). […] Pituitary gland disorders, including noncancerous tumors. […] Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid that can happen after a viral illness or pregnancy). […] Without treatment, hypothyroidism can become a serious and life-threatening medical condition.

• #1 Can Low Thyroid Cause Other Health Problems?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/can_low_thyroid_cause_other_health_problems/article.htm

  Because hypothyroidism leads to higher cholesterol levels, you may be more likely to experience heart disease or heart failure. […] Depression or low mood is one of the symptoms of an underactive thyroid. […] Myxedema is typically only found in people who have had undiagnosed hypothyroidism for a long time. […] There are several potential causes of an underactive thyroid. […] This genetic condition causes the immune system to attack your thyroid gland. […] If your thyroid is inflamed, it may first release too much thyroid hormone for a few weeks or months. […] The nutrient iodine is added to many types of salt because it is important for thyroid health. […] If you’ve had an overactive thyroid in the past, you may have had radiation therapy to damage the thyroid, or you may have had it removed altogether.

• #1 19+ Signs You Have Thyroid Problems

  https://thesurgicalclinics.com/signs-thyroid-isnt-working-right/

  Now that we’ve covered the signs of an overactive thyroid let’s look at what happens with an underactive thyroid gland, also known as hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones. This leads to a slowing down of the body’s metabolic processes. Common causes of hypothyroidism include Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (an autoimmune disease) and iodine deficiency. […] Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, or Hashimoto’s Disease, is a common cause of hypothyroidism where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This is an autoimmune disorder where immune system cells gradually destroy the thyroid gland’s hormone-producing cells. […] Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to several serious health issues. Firstly, it can significantly affect mental well-being, potentially causing mood disorders such as depression. Additionally, there is a considerable risk of developing peripheral neuropathy, which involves nerve damage leading to pain and numbness in the extremities.

• #1 19+ Signs You Have Thyroid Problems

  https://thesurgicalclinics.com/signs-thyroid-isnt-working-right/

  Hypothyroidism also poses a threat to cardiovascular health, increasing the likelihood of heart disease and heart failure. Furthermore, it can negatively impact reproductive health, sometimes resulting in infertility. […] In severe cases, unchecked hypothyroidism can lead to a life-threatening condition known as myxedema coma. This rare, but critical, complication involves severe hypothyroidism and requires immediate medical attention.

• #2 The lowdown on thyroid slowdown – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/the-lowdown-on-thyroid-slowdown

  Hypothyroidism can cause a host of health problems. Fortunately, an underactive thyroid can be easily diagnosed and treated. […] Low thyroid hormone production, or hypothyroidism, causes a range of symptoms, such as fatigue, constipation, dry skin and brittle nails, aches and pains, and feeling down. […] Moreover, hypothyroidism is especially common in women. Between ages 35 and 65, about 13% of women will have an underactive thyroid, and the proportion rises to 20% among those over 65. […] Untreated hypothyroidism can increase your risk for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart disease. […] Characteristic signs of hypothyroidism include fatigue, cold intolerance, appetite loss, weight gain, cardiovascular effects, mental effects, and other signs and symptoms. […] Permanent hypothyroidism can be successfully treated, though not cured. These are the main causes: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, surgery, and radiation treatment or exposure.

• #2 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism means that the thyroid gland cant make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally. People are hypothyroid if they have too little thyroid hormone in the blood. Common causes are autoimmune disease, such as Hashimotos thyroiditis, surgical removal of the thyroid, and radiation treatment. […] There can be many reasons why the cells in the thyroid gland cant make enough thyroid hormone. Here are the major causes, from the most to the least common. […] Autoimmune disease. In some peoples bodies, the immune system that protects the body from invading infections can mistake thyroid gland cells and their enzymes for invaders and can attack them. Then there arent enough thyroid cells and enzymes left to make enough thyroid hormone. This is more common in women than men. Autoimmune thyroiditis can begin suddenly or it can develop slowly over years. The most common forms are Hashimotos thyroiditis and atrophic thyroiditis.

• #2 Hypothyroidism – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-gland-disorders/hypothyroidism

  Treatment of hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer can cause hypothyroidism because radioactive iodine or medications used in treatment interfere with the body’s ability to make thyroid hormones. […] A chronic lack of iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in countries where iodine is not added to salt. […] Radiation to the head and neck, usually given as radiation therapy to treat cancer, can also cause hypothyroidism. […] Rarer causes of hypothyroidism include some inherited disorders in which an abnormality of the enzymes in thyroid cells prevents the gland from making or secreting enough thyroid hormones. […] Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when the pituitary gland fails to secrete enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is necessary for normal stimulation of the thyroid.

• #2 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Thyroiditis. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland, usually caused by an autoimmune attack or by a viral infection. Thyroiditis can make the thyroid dump its whole supply of stored thyroid hormone into the blood at once, causing brief hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid activity); then the thyroid becomes underactive. […] Medicines. Medicines such as amiodarone, lithium, interferon alpha, and interleukin-2 can prevent the thyroid gland from being able to make hormone normally. These drugs are most likely to trigger hypothyroidism in patients who have a genetic tendency to autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Too much or too little iodine. The thyroid gland must have iodine to make thyroid hormone. Iodine comes into the body in food and travels through the blood to the thyroid. Keeping thyroid hormone production in balance requires the right amount of iodine. Taking in too much iodine can cause or worsen hypothyroidism.

• #2 Hypothyroidism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism

  Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. This condition is often called underactive thyroid. […] The most common cause of hypothyroidism is thyroiditis. In people with thyroiditis, swelling and inflammation (usually low grade) damage the thyroid gland’s cells. […] Causes of this problem include: The immune system attacking the thyroid gland, Viral infections (common cold) or other respiratory infections, Pregnancy (often called postpartum thyroiditis). […] Other causes of hypothyroidism include: Certain medicines, such as lithium and amiodarone, and some types of chemotherapy, Congenital (birth) defects, Radiation treatments to the neck or brain to treat different cancers, Radioactive iodine used to treat an overactive thyroid gland, Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland, Sheehan syndrome, a condition that may occur in a woman who bleeds severely during pregnancy or childbirth and causes the destruction of the pituitary gland (which regulates the thyroid gland), Pituitary tumor or pituitary surgery.

• #2 Thyroid Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8541-thyroid-disease

  Thyroiditis: This is inflammation (swelling) of your thyroid gland. It typically causes temporary hyperthyroidism at first and then temporary or chronic hypothyroidism. […] Postpartum thyroiditis: This is a relatively rare condition that affects some birthing parents after pregnancy. An estimated 5% of people may experience this in the year after giving birth. It typically causes hyperthyroidism first, followed by hypothyroidism. Its usually temporary. […] If you have hypothyroidism, the main treatment option is thyroid replacement medication. Its a synthetic way to add thyroid hormones back into your body. One medication that providers commonly prescribe is levothyroxine.

• #2 Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hypothyroidism/symptoms-treatments-more

  Several medications may lower thyroid hormone production, resulting in hypothyroidism. […] Iodine deficiency occurs infrequently in the United States, but it is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in other parts of the world. […] Hypothyroidism may also result from problems involving the pituitary gland. […] Congenital hypothyroidism is hypothyroidism that’s present in children from birth. […] Around 5 to 10 percent of pregnant people will develop postpartum thyroiditis several months after their pregnancy. […] An upper respiratory infection that damages thyroid cells may cause De Quervain thyroiditis, an uncommon condition that is also called subacute granulomatous thyroiditis. […] Factors that can increase your risk of developing hypothyroidism include being female, being at least 60 years old, and having a family history of thyroid disorders.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/underactive-thyroid-hypothyroidism/causes/

  An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) is when your thyroid gland does not produce enough of the hormone thyroxine (also called T4). […] Most cases of an underactive thyroid are caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland and damaging it, or by damage that occurs as a result of treatments for thyroid cancer or an overactive thyroid. […] An underactive thyroid often occurs when the immune system, which usually fights infection, attacks the thyroid gland. This damages the thyroid, which means it’s not able to make enough of the hormone thyroxine, leading to the symptoms of an underactive thyroid. […] A condition called Hashimoto’s disease is the most common type of autoimmune reaction that causes an underactive thyroid. […] An underactive thyroid can also occur as a side effect or complication of previous treatment to the thyroid gland, such as surgery or a treatment called radioactive iodine therapy.

• #2 Hypothyroidism | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/

  Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland. Some people with thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, or Graves disease need to have part or all of their thyroid removed. If the whole thyroid is removed, people will definitely become hypothyroid. If part of the gland is left, it may be able to make enough thyroid hormone to keep blood levels normal. […] Radiation treatment. Some people with Graves disease, nodular goiter, or thyroid cancer are treated with radioactive iodine (I-131) for the purpose of destroying their thyroid gland. Patients with Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, or cancers of the head or neck are treated with radiation. All these patients can lose part or all of their thyroid function. […] Congenital hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism that a baby is born with). A few babies are born without a thyroid or with only a partly formed one. A few have part or all of their thyroid in the wrong place (ectopic thyroid). In some babies, the thyroid cells or their enzymes dont work right.

• #2 Hypothyroidism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview

  The following medications reportedly have the potential to cause hypothyroidism: Iodinated contrast, Amiodarone, Interferon alfa, Thalidomide, Lithium, Stavudine, Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors – Sunitinib, imatinib, Bexarotene, Perchlorate, Interleukin (IL)-2, Ethionamide, Rifampin, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, Aminoglutethimide, Sulfisoxazole, p-Aminosalicylic acid, Immune checkpoint inhibitors – Ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab. […] Central hypothyroidism (secondary or tertiary) results when the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is damaged.

• #2 Become a member

  https://www.btf-thyroid.org/subclinical-thyroid-disease

  Subclinical hypothyroidism can be caused by autoimmune thyroid disease (diagnosed by the presence of TPOAb) and this means that you have a higher risk of developing full hypothyroidism in the future. […] Other causes include: Radioactive iodine treatment and surgery to remove your thyroid for hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer, Too high doses of antithyroid drugs given to treat hyperthyroidism, Certain medicines including lithium (used for certain mental health conditions), amiodarone (used for certain heart problems), immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab (used to treat certain cancers), Some health foods containing iodine taken in excess e.g. kelp, Radiation for head and neck cancers, Older age, Increased body weight.

• #2 Hypothyroidism in Children and Adolescents | American Thyroid Association

  https://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism-children-adolescents/

  Hypothyroidism is the term we use to describe when the thyroid does not make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally, i.e. an underactive thyroid gland. […] In children, hypothyroidism can be present at birth (a condition called congenital hypothyroidism) or it can develop later in childhood. When the thyroid gland stops working despite being normal in the newborn period it is called acquired hypothyroidism. […] Hashimotos thyroiditis (also called autoimmune thyroiditis) is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism in children, and adolescents (and adults) and usually develops after the first few years of life. […] Less common causes of hypothyroidism in children include: Thyroiditis, a temporary inflammation of the thyroid that may be caused by a viral infection. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland to treat thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, or Graves disease. Radiation treatment that destroys or injures the thyroid, including radioactive iodine to treat Graves disease, or radiation to the neck area used to treat Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, or other cancers. Medicines like lithium, amiodarone, and oxcarbazepine that can prevent the thyroid gland from working. Too much or too little iodine, which can prevent the thyroid gland from working normally. Damage to the pituitary gland. The pituitary (the master gland) in the brain tells the thyroid how much hormone to make. When the pituitary is damaged, it may no longer be able to make enough TSH to ensure normal thyroid function. […] When hypothyroidism is caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis, it is usually permanent. Hypothyroidism caused by surgical removal of the thyroid or radiation treatment is also lifelong. Hypothyroidism due to certain other causes (like medications or iodine) may go away if the cause can be addressed.

• #2 Causas del Hipotiroidismo | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/hypothyroidism/causes

  Thyroiditis. This is an inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune attack or a viral infection. […] Medications (amiodarone, lithium, interferon, interleukin, immunotherapy). These cause hypothyroidism more frequently in patients with a predisposition to developing autoimmune thyroid disease. […] Iodine excess or deficiency. Thyroid hormones contain a large amount of iodine. This requires a balanced iodine intake, as excessive iodine, as well as iodine deficiency, can cause or aggravate hypothyroidism. […] Pituitary disease. The pituitary gland tells the thyroid gland how much thyroid hormone to produce. If the pituitary gland is not functioning and does not stimulate the thyroid, the thyroid gland stops producing enough hormone. […] Rare infiltrative thyroid diseases. Some diseases such as amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, and haemochromatosis cause an abnormal substance to build up in the thyroid (amyloid, granulomas, or iron, respectively). This prevents it from functioning normally.

• #2 Hypothyroidism Secondary – Endocrine Surgery | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/surgery/endocrine-surgery/patient-resources/patient-education/endocrine-surgery-encyclopedia/hypothyroidism-secondary

  Secondary hypothyroidism involves decreased activity of the thyroid caused by failure of the pituitary gland. […] The cause of secondary hypothyroidism is failure of the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This is usually caused by a tumor in the region of the pituitary. […] Risk factors for secondary hypothyroidism include being over 50 years old, being female, and having a history of pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. […] Myxedema coma, the most severe form of hypothyroidism, is rare. It may be precipitated by an infection, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medications.

• #2 Thyroid hormone: How it affects your heart – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/thyroid-hormone-how-it-affects-your-heart

  An estimated 6% of people in the United States have thyroid disease. Most of them about 80% have an underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism. […] Hypothyroidism can affect the heart and circulatory system in a number of ways. Insufficient thyroid hormone slows your heart rate. Because it also makes the arteries less elastic, blood pressure rises in order to circulate blood around the body. Elevated cholesterol levels, which contribute to narrowed, hardened arteries, are another possible consequence of low thyroid levels. […] The prevalence of hypothyroidism rises with age, especially after age 60. […] Thyroid problems are more likely among people with a personal or family history of certain conditions, including type 1 diabetes, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, premature gray hair, radiation treatments to the head and neck, and vitiligo.

• #2 Can Low Thyroid Cause Other Health Problems?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/can_low_thyroid_cause_other_health_problems/article.htm

  Because hypothyroidism leads to higher cholesterol levels, you may be more likely to experience heart disease or heart failure. […] Depression or low mood is one of the symptoms of an underactive thyroid. […] Myxedema is typically only found in people who have had undiagnosed hypothyroidism for a long time. […] There are several potential causes of an underactive thyroid. […] This genetic condition causes the immune system to attack your thyroid gland. […] If your thyroid is inflamed, it may first release too much thyroid hormone for a few weeks or months. […] The nutrient iodine is added to many types of salt because it is important for thyroid health. […] If you’ve had an overactive thyroid in the past, you may have had radiation therapy to damage the thyroid, or you may have had it removed altogether.

• #2 Symptoms of Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324535

  Without treatment, an underactive thyroid can lead to serious complications, such as infertility, obesity, and heart disease. […] Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is a relatively common condition, affecting almost 5 people out of 100 in the U.S. This condition occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. […] Because thyroid hormones are essential for the normal functioning of many different parts of the body, low levels can cause a wide variety of symptoms.

• #2 19 Symptoms of Thyroid Conditions and What They Mean

  https://www.health.com/condition/thyroid/19-thyroid-disease-symptoms-you-should-get-checked-out-asap

  Hypothyroidism can cause excess prolactin, the hormone that makes breast milk. Too much prolactin can prevent ovulation, which causes difficulties if you are trying to get pregnant. […] Thyroid problems also can affect the health of your pregnancy. Untreated thyroid disease may cause complications such as low birth weight, miscarriage, preeclampsia, and premature birth. […] Having little or no desire for sexual activity could be a side effect of hypothyroidism. A dysfunctioning thyroid may impact arousal, desire, orgasm, and satisfaction.

• #2 19+ Signs You Have Thyroid Problems

  https://thesurgicalclinics.com/signs-thyroid-isnt-working-right/

  Hypothyroidism also poses a threat to cardiovascular health, increasing the likelihood of heart disease and heart failure. Furthermore, it can negatively impact reproductive health, sometimes resulting in infertility. […] In severe cases, unchecked hypothyroidism can lead to a life-threatening condition known as myxedema coma. This rare, but critical, complication involves severe hypothyroidism and requires immediate medical attention.

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