Przewlekłe zapalenie zatok nie jest wprost wymienione, ale „przewlekłe zapalenie zatok” to schorzenie, które może być związane z objawami przeziębieni
Epidemiologia

Przeziębienie, będące najczęstszą chorobą zakaźną górnych dróg oddechowych, charakteryzuje się objawami takimi jak złe samopoczucie, dreszcze oraz zwiększona wydzielina z nosa. Etiologia jest wielowirusowa, z dominacją rinowirusów (30-50% przypadków), które występują w ponad 100 serotypach (RV-A, RV-B, RV-C). Inne istotne patogeny to koronawirusy, enterowirusy, wirusy RS i paragrypy. Zachorowalność jest najwyższa u dzieci przedszkolnych i wczesnoszkolnych (3-8 epizodów rocznie), a u niemowląt i małych dzieci nawet 8-12 razy rocznie. Sezonowość przeziębień przypada na miesiące jesienno-zimowe, z dominacją rinowirusów we wrześniu, wirusa paragrypy w październiku, a RSV i wirusów grypy od grudnia do kwietnia. Przeziębienia generują znaczące obciążenie społeczne i ekonomiczne, odpowiadając za 40% utraconych dni pracy i 30% nieobecności szkolnych, a także około 500 wizyt lekarskich na 1000 pacjentów rocznie.

  1. Epidemiologia przeziębienia
    1. Częstotliwość występowania
    2. Sezonowość
    3. Czynniki etiologiczne
  2. Znaczenie społeczno-ekonomiczne przeziębienia
    1. Grupy ryzyka
  3. Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad przeziębieniem
    1. Metody nadzoru epidemiologicznego
    2. Dane z systemów nadzoru
    3. Wskaźniki epidemiologiczne
  4. Badania naukowe i nadzór nad przeziębieniem
    1. Badania czynników ryzyka
    2. Programy badawcze i nadzoru
    3. Znaczenie nadzoru dla zdrowia publicznego
  5. Perspektywy kontroli przeziębienia
    1. Metody kontroli transmisji
    2. Badania nad leczeniem i profilaktyką
    3. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia przeziębienia

Przeziębienie (common cold) jest jedną z najczęstszych chorób zakaźnych na świecie, będąc główną przyczyną absencji w pracy i szkole. Jest to zespół objawów wywoływany przez różnorodne wirusy atakujące górne drogi oddechowe. Charakteryzuje się ogólnym złym samopoczuciem, uczuciem dreszczczy oraz zwiększoną wydzieliną z nosa ponad fizjologiczny poziom 1. Przewlekłe zapalenie zatok nie jest wprost wymienione, ale „przewlekłe zapalenie zatok” to schorzenie, które może być związane z objawami przeziębienia.

Częstotliwość występowania

Częstość występowania przeziębienia różni się w zależności od grupy wiekowej:

  • Dorośli chorują średnio 2-5 razy w roku 23
  • Dzieci w wieku szkolnym chorują średnio 6-8 razy rocznie 4
  • Dzieci przedszkolne doświadczają co najmniej jednego zachorowania miesięcznie w okresie epidemicznym 5
  • Niemowlęta i małe dzieci mogą chorować nawet 8-12 razy rocznie 6

Szczytowa zachorowalność występuje u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym i wczesnoszkolnym. W tej grupie wiekowej odnotowuje się 3-8 przeziębień rocznie, a wskaźnik zachorowań jest jeszcze wyższy u dzieci uczęszczających do żłobków i przedszkoli 7. Z powodu licznych czynników wirusowych i wielu serotypów (szczególnie rinowirusów), nie jest niczym niezwykłym, że młodsze dzieci przechodzą nowe przeziębienia praktycznie co miesiąc w okresie zimowym 8.

Sezonowość

Przeziębienia występują przez cały rok, ale ich szczyt przypada na miesiące jesienno-zimowe w klimacie umiarkowanym 9. Coroczna epidemia przeziębień utrzymująca się od września do kwietnia jest wyjaśniana przez kolejne fale różnych wirusów przechodzących przez społeczność 10.

Sezonowy wzrost zachorowań ma następującą charakterystykę:

  • Infekcje rinowirusowe są obecne przez cały rok, ale odpowiadają za początkowy wzrost zachorowań jesienią (powodując nawet 80% przeziębień w tym okresie) i za drugi szczyt zachorowań pod koniec wiosny 11
  • Przeziębienia występujące od października do marca są powodowane przez sukcesywne pojawianie się licznych wirusów 12
  • Sezon przeziębień zazwyczaj rozpoczyna się od dominacji infekcji rinowirusowych we wrześniu 13
  • Wirus paragrypy jest najczęściej obserwowany w październiku lub drugiej połowie jesieni 14
  • RSV i wirusy grypy są najczęściej spotykane od grudnia do kwietnia 15
  • Infekcje adenowirusowe są stale obecne w niskim stopniu przez cały sezon przeziębień 16
  • Epidemia kończy się małą falą infekcji rinowirusowych w kwietniu 17

Czynniki etiologiczne

Za przeziębienie odpowiada ponad 200 różnych wirusów, które ciągle się zmieniają 1819. Często u osób z objawami przeziębienia wykrywa się jednocześnie kilka różnych wirusów 20. Najważniejsze czynniki etiologiczne to:

  • Rinowirusy – odpowiadają za 30-50% wszystkich przeziębień 21. Zidentyfikowano ponad 100 serotypów rinowirusów, należących do trzech gatunków znanych jako RV-A, RV-B i RV-C 22
  • Koronawirusy – zazwyczaj związane z cięższymi objawami niż rinowirusy 23
  • Enterowirusy – stanowią znaczący odsetek przeziębień 24
  • Wirusy RS (syncytium nabłonka oddechowego) – szczególnie w okresie zimowym 25
  • Wirusy paragrypy – najczęściej jesienią 26

W badaniu brytyjskim przeprowadzonym wśród osób powyżej 60 roku życia, które miały przeziębienie, udało się wyizolować wirusa przyczynowego jedynie w 43% przypadków. Natomiast fińscy badacze byli w stanie wyizolować wirusy od 138 z 200 studentów uniwersyteckich z przeziębieniem 27.

Znaczenie społeczno-ekonomiczne przeziębienia

Przeziębienie, choć jest chorobą samoograniczającą się 28, ma istotny wpływ społeczno-ekonomiczny:

  • Przeziębienia odpowiadają za 40% wszystkich utraconych dni pracy 2930
  • Powodują 30% wszystkich nieobecności w szkole 31
  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych przeziębienia powodują rocznie 26 milionów dni nieobecności w szkole i 23 miliony dni nieobecności w pracy 32
  • Przeziębienia generują około 500 wizyt u lekarzy pierwszego kontaktu na 1000 pacjentów rocznie 33
  • Całkowite obciążenie chorobowe spowodowane przez przeziębienia jest większe niż obciążenie spowodowane przez sezonową grypę 34

Badanie telefoniczne przeprowadzone w USA między 2000 a 2001 rokiem wskazuje, że co roku występuje około 500 milionów niebędących grypą wirusowych infekcji dróg oddechowych, co przekłada się na szacunkowe bezpośrednie koszty w wysokości 17 miliardów dolarów i pośrednie koszty w wysokości 22,5 miliarda dolarów rocznie 35.

Grupy ryzyka

Częstość występowania przeziębienia jest najwyższa wśród dzieci, które stanowią główny rezerwuar rinowirusów 36. Czynniki ryzyka zwiększające podatność na przeziębienia obejmują:

  • Wiek – zachorowalność zmniejsza się z wiekiem, ponieważ z czasem rozwijają się przeciwciała przeciwko serotypom wirusów 37
  • Środowisko – uczęszczanie do żłobków, przedszkoli i szkół 38
  • Kontakt z chorymi – częsty, bliski kontakt osobisty niezbędny do przeniesienia wirusa 39
  • Obniżona odporność – stany immunosupresji zwiększają podatność na infekcje 40
  • Palenie tytoniu – osłabia naturalną odporność dróg oddechowych 41
  • Niedawna podróż samolotem – zwiększone ryzyko ekspozycji 42
  • Stres psychologiczny – umiarkowany, ale spójny związek między stresem psychologicznym a ryzykiem klinicznego przeziębienia 43

Warto zauważyć, że młodsze dzieci mogą być bardziej zaraźliwe ze względu na wyższe stężenie wirusa w wydzielinach i dłuższy czas wydzielania wirusa 44.

Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad przeziębieniem

Monitorowanie zachorowań na przeziębienie jest częścią szerszego nadzoru nad chorobami układu oddechowego. Ze względu na powszechność przeziębień, większość systemów nadzoru nie wymaga zgłaszania każdego przypadku przeziębienia, gdyż byłoby to nadmiernym obciążeniem dla systemu opieki zdrowotnej 45.

Metody nadzoru epidemiologicznego

Systemy nadzoru wykorzystują różne wskaźniki do monitorowania rozprzestrzeniania się chorób układu oddechowego, w tym przeziębienia:

  • Syndromiczny nadzór – monitorowanie wizyt w oddziałach ratunkowych i poradniach z powodu objawów grypopodobnych (ILI) lub ostrych infekcji dróg oddechowych (ARI) 46
  • Nadzór laboratoryjny – testy potwierdzające obecność konkretnych wirusów 47
  • Monitorowanie ognisk epidemicznych – w placówkach takich jak szkoły i zakłady opieki długoterminowej 48
  • Monitorowanie hospitalizacji – pacjenci przyjęci do szpitala z laboratoryjnie potwierdzonymi infekcjami wirusowymi 49
  • Nadzór w ramach podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej – lekarze pierwszego kontaktu raportują liczbę pacjentów z objawami grypopodobnymi 50
  • Monitorowanie ścieków – wykrywanie wirusów w ściekach komunalnych, co może identyfikować rozprzestrzenianie się wirusów w społeczności wcześniej niż testy kliniczne 51

Przykładem takiego systemu nadzoru jest ESSENCE (Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics), który wykorzystuje dane z oddziałów ratunkowych i przychodni, aby monitorować poziom aktywności chorób układu oddechowego 52.

Dane z systemów nadzoru

Globalny Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia monitoruje oporność na leki przeciwwirusowe wśród krążących wirusów grypy, aby dostarczyć aktualne dane dla krajowych polityk związanych z używaniem leków przeciwwirusowych 53.

Wiele krajów prowadzi rutynowy nadzór i raportuje trendy dla innych powszechnie występujących patogenów układu oddechowego, publikując szczegółowe raporty tygodniowe 54. Na przykład:

  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych CDC prowadzi nadzór nad różnymi wirusami oddechowymi, w tym rinowirusami 55
  • Chiny posiadają ugruntowany system nadzoru sentinel dla chorób grypopodobnych (ILI) i ciężkich ostrych infekcji dróg oddechowych (SARI), w tym zakażeń hMPV 56
  • W Irlandii RSV jest chorobą podlegającą obowiązkowi zgłaszania od stycznia 2012 roku, a aktywność RSV jest monitorowana przez HSE-Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) 57
  • W Kanadzie program nadzoru FluWatch+ oferuje cotygodniowe podsumowanie epidemiologiczne dotyczące COVID-19, grypy, RSV i innych wirusów układu oddechowego 58

Dane z nadzoru epidemiologicznego są wykorzystywane do:

  • Monitorowania trendów w aktywności wirusów oddechowych w ciągu sezonu nadzoru 59
  • Identyfikacji, gdzie, kiedy i jakie wirusy krążą 60
  • Ustalenia, czy aktywność wirusowa wzrasta czy maleje 61
  • Wsparcia decyzji dotyczących szczepień i strategii zapobiegania 62
  • Wczesnego wykrywania zmian w dotkliwości lub dystrybucji wiekowej osób dotkniętych 63
  • Monitorowania zmian antygenowych w krążących wirusach w celu dostarczenia informacji do opracowania szczepionek na kolejny sezon 64

Wskaźniki epidemiologiczne

Do monitorowania aktywności chorób układu oddechowego, w tym przeziębienia, wykorzystuje się różne wskaźniki:

  • Wskaźnik ARI (ostrych infekcji dróg oddechowych) – uwzględnia szeroki zakres diagnoz, od przeziębienia po ciężkie infekcje jak grypa, RSV i COVID-19 65
  • Trend epidemiczny – oparty na Rt, zmiennym w czasie współczynniku reprodukcji. Rt mierzy transmisję choroby – jeśli Rt jest powyżej 1, liczba infekcji rośnie; jeśli Rt jest poniżej 1, wskazuje to na spadek infekcji 66
  • Poziom aktywności wirusowej w ściekach – wskazuje, czy ilość wirusa w ściekach dla określonych chorób układu oddechowego jest bardzo niska, niska, umiarkowana, wysoka czy bardzo wysoka 67
  • Poziom aktywności oddechowej – obliczany przy użyciu metody ruchomej epidemii (moving epidemic method) w celu porównania procentu ARI dla bieżącego sezonu z poprzednimi sezonami oddechowymi 68

Badania naukowe i nadzór nad przeziębieniem

Badania naukowe i nadzór nad przeziębieniem są prowadzone w różnych aspektach, w tym w następujących obszarach:

Badania czynników ryzyka

Liczne badania skupiają się na czynnikach zwiększających podatność na przeziębienie:

  • Badania wpływu stresu psychologicznego na podatność na przeziębienie 69
  • Analiza wpływu statusu społeczno-ekonomicznego na odporność gospodarza na choroby zakaźne 70
  • Badania zależności między dzieciństwem a odpornością na choroby zakaźne w dorosłości 71
  • Analizy wpływu negatywnych wydarzeń życiowych, postrzeganego stresu i negatywnego afektu na podatność na przeziębienie 72

Programy badawcze i nadzoru

Prowadzone są różne programy badawcze i nadzoru nad przeziębieniem:

  • Programy nadzoru internetowego – wykorzystujące Internet do śledzenia naturalnej historii przeziębień u dzieci i rekrutacji uczestników do badań klinicznych w ciągu pierwszych 2 dni pojawienia się objawów przeziębienia 73
  • Badania odpowiedzi immunologicznej – porównujące odpowiedź immunologiczną na przeziębienie (rinowirus) między osobami, które rzadko mają objawy przeziębienia, a tymi, które mają je częściej 74
  • Badania czynników środowiskowych – analizujące wpływ zmiennych klimatycznych na przeziębienie i sugerujące priorytetyzację strategii kontroli w określonych porach roku 75
  • Badania nad nowymi terapiami – poszukujące sposobów zatrzymania replikacji enterowirusów, w tym rinowirusów, w komórkach ludzkich 76

Wyniki tych badań mogą mieć znaczące implikacje dla zdrowia publicznego, pozwalając na lepsze zrozumienie dynamiki transmisji przeziębienia i opracowanie skuteczniejszych strategii profilaktyki i kontroli.

Znaczenie nadzoru dla zdrowia publicznego

Nadzór nad przeziębieniem i innymi chorobami układu oddechowego ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego:

  • Pozwala na monitorowanie trendów chorobowych i szybkie wykrywanie nietypowych wzorców 77
  • Umożliwia ocenę skuteczności interwencji zdrowia publicznego 78
  • Dostarcza danych do planowania alokacji zasobów w systemie opieki zdrowotnej 79
  • Wspiera badania nad opracowaniem szczepionek przeciwko przeziębieniu 80
  • Umożliwia wczesne wykrywanie nowych genotypów wirusów, które mogłyby spowodować nieoczekiwane patologie 81

WHO zaleca państwom członkowskim utrzymanie nadzoru nad patogenami układu oddechowego poprzez zintegrowane podejście, uwzględniające kontekst krajowy, priorytety, zasoby i możliwości 82.

Perspektywy kontroli przeziębienia

Wraz z rosnącą wiedzą na temat transmisji rinowirusów i ich właściwości chemicznych, perspektywy kontroli infekcji spowodowanych tymi czynnikami znacznie się poprawiły 83.

Metody kontroli transmisji

Badania sugerują, że rinowirusy rozprzestrzeniają się głównie drogą kropelkową, a nie przez przedmioty (fomity) czy kontakt osobisty 84. Choć rinowirusy są prawdopodobnie wiodącą na świecie przyczyną chorób układu oddechowego, są zaskakująco trudne w przenoszeniu, infekując tylko około 50% podatnych osób w środowiskach rodzinnych 85.

Obecne metody kontroli obejmują:

  • Stosowanie chusteczek wirusobójczych, które mogą całkowicie przerwać transmisję rinowirusów, prawdopodobnie tłumiąc aerozole generowane przez kaszel, kichanie i wydmuchiwanie nosa 86
  • Odpowiednie systemy wentylacji i filtracji powietrza w połączeniu z dokładną higieną nosa 87
  • Właściwa higiena rąk, unikanie dotykania twarzy i unikanie kontaktu z chorymi osobami 88
  • Pozostawanie w domu w przypadku choroby, aby zapobiec dalszemu rozprzestrzenianiu się infekcji 89

Warto odnotować, że wprowadzenie niefarmakologicznych interwencji w celu kontroli rozprzestrzeniania się COVID-19 wiązało się z niższym wskaźnikiem występowania innych wirusów układu oddechowego w całej Europie 90.

Badania nad leczeniem i profilaktyką

Trwają intensywne badania nad nowymi metodami leczenia i zapobiegania przeziębieniu:

  • Badacze ze Stanford i UCSF znaleźli sposób na powstrzymanie szerokiego zakresu enterowirusów, w tym rinowirusów, przed replikacją wewnątrz ludzkich komórek w hodowli, a także u myszy. Osiągnęli to poprzez wyłączenie białka SETD3 w komórkach ssaków, które wszystkie enterowirusy wydają się potrzebować do replikacji 91
  • Badacze zaobserwowali 1000-krotne zmniejszenie miary replikacji wirusowej wewnątrz ludzkich komórek pozbawionych SETD3 w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną 92
  • Wyłączenie funkcji SETD3 w ludzkich komórkach nabłonka oskrzeli zakażonych różnymi rinowirusami lub EV-D68 ograniczyło replikację około 100-krotnie 93

Te odkrycia dają nadzieję na opracowanie leku o szerokim działaniu przeciwwirusowym nie tylko przeciwko przeziębieniu, ale potencjalnie przeciwko wszystkim enterowirusom 94.

Istotne jest poznanie ilości wirusów przeziębienia wywołujących infekcje dla przyszłego rozwoju szczepionek. Kluczowa jest odpowiedź na pytanie, ile różnych wirusów musi obejmować szczepionka, aby miała znaczący wpływ na zapobieganie chorobie 95.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    Definitions of the common cold are rather vague, but colds have the following features: feeling generally mildly unwell (indisposed), a sensation of chills (which means feeling cold when the core temperature is either normal or even raised), and sniffles (excessive nasal discharge above the normal physiologic level). […] Although tremendous academic effort has been made to determine sign-and-symptom combinations that will help to firm up the diagnosis of conditions like otitis media, streptococcal sore throat, bacterial sinusitis, and community-acquired pneumonia, no such literature exists for the diagnosis of the common cold.
  • #2 Upper Respiratory Tract Infections With Focus on The Common Cold | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30801
    The incidence of the common cold in the general adult population is between 2 to 5 episodes per year. […] Children represent the reservoir of rhinovirus, and the incidence rate of infection is approximately 4-fold higher than that of adults, likely due to child-to-child contact at daycare and school settings. […] Consistent with the transmission mechanisms of respiratory viruses, a direct correlation between crowding and the risk of developing a URTI is present. A correlation between URTIs and the quality of indoor ventilation is not apparent. […] Exposure to cold air, originally thought to be the harbinger of the syndrome that carries its name, does not predispose individuals to catching the common cold.
  • #3 The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-adults-diagnosis-and-clinical-features
    The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the common cold are discussed here. […] A United States telephone survey conducted between 2000 and 2001 indicates that about 500 million noninfluenza viral respiratory infections occur yearly, resulting in estimated direct costs of USD $17 billion and indirect costs of $22.5 billion annually. […] The average incidence of the common cold is five to seven episodes per year in preschool children, and two to three per year by adulthood. […] Annual absences from school and work in the United States due to colds caused 26 and 23 million lost days, respectively. […] Colds account for 40 percent of all time lost from jobs among employed people.
  • #4 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #5 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32288450/
    The sustained epidemic of colds that occurs annually during September through April is explained by successive waves of different viruses moving through a community. […] The peak incidence of colds occurs in preschool children, who typically sustain at least one illness per month during the epidemic period. […] Colds are self-limited illnesses.
  • #6 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of rhinovirus infections – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-pathogenesis-of-rhinovirus-infections/print
    Rhinovirus is the etiologic agent of most common colds and is responsible for one-third to one-half of cases in adults annually. The average adult experiences two to three colds per year. Children average 8 to 12 colds per year, with most children experiencing at least one rhinovirus infection during the first year of life. Children are the major reservoir for rhinovirus. More than 100 rhinovirus serotypes have been identified, belonging to three species known as RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C, which are further subdivided into a major group and a minor group. RV-A and RV-C are both associated with asthma exacerbations, but those associated with RV-C are more severe.
  • #7 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.
  • #8 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.
  • #9 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #10 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32288450/
    The sustained epidemic of colds that occurs annually during September through April is explained by successive waves of different viruses moving through a community. […] The peak incidence of colds occurs in preschool children, who typically sustain at least one illness per month during the epidemic period. […] Colds are self-limited illnesses.
  • #11 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.
  • #12 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Common colds are most frequent from September to April in temperate climates. Rhinovirus infections, which are present throughout the year, account for the initial increase in cold incidence during the fall (causing as many as 80% of colds in this period) and for a second incidence peak at the end of spring. Colds that occur from October through March are caused by the successive appearance of numerous viruses. The incidence of the common cold is highest in preschool- and elementary school-aged children. An average of 3-8 colds per year is observed in this age group, and the incidence is even higher in children who attend daycare and preschool. Because of the numerous viral agents involved and the multiple serotypes that several of these agents (especially rhinovirus) have, it is not unusual for younger children to have new colds every month during the winter. Adults and adolescents typically have 2-4 colds per year.
  • #13 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research
    https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20
    Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] The symptoms of the common cold may be caused by a variety of viruses. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] This season for common cold epidemic begins with the predominance in rhinovirus infections in September. […] Parainfluenza virus is most commonly seen in October or second half of fall. […] RSV and influenza viruses are most commonly seen starting from December to April. […] Adenovirus infections are continuously present at a low rate throughout the cold season. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April.
  • #14 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research
    https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20
    Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] The symptoms of the common cold may be caused by a variety of viruses. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] This season for common cold epidemic begins with the predominance in rhinovirus infections in September. […] Parainfluenza virus is most commonly seen in October or second half of fall. […] RSV and influenza viruses are most commonly seen starting from December to April. […] Adenovirus infections are continuously present at a low rate throughout the cold season. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April.
  • #15 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research
    https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20
    Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] The symptoms of the common cold may be caused by a variety of viruses. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] This season for common cold epidemic begins with the predominance in rhinovirus infections in September. […] Parainfluenza virus is most commonly seen in October or second half of fall. […] RSV and influenza viruses are most commonly seen starting from December to April. […] Adenovirus infections are continuously present at a low rate throughout the cold season. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April.
  • #16 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research
    https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20
    Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] The symptoms of the common cold may be caused by a variety of viruses. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] This season for common cold epidemic begins with the predominance in rhinovirus infections in September. […] Parainfluenza virus is most commonly seen in October or second half of fall. […] RSV and influenza viruses are most commonly seen starting from December to April. […] Adenovirus infections are continuously present at a low rate throughout the cold season. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April.
  • #17 Approach to Common Cold in Children – The Journal of Pediatric Research
    https://jpedres.org/articles/approach-to-common-cold-in-children/doi/jpr.02486%20
    Infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common in children. […] This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of common cold in children. […] The symptoms of the common cold may be caused by a variety of viruses. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for at least 50 percent of colds in both children and adults. […] The common cold may occur at any time of the year, but there is typically a high prevalence during the early fall and lasts until late spring. […] This season for common cold epidemic begins with the predominance in rhinovirus infections in September. […] Parainfluenza virus is most commonly seen in October or second half of fall. […] RSV and influenza viruses are most commonly seen starting from December to April. […] Adenovirus infections are continuously present at a low rate throughout the cold season. […] The epidemic finally ends with a small wave of rhinovirus infections in April.
  • #18 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #19 Common Cold (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza
    Adults have an average of two to three colds a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year. […] It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe. […] Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not. […] Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. […] There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time.
  • #20 Common Cold (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza
    Adults have an average of two to three colds a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year. […] It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe. […] Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not. […] Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. […] There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time.
  • #21 Conquer the Common Cold | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
    https://www.fredhutch.org/en/research/divisions/vaccine-infectious-disease-division/research/infectious-disease-sciences/conquer-common-cold.html
    Help us understand why some people get sick from the common cold more than others. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for causing 30-50% of common colds. […] This study will compare the immune response to the common cold (rhinovirus) between people who feel like they rarely have cold symptoms versus those who have them more often. […] We hope that by closely following the body’s specific immune responses in someone who has exposure to the common cold, we can better understand which responses may be required for a successful vaccine against the common cold. […] Study visits will be conducted by the Vaccine and Infectious Diseases research team. The Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division is a program of Fred Hutch and meet with study participants in the Fred Hutch Prevention Center.
  • #22 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of rhinovirus infections – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-pathogenesis-of-rhinovirus-infections/print
    Rhinovirus is the etiologic agent of most common colds and is responsible for one-third to one-half of cases in adults annually. The average adult experiences two to three colds per year. Children average 8 to 12 colds per year, with most children experiencing at least one rhinovirus infection during the first year of life. Children are the major reservoir for rhinovirus. More than 100 rhinovirus serotypes have been identified, belonging to three species known as RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C, which are further subdivided into a major group and a minor group. RV-A and RV-C are both associated with asthma exacerbations, but those associated with RV-C are more severe.
  • #23 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #24 Common Cold Market Size, Share, Trends & Forecast, 2034
    https://www.imarcgroup.com/common-cold-market
    The common cold market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARC’s new report titled „Common Cold Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034”. […] The increasing cases of viral respiratory infections caused by rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, enteroviruses, etc., are primarily driving the common cold market. […] Additionally, the escalating utilization of molecular diagnostic tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid amplification techniques, since they aid in identifying specific viral RNA or DNA sequences in respiratory samples, allowing for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of the causative viruses, is expected to drive the common cold market during the forecast period.
  • #25 Common Cold Market Size, Share, Trends & Forecast, 2034
    https://www.imarcgroup.com/common-cold-market
    The common cold market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARC’s new report titled „Common Cold Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034”. […] The increasing cases of viral respiratory infections caused by rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, enteroviruses, etc., are primarily driving the common cold market. […] Additionally, the escalating utilization of molecular diagnostic tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid amplification techniques, since they aid in identifying specific viral RNA or DNA sequences in respiratory samples, allowing for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of the causative viruses, is expected to drive the common cold market during the forecast period.
  • #26 Common Cold Market Size, Share, Trends & Forecast, 2034
    https://www.imarcgroup.com/common-cold-market
    The common cold market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARC’s new report titled „Common Cold Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2024-2034”. […] The increasing cases of viral respiratory infections caused by rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, enteroviruses, etc., are primarily driving the common cold market. […] Additionally, the escalating utilization of molecular diagnostic tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid amplification techniques, since they aid in identifying specific viral RNA or DNA sequences in respiratory samples, allowing for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of the causative viruses, is expected to drive the common cold market during the forecast period.
  • #27 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #28 Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32288450/
    The sustained epidemic of colds that occurs annually during September through April is explained by successive waves of different viruses moving through a community. […] The peak incidence of colds occurs in preschool children, who typically sustain at least one illness per month during the epidemic period. […] Colds are self-limited illnesses.
  • #29 The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-adults-diagnosis-and-clinical-features
    The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the common cold are discussed here. […] A United States telephone survey conducted between 2000 and 2001 indicates that about 500 million noninfluenza viral respiratory infections occur yearly, resulting in estimated direct costs of USD $17 billion and indirect costs of $22.5 billion annually. […] The average incidence of the common cold is five to seven episodes per year in preschool children, and two to three per year by adulthood. […] Annual absences from school and work in the United States due to colds caused 26 and 23 million lost days, respectively. […] Colds account for 40 percent of all time lost from jobs among employed people.
  • #30 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #31 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #32 The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-adults-diagnosis-and-clinical-features
    The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the common cold are discussed here. […] A United States telephone survey conducted between 2000 and 2001 indicates that about 500 million noninfluenza viral respiratory infections occur yearly, resulting in estimated direct costs of USD $17 billion and indirect costs of $22.5 billion annually. […] The average incidence of the common cold is five to seven episodes per year in preschool children, and two to three per year by adulthood. […] Annual absences from school and work in the United States due to colds caused 26 and 23 million lost days, respectively. […] Colds account for 40 percent of all time lost from jobs among employed people.
  • #33 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #34 Common cold
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215607/
    On average, adults get 4 to 6 colds per year, while children get 6 to 8 of them. Colds cause about 500 FP visits per 1000 patients per year. Because colds occur all year round, the total burden of illness caused by them is greater than the burden caused by seasonal influenza. Colds account for 40% of all time lost from jobs and 30% of all absenteeism from school. There are more than 200 viruses, continuously changing, that are associated with the common cold; coronaviruses are generally associated with more severe symptoms than are rhinoviruses. A British study of people older than 60 years of age who had colds was able to isolate a causative virus in only 43% of patients, and Finnish researchers were able to isolate viruses from 138 of 200 university students with colds. Colds occur all year round but are more common in the winter months.
  • #35 The common cold in adults: Diagnosis and clinical features – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-common-cold-in-adults-diagnosis-and-clinical-features
    The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the common cold are discussed here. […] A United States telephone survey conducted between 2000 and 2001 indicates that about 500 million noninfluenza viral respiratory infections occur yearly, resulting in estimated direct costs of USD $17 billion and indirect costs of $22.5 billion annually. […] The average incidence of the common cold is five to seven episodes per year in preschool children, and two to three per year by adulthood. […] Annual absences from school and work in the United States due to colds caused 26 and 23 million lost days, respectively. […] Colds account for 40 percent of all time lost from jobs among employed people.
  • #36 Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of rhinovirus infections – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-pathogenesis-of-rhinovirus-infections/print
    Rhinovirus is the etiologic agent of most common colds and is responsible for one-third to one-half of cases in adults annually. The average adult experiences two to three colds per year. Children average 8 to 12 colds per year, with most children experiencing at least one rhinovirus infection during the first year of life. Children are the major reservoir for rhinovirus. More than 100 rhinovirus serotypes have been identified, belonging to three species known as RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C, which are further subdivided into a major group and a minor group. RV-A and RV-C are both associated with asthma exacerbations, but those associated with RV-C are more severe.
  • #37 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Internationally, rhinovirus is a significant cause of RTI, as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. Rhinoviruses have been found in all countries, even in remote areas such as the Kaluhi Islands and the Amazon. In Brazil, rhinoviruses reportedly cause 46% of acute RTIs. A seasonal increase in incidence during the winter months is observed worldwide. […] Because antibodies to viral serotypes develop over time, the incidence of rhinovirus infection is highest in infants and young children and falls as children approach adulthood. Young children are more likely to have the frequent, close, personal contact necessary to transmit the virus; they commonly pass the infection to family members after acquiring the virus in nurseries, daycare facilities, and schools. Children also may be more contagious by virtue of having higher virus concentrations in secretions and longer duration of viral shedding.
  • #38 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Internationally, rhinovirus is a significant cause of RTI, as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. Rhinoviruses have been found in all countries, even in remote areas such as the Kaluhi Islands and the Amazon. In Brazil, rhinoviruses reportedly cause 46% of acute RTIs. A seasonal increase in incidence during the winter months is observed worldwide. […] Because antibodies to viral serotypes develop over time, the incidence of rhinovirus infection is highest in infants and young children and falls as children approach adulthood. Young children are more likely to have the frequent, close, personal contact necessary to transmit the virus; they commonly pass the infection to family members after acquiring the virus in nurseries, daycare facilities, and schools. Children also may be more contagious by virtue of having higher virus concentrations in secretions and longer duration of viral shedding.
  • #39
    https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/120674/common-cold
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] all ages […] […] […] Risk factors […] immunosuppression […] sick contacts […] smoking […] recent travel on airplane
  • #40
    https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/120674/common-cold
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] all ages […] […] […] Risk factors […] immunosuppression […] sick contacts […] smoking […] recent travel on airplane
  • #41
    https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/120674/common-cold
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] all ages […] […] […] Risk factors […] immunosuppression […] sick contacts […] smoking […] recent travel on airplane
  • #42
    https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/120674/common-cold
    Epidemiology […] Incidence […] very common […] […] […] Demographics […] all ages […] […] […] Risk factors […] immunosuppression […] sick contacts […] smoking […] recent travel on airplane
  • #43
    https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2001/05000/a_cohort_study_of_stress_and_the_common_cold.15.aspx
    Our findings indicate that high levels of psychological stress are moderately associated with common colds. […] A number of epidemiologic studies have found a positive relation between different measures of stress and common cold or, more generally, acute upper respiratory infection episodes. […] In summary, we found a moderate but consistent association between psychological stress and risk of clinical common cold.
  • #44 Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview
    Internationally, rhinovirus is a significant cause of RTI, as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. Rhinoviruses have been found in all countries, even in remote areas such as the Kaluhi Islands and the Amazon. In Brazil, rhinoviruses reportedly cause 46% of acute RTIs. A seasonal increase in incidence during the winter months is observed worldwide. […] Because antibodies to viral serotypes develop over time, the incidence of rhinovirus infection is highest in infants and young children and falls as children approach adulthood. Young children are more likely to have the frequent, close, personal contact necessary to transmit the virus; they commonly pass the infection to family members after acquiring the virus in nurseries, daycare facilities, and schools. Children also may be more contagious by virtue of having higher virus concentrations in secretions and longer duration of viral shedding.
  • #45 Weekly Influenza and Respiratory Activity: Statistics – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/stats/index.html
    Unlike other reportable diseases, MDH does not request that every case of influenza or every patient who goes to the doctor with influenza symptoms be reported to MDH. Tracking each case would overburden health care providers as well as MDH, without significant benefit. Instead, MDH uses several different surveillance programs to determine the burden of influenza disease in Minnesota each week (influenza-like illness [ILI] outbreaks at schools and long-term care facilities, outpatient/clinic visits for ILI, laboratory-confirmed influenza in hospitalized patients, and laboratory testing for influenza and other respiratory disease). […] Many people get sick with flu every year in Minnesota without ever seeing a doctor or reporting their illness. Therefore, MDH uses various indicators to find out how widespread the flu is in Minnesota each week, rather than trying to track every case. The MDH Public Health Laboratory (PHL) also tests selected influenza specimens to monitor which flu strains are circulating each flu season.
  • #46 Respiratory Virus Activity Levels | Respiratory Illnesses | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/data/activity-levels.html
    Respiratory illness activity is monitored using the acute respiratory illness (ARI) metric. ARI captures a broad range of diagnoses from emergency department visits for respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe infections like influenza, RSV and COVID-19. […] CDC uses data from emergency department visits to model epidemic trends. This model helps tell whether the number of new respiratory infections is growing or declining in your state. […] The epidemic trend is based on Rt, the time-varying reproductive number. Rt measures disease transmission. If Rt is above 1, the number of infections is growing because, on average, each infected person is causing more than one new infection; if Rt is below 1, it indicates that infections are declining. […] The map shows the Wastewater Viral Activity Level for states and territories in the United States. This metric indicates whether the amount of virus in the wastewater for specific respiratory illnesses is very low, low, moderate, high, or very high. Wastewater monitoring can detect viruses spreading from one person to another within a community earlier than clinical testing, and before people who are sick go to their doctor or hospital.
  • #47 Weekly Influenza and Respiratory Activity: Statistics – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/stats/index.html
    Hospitals report to MDH when they have a patient admitted to the hospital with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Hospitals are asked to submit specimens to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention. […] Physicians and health care providers across the state help to monitor influenza throughout the flu season. Sentinel providers fill out a weekly report detailing the number of patients they’ve seen with influenza-like illness. They also submit additional influenza specimens to the MDH Public Health Lab according to the Sentinel Surveillance program guidelines. […] Facilities report to MDH when they have a suspected or laboratory confirmed influenza outbreak. Specimens can be submitted to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention.
  • #48 Weekly Influenza and Respiratory Activity: Statistics – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/stats/index.html
    Hospitals report to MDH when they have a patient admitted to the hospital with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Hospitals are asked to submit specimens to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention. […] Physicians and health care providers across the state help to monitor influenza throughout the flu season. Sentinel providers fill out a weekly report detailing the number of patients they’ve seen with influenza-like illness. They also submit additional influenza specimens to the MDH Public Health Lab according to the Sentinel Surveillance program guidelines. […] Facilities report to MDH when they have a suspected or laboratory confirmed influenza outbreak. Specimens can be submitted to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention.
  • #49 Weekly Influenza and Respiratory Activity: Statistics – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/stats/index.html
    Hospitals report to MDH when they have a patient admitted to the hospital with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Hospitals are asked to submit specimens to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention. […] Physicians and health care providers across the state help to monitor influenza throughout the flu season. Sentinel providers fill out a weekly report detailing the number of patients they’ve seen with influenza-like illness. They also submit additional influenza specimens to the MDH Public Health Lab according to the Sentinel Surveillance program guidelines. […] Facilities report to MDH when they have a suspected or laboratory confirmed influenza outbreak. Specimens can be submitted to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention.
  • #50 Weekly Influenza and Respiratory Activity: Statistics – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/stats/index.html
    Hospitals report to MDH when they have a patient admitted to the hospital with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Hospitals are asked to submit specimens to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention. […] Physicians and health care providers across the state help to monitor influenza throughout the flu season. Sentinel providers fill out a weekly report detailing the number of patients they’ve seen with influenza-like illness. They also submit additional influenza specimens to the MDH Public Health Lab according to the Sentinel Surveillance program guidelines. […] Facilities report to MDH when they have a suspected or laboratory confirmed influenza outbreak. Specimens can be submitted to MDH-PHL for influenza testing. MDH provides guidance on infection control and outbreak management, including the use of antiviral medication for treatment and prevention.
  • #51 Respiratory Virus Activity Levels | Respiratory Illnesses | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/data/activity-levels.html
    Respiratory illness activity is monitored using the acute respiratory illness (ARI) metric. ARI captures a broad range of diagnoses from emergency department visits for respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe infections like influenza, RSV and COVID-19. […] CDC uses data from emergency department visits to model epidemic trends. This model helps tell whether the number of new respiratory infections is growing or declining in your state. […] The epidemic trend is based on Rt, the time-varying reproductive number. Rt measures disease transmission. If Rt is above 1, the number of infections is growing because, on average, each infected person is causing more than one new infection; if Rt is below 1, it indicates that infections are declining. […] The map shows the Wastewater Viral Activity Level for states and territories in the United States. This metric indicates whether the amount of virus in the wastewater for specific respiratory illnesses is very low, low, moderate, high, or very high. Wastewater monitoring can detect viruses spreading from one person to another within a community earlier than clinical testing, and before people who are sick go to their doctor or hospital.
  • #52 Respiratory Disease Data – Epidemiology
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/respiratory-diseases-in-virginia/data/
    Respiratory disease surveillance involves monitoring a variety of data sources, including emergency department and urgent care visits, reported outbreaks, and laboratory results. This weekly report can help create a more complete picture of respiratory disease activity in Virginia. […] These data are from Virginias syndromic surveillance system, ESSENCE (Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics). […] The statewide respiratory illness activity level is calculated using a moving epidemic method to compare the ARI percent for the current season to previous respiratory seasons. […] Monitoring the number of deaths with COVID-19, flu, or RSV listed on the death certificate helps monitor the impact of severe illness and outcomes from respiratory viruses.
  • #53
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
    The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) monitors resistance to antivirals among circulating influenza viruses to provide timely evidence for national policies related to antiviral use. […] WHO, through the Global Influenza Programme and GISRS, in collaboration with other partners, continuously monitors influenza viruses and activity globally, recommends seasonal influenza vaccine compositions twice a year for the northern and southern hemisphere influenza seasons, guides countries in tropical and subtropical areas as to which formulation vaccines to use, supports decisions for timing of vaccination campaigns, and supports Member States to develop prevention and control strategies. […] WHO works to strengthen national, regional and global influenza response capacities including diagnostics, antiviral susceptibility monitoring, disease surveillance and outbreak response, to increase vaccine coverage among high-risk groups, and to support research and development of new therapeutics and other countermeasures.
  • #54
    https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON550
    In many countries conduct routine surveillance for acute respiratory infections and common respiratory pathogens. […] Some countries conduct routine surveillance and report trends for other commonly circulating respiratory pathogens, such as hMPV, and report such information on a routine basis. […] China has an established sentinel surveillance system for ILI and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), including hMPV, and conducts routine virological surveillance for common respiratory pathogens with detailed reports published weekly on the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. […] According to the most recent surveillance data on acute respiratory infections shared by the China CDC with data up to 29 December 2024, there has been an upward trend of common acute respiratory infections, including those due to seasonal influenza viruses, RSV and hMPV as expected for this time of year during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
  • #55 Common cold: CDC data shows steady rise in cases heading into spring
    https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2023/03/31/common-cold-cdc-data-shows-steady-rise-cases-heading-into-spring/11568490002/
    New surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows cold and stomach viruses have carried their winter reign into spring. […] The CDC confirmed an increase in human coronaviruses that do not cause COVID-19 but said the rates remained within expected ranges. […] The CDC’s surveillance system shows HPIV-2 and HPIV-3 slightly increasing.
  • #56
    https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON550
    In many countries conduct routine surveillance for acute respiratory infections and common respiratory pathogens. […] Some countries conduct routine surveillance and report trends for other commonly circulating respiratory pathogens, such as hMPV, and report such information on a routine basis. […] China has an established sentinel surveillance system for ILI and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), including hMPV, and conducts routine virological surveillance for common respiratory pathogens with detailed reports published weekly on the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. […] According to the most recent surveillance data on acute respiratory infections shared by the China CDC with data up to 29 December 2024, there has been an upward trend of common acute respiratory infections, including those due to seasonal influenza viruses, RSV and hMPV as expected for this time of year during the Northern Hemisphere winter.
  • #57 Factsheet – Health Protection Surveillance Centre
    https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/respiratorysyncytialvirus/factsheet/
    RSV has been a notifiable disease in Ireland since January 2012. RSV activity in Ireland is monitored by the HSE-Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC). […] Explore a weekly epidemiological summary of RSV data in Ireland in the Respiratory Virus Notification Data Hub. The latest surveillance reports on RSV and other seasonal respiratory viruses, including influenza, are available on the HPSC website. RSV notifications are also reported in the National Notifiable Disease Hub, and RSV outbreaks are reported in the Weekly Outbreak Report.
  • #58 Summary: Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report (FluWatch+) — Canada.ca
    https://health-infobase.canada.ca/respiratory-virus-surveillance/
    The Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report, produced by the FluWatch+ surveillance program offers a weekly epidemiological summary of COVID-19, influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses (where data is available) in Canada. […] Surveillance data reported in the Canadian Respiratory Virus Surveillance Report is used to monitor trends in respiratory virus activity throughout the surveillance season namely where, when, and what viruses are circulating as well as whether activity is increasing or decreasing. These data are an underestimate and are not intended to reflect the true number of cases in Canada. […] The surveillance period for each influenza season begins in week 35 of a calendar year (end of August) and ends in week 34 of the following calendar year (end of August). A calendar of surveillance weeks for the current season is available online for reference.
  • #59 Summary: Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report (FluWatch+) — Canada.ca
    https://health-infobase.canada.ca/respiratory-virus-surveillance/
    The Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report, produced by the FluWatch+ surveillance program offers a weekly epidemiological summary of COVID-19, influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses (where data is available) in Canada. […] Surveillance data reported in the Canadian Respiratory Virus Surveillance Report is used to monitor trends in respiratory virus activity throughout the surveillance season namely where, when, and what viruses are circulating as well as whether activity is increasing or decreasing. These data are an underestimate and are not intended to reflect the true number of cases in Canada. […] The surveillance period for each influenza season begins in week 35 of a calendar year (end of August) and ends in week 34 of the following calendar year (end of August). A calendar of surveillance weeks for the current season is available online for reference.
  • #60 Summary: Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report (FluWatch+) — Canada.ca
    https://health-infobase.canada.ca/respiratory-virus-surveillance/
    The Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report, produced by the FluWatch+ surveillance program offers a weekly epidemiological summary of COVID-19, influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses (where data is available) in Canada. […] Surveillance data reported in the Canadian Respiratory Virus Surveillance Report is used to monitor trends in respiratory virus activity throughout the surveillance season namely where, when, and what viruses are circulating as well as whether activity is increasing or decreasing. These data are an underestimate and are not intended to reflect the true number of cases in Canada. […] The surveillance period for each influenza season begins in week 35 of a calendar year (end of August) and ends in week 34 of the following calendar year (end of August). A calendar of surveillance weeks for the current season is available online for reference.
  • #61 Summary: Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report (FluWatch+) — Canada.ca
    https://health-infobase.canada.ca/respiratory-virus-surveillance/
    The Canadian respiratory virus surveillance report, produced by the FluWatch+ surveillance program offers a weekly epidemiological summary of COVID-19, influenza, RSV, and other respiratory viruses (where data is available) in Canada. […] Surveillance data reported in the Canadian Respiratory Virus Surveillance Report is used to monitor trends in respiratory virus activity throughout the surveillance season namely where, when, and what viruses are circulating as well as whether activity is increasing or decreasing. These data are an underestimate and are not intended to reflect the true number of cases in Canada. […] The surveillance period for each influenza season begins in week 35 of a calendar year (end of August) and ends in week 34 of the following calendar year (end of August). A calendar of surveillance weeks for the current season is available online for reference.
  • #62 Influenza-like illness volunteer surveillance program | Mass.gov
    https://www.mass.gov/info-details/influenza-like-illness-volunteer-surveillance-program
    Each week ILINet providers report the total number of patients seen for any reason and the number of patient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) by age group (0-4 years, 5-24 years, 25-49 years, 50-64 years, >65 years). These data are transmitted once a week online directly to the CDC U.S. Outpatient ILI Surveillance Network each week. […] Flu surveillance data are critical for monitoring the course of influenza virus activity on the local, state, and national level. […] These data can be used to guide prevention and control activities, vaccine strain selection, and patient care.
  • #63 Influenza-like illness volunteer surveillance program | Mass.gov
    https://www.mass.gov/info-details/influenza-like-illness-volunteer-surveillance-program
    The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences Division of Epidemiology is recruiting outpatient medical practices to participate in ILINet, a national surveillance system for influenza-like illness (ILI). […] This volunteer program is a critical component of influenza surveillance, allowing real-time tracking of the ever-changing epidemiology of influenza. […] The goals of national influenza surveillance are two-fold: ILINet provides useful real-time epidemiologic information about both novel (or variant) influenza and seasonal influenza and allows for the rapid detection of changes in severity and/or age-distribution of affected individuals as measured by reports of influenza-like illness (ILI). […] It also enables states and the CDC to monitor antigenic changes in circulating viruses in order to provide information for the formulation of vaccine for the subsequent season. In addition, influenza surveillance within the Commonwealth can help to rapidly detect outbreaks and assist disease control through timely preventive action.
  • #64 Influenza-like illness volunteer surveillance program | Mass.gov
    https://www.mass.gov/info-details/influenza-like-illness-volunteer-surveillance-program
    The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences Division of Epidemiology is recruiting outpatient medical practices to participate in ILINet, a national surveillance system for influenza-like illness (ILI). […] This volunteer program is a critical component of influenza surveillance, allowing real-time tracking of the ever-changing epidemiology of influenza. […] The goals of national influenza surveillance are two-fold: ILINet provides useful real-time epidemiologic information about both novel (or variant) influenza and seasonal influenza and allows for the rapid detection of changes in severity and/or age-distribution of affected individuals as measured by reports of influenza-like illness (ILI). […] It also enables states and the CDC to monitor antigenic changes in circulating viruses in order to provide information for the formulation of vaccine for the subsequent season. In addition, influenza surveillance within the Commonwealth can help to rapidly detect outbreaks and assist disease control through timely preventive action.
  • #65 Respiratory Virus Activity Levels | Respiratory Illnesses | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/data/activity-levels.html
    Respiratory illness activity is monitored using the acute respiratory illness (ARI) metric. ARI captures a broad range of diagnoses from emergency department visits for respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe infections like influenza, RSV and COVID-19. […] CDC uses data from emergency department visits to model epidemic trends. This model helps tell whether the number of new respiratory infections is growing or declining in your state. […] The epidemic trend is based on Rt, the time-varying reproductive number. Rt measures disease transmission. If Rt is above 1, the number of infections is growing because, on average, each infected person is causing more than one new infection; if Rt is below 1, it indicates that infections are declining. […] The map shows the Wastewater Viral Activity Level for states and territories in the United States. This metric indicates whether the amount of virus in the wastewater for specific respiratory illnesses is very low, low, moderate, high, or very high. Wastewater monitoring can detect viruses spreading from one person to another within a community earlier than clinical testing, and before people who are sick go to their doctor or hospital.
  • #66 Respiratory Virus Activity Levels | Respiratory Illnesses | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/data/activity-levels.html
    Respiratory illness activity is monitored using the acute respiratory illness (ARI) metric. ARI captures a broad range of diagnoses from emergency department visits for respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe infections like influenza, RSV and COVID-19. […] CDC uses data from emergency department visits to model epidemic trends. This model helps tell whether the number of new respiratory infections is growing or declining in your state. […] The epidemic trend is based on Rt, the time-varying reproductive number. Rt measures disease transmission. If Rt is above 1, the number of infections is growing because, on average, each infected person is causing more than one new infection; if Rt is below 1, it indicates that infections are declining. […] The map shows the Wastewater Viral Activity Level for states and territories in the United States. This metric indicates whether the amount of virus in the wastewater for specific respiratory illnesses is very low, low, moderate, high, or very high. Wastewater monitoring can detect viruses spreading from one person to another within a community earlier than clinical testing, and before people who are sick go to their doctor or hospital.
  • #67 Respiratory Virus Activity Levels | Respiratory Illnesses | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/data/activity-levels.html
    Respiratory illness activity is monitored using the acute respiratory illness (ARI) metric. ARI captures a broad range of diagnoses from emergency department visits for respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe infections like influenza, RSV and COVID-19. […] CDC uses data from emergency department visits to model epidemic trends. This model helps tell whether the number of new respiratory infections is growing or declining in your state. […] The epidemic trend is based on Rt, the time-varying reproductive number. Rt measures disease transmission. If Rt is above 1, the number of infections is growing because, on average, each infected person is causing more than one new infection; if Rt is below 1, it indicates that infections are declining. […] The map shows the Wastewater Viral Activity Level for states and territories in the United States. This metric indicates whether the amount of virus in the wastewater for specific respiratory illnesses is very low, low, moderate, high, or very high. Wastewater monitoring can detect viruses spreading from one person to another within a community earlier than clinical testing, and before people who are sick go to their doctor or hospital.
  • #68 Respiratory Disease Data – Epidemiology
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/respiratory-diseases-in-virginia/data/
    Respiratory disease surveillance involves monitoring a variety of data sources, including emergency department and urgent care visits, reported outbreaks, and laboratory results. This weekly report can help create a more complete picture of respiratory disease activity in Virginia. […] These data are from Virginias syndromic surveillance system, ESSENCE (Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics). […] The statewide respiratory illness activity level is calculated using a moving epidemic method to compare the ARI percent for the current season to previous respiratory seasons. […] Monitoring the number of deaths with COVID-19, flu, or RSV listed on the death certificate helps monitor the impact of severe illness and outcomes from respiratory viruses.
  • #69 Publications – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University
    https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/publications/index.html
    Cohen, S., (1999). Social status and susceptibility to respiratory infections. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 246-253. […] Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. Skoner, D. P. (2004). Childhood socioeconomic status and host resistance to infectious illness in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 553-558. […] Cohen, S., Alper, C., Doyle, W. J., Adler, N., Treanor, J., Turner, R. (2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychology, 27, 268-274. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 606-612. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1993). Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 131-140.
  • #70 Publications – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University
    https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/publications/index.html
    Cohen, S., (1999). Social status and susceptibility to respiratory infections. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 246-253. […] Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. Skoner, D. P. (2004). Childhood socioeconomic status and host resistance to infectious illness in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 553-558. […] Cohen, S., Alper, C., Doyle, W. J., Adler, N., Treanor, J., Turner, R. (2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychology, 27, 268-274. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 606-612. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1993). Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 131-140.
  • #71 Publications – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University
    https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/publications/index.html
    Cohen, S., (1999). Social status and susceptibility to respiratory infections. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 246-253. […] Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. Skoner, D. P. (2004). Childhood socioeconomic status and host resistance to infectious illness in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 553-558. […] Cohen, S., Alper, C., Doyle, W. J., Adler, N., Treanor, J., Turner, R. (2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychology, 27, 268-274. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 606-612. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1993). Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 131-140.
  • #72 Publications – The Common Cold Project – Carnegie Mellon University
    https://www.cmu.edu/common-cold-project/publications/index.html
    Cohen, S., (1999). Social status and susceptibility to respiratory infections. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 246-253. […] Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. Skoner, D. P. (2004). Childhood socioeconomic status and host resistance to infectious illness in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 553-558. […] Cohen, S., Alper, C., Doyle, W. J., Adler, N., Treanor, J., Turner, R. (2008). Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold. Health Psychology, 27, 268-274. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 606-612. […] Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1993). Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 131-140.
  • #73 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Common Cold Symptoms in Children: Results of an Internet-Based Surveillance Program
    https://www.jmir.org/2014/6/e144/
    The common cold is one of the most prevalent illnesses in the world. […] Owing to the high rate of incidence, especially among children, the common cold creates a significant economic and social burden. […] As part of an initiative to assess the safety and efficacy of cough and cold ingredients in children 6-11 years of age, a surveillance program was proposed as a means to identify and recruit pediatric subjects for participation in clinical studies. […] Engaging parents with a surveillance program was thought to be a way of generating a pool of potential patients for recruitment into a clinical study within the first 2 days of the appearance of cold symptoms. […] The results of this investigation suggest that Internet-based surveillance and recruitment can be useful tools to follow the natural history of colds in children and to enroll subjects in clinical studies of therapies for the treatment of cough and cold.
  • #74 Conquer the Common Cold | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
    https://www.fredhutch.org/en/research/divisions/vaccine-infectious-disease-division/research/infectious-disease-sciences/conquer-common-cold.html
    Help us understand why some people get sick from the common cold more than others. […] Rhinoviruses are responsible for causing 30-50% of common colds. […] This study will compare the immune response to the common cold (rhinovirus) between people who feel like they rarely have cold symptoms versus those who have them more often. […] We hope that by closely following the body’s specific immune responses in someone who has exposure to the common cold, we can better understand which responses may be required for a successful vaccine against the common cold. […] Study visits will be conducted by the Vaccine and Infectious Diseases research team. The Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division is a program of Fred Hutch and meet with study participants in the Fred Hutch Prevention Center.
  • #75 Identifying socio-ecological drivers of common cold in Bhutan: a national surveillance data analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-16069-7
    The common cold is a leading cause of morbidity and contributes significantly to the health costs in Bhutan. […] There were 2,480,509 notifications of common cold between 2010 and 2018. […] The finding highlights the influence of climatic variables on common cold and suggests that prioritizing control strategies for acute respiratory infection program to subdistricts and times of the year when climatic variables are associated with common cold may be an effective strategy. […] In Bhutan, the common cold is still considered a leading cause of morbidity, according to the Annual Health Bulletin of the Ministry of Health. […] However, there are limited studies at the national level on the trends and spatial distribution and factors that drive common cold in the country. […] The common cold is a seasonal illness and environmental factors play a crucial role in the transmission dynamics of the disease.
  • #76 In human cells and mice, a cure for the common cold, Stanford-UCSF study reports | News Center
    https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/09/in-human-cells-and-mice-a-cure-for-the-common-cold.html
    Colds, or noninfluenza-related upper respiratory infections, are for the most part a weeklong nuisance. They’re also the world’s most common infectious illness, costing the U.S. economy an estimated $40 billion a year. At least half of all colds are the result of rhinovirus infections. There are roughly 160 known types of rhinovirus, which helps to explain why getting a cold doesn’t stop you from getting another one a month later. Making matters worse, rhinoviruses are highly mutation-prone and, as a result, quick to develop drug resistance, as well as to evade the immune surveillance brought about by previous exposure or a vaccine. […] In a study published online Sept. 16 in Nature Microbiology, Carette and his associates found a way to stop a broad range of enteroviruses, including rhinoviruses, from replicating inside human cells in culture, as well as in mice. They accomplished this feat by disabling a protein in mammalian cells that all enteroviruses appear to need in order to replicate.
  • #77 How many common cold viruses in one place, in one season? – Virology Down Under
    https://virologydownunder.com/how-many-cold-viruses-in-one-place-in-one-season/
    Its important to know how many common cold viruses are causing infections for future vaccine developments. How many different viruses need to be covered by a vaccine for it to have a decent impact on preventing the illness? […] Surveillance of viruses is important to be sure a new genotype hasnt emerged to cause unexpected pathology. If such a new genotype had changes in its proteins, those might escape our immune systems memory of former infections, and we might find we have an epidemic of even a little old common cold virus on our hands.
  • #78 Respiratory Disease Data – Epidemiology
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/respiratory-diseases-in-virginia/data/
    Tracking trends to see where outbreaks are occurring can help inform public health practice. […] VDH uses the ACME code to identify the underlying cause of death. This means a death would only be counted once, and not twice if a person with COVID-19 had a coinfection of influenza. […] These data are sourced from the Virginia Outbreak Surveillance System (VOSS). VOSS is the surveillance system used to report, track, and manage outbreak investigations of reportable diseases or other health conditions in Virginia.
  • #79 Identifying socio-ecological drivers of common cold in Bhutan: a national surveillance data analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-16069-7
    The incidence of common cold declines with age with children experiencing more episodes with prolonged symptoms than adults. […] The common cold cases were spatially clustered in Mewang (under Thimphu District) and neighbouring subdistricts in the Western Region, probably related to similar geographical landscapes, and climatic and socio-demographic characteristics. […] The increasing trend in most of the sub-districts suggests that common cold will continue to be an important disease in Bhutan. […] The current study demonstrated a significant increase of colds due to increase in temperature. […] An increase in cases of respiratory infections in the aftermath of monsoon flooding has been quite common. […] The finding can be used to prioritize public health resources in areas and times of the year when climatic variables are associated with the transmission of common cold.
  • #80 How many common cold viruses in one place, in one season? – Virology Down Under
    https://virologydownunder.com/how-many-cold-viruses-in-one-place-in-one-season/
    Its important to know how many common cold viruses are causing infections for future vaccine developments. How many different viruses need to be covered by a vaccine for it to have a decent impact on preventing the illness? […] Surveillance of viruses is important to be sure a new genotype hasnt emerged to cause unexpected pathology. If such a new genotype had changes in its proteins, those might escape our immune systems memory of former infections, and we might find we have an epidemic of even a little old common cold virus on our hands.
  • #81 How many common cold viruses in one place, in one season? – Virology Down Under
    https://virologydownunder.com/how-many-cold-viruses-in-one-place-in-one-season/
    Its important to know how many common cold viruses are causing infections for future vaccine developments. How many different viruses need to be covered by a vaccine for it to have a decent impact on preventing the illness? […] Surveillance of viruses is important to be sure a new genotype hasnt emerged to cause unexpected pathology. If such a new genotype had changes in its proteins, those might escape our immune systems memory of former infections, and we might find we have an epidemic of even a little old common cold virus on our hands.
  • #82
    https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON550
    Chinas reported levels of acute respiratory infections, including hMPV, are within the expected range for the winter season with no unusual outbreak patterns reported. […] WHO recommends that individuals in areas where it is winter take normal precautions to prevent the spread and reduce risks posed by respiratory pathogens, especially to the most vulnerable. […] WHO advises Member States to maintain surveillance for respiratory pathogens through an integrated approach, considering country context, priorities, resources and capacities.
  • #83
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00145641
    With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. […] Although rhinoviruses are probably the world’s leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. […] Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. […] It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. […] Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. […] On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
  • #84
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00145641
    With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. […] Although rhinoviruses are probably the world’s leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. […] Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. […] It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. […] Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. […] On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
  • #85
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00145641
    With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. […] Although rhinoviruses are probably the world’s leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. […] Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. […] It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. […] Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. […] On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
  • #86
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00145641
    With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. […] Although rhinoviruses are probably the world’s leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. […] Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. […] It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. […] Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. […] On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
  • #87
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00145641
    With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. […] Although rhinoviruses are probably the world’s leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. […] Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. […] It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. […] Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. […] On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
  • #88 Coronaviruses (Common Cold Viruses) | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/coronaviruses/
    There are a number of viruses that can potentially cause the common cold, including rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus. […] Transmission occurs through person-to-person contact when an infected person coughs or sneezes and those respiratory secretions come in contact with another persons eyes, mouth, or nose. […] The best way to protect yourself from common cold viruses is proper hand hygiene, avoiding touching your face, and avoiding contact with sick individuals. […] It is very important for sick individuals to stay home from work or school, wash your hands, and cover your coughs and sneezes with your elbow to prevent further spread. […] There is no immunity to the common cold, as many people can experience symptoms several times within a year. […] The best way to prevent any respiratory infection is to avoid close contact with sick individuals, proper hand hygiene, and avoid touching your face (especially mouth, nose, and eyes). […] The best way a sick individual can prevent further spread is to stay home from school or work and cover their nose and mouth when sneezing and coughing, proper hand hygiene.
  • #89 Coronaviruses (Common Cold Viruses) | Disease Outbreak Control Division
    https://health.hawaii.gov/docd/disease_listing/coronaviruses/
    There are a number of viruses that can potentially cause the common cold, including rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus. […] Transmission occurs through person-to-person contact when an infected person coughs or sneezes and those respiratory secretions come in contact with another persons eyes, mouth, or nose. […] The best way to protect yourself from common cold viruses is proper hand hygiene, avoiding touching your face, and avoiding contact with sick individuals. […] It is very important for sick individuals to stay home from work or school, wash your hands, and cover your coughs and sneezes with your elbow to prevent further spread. […] There is no immunity to the common cold, as many people can experience symptoms several times within a year. […] The best way to prevent any respiratory infection is to avoid close contact with sick individuals, proper hand hygiene, and avoid touching your face (especially mouth, nose, and eyes). […] The best way a sick individual can prevent further spread is to stay home from school or work and cover their nose and mouth when sneezing and coughing, proper hand hygiene.
  • #90 Common Cold (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)
    https://patient.info/doctor/common-cold-coryza
    Adults have an average of two to three colds a year. Children have an average of five to six colds a year. Young children in nursery schools may average up to twelve colds per year. […] It should be noted that the introduction of non-pharmacological interventions for control of COVID-19 spread has been associated with a lower rate of other respiratory viruses across Europe. […] Adults who are in contact with young children have more colds than those who are not. […] Annual epidemics occur within the colder months in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. […] There are over 200 viruses which cause colds; many people with cold symptoms are found to be infected with several viruses at the same time.
  • #91 In human cells and mice, a cure for the common cold, Stanford-UCSF study reports | News Center
    https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/09/in-human-cells-and-mice-a-cure-for-the-common-cold.html
    Colds, or noninfluenza-related upper respiratory infections, are for the most part a weeklong nuisance. They’re also the world’s most common infectious illness, costing the U.S. economy an estimated $40 billion a year. At least half of all colds are the result of rhinovirus infections. There are roughly 160 known types of rhinovirus, which helps to explain why getting a cold doesn’t stop you from getting another one a month later. Making matters worse, rhinoviruses are highly mutation-prone and, as a result, quick to develop drug resistance, as well as to evade the immune surveillance brought about by previous exposure or a vaccine. […] In a study published online Sept. 16 in Nature Microbiology, Carette and his associates found a way to stop a broad range of enteroviruses, including rhinoviruses, from replicating inside human cells in culture, as well as in mice. They accomplished this feat by disabling a protein in mammalian cells that all enteroviruses appear to need in order to replicate.
  • #92 In human cells and mice, a cure for the common cold, Stanford-UCSF study reports | News Center
    https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/09/in-human-cells-and-mice-a-cure-for-the-common-cold.html
    The researchers observed a 1,000-fold reduction in a measure of viral replication inside human cells lacking SETD3, compared with controls. Knocking out SETD3 function in human bronchial epithelial cells infected with various rhinoviruses or with EV-D68 cut replication about 100-fold. […] „This gives us hope that we can develop a drug with broad antiviral activity against not only the common cold but maybe all enteroviruses, without even disturbing SETD3’s regular function in our cells,” Carette said.
  • #93 In human cells and mice, a cure for the common cold, Stanford-UCSF study reports | News Center
    https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/09/in-human-cells-and-mice-a-cure-for-the-common-cold.html
    The researchers observed a 1,000-fold reduction in a measure of viral replication inside human cells lacking SETD3, compared with controls. Knocking out SETD3 function in human bronchial epithelial cells infected with various rhinoviruses or with EV-D68 cut replication about 100-fold. […] „This gives us hope that we can develop a drug with broad antiviral activity against not only the common cold but maybe all enteroviruses, without even disturbing SETD3’s regular function in our cells,” Carette said.
  • #94 In human cells and mice, a cure for the common cold, Stanford-UCSF study reports | News Center
    https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/09/in-human-cells-and-mice-a-cure-for-the-common-cold.html
    The researchers observed a 1,000-fold reduction in a measure of viral replication inside human cells lacking SETD3, compared with controls. Knocking out SETD3 function in human bronchial epithelial cells infected with various rhinoviruses or with EV-D68 cut replication about 100-fold. […] „This gives us hope that we can develop a drug with broad antiviral activity against not only the common cold but maybe all enteroviruses, without even disturbing SETD3’s regular function in our cells,” Carette said.
  • #95 How many common cold viruses in one place, in one season? – Virology Down Under
    https://virologydownunder.com/how-many-cold-viruses-in-one-place-in-one-season/
    Its important to know how many common cold viruses are causing infections for future vaccine developments. How many different viruses need to be covered by a vaccine for it to have a decent impact on preventing the illness? […] Surveillance of viruses is important to be sure a new genotype hasnt emerged to cause unexpected pathology. If such a new genotype had changes in its proteins, those might escape our immune systems memory of former infections, and we might find we have an epidemic of even a little old common cold virus on our hands.

Zobacz więcej

przewlekłe zapalenie zatok epidemia enterowirus przeziębienie rinowirus adenowirus wirus RSV ciężka ostra infekcja dróg oddechowych opieka długoterminowa ostra infekcja dróg oddechowych koronawirus górne drogi oddechowe wirus RS choroba samoograniczająca się wirus paragrypy objawy grypopodobne wirus grypy zachorowalność choroba zakaźna czynnik etiologiczny objawy układu oddechowego odpowiedź immunologiczna interwencja niefarmakologiczna immunosupresja replikacja wirusowa