Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Common Cold

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152197/

  The common cold, also known as upper respiratory tract infection (URI), is an acute, self-limited viral infection of the upper airway that also may involve the lower respiratory tract. The characteristic symptom complex consisting of rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and sore or scratchy throat is familiar to all adults. […] The diagnosis of a cold is based on history and physical examination; typically, laboratory tests are not useful. The rapid test for detecting RSV, influenza, parainfluenza, and adenovirus antigens in nasal secretions can be used to confirm the diagnosis. […] PCR assays for detection of all the respiratory viruses are available increasingly in clinical laboratories, but there is a lack of standardization and validation for many of the tests offered. Meaningful interpretation of PCR results remains challenging because PCR detection of virus can occur in several clinical scenarios, including coinfection with multiple viruses, viral detection during the incubation period, subclinical infection, infection with the identified virus, variable duration of viral shedding, and sequential infection with different serotypes of the same species. […] The clinical approach to diagnosing a cold involves relying on the patient’s history and physical examination, as laboratory tests are generally not necessary.

• #1 Common Cold – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/common-cold

  Doctors base the diagnosis on symptoms. […] Laboratory tests are not usually needed to diagnose a cold. If complications are suspected, doctors may order blood tests and x-rays. […] A doctor’s evaluation. […] A high fever, severe headache, rash, difficulty breathing, or chest pain suggests that the infection is not a simple cold.

• #1 Common Cold (Rhinovirus): Symptoms, Cold vs. Flu, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12342-common-cold

  How is the common cold diagnosed? A healthcare provider will ask you about your symptoms and perform a physical exam. During the exam, the provider will check for signs, such as: […] Typically, a physical exam is enough to determine if you have a cold. You may need tests if the provider suspects you have COVID-19, the flu or another condition. The provider may give you a nasal swab test (cotton swab rubbed inside your nose) to check for these viruses. Chest X-rays can rule out other conditions, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

• #1 Common cold – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/252

  Common cold is usually self-limited and resolves within a few days. […] Diagnosis is generally clinical, based on history and exam. Investigations may be required when symptoms worsen or do not resolve in the usual timeframe. […] Key diagnostic factors include acute onset, rhinitis, sore throat, sneezing, postnasal drainage/drip, cough, fever, nonspecific red pharynx, nasal mucosal edema/erythema, purulent drainage in nares and posterior pharynx, and pulse and blood pressure within normal limits. […] Other diagnostic factors include malaise, myalgia, halitosis, and inflamed tonsils. […] 1st tests to order: no initial test. […] Investigations to avoid: serum Monospot for Epstein-Barr virus infection. […] Tests to consider include CBC, throat swab, sputum culture, C-reactive protein (CRP), chest x-ray, sinus CT scan, and viral testing.

• #1 The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-adults-diagnosis-and-clinical-features/print

  The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features […] The common cold is a benign self-limited syndrome representing a group of diseases caused by members of several families of viruses. […] The common cold is a separate and distinctly different entity than influenza, pharyngitis, acute bronchitis, acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and pertussis. […] The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the common cold are discussed here.

• #1 Cold Versus Flu | Influenza (Flu) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/coldflu.html

  Special tests can tell if a person is sick with flu. […] Because colds and flu share many symptoms, it can be difficult (or even impossible) to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. […] Cold symptoms are usually milder than the symptoms of flu. […] Colds generally do not result in serious health problems.

• #1 Diagnosis of Common Cold

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/common-cold-diagnosis.htm

  The common cold can be mistaken for hay fever (allergy) or bacterial disease such as a sinus infection or throat infection. […] If the disease comes on quickly, is not too severe and resolves in one to two weeks, it is usually the common cold. […] A stuffy nose, sore throat, and sneezing are usual signs of a cold. The clinical appearance of the patient is sufficient to diagnose the condition.

• #1 Common cold – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/252

  Common cold is usually self-limited and resolves within a few days. […] Diagnosis is generally clinical, based on history and examination. Investigations may be required when symptoms worsen or do not resolve in the usual timeframe. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, acute onset, rhinitis, sore throat, sneezing, post-nasal drainage/drip, cough, fever, non-specific red pharynx, nasal mucosal oedema/erythema, purulent drainage in nares and posterior pharynx, and pulse and blood pressure within normal limits. […] 1st investigations to order: no initial test. […] Investigations to consider include FBC, throat swab, sputum culture, heterophile antibody test, C-reactive protein (CRP), chest x-ray, sinus CT scan, and viral testing.

• #1 Common cold – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351611

  You usually don’t need medical care for a common cold. But if symptoms get worse or don’t go away, see your health care provider. […] Most people with a common cold can be diagnosed by their symptoms. Your care provider may take a nasal or throat swab to rule out other illnesses. A chest X-ray may be ordered to rule out a lung illness. […] If you or your child has cold symptoms that don’t go away or get worse, make an appointment with your health care provider. Here’s some information to help you get ready for your appointment. […] For a common cold, questions to ask may include: What’s likely causing these symptoms? Are there other possible causes? Are tests needed? What treatment approach do you recommend? What treatments should be avoided? How soon do you expect symptoms to improve? Is my child or am I contagious? When is it safe to return to school or work? What self-care steps might help? My child or I have other health conditions. How can we manage them together?

• #1 Common Cold: Symptoms, How to Treat, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-flu/cold

  If symptoms of your cold last more than 10 days, make an appointment to see your doctor. […] If you find it hard to breathe or have shortness of breath, get care right away. […] If you have a fever higher than 103F (39.4C) or your child has a fever of 102F (38.9C) or above, see a doctor. […] If your infant is showing signs of a cold, including lethargy or a fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher, see a doctor immediately. […] If your cold persists and you fall into a high risk medical category, you should see your doctor.

• #1 Common Cold: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/common-cold-overview-7109275

  How Is the Common Cold Diagnosed? There arent any lab tests for diagnosing a common cold. Instead, determining if you have the common cold involves considering your symptoms. […] A self-scan of your symptoms can help provide some clues. If the symptoms appeared gradually and do not include fever, aches, or fatigue, a cold virus is more likely than the flu or COVID-19. […] If you go to a healthcare provider, they will likely conduct a physical exam, ask about your symptoms, and take your vital signs to determine the cause of your illness. […] If the provider thinks you may have a more serious infection, like the flu, they may perform a diagnostic test for another virus to rule that out. Knowing whether you have a cold or flu can be especially beneficial if you are considered higher risk for severe viral illness, which includes pregnant people, people with certain chronic diseases, and people who are 65 or older.

• #1 Common Cold – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/respiratory-viruses/common-cold

  Diagnosis of the common cold is generally made clinically and presumptively, without diagnostic tests, although polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is available in many multiplex platforms. […] Consider testing in patients for whom knowing the specific pathogen will affect clinical management, such as when specific antiviral therapy is indicated (eg, suspected influenza, COVID-19, or RSV). […] Allergic rhinitis is the most important consideration in differential diagnosis.

• #1 Common cold – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351611

  Your health care provider is likely to ask you questions, such as: How long have you had symptoms? Have symptoms been continuous? On a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate the seriousness of the symptoms? Did symptoms improve and then worsen? What, if anything, seems to improve the symptoms? What, if anything, worsens symptoms?

• #1 What Is the Difference Between Cold and Flu? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/flu/guide/

  How Are Colds and the Flu Diagnosed? […] PCR-based tests can be done to look for common colds, but theyre not generally available to the public for routine use; theyre usually reserved for hospital patients with pneumonia or a severe respiratory tract infection. If your symptoms are more severe, your doctor may order tests or X-rays to rule out certain illnesses, such as strep throat or pneumonia. […] To diagnose the flu, doctors sometimes use a rapid influenza diagnostic test, notes the CDC. Swab samples from the nose or back of the throat are tested for influenza viral antigens (substances that cause your immune system to form antibodies). Test results are usually ready in less than 15 minutes but are not always accurate. Other more reliable flu tests can be performed only in hospitals or specialized laboratories.

• #1 Common Cold: Symptoms, Cause, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/common-cold

  Diagnosis […] History taking and physical exam. Your doctor will examine your nostrils, throat, lung, and lymph nodes in your neck for signs of swelling, redness, and inflammation. […] Nasal swab To rule out COVID-19, influenza, or other suspected conditions. […] Chest X-rays To help evaluate if you have pneumonia or bronchitis.

• #1 Common cold – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/common-cold/

  Diagnosis is usually clinical and treatment is mostly symptomatic. […] Clinical diagnosis […] Laboratory studies, viral detection techniques (e.g., antigen detection, PCR assays), and imaging are not routinely recommended.

• #1 Common Cold: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/common-cold-upper-respiratory-tract-infections

  The common cold is caused by an infection with a virus (a viral infection). […] A common cold is an infection of the nose and upper airways (upper respiratory tract infection) caused by a virus. […] Many different viruses cause the common cold. This is why people get colds multiple times and why immunisation against the common cold is not possible. […] Cold symptoms are typically at their worst after 2-3 days and then gradually clear. However, the cough may carry on for up to 3 weeks after the infection has gone. […] A main aim of treatment for the common cold is to ease symptoms whilst the immune system clears the infection. […] No medications get rid of the common cold or shorten the course of the illness. The immune system will fight it off in its own time. […] Antibiotics are not advised for the common cold as antibiotics do not kill viruses. The immune system can clear the infection.

• #1 Flu or Cold? Know the Differences

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/flu-cold-symptoms

  Cold symptoms usually begin with a sore throat, which usually goes away after a day or two. Nasal symptoms, runny nose, and congestion follow, along with a cough by the fourth and fifth days. Fever is uncommon in adults, but a slight fever is possible. Children are more likely to have a fever with a cold. […] Cold symptoms usually last for about a week. During the first three days that you have cold symptoms, you are contagious. This means you can pass the cold to others, so stay home and get some much-needed rest. […] If cold symptoms do not seem to be improving after a week, you may have a bacterial infection, which means you may need antibiotics. […] If your cold symptoms do not seem to be getting better after a week, check with your doctor to see if you have developed an allergy or sinusitis.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of the common cold. They chiefly cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) but may infect the lower respiratory tract. Potential complications of infection include otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, and exacerbations of reactive airway disease (eg, asthma). Although rhinovirus infections occur year-round, the incidence is highest in the fall and the spring. […] If findings from a thorough history and physical examination are consistent with a viral etiology and no complications are noted, an aggressive workup rarely is necessary. Common laboratory tests (eg, WBC, CBC, ESR) have little value. Because of the prolonged time to obtain positive culture findings, rhinovirus culture rarely has been found useful in clinical settings. PCR testing of respiratory specimens may be useful in evaluating severely immunocompromised patients. […] Rhinovirus infections are predominantly mild and self-limited; thus, treatment generally is focused on symptomatic relief and prevention of person-to-person spread and complications. The mainstays of therapy are as follows: Rest, Hydration, Antihistamines, Nasal decongestants.

• #1 Common Cold (Viral Rhinitis) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/common-cold-viral-rhinitis-a-to-z

  Most people diagnose the common cold by the typical symptoms of runny nose, congestion and sneezing. […] You should see a doctor if you develop a high fever, severe sinus pain, ear pain, shortness of breath or new wheezing. These are symptoms that suggest you either have something other than a cold or a complication of the cold. […] A small percentage of people who have a common cold develop bacterial infections of the middle ear, sinuses or lungs. If you develop high fevers, ear pain, severe pain over your sinuses, wheezing or shortness of breath, you should see your physician to be sure that you don’t have a more serious illness.

• #1 Common cold in babies – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351657

  A healthcare professional can generally diagnose a common cold by a baby’s symptoms. […] For a possible bacterial infection or other condition, a chest X-ray or other tests can rule out other causes of the baby’s symptoms. […] What tests are needed?

• #1 Treatment of the Common Cold | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0901/p281.html

  Acute upper respiratory tract infections are extremely common in adults and children, but only a few safe and effective treatments are available. […] The common cold should be distinguished from allergic rhinitis, isolated pharyngitis, acute bronchitis (which generally has a longer duration, with a mean of 18 days in adults and 12 days in children), influenza, bacterial sinusitis, and pertussis. […] The primary goals of treatment are reduction of symptom duration and severity. […] Over-the-counter cold medications should not be used to treat children younger than four years because of lack of benefit and low but significant mortality rates associated with their use in this population. […] Informing patients about the natural course of the common cold can help manage expectations, limit antibiotic use, and avoid unnecessary over-the-counter purchases.

• #1 Type of Blood tests for Cold and Cough – Complete Detail – MyHealth

  https://redcliffelabs.com/myhealth/lab-test/type-of-blood-tests-for-cold-and-cough-complete-detail/

  Blood tests for cold and cough are a promising diagnostic method to figure out the mysteries of our bodies. Healthcare professionals commonly use blood tests to diagnose various conditions and can also shed light on the underlying causes of cold and cough symptoms. […] Viral infections typically cause common colds and coughs and do not require specific blood tests for diagnosis or management. However, there are certain situations when a blood test may be recommended for common cold and cough, such as suspected bacterial infection (strep throat or pneumonia), persistent or severe symptoms, suspected allergies, chronic health conditions (asthma, diabetes, or immune system disorders), immunocompromised individuals, and monitoring response to treatment. […] The Complete Blood Count (CBC) test is a comprehensive blood test that evaluates various components of our blood. The CBC test proves to be a valuable tool when diagnosing infections such as cold and coughs. By examining the white blood cell count, the test provides essential insights into the body’s immune response. An increased white blood cell count, specifically elevated neutrophils, can indicate an ongoing infection.

• #1 Common Cold | Primary Care | Bon Secours

  https://www.bonsecours.com/health-care-services/primary-care-family-medicine/conditions/common-cold

  The common cold does not usually require a professional diagnosis or medical treatment. […] If your symptoms are severe and persistent, you may want to consult a doctor to rule out other illnesses. […] Call your doctor if you are struggling to breathe or swallow, if you have a fever that persists past three days, or if your symptoms have not improved within two weeks.

• #1 Common Cold: Symptoms, Causes and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/common-cold/

  Most people will be able to self-diagnose a cold by recognizing the symptoms being experienced. […] If a complication is suspected, various tests may be ordered (such as an X-ray). […] A cold will typically remedy itself in up to 10 days.

• #1 Differential diagnosis: cold, flu or COVID-19? – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/differential-diagnosis-cold-flu-or-covid-19

  A cold is caused by a mild viral infection of the nose, throat, sinuses and upper airways. Symptoms usually appear gradually and include: A sore throat; A blocked or runny nose; Sneezing; A cough; A raised temperature. Generally, patients may feel unwell but are able to continue daily activities as normal. More severe symptoms, including headache and aching muscles, can also occur, although these are generally associated more with flu. Symptoms usually resolve within one to two weeks. […] When speaking with a patient who has any of these symptoms, either during a remote consultation or face-to-face, there is a need to find out more information and provide appropriate advice — for example, by asking: How suddenly did the symptoms begin? Are you able to smell and taste as normal? What management strategies (if any) have you tried so far? Did any help?

• #1 Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection) Quiz: Check Possibility & Treatment with Ubie AI Symptom Checker

  https://ubiehealth.com/diseases/common-cold-upper-respiratory-tract-infection

  Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection) Quiz […] What is Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection)? Viral infection of the nose and throat. Symptoms include coughing, runny nose, and throat pain. Most colds are caused by viruses; a few are caused by bacteria. […] Diagnostic Questions for Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection) Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease: Do you have yellow or green sputum? Do you have pain all over your body? Do you have a sore throat with pain when swallowing? Do you have a fever? Do you have warm hands and feet? […] Ubie’s symptom checker AI is continuously refined with input from experienced physicians, empowering them to make more accurate diagnoses.

• #1 Early intervention with ColdZyme mouth spray after self-diagnosis of common cold: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0279204

  The aim of this present study was to demonstrate that ColdZyme mouth spray is superior to placebo in the treatment of naturally occurring common colds in a placebo-controlled design. […] The primary objective was to evaluate the impact on quality of life during a common cold episode based on the primary endpoint defined as the AUC of WURSS-21 QoL composite sub-score over 8 days following start of symptoms. […] The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of ColdZyme for common cold, with the study hypothesis that treatment with ColdZyme is superior to placebo in the treatment of naturally occurring common cold. […] The primary endpoint was defined as the AUC for the WURSS-21 QoL composite sub-score assessed during the first 8 days of common cold symptoms (AUCWURSS21-QoL). […] The outcome of this study supporting a shorter duration of the common cold adds to previous findings in a randomized placebo-controlled study on healthy volunteers treated with ColdZyme, in which a lower oropharyngeal virus load and a reduced duration of common cold symptoms were shown following experimental inoculation with rhinovirus-16.

• #1 Assessment of Infection and Colds – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University

  https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/mind-body-center/measures/assessment-infection-colds.html

  The table below lists the virological measures and assessments of objective cold signs and subjective cold symptoms that were collected in PMBC. […] A necessary precondition for identifying participants who developed clinical upper respiratory illness was verified infection with the challenge virus. […] To determine whether participants had become infected subsequent to challenge, all 5 studies employed criteria described by Gwaltney and colleagues (1989) that involved evidence of viral replication (shedding) and/or changes in serum specific antibody titer. […] Participants were considered to be infected with the challenge virus if either of the following two conditions had been met: Recovery of the challenge virus in nasal secretions on any of the post-challenge days […] A 4-fold or greater increase in the virus-specific antibody titer between the pre-viral challenge baseline (60 days before viral challenge) and 28 days post-challenge.

• #1 Assessment of Infection and Colds – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University

  https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/mind-body-center/measures/assessment-infection-colds.html

  PMBC used two sets of criteria to determine the presence of upper respiratory tract involvement, with the first being based on participants self-reports of perceived physical symptoms and the second on objectively assessed signs of upper respiratory pathology. […] The subjective criteria have been used widely in the virology literature. […] We prefer the objective criteria because they focus on observable disease pathology and thus completely eliminate any possibility that the outcome reflects biases in how individuals perceive or report their bodily sensations. […] Again, we emphasize that satisfaction of the sign and symptom criteria discussed below is suggestive of clinical illness only in the context of a verified infection. […] Using the objective criteria (Cohen et al., 1997), participants were determined to have developed a clinical cold if they were both infected with the challenge virus and met either of the following criteria: Total baseline-adjusted mucus weight (i.e., summed across all post-challenge days) of 10g or more

• #1 Assessment of Infection and Colds – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University

  https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/mind-body-center/measures/assessment-infection-colds.html

  Average (across all post-challenge days) baseline-adjusted nasal mucociliary clearance time of 7 minutes or longer (or total clearance time across 5 post-challenge days of 35 minutes or longer, as reported in some publications). […] Importantly, satisfaction of subjective upper respiratory symptom criteria is suggestive of clinical illness only in the context of a verified infection. […] In the 4 cold studies that collected subjective symptom data, the Modified Jackson Criteria were used to determine whether participants subjective assessments of their cold symptoms were consistent with a diagnosis of clinical upper respiratory illness. […] Participants who both became infected with the challenge virus and whose symptom reports met the above-described criteria, were determined to have developed a cold by the subjective definition.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold) Workup: Approach Considerations, Viral Testing, Other Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-workup

  Clinical signs and symptoms of the common cold, by definition, are similar regardless of the infectious etiology. […] In general, the white blood cell (WBC) count has little value in the diagnosis of the common cold, though in some cases, peripheral WBC counts may be elevated during the first 2-3 days of the infection. […] Because of the prolonged time to obtain positive culture findings, culture of rhinovirus rarely has been found useful in clinical settings. […] Although respiratory tract aspirations, brushings, and biopsies have been used in research protocols to identify etiologies of infections, these tests are of limited value in individual patients. […] If a specific viral diagnosis is desired, the virus can be cultured from nasal secretions; nasal washings are more sensitive than throat specimens.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold) Workup: Approach Considerations, Viral Testing, Other Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-workup

  Increasingly, microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are being used to detect rhinovirus in respiratory specimens. […] The results of PCR testing must be interpreted carefully. […] Commercially available multiplex PCR assays cannot reliably differentiate rhinovirus from enterovirus, so results are reported as rhinovirus/enterovirus. […] Consider bacterial throat culture or rapid strep testing to identify the presence of group A streptococci if oropharyngeal examination suggests streptococcal infection. […] Chest radiography is seldom needed and should be obtained only if another lower respiratory tract infection (eg, pneumonia) is suspected. […] Sinus films or computed tomography (CT) scanning of the sinuses may be useful in cases of suspected sinusitis, though such imaging cannot differentiate viral processes from bacterial processes.

• #2 Common cold – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/252

  Common cold is usually self-limited and resolves within a few days. […] Diagnosis is generally clinical, based on history and examination. Investigations may be required when symptoms worsen or do not resolve in the usual timeframe. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, acute onset, rhinitis, sore throat, sneezing, post-nasal drainage/drip, cough, fever, non-specific red pharynx, nasal mucosal oedema/erythema, purulent drainage in nares and posterior pharynx, and pulse and blood pressure within normal limits. […] 1st investigations to order: no initial test. […] Investigations to consider include FBC, throat swab, sputum culture, heterophile antibody test, C-reactive protein (CRP), chest x-ray, sinus CT scan, and viral testing.

• #2 Common Cold: Symptoms, Cause, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/common-cold

  Diagnosis […] History taking and physical exam. Your doctor will examine your nostrils, throat, lung, and lymph nodes in your neck for signs of swelling, redness, and inflammation. […] Nasal swab To rule out COVID-19, influenza, or other suspected conditions. […] Chest X-rays To help evaluate if you have pneumonia or bronchitis.

• #2 Common Cold | Diagnosis & Treatment | Freedmans Health

  https://freedmanshealth.org/diseases-conditions/diagnosis-treatment/common-cold/

  A healthcare provider will ask you about your symptoms and perform a physical exam. During the exam, the provider will check for signs, such as: […] Typically, a physical exam is enough to determine if you have a cold. You may need tests if the provider suspects you have COVID-19, the flu or another condition. The provider may give you a nasal swab test (cotton swab rubbed inside your nose) to check for these viruses. Chest X-rays can rule out other conditions, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

• #2 Treatment of the Common Cold | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0901/p281.html

  Acute upper respiratory tract infections are extremely common in adults and children, but only a few safe and effective treatments are available. […] The common cold should be distinguished from allergic rhinitis, isolated pharyngitis, acute bronchitis (which generally has a longer duration, with a mean of 18 days in adults and 12 days in children), influenza, bacterial sinusitis, and pertussis. […] The primary goals of treatment are reduction of symptom duration and severity. […] Over-the-counter cold medications should not be used to treat children younger than four years because of lack of benefit and low but significant mortality rates associated with their use in this population. […] Informing patients about the natural course of the common cold can help manage expectations, limit antibiotic use, and avoid unnecessary over-the-counter purchases.

• #2 Differential diagnosis: cold, flu or COVID-19? – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/differential-diagnosis-cold-flu-or-covid-19

  A cold is caused by a mild viral infection of the nose, throat, sinuses and upper airways. Symptoms usually appear gradually and include: A sore throat; A blocked or runny nose; Sneezing; A cough; A raised temperature. Generally, patients may feel unwell but are able to continue daily activities as normal. More severe symptoms, including headache and aching muscles, can also occur, although these are generally associated more with flu. Symptoms usually resolve within one to two weeks. […] When speaking with a patient who has any of these symptoms, either during a remote consultation or face-to-face, there is a need to find out more information and provide appropriate advice — for example, by asking: How suddenly did the symptoms begin? Are you able to smell and taste as normal? What management strategies (if any) have you tried so far? Did any help?

• #2 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of the common cold. They chiefly cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) but may infect the lower respiratory tract. Potential complications of infection include otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, and exacerbations of reactive airway disease (eg, asthma). Although rhinovirus infections occur year-round, the incidence is highest in the fall and the spring. […] If findings from a thorough history and physical examination are consistent with a viral etiology and no complications are noted, an aggressive workup rarely is necessary. Common laboratory tests (eg, WBC, CBC, ESR) have little value. Because of the prolonged time to obtain positive culture findings, rhinovirus culture rarely has been found useful in clinical settings. PCR testing of respiratory specimens may be useful in evaluating severely immunocompromised patients. […] Rhinovirus infections are predominantly mild and self-limited; thus, treatment generally is focused on symptomatic relief and prevention of person-to-person spread and complications. The mainstays of therapy are as follows: Rest, Hydration, Antihistamines, Nasal decongestants.

• #2 What Is the Difference Between Cold and Flu? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/flu/guide/

  How Are Colds and the Flu Diagnosed? […] PCR-based tests can be done to look for common colds, but theyre not generally available to the public for routine use; theyre usually reserved for hospital patients with pneumonia or a severe respiratory tract infection. If your symptoms are more severe, your doctor may order tests or X-rays to rule out certain illnesses, such as strep throat or pneumonia. […] To diagnose the flu, doctors sometimes use a rapid influenza diagnostic test, notes the CDC. Swab samples from the nose or back of the throat are tested for influenza viral antigens (substances that cause your immune system to form antibodies). Test results are usually ready in less than 15 minutes but are not always accurate. Other more reliable flu tests can be performed only in hospitals or specialized laboratories.

• #2 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold) Workup: Approach Considerations, Viral Testing, Other Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-workup

  Increasingly, microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are being used to detect rhinovirus in respiratory specimens. […] The results of PCR testing must be interpreted carefully. […] Commercially available multiplex PCR assays cannot reliably differentiate rhinovirus from enterovirus, so results are reported as rhinovirus/enterovirus. […] Consider bacterial throat culture or rapid strep testing to identify the presence of group A streptococci if oropharyngeal examination suggests streptococcal infection. […] Chest radiography is seldom needed and should be obtained only if another lower respiratory tract infection (eg, pneumonia) is suspected. […] Sinus films or computed tomography (CT) scanning of the sinuses may be useful in cases of suspected sinusitis, though such imaging cannot differentiate viral processes from bacterial processes.

• #2 Common Cold: Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/common-cold/treatment

  How Is the Common Cold Diagnosed? Diagnosis In most cases, the common cold resolves independently and rarely requires a doctor’s visit. However, you should see a primary care doctor if symptoms worsen, persist, or are severe. Doctors can typically diagnose common colds based on symptoms and will be able to tell you if you’re experiencing something other than a cold. […] A primary care specialist can diagnose these common cold complications and recommend at-home and over-the-counter treatments. Antibiotics or other treatments may also be prescribed.

• #2 Common cold in babies – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold-in-babies/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351657

  A healthcare professional can generally diagnose a common cold by a baby’s symptoms. […] For a possible bacterial infection or other condition, a chest X-ray or other tests can rule out other causes of the baby’s symptoms. […] What tests are needed?

• #2 Common Cold: Symptoms, How to Treat, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-flu/cold

  Diagnosing an uncomplicated cold rarely requires a trip to your doctors office. Recognizing the symptoms of a cold is often all you need in order to figure out your diagnosis. […] If your symptoms worsen or last longer than 10 days, make an appointment with a doctor. You could actually be dealing with a different health condition, which your doctor will be able to diagnose. […] If your doctor diagnoses a cold, youll likely only need to treat your symptoms until the virus has had a chance to run its course. […] If your symptoms begin worsening after 5 days, its also important to see a doctor. […] If your symptoms dont ease or disappear within 7 to 10 days, make an appointment to see a doctor. If your symptoms begin worsening after 5 days, its also important to see a doctor. […] However, there are some instances when you may need to see a doctor about your cold symptoms. Consider getting medical attention in the following situations:

• #2 Diagnosis Common Cold – Alomedika

  https://www.alomedika.com/penyakit/penyakit-infeksi/common-cold/diagnosis

  Diagnosis common cold atau selesma dapat ditegakkan melalui klinis hidung tersumbat atau rhinorrhea, bersin, batuk, nyeri tenggorok, dan terkadang demam subfebris. Common cold harus dibedakan dengan flu yang memiliki gejala klinis lebih berat, seperti demam tinggi, nyeri sendi, dan myalgia. […] Pada anamnesis, common cold sering memberikan gejala hidung tersumbat dan rhinorrhea, serta nyeri tenggorokan maupun suara serak. Keluhan ini dapat diikuti gejala lain, seperti rhinorrhea, obstruksi nasal atau hidung tersumbat, dan bersin, yang bertambah intens dalam 2-3 hari. […] Pemeriksaan fisik terkait common cold terutama menunjukkan kelainan pada saluran napas atas. Hidung tampak merah, dengan banyak sekresi serousa hingga mukopurulen. […] Diagnosis banding common cold dapat meliputi penyakit infeksi pada saluran napas atas atau noninfeksi. Gejala common cold paling menyerupai rhinitis alergi, sinusitis akut, dan pertusis fase kataral.

• #2 Easy Ways to Tell if You Have a Cold vs Flu

  https://plushcare.com/blog/four-simple-ways-to-know-if-you-have-the-flu-or-just-a-cold/

  To really know whether you have the cold vs flu, a flu test can be done where a sample of mucus is taken from the very back of the nasal cavity. This test can show whether or not you have the flu. […] Because the common cold is caused by hundreds of different kinds of viruses, there is no easy test for it. Once a diagnosis is established, treatment decisions are made.

• #2 Common Cold (Viral Rhinitis) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/common-cold-viral-rhinitis-a-to-z

  Most people diagnose the common cold by the typical symptoms of runny nose, congestion and sneezing. […] You should see a doctor if you develop a high fever, severe sinus pain, ear pain, shortness of breath or new wheezing. These are symptoms that suggest you either have something other than a cold or a complication of the cold. […] A small percentage of people who have a common cold develop bacterial infections of the middle ear, sinuses or lungs. If you develop high fevers, ear pain, severe pain over your sinuses, wheezing or shortness of breath, you should see your physician to be sure that you don’t have a more serious illness.

• #2 Flu or Cold? Know the Differences

  https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/flu-cold-symptoms

  If you already have flu or cold symptoms, it’s important to call your doctor if you also have any of the following severe symptoms: A fever lasting more than three days can be a sign of another bacterial infection that should be treated. […] When a cough doesn’t go away after two or three weeks, it could be bronchitis, which may need an antibiotic. […] If you have pain around the eyes and face with thick nasal discharge after a week, you may have a bacterial infection and possibly need an antibiotic. Most sinus infections, however, do not need an antibiotic. […] The most important prevention measure for preventing colds and flu is frequent hand washing. Hand washing by rubbing the hands with warm soapy water for at least 20 seconds helps to slough germs off the skin. […] In addition to hand washing to prevent flu or cold symptoms, you can also get a flu vaccine to prevent seasonal influenza.

• #2 Common Cold: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/chest-lungs/cough-leaflet/common-cold-upper-respiratory-tract-infections

  The common cold is caused by an infection with a virus (a viral infection). […] A common cold is an infection of the nose and upper airways (upper respiratory tract infection) caused by a virus. […] Many different viruses cause the common cold. This is why people get colds multiple times and why immunisation against the common cold is not possible. […] Cold symptoms are typically at their worst after 2-3 days and then gradually clear. However, the cough may carry on for up to 3 weeks after the infection has gone. […] A main aim of treatment for the common cold is to ease symptoms whilst the immune system clears the infection. […] No medications get rid of the common cold or shorten the course of the illness. The immune system will fight it off in its own time. […] Antibiotics are not advised for the common cold as antibiotics do not kill viruses. The immune system can clear the infection.

• #2 Cold Assessment | Penn State Behrend

  https://behrend.psu.edu/student-life/student-services/health/services/cold-assessment

  There are several different viruses that can infect the upper respiratory tract, nose, throat, and larynx that cause the common cold. Antibiotics are not effective in treating the common cold. Colds usually resolve themselves in 1 to 2 weeks whether they are treated or not. […] If you have a history of asthma, diabetes, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, take an immunosuppressant drug, or have had a splenectomy, you should make an appointment to see a health care provider.

• #2 Common Cold in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=common-cold-in-children-90-P02966

  Most common colds are diagnosed based on symptoms. But cold symptoms may seem like other bacterial infections, allergies, and health problems. […] Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #2 What Pathogen Causes the Common Cold?

  https://www.apbiocode.com/the-cause-behind-the-common-cold/

  Medical professionals may obtain a throat or nasal swab and conduct a molecular test to pinpoint the virus or pathogen responsible for the illness. Molecular tests detect and amplify the genetic material of specific targets. […] Although numerous common colds resolve spontaneously and present minimal public health risk, clinical features overlap between mild common colds and more contagious viral pathogens, such as coronavirus. Accurately identifying the etiology of a cold can facilitate effective treatment and recommendations, including quarantine measures. Early detection of these pathogens enables clinical professionals to proactively assess a patients risk factors before an infection exacerbates. […] Molecular testing is an efficient and reliable way to detect pathogens in a sample. Distinguishing low-risk viral pathogens, like rhinovirus, from higher-risk etiologies can prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Higher transmission rates may harm immunocompromised individuals and adults over the age of 65.

• #2 Type of Blood tests for Cold and Cough – Complete Detail – MyHealth

  https://redcliffelabs.com/myhealth/lab-test/type-of-blood-tests-for-cold-and-cough-complete-detail/

  Blood tests for cold and cough are a promising diagnostic method to figure out the mysteries of our bodies. Healthcare professionals commonly use blood tests to diagnose various conditions and can also shed light on the underlying causes of cold and cough symptoms. […] Viral infections typically cause common colds and coughs and do not require specific blood tests for diagnosis or management. However, there are certain situations when a blood test may be recommended for common cold and cough, such as suspected bacterial infection (strep throat or pneumonia), persistent or severe symptoms, suspected allergies, chronic health conditions (asthma, diabetes, or immune system disorders), immunocompromised individuals, and monitoring response to treatment. […] The Complete Blood Count (CBC) test is a comprehensive blood test that evaluates various components of our blood. The CBC test proves to be a valuable tool when diagnosing infections such as cold and coughs. By examining the white blood cell count, the test provides essential insights into the body’s immune response. An increased white blood cell count, specifically elevated neutrophils, can indicate an ongoing infection.

• #2 Common cold – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold

  The distinction between viral upper respiratory tract infections is loosely based on the location of symptoms, with the common cold affecting primarily the nose (rhinitis), throat (pharyngitis), and lungs (bronchitis). […] Self-diagnosis is frequent. […] Isolation of the viral agent involved is rarely performed, and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms.

• #2 The Common Cold: Symptoms, Spread, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/cold-and-flu/common-cold

  Colds do not always need doctors to officially diagnose them, as they mostly go away on their own. […] Still, if you have concerns about your symptoms or health, talking with a medical professional about ruling out other conditions or checking for serious illness can be helpful. […] Medical professionals usually diagnose a cold based on your symptoms, but they can order sputum tests or request nasal swabs to find out what virus is making you ill.

• #2 What are symptoms of the common cold? | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/common-cold-symptoms/

  The common cold is a viral infection in your upper respiratory tract (nose and throat). […] At-home test kits or a visit to your doctor for specialized testing can also help you get an official diagnosis. […] The best way to know if you have COVID-19 or a cold is to do a test. […] Influenza symptoms are often worse and come on more suddenly. […] Seasonal allergies dont cause fevers and often come with itchy eyes, nose or throat. […] The common cold is contagious one to two days before symptoms are present and for up to two weeks after you show symptoms. […] Most people recover within 5-10 days. […] The common cold often goes away on its own, but there are lots of over-the-counter medications and home remedies out there that can ease your symptoms and help you feel better. […] Most people can treat their symptoms with over-the-counter cold medication and do not need to see a doctor for the common cold.

• #2 Online clinic for urgent care needs | Diagnosis, treatment and prescriptions | Virtuwell

  https://www.virtuwell.com/condition/common-cold

  Completing a Virtuwell visit is simple. We’ll guide you through a few easy-to-answer questions about your health and symptoms. Then a clinician reviews your information and provides a diagnosis and customized treatment plan that may include a prescription for a nasal spray or cough suppressant. The plan may also include recommendations for over-the-counter medications, along with advice to help manage symptoms like nasal congestion, sinus pressure and coughing. […] At Virtuwell, get started anytime and from anywhere – no appointment or video needed. Tell us about your symptoms and upload photos (if needed). One of our clinicians will provide a diagnosis, customized treatment plan, a prescription or medication recommendation, and free follow-up care – all online. […] One of our clinicians reviews your information, provides a diagnosis and tailors a treatment plan to address your needs.

• #2 Assessment of Infection and Colds – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University

  https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/measures-by-study/assessment-of-infection-colds/index.html

  The primary outcome for each of the 5 studies comprising the Common Cold Project was the development of a clinical cold following experimental exposure to a virus that causes upper respiratory illness. […] A necessary precondition for identifying participants who developed clinical upper respiratory illness was verified infection with the challenge virus. […] Participants were examined daily by the study clinician for three days before and six days after viral challenge, and a daily record was made of the presence and severity of signs and symptoms associated with a clinical cold. […] Using the objective criteria (Cohen et al., 1997), participants were determined to have developed a clinical cold if they were both infected with the challenge virus and met either of the following criteria: […] In the 4 cold studies that collected subjective symptom data, the Modified Jackson Criteria were used to determine whether participants subjective assessments of their cold symptoms were consistent with a diagnosis of clinical upper respiratory illness.

• #2 Assessment of Infection and Colds – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University

  https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/mind-body-center/measures/assessment-infection-colds.html

  Average (across all post-challenge days) baseline-adjusted nasal mucociliary clearance time of 7 minutes or longer (or total clearance time across 5 post-challenge days of 35 minutes or longer, as reported in some publications). […] Importantly, satisfaction of subjective upper respiratory symptom criteria is suggestive of clinical illness only in the context of a verified infection. […] In the 4 cold studies that collected subjective symptom data, the Modified Jackson Criteria were used to determine whether participants subjective assessments of their cold symptoms were consistent with a diagnosis of clinical upper respiratory illness. […] Participants who both became infected with the challenge virus and whose symptom reports met the above-described criteria, were determined to have developed a cold by the subjective definition.

• #2 Common Cold (Rhinovirus): Symptoms, Cold vs. Flu, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12342-common-cold

  How is the common cold diagnosed? A healthcare provider will ask you about your symptoms and perform a physical exam. During the exam, the provider will check for signs, such as: […] Typically, a physical exam is enough to determine if you have a cold. You may need tests if the provider suspects you have COVID-19, the flu or another condition. The provider may give you a nasal swab test (cotton swab rubbed inside your nose) to check for these viruses. Chest X-rays can rule out other conditions, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

• #3 Common Cold: Symptoms, How to Treat, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-flu/cold

  Diagnosing an uncomplicated cold rarely requires a trip to your doctors office. Recognizing the symptoms of a cold is often all you need in order to figure out your diagnosis. […] If your symptoms worsen or last longer than 10 days, make an appointment with a doctor. You could actually be dealing with a different health condition, which your doctor will be able to diagnose. […] If your doctor diagnoses a cold, youll likely only need to treat your symptoms until the virus has had a chance to run its course. […] If your symptoms begin worsening after 5 days, its also important to see a doctor. […] If your symptoms dont ease or disappear within 7 to 10 days, make an appointment to see a doctor. If your symptoms begin worsening after 5 days, its also important to see a doctor. […] However, there are some instances when you may need to see a doctor about your cold symptoms. Consider getting medical attention in the following situations:

• #3 Type of Blood tests for Cold and Cough – Complete Detail – MyHealth

  https://redcliffelabs.com/myhealth/lab-test/type-of-blood-tests-for-cold-and-cough-complete-detail/

  Blood tests for cold and cough are a promising diagnostic method to figure out the mysteries of our bodies. Healthcare professionals commonly use blood tests to diagnose various conditions and can also shed light on the underlying causes of cold and cough symptoms. […] Viral infections typically cause common colds and coughs and do not require specific blood tests for diagnosis or management. However, there are certain situations when a blood test may be recommended for common cold and cough, such as suspected bacterial infection (strep throat or pneumonia), persistent or severe symptoms, suspected allergies, chronic health conditions (asthma, diabetes, or immune system disorders), immunocompromised individuals, and monitoring response to treatment. […] The Complete Blood Count (CBC) test is a comprehensive blood test that evaluates various components of our blood. The CBC test proves to be a valuable tool when diagnosing infections such as cold and coughs. By examining the white blood cell count, the test provides essential insights into the body’s immune response. An increased white blood cell count, specifically elevated neutrophils, can indicate an ongoing infection.

• #3 The Common Cold – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/the-common-cold

  A simple sniffle isn’t usually a matter for the doctor. It is easy to self-diagnose a cold because they are so common. […] COVID-19 or the flu can be distinguished: they cause a high temperature and muscle aches and come on more quickly. […] It’s important that other conditions such as strep throat or bacterial chest infections (e.g., pneumonia) are not passed off as being „just a cold.” If you start developing symptoms that aren’t typical of the common cold like coughing up thick brownish sputum, getting a bad headache, or developing a high fever (higher than 39C or 102F), or earache you might have a more serious infection. […] You should also see your doctor if your cold symptoms don’t improve after 10 to 14 days.

• #3 Common Cold (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza

  The common cold is an acute, self-limiting, viral inflammation of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. […] Diagnosis may be difficult and fever can be the main symptom during the early part of the illness. […] Explain that there are no drugs of proven benefit for the prophylaxis or treatment of the common cold, although many things have been suggested. Medical management is centred around providing symptomatic relief. […] Advise people to return if their symptoms are worsening, or if they have not improved after two weeks. […] Complications with the common cold are usually due to viral spread, or secondary bacterial infection. […] In the majority, the common cold is a mild, self-limiting illness. […] The common cold usually lasts around a week in adults and 10-14 days in children. […] In 90% of children, symptoms have resolved by 15 days. […] Preventing the spread of the common cold is very difficult but simple measures to prevent the spread of acute respiratory infections, such as hand washing (especially around younger children), are thought to be moderately effective.

• #3 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20

  The most important aim of the physician should be to make the differential diagnosis of similar clinical entities that would be close to common cold appropriately. […] Common cold has no spesific diagnostic laboratory test. Nasal eosinophilia may be used to exclude alergic rhinitis while polymorphonuclear (PMN) predominance indicate noncomplicated common cold rather than bacterial infection. The identification of the pathogens responsible for common cold can be made by culture tests, antigen tests and serology. […] The most important aim of the physician should be to make the differential diagnosis of similar clinical entities that would be close to common cold appropriately. […] Antibiotic therapy does not prevent secondary bacterial infection and may cause significant side effects, as well as contribute to increasing bacterial antimicrobial resistance.

• #3 Early intervention with ColdZyme mouth spray after self-diagnosis of common cold: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0279204

  Previous clinical and in vitro investigations have supported the efficacy of a glycerol throat spray containing cold-adapted cod trypsin (ColdZyme) against respiratory viruses causing the common cold by creating a protective mucosal barrier shown to deactivate common cold virus in vitro and decrease pharyngeal rhinovirus load. […] This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study conducted at 10 German sites to evaluate the efficacy of the medical device ColdZyme, a glycerol mouth spray containing cold-adapted cod trypsin for a naturally occurring common cold versus placebo spray. […] The safety and tolerability of ColdZyme have been confirmed in a large study population and further establishes evidence of a faster recovery from common cold symptoms. Early self-diagnosis and early use of ColdZyme mouth spray is a safe alternative for treatment of naturally occurring colds.

• #3 Common Cold: Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/common-cold/treatment

  How Is the Common Cold Diagnosed? Diagnosis In most cases, the common cold resolves independently and rarely requires a doctor’s visit. However, you should see a primary care doctor if symptoms worsen, persist, or are severe. Doctors can typically diagnose common colds based on symptoms and will be able to tell you if you’re experiencing something other than a cold. […] A primary care specialist can diagnose these common cold complications and recommend at-home and over-the-counter treatments. Antibiotics or other treatments may also be prescribed.

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