Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32288450/

  The common cold is an acute illness of the upper respiratory tract caused by a virus acquired from another person. […] Cold symptoms are due to the host’s response to the virus rather than to destruction of the nasal mucosa. […] Viral infection of a very limited portion of the nasal epithelium results in an influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, cytokine release, and a vascular leak.

• #1 About Common Cold | Common Cold | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html

  A cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (also called an upper respiratory infection or URI). […] More than 200 respiratory viruses can cause colds. Rhinoviruses are the most frequent cause of colds in the United States. […] Different respiratory viruses spread in different ways. Most respiratory viruses are spread through droplets that an infected person releases when they cough or sneeze.

• #1 Common Cold (Page 1) / Science HQ / Math Is Fun Forum

  https://www.mathisfunforum.com/viewtopic.php?id=29997

  The only useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical measures such as using correct hand washing technique and face masks; in the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also used. […] The common cold is an infection of the upper respiratory tract which can be caused by many different viruses. The most commonly implicated is a rhinovirus (30-80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes. Other commonly implicated viruses include human coronaviruses (15%), influenza viruses (10-15%), adenoviruses (5%), human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, and human metapneumovirus. Frequently more than one virus is present. In total, more than 200 viral types are associated with colds.

• #1 Common Cold – Life Extension

  https://www.lifeextension.com/protocols/infections/common-cold?srsltid=AfmBOoqNm_jE7vuuqY0pJS-WX-TxMcwqTgHKawpEEHsAid3zYLqv13gu

  The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Common colds can be caused by over 200 distinct viral pathogens, typically from the rhinovirus, influenza virus, and other common virus families. Because there are so many distinct cold-causing viruses, developing immunity against the common cold is unlikely. […] Infection occurs when the virus reaches mucous membranes (eg, eyes, nose, mouth), often via direct contact or respiratory droplets from an infected individual. Colds generally resolve without treatment, and conventional treatments are mostly palliative and aim to shorten the duration of the illness and prevent complications such as a secondary bacterial infection. However, no cold medication is yet known to effectively decrease duration, severity, or risk of complications.

• #1 Rhinovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirus

  Rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. […] The primary route of entry for human rhinoviruses is the upper respiratory tract (mouth and nose). Rhinovirus A and B use „major” ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1), also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54), on respiratory epithelial cells, as receptors to bind to. Some subgroups under A and B use the „minor” LDL receptor instead. Rhinovirus C uses cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) to mediate cellular entry. […] As the virus replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as chemokines and cytokines (which in turn activate inflammatory mediators). […] Infection occurs rapidly, with the virus adhering to surface receptors within 15 minutes of entering the respiratory tract. Just over 50% of individuals will experience symptoms within 2 days of infection.

• #1 Rhinovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirus

  Human rhinoviruses preferentially grow at 33 C (91.4 F), notably colder than the average human body temperature of 37 C (98.6 F), hence the virus’s tendency to infect the upper respiratory tract, where respiratory airflow is in continual contact with the (colder) extrasomatic environment. […] Rhinovirus A and C species viruses are more strongly associated with significant illness and wheezing, while rhinovirus B species are more commonly mild or asymptomatic.

• #1 Why viruses spread so easily in cold weather

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-do-we-always-seem-to-catch-a-cold-or-flu-in-cold-weather-a-new-study-explains

  Due to its proximity to the external environment, the nasal cavity is more sensitive to changes in ambient temperature than the rest of the body, including the lungs. […] A previous study reported that rhinoviruses, the most common cause of upper respiratory infections, can replicate more efficiently at lower temperatures in the nasal cavity than at higher temperatures. […] The study also reported infected cells that line the nasal cavity produced a more subdued immune response at 33 degrees Celsius than at 37 degrees Celsius. […] The mechanisms linking changes in environmental factors with increased susceptibility to the common cold are not well understood. […] Thus, exposure to cooler ambient temperatures may attenuate not only the release of TLR3-stimulated EV by nasal epithelial cells but also reduce the abundance of packaged antiviral miRNA and the expression of cell surface proteins by EVs.

• #1 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of rhinovirus infections – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-pathogenesis-of-rhinovirus-infections

  Rhinovirus has long been known as an etiologic agent of colds, which are frequent but usually minor, self-limited illnesses. However, rhinovirus can also infect the lower respiratory tract and trigger asthma exacerbations in both adults and children, highlighting the fact that this viral pathogen causes greater morbidity than previously recognized. […] This topic will review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of rhinovirus infections. […] Rhinovirus is the etiologic agent of most common colds and is responsible for one-third to one-half of cases in adults annually. […] The major group (most RV-A and all RV-B) binds to the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), while the minor group (all RV-A) binds to low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR); RV-C binds to cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3). These receptors are found on the apical surfaces of ciliated epithelial cells.

• #1 Mechanism of human rhinovirus infections | Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://molcellped.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40348-016-0049-3

  While reports on the location of ICAM-1 in the healthy nasal mucosa are contradictory, it is generally agreed that this receptor is upregulated upon inflammation. […] HRVs of species A and B investigated so far enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. […] After the release of the RNA (uncoating) into the cytoplasm, empty capsids remain. […] Minor group HRVs exclusively depend on the low endosomal pH for this conformational modification and uncoating occurs even at 20 C. […] Although uncoating of HRV-A2 is receptor-independent, the -propeller of LDLR and LRP plays a role in releasing the virus in early endosomes thus enabling its transport to late endosomes, a station most suitable for RNA transfer into the cytosol. […] However, major group HRV-A89 can also convert at 20 C in a low pH-dependent but presumably receptor-independent manner and, even more importantly, it follows a route different from the one taken by HRV-B14.

• #1 Mechanism of human rhinovirus infections | Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://molcellped.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40348-016-0049-3

  About 150 human rhinovirus serotypes are responsible for more than 50 % of recurrent upper respiratory infections. […] Despite having similar 3D structures, some bind members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, some ICAM-1, and some use CDHR3 for host cell infection. […] We found that even rhinovirus serotypes binding the same receptor can travel along different endocytic pathways and release their RNA genome into the cytosol at different locations. […] How this may account for distinct immune responses elicited by various rhinoviruses and the observed symptoms of the common cold is briefly discussed. […] The mechanisms of entry and uncoating of HRV-C are unknown; we will thus limit the discussion to HRV-A and B. […] For infection, the cognate receptor must be accessible to the virus, i.e., at the apical surface of ciliated epithelial cells.

• #1 Mechanism of human rhinovirus infections | Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://molcellped.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40348-016-0049-3

  The absence of visible cytopathic alterations in the airway epithelium led to the hypothesis that the symptoms are rather due to the immune response of the host. […] Upon HRV entry into and replication in ciliated epithelial cells, signalling pathways are activated leading to the release of various cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IL-8, IL-6, IL-11), chemokines (Rantes, MCP-1, MP-10), vasoactive peptides (bradykinin), and growth factors (VFGF). […] Consequently, inflammatory cells (leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes) become activated and invade the submucosa. […] This results in amplification of the inflammatory process and the typical symptoms of the common cold. […] Understanding the details of receptor binding, entry, and uncoating is crucial for identifying novel means of fighting the common cold.

• #1 Mechanism of human rhinovirus infections | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/mechanism-of-human-rhinovirus-infections/10991494

  On the other hand, it is generally accepted that conversion of ICAM-1 binding HRVs into A particles is facilitated by the receptor above 26 C. […] However, major group HRV-A89 can also convert at 20 C in a low pH-dependent but presumably receptor-independent manner and, even more importantly, it follows a route different from the one taken by HRV-B14. […] While HRV-A89 productively uncoats in the perinuclear recycling compartment, HRV-B14 penetrates into the cytoplasm by rupturing endosomes en route to the lysosomes in a temperature- (20 C), low-pH, and ICAM-1-dependent manner. […] Once the RNA has arrived in the cytoplasm, it is translated into a polyprotein. […] After autocatalytic cleavage into the structural (capsid) and non-structural proteins, the RNA is replicated by the viral polymerase.

• #1 Mechanism of human rhinovirus infections | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/mechanism-of-human-rhinovirus-infections/10991494

  Finally, infectious progeny is assembled and released into the nasal cavity. […] The absence of visible cytopathic alterations in the airway epithelium led to the hypothesis that the symptoms are rather due to the immune response of the host. […] Upon HRV entry into and replication in ciliated epithelial cells, signalling pathways are activated leading to the release of various cytokines (IL-1, TNF, IL-8, IL-6, IL-11), chemokines (Rantes, MCP-1, MP-10), vasoactive peptides (bradykinin), and growth factors (VFGF). […] Consequently, inflammatory cells (leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes) become activated and invade the submucosa. […] This results in amplification of the inflammatory process and the typical symptoms of the common cold. […] Understanding the details of receptor binding, entry, and uncoating is crucial for identifying novel means of fighting the common cold.

• #1 Mechanisms of symptoms of common cold and flu | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_2

  It is the familiar symptoms of sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, and nasal congestion, muscle aches, chilliness and fever, etc., that define the common cold and flu syndromes as self-diagnosed illnesses. […] Although there is much information about the molecular biology of the viruses that cause the common cold and flu syndromes, there is relatively little research on the immunological, physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in generating the symptoms. […] This chapter studies the mechanisms that cause local symptoms associated with local inflammation of the airway (sore throat, sneezing, rhinorrhoea and purulent nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sinus pain, watery eyes and cough), and the mechanisms that cause systemic symptoms associated with release of cytokines from leukocytes (headache, chilliness and fever, psychological effects, malaise and mood changes, loss of appetite, and muscle aches and pains). […] The host response, not the virus, causes the symptoms of the common cold.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Various polymorphisms in cytokine genes have been shown to impact the severity of infection, suggesting a genetic predisposition. […] Detectable histopathology causing the associated nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and sneezing is lacking, which leads to the hypothesis that the host immune response plays a major role in the pathogenesis. […] Infected cells release interleukin (IL)8, which is a potent chemoattractant for polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. Concentrations of IL-8 in secretions correlate proportionally with the severity of common cold symptoms. […] Inflammatory mediators, such as kinins and prostaglandins, may cause vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, and exocrine gland secretion. These, together with local parasympathetic nerve-ending stimulation, lead to cold symptoms.

• #1 The Common Cold

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152197/

  Elevated levels of IL-8 and other cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6) also have been demonstrated in the nasal secretions of infected individuals. […] The elevated concentration of albumin and kinins likely results from exudation of plasma proteins due to greater vascular permeability in the nasal submucosa. […] The method by which viral infection initiates this vascular leak has not been determined. […] The release of kinins resulting from plasma exudation may augment the symptoms of the cold. […] The paranasal sinuses usually are involved during an uncomplicated cold. […] It is not known whether sinus abnormalities result from viral infection of the sinus mucosa or from impaired sinus drainage due to viral rhinitis. […] The middle ear can be involved during uncomplicated colds. […] It is not known whether the abnormal middle ear pressures result from viral infection of the mucosa of the middle ear and eustachian tube or from viral nasopharyngitis with secondary eustachian tube dysfunction.

• #1 Causes of colds

  https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-za/respiratory-health/conditions/colds/causes-and-mechanisms/

  Colds are usually caused by viral infections. One of the major symptoms of a cold is nasal congestion, which can also be the result of several other causes. Here we take a closer look at the causes of colds and their mechanisms. […] Colds and flu cause nasal congestion in a similar way, by triggering the immune response and stimulating the inflammatory cascade to release pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, bradykinins and prostaglandins. These dilate the blood vessels in the nasal epithelium, leading to congestion in the nasal passages. […] The body’s natural defences against viral infection cause the familiar symptoms of the common cold and flu: Rhinovirus infection triggers the release of pro-inflammatory and vasoactive mediators (cytokines, bradykinins, prostaglandin) from nasal epithelial cells. […] Vasoactive mediators cause dilation of large capacitance veins resulting in increased vascular permeability and leakage of plasma exudate into the submucosal space. […] Excess fluid and inflammatory cells in the submucosal space cause swelling of the nasal mucosa, blocking the nasal passageway.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of the common cold. They chiefly cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) but may infect the lower respiratory tract. […] The attachment of the virus to its receptors (ICAM-1, CHDR-3, low-density lipoprotein receptor [LDLR]) in susceptible individuals elicits an innate immune response leading to airway inflammation and remodeling. […] Few cells are actually infected by rhinovirus, and the infection involves only a small portion of the epithelium. Symptoms develop 1-2 days after viral infection, peaking 2-4 days after inoculation, though reports have described symptoms as early as 2 hours after inoculation with primary symptoms 8-16 hours later. […] A local inflammatory response to rhinovirus in the respiratory tract can lead to nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, and throat irritation. The nasal epithelium is not damaged.

• #1 Flu and the common cold: Why do we cough?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320190

  Cold and flu viruses attack our bodies through our nasal lining. In response, our immune systems try to fight back by opening a pandoras box of inflammatory chemicals. […] Prof. Morice goes on to explain that human rhinovirus infection is known to lead to high levels of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as bradykinin also implicated in causing sore throat tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and leukotrienes. […] While these play important roles in the battle against the common cold, some scientists point the finger squarely at these molecules as the reason for our cough. […] Damage to the cell lining in our airways is common in influenza infections and may be why we tend to experience more severe coughing fits with flu than with the common cold, others think. […] Cough is a neuronal reflex, mediated by the vagus nerve. The nerve endings responsible sit at the level of our larynx or lower in our airways, and cough signals must penetrate this far into the airway to cause symptoms.

• #1 How does rhinovirus cause the common cold cough? | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000118

  This leads to a significant reduction in transepithelial resistance indicating a loss of epithelial integrity. […] Excessive mucus production and secretion is common in URTI, initiating symptoms such as a cough and sneezing, and thus facilitating transmission of infection. […] HRV, in particular, upregulates the transcription of various mucin genes including MUC5AC. […] The mechanism is independent of serotype and genotype and is inducible by artificial genomic stimulus using poly(I:C). […] Cough is clearly a neuronal reflex, so the hypothesis that neuronal modulation underlies the pathogenesis of viral cough is the most convincing. […] However, at present, there is no single comprehensive mechanism which explains cough induced by HRV or indeed any other respiratory pathogen. […] Theories include a cooperative role of pulmonary oxidative stress in vagal sensory nerves between TRPV1, TRPA1 and P2X receptors.

• #1 The Science Behind a Cold | Otrivin India

  https://www.otrivin.co.in/nasal-health/what-is-the-science-behind-a-cold/

  A cold is a viral infection caused by a wide range of viruses, with the rhinovirus family being the most common cause. […] A cold virus enters your body through your mouth, eyes or nose. It can also spread through droplets in the air, or through direct or indirect contact with an infected person, object or surface. Once in the body, viruses use their own chemical and genetic strategies to escape your body’s natural defence systems. […] In response to a virus, your body’s immune system will spring into action: white blood cells, antibodies and other mechanisms work to rid your body of the virus. Indeed, many of the symptoms that make a person feel ill during a cold (fever, headache, tiredness) results from the activities of the immune system trying to eliminate the infection from the body.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Deficient production of interferon beta by asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells has been proposed as a mechanism for increased susceptibility to rhinovirus infections in individuals with asthma. […] Viral clearance is associated with the host response and is due in part to the local production of nitric oxide. Rhinovirus is shed in large amounts, with as many as 1 million infectious virions present per milliliter of nasal washings. […] Serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies are found 7-21 days after infection in 80% of patients. Although these antibodies persist for years, providing long-lasting immunity, recovery from illness is more likely related to cell-mediated immunity. […] Clinical studies indicate sinus involvement in common colds. Abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings (eg, opacification, air-fluid levels, and mucosal thickening) are present in adults with common colds that resolve over 1-2 weeks without antibiotic therapy. […] Despite what is reported in folklore, no good clinical evidence suggests that colds are acquired by exposure to cold weather, getting wet, or becoming chilled.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-clinical

  Rhinovirus infection has been implicated in asthma exacerbations and refractory wheezing. […] More specifically, human rhinovirus 1B infection affects airway epithelial tight-junction expression, increasing epithelial permeability. […] Recently, evidence has shown that the virus induces the release of the chemokine CCL5, which causes airway smooth-muscle chemotaxis, influencing airway remodeling in persons with asthma. […] Rhinovirus is the implicated virus in as many as 57% of respiratory exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. […] Deep respiratory tract infections have been described in immunosuppressed patients, elderly persons, and infants and children with cystic fibrosis; however, determining the true impact of the virus is difficult because it may be either a marker of disease severity or an inciting event for other infectious processes.

• #1 Common cold treatment – PARI

  https://www.pari.com/int/field-of-application/common-cold/

  A cold is not caused by the cold, but usually by viruses. […] The cold affects the immune system. A study from 2022 shows that cold air can weaken the immune defences of the mucous membranes in our nose. […] Dry air affects the self-clearing mechanism of our mucous membranes. Our airways have a clever self-defence mechanism mucociliary clearance. This is the first line of defence our airways have against pathogens. […] There are many viruses that can trigger colds. Some of these are rhinoviruses, human coronaviruses, RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) and adenoviruses. […] A cold can, in some cases, trigger acute bronchitis, which announces its presence with a persistent cough with generally thick mucus. […] A cold is not caused by cold weather but by viruses. Cold weather and dry air can, however, make us more susceptible.

• #1 Why viruses spread so easily in cold weather

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-do-we-always-seem-to-catch-a-cold-or-flu-in-cold-weather-a-new-study-explains

  Fall and winter are associated with a higher incidence of upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold and flu, due to the increased transmission of respiratory viruses. […] Although cooler temperatures and low humidity are associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory viruses, the biological mechanisms underlying this relationship are not understood. […] A recent study showed that cold temperatures lead to a decline in the immune response elicited by cells in the nasal cavity to viruses, which explains why people are more susceptible to upper respiratory infections in colder temperatures. […] In the current study, winter-like temperatures resulted in lower temperatures from 37 degrees Celsius to 32 degrees Celsius in the nasal cavity, which weakened this immune response.

• #1 Why viruses spread so easily in cold weather

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-do-we-always-seem-to-catch-a-cold-or-flu-in-cold-weather-a-new-study-explains

  Specifically, this 5-degree drop in temperature inside the nasal cavity attenuated the release of EVs and the antiviral response mediated by these EVs, explaining the increased susceptibility to common colds in winter. […] We found this drop significantly reduced this innate immune response in the nose, decreasing not only the quantity of extracellular vesicles that swarmed the virus but the quality of them. […] This reduced response can make the virus more able to both stick to and then infect the nasal cells, where they can then divide and cause the infection. […] We feel these findings offer one of the first true mechanistic, biological explanations for why people are more likely to catch colds and other viruses that cause upper respiratory infections in cooler weather. […] However, more recent studies suggest that cold temperatures could blunt the immune response elicited by the upper respiratory tract to these viruses, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections.

• #1 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-clinical

  Rhinoviruses (RVs) cause or predispose to various upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), which are less common. The most common manifestation of infection is the common cold. […] Rhinoviruses have been suggested both as rare primary pathogens and as co-pathogens with bacteria in the etiology of otitis media. It is believed that by causing respiratory mucosal inflammation that leads to eustachian tube obstruction, they potentially allow secondary bacterial infection. […] Infection of the sinus mucosa with rhinovirus leads to alterations of sinus cavities, resulting in obstruction and entrapment of bacteria (eg, Streptococcus pneumoniae and unencapsulated strains of Haemophilus influenzae) and giving rise to bacterial sinusitis. […] In general, people with asthma develop more viral respiratory tract infections than people without asthma. Viral URTI is a common trigger for asthma exacerbations in children of all ages.

• #1

  https://consensus.app/questions/stages-of-common-cold/

  The body’s response to the viral infection plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of the common cold. Inflammatory mediators, particularly pro-inflammatory cytokines, contribute to the symptoms experienced during the cold. […] Current treatments for common colds have limited efficacy against specific symptoms, with inflammation playing a key role in the illness’ pathogenesis. […] The common cold is primarily caused by viruses, with bacterial infections being rare, supporting the concept that it is a mostly viral disease.

• #1 The Common Cold and Influenza in Children: To Treat or Not to Treat?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/4/858

  The main objectives of ARVI treatment in children include the virus’ elimination, a reduction of the severity and management of the symptoms, an adequate immune response to prevent complications, a chronicity of the infection, and the exacerbation of comorbidities. […] The understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ARVI enables the development and use of more effective immune-mediated antiviral strategies in clinical practice. […] The above-mentioned current statistics and epidemiological data make one wonder whether an approach to only the symptomatic treatment of ARVI without a timely and adequate antiviral therapy is justified or even dangerous.

• #1 The end of the common cold could be in sight | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2018/05/we-dont-have-a-cure-for-the-common-cold-but-this-new-treatment-might-stop-it-in-its-tracks/

  The common cold is so engrained into everyday life that it’s easy to forget just how, well, “common” it really is. American adults suffer an average of two to three colds per year and children catch even more, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). […] There are plenty of medications out there to treat annoying cold symptoms—but killing the viruses that cause it in the first place is a trickier feat. But researchers may have identified a compound that can stop some of the most common cold viruses, the rhinovirus, in its tracks, according to a new report published in the journal Nature. […] To be clear: The scientists’ work is early-stage. But the mechanism it uses to tackle colds is striking. Developed at the Imperial College London, the molecule targets a protein in human cells that cold viruses use in order to replicate and conquer. By targeting this specific pathway, the compound could theoretically be used to thwart most viruses (and since it focuses on human proteins, it may not cause the virus to mutate its way away from danger).

• #1 The end of the common cold could be in sight | World Economic Forum

  https://www.weforum.org/stories/2018/05/we-dont-have-a-cure-for-the-common-cold-but-this-new-treatment-might-stop-it-in-its-tracks/

  An effective common cold cure would be significant not just as a mass market health need, but in treating more vulnerable people. […] “The common cold is an inconvenience for most of us, but can cause serious complications in people with conditions like asthma and [chronic lung disease],” said lead researcher Ed Tate in a statement. “A drug like this could be extremely beneficial if given early in infection, and we are working on making a version that could be inhaled, so that it gets to the lungs quickly.”

• #2 Common cold – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold

  The common cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the respiratory mucosa of the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx. […] The symptoms are mostly due to the body’s immune response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves. […] The mechanism of this immune response is virus-specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to humans via ICAM-1 receptors and the CDHR3 receptor through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators. […] These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms. […] It does not generally cause damage to the nasal epithelium. […] The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), on the other hand, is contracted by direct contact and airborne droplets. It then replicates in the nose and throat before spreading to the lower respiratory tract. RSV does cause epithelium damage. […] Human parainfluenza virus typically results in inflammation of the nose, throat, and bronchi.

• #2 The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-adults-diagnosis-and-clinical-features

  The common cold is a benign self-limited syndrome representing a group of diseases caused by members of several families of viruses. […] Over 200 subtypes of viruses have been associated with the common cold. New viruses capable of causing colds, such as the human metapneumovirus and bocaviruses, have been identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pan-viral DNA microarrays (Virochip) technology. It is anticipated that additional viruses that also cause the common cold will be identified.

• #2 About Common Cold | Common Cold | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/common-cold/about/index.html

  A cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (also called an upper respiratory infection or URI). […] More than 200 respiratory viruses can cause colds. Rhinoviruses are the most frequent cause of colds in the United States. […] Different respiratory viruses spread in different ways. Most respiratory viruses are spread through droplets that an infected person releases when they cough or sneeze.

• #2 Common Cold (Page 1) / Science HQ / Math Is Fun Forum

  https://www.mathisfunforum.com/viewtopic.php?id=29997

  The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the immune response to the virus. The mechanism of this immune response is virus-specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to humans via ICAM-1 receptors and the CDHR3 receptor through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators. These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms. It does not generally cause damage to the nasal epithelium. […] The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or fomites (contaminated objects). […] A common misconception is that one can „catch a cold” merely through prolonged exposure to cold weather. Although it is now known that colds are viral infections, the prevalence of many such viruses are indeed seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold weather.

• #2 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview

  Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common cause of the common cold. They chiefly cause upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) but may infect the lower respiratory tract. […] The attachment of the virus to its receptors (ICAM-1, CHDR-3, low-density lipoprotein receptor [LDLR]) in susceptible individuals elicits an innate immune response leading to airway inflammation and remodeling. […] Few cells are actually infected by rhinovirus, and the infection involves only a small portion of the epithelium. Symptoms develop 1-2 days after viral infection, peaking 2-4 days after inoculation, though reports have described symptoms as early as 2 hours after inoculation with primary symptoms 8-16 hours later. […] A local inflammatory response to rhinovirus in the respiratory tract can lead to nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, and throat irritation. The nasal epithelium is not damaged.

• #2 Rhinovirus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinovirus

  Rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. […] The primary route of entry for human rhinoviruses is the upper respiratory tract (mouth and nose). Rhinovirus A and B use „major” ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1), also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54), on respiratory epithelial cells, as receptors to bind to. Some subgroups under A and B use the „minor” LDL receptor instead. Rhinovirus C uses cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) to mediate cellular entry. […] As the virus replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as chemokines and cytokines (which in turn activate inflammatory mediators). […] Infection occurs rapidly, with the virus adhering to surface receptors within 15 minutes of entering the respiratory tract. Just over 50% of individuals will experience symptoms within 2 days of infection.

• #2 15.4A: Colds – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Diseases/15.04%3A_Viral_Diseases_of_the_Respiratory_System/15.4A%3A_Colds

  The common cold (also known as nasopharyngitis, rhinopharyngitis, acute coryza, or a cold) is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract which affects primarily the nose. […] The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the immune response to the virus. The mechanism of this immune response is virus specific. For example, the rhinovirus is typically acquired by direct contact; it binds to human ICAM-1 receptors through unknown mechanisms to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators. These inflammatory mediators then produce the symptoms. It does not generally cause damage to the nasal epithelium. […] The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on the other hand is contracted by both direct contact and air born droplets. It then replicates in the nose and throat before frequently spreading to the lower respiratory tract. RSV does cause epithelium damage. […] The symptoms of the common cold are not due to the viral infection directly but rather the bodies response to the virus.

• #2 The Common Cold

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152197/

  Elevated levels of IL-8 and other cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6) also have been demonstrated in the nasal secretions of infected individuals. […] The elevated concentration of albumin and kinins likely results from exudation of plasma proteins due to greater vascular permeability in the nasal submucosa. […] The method by which viral infection initiates this vascular leak has not been determined. […] The release of kinins resulting from plasma exudation may augment the symptoms of the cold. […] The paranasal sinuses usually are involved during an uncomplicated cold. […] It is not known whether sinus abnormalities result from viral infection of the sinus mucosa or from impaired sinus drainage due to viral rhinitis. […] The middle ear can be involved during uncomplicated colds. […] It is not known whether the abnormal middle ear pressures result from viral infection of the mucosa of the middle ear and eustachian tube or from viral nasopharyngitis with secondary eustachian tube dysfunction.

• #2 How does rhinovirus cause the common cold cough? | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000118

  The infection leads to massive upregulation, and, consequently, it is often described as a cytokine disease. […] Many symptoms are thought to occur as a result of the effects of inflammatory cytokines releasing of mediators. […] The proinflammatory mediator bradykinin has been suggested as a potent tussive modulator of TRPA1 and TRPV1. […] Elevated levels of bradykinin are found in the BAL fluid of patients with inflammatory airway conditions. […] Bradykinin and PGE2 possess the ability to sensitise the airways to cough stimulus in animal studies which can be effectively abolished on simultaneous application of antagonists to both TRPV1 and TRPA1. […] Tachykinin peptides, neurokinin A and B, and substance P, are inflammatory neuropeptides, which collectively induce airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchial constriction, and increased vascular permeability.

• #2 Why viruses spread so easily in cold weather

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-do-we-always-seem-to-catch-a-cold-or-flu-in-cold-weather-a-new-study-explains

  Specifically, this 5-degree drop in temperature inside the nasal cavity attenuated the release of EVs and the antiviral response mediated by these EVs, explaining the increased susceptibility to common colds in winter. […] We found this drop significantly reduced this innate immune response in the nose, decreasing not only the quantity of extracellular vesicles that swarmed the virus but the quality of them. […] This reduced response can make the virus more able to both stick to and then infect the nasal cells, where they can then divide and cause the infection. […] We feel these findings offer one of the first true mechanistic, biological explanations for why people are more likely to catch colds and other viruses that cause upper respiratory infections in cooler weather. […] However, more recent studies suggest that cold temperatures could blunt the immune response elicited by the upper respiratory tract to these viruses, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections.

• #3 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32288450/

  The common cold is an acute illness of the upper respiratory tract caused by a virus acquired from another person. […] Cold symptoms are due to the host’s response to the virus rather than to destruction of the nasal mucosa. […] Viral infection of a very limited portion of the nasal epithelium results in an influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, cytokine release, and a vascular leak.

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