Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Perforated Eardrum – ENTSC

  https://www.entsc.com/perforated-eardrum/

  A perforated eardrum is a hole or rupture in the eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the ear canal and the middle ear. […] Most eardrum perforations heal spontaneously within weeks after rupture, although some may take up to several months. During the healing process the ear must be protected from water and trauma. […] The benefits of closing a perforation include prevention of water entering the ear while showering, bathing, or swimming (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing, and diminished tinnitus. […] Your doctor will advise you regarding the proper management of a perforated eardrum.

• #2 Ear Drum Perforation | ENT & Allergy Specialist

  https://ent-specialist.org/ear-drum-perforation/

  Most eardrum perforations heal on their own within weeks of rupture, although some may take several months to heal. […] During the healing process the ear must be protected from water and trauma. […] The benefits of closing a perforation include prevention of water entering the ear while showering, bathing, or swimming (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing, and diminished tinnitus. […] It also may prevent the development of cholesteatoma (skin cyst in the middle ear), which can cause chronic infection and destruction of ear structures.

• #3 Ruptured Eardrum: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15581-ruptured-eardrum-acutely-perforated-tympanic-membrane

  Protecting your ears is the best way to prevent ruptured eardrums. […] Protecting your ears goes a long way toward preventing a ruptured eardrum. Ways to protect your ears and eardrum include: […] Getting treatment for middle ear infections: Middle ear infection symptoms include earache, nasal congestion, fever and trouble hearing. Contact a healthcare provider if your symptoms last for more than a few days. […] Cleaning with care: Dont use cotton swabs or other objects to clean your ears its easy to rupture an eardrum, even with a cotton swab. Instead, gently wipe the outside of your ear with a clean finger or the end of a clean cloth. […] Avoiding airplane ear: Airplane ear is barotrauma. Barotrauma feels as if someone has stuffed your head with cotton. You may develop airplane ear while flying in an airplane. Sudden altitude changes when planes take off and land may affect your ears. You may be able to avoid airplane ear by yawning, chewing gum or wearing special earplugs that neutralize air pressure changes. […] Protecting your ears from explosive noise: You may rupture your eardrum if youre close to explosive noises like firing guns or explosives going off. Wear earplugs or other ear protection any time you think you could be exposed to explosive noise.

• #4 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/symptoms-causes/syc-20351879

  Follow these tips to avoid a ruptured (perforated) eardrum: […] Get treatment for middle ear infections. Be aware of the signs and symptoms of middle ear infection, including earache, fever, nasal congestion and reduced hearing. Children with middle ear infections often are fussy and may refuse to eat. Seek prompt evaluation from your provider to prevent potential damage to the eardrum. […] Protect your ears during flight. If possible, don’t fly if you have a cold or an active allergy that causes nasal or ear congestion. During takeoffs and landings, keep ears clear with pressure-equalizing earplugs, yawning or chewing gum. […] Keep your ears free of foreign objects. Never attempt to dig out excess or hardened earwax with items such as a cotton swab, paper clip or hairpin. These items can easily tear or puncture the eardrum. Teach your children about the damage that can be done by putting foreign objects in their ears. […] Guard against explosive noise. Avoid activities that expose the ears to explosions. If your hobbies or work involves planned activities that produce explosive noise, protect your ears from unnecessary damage by wearing protective earplugs or earmuffs.

• #5 Tympanic Membrane Perforation – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557887/

  Tympanic membrane rupture is generally unintentional, prevention tactics are limited. […] Patients should always be instructed not to use cotton tip swabs in an attempt to clean the ear, as this can cause direct trauma and perforation. […] Strict instructions should be provided against the use of cotton tip swabs for the prevention of TM rupture. […] Once the patient is found to have a tympanic membrane rupture, the most important take-home instruction is to keep the ear dry. […] If water enters the ear, it can be a nidus for AOM, causing increased complications.

• #6 Ruptured eardrum: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001038.htm

  DO NOT insert objects into the ear canal, even to clean it. Objects stuck in the ear should only be removed by a provider. Have ear infections treated right away.

• #7 Perforated Eardrum – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/perforated-eardrum-a-to-z

  There are several steps you can take to prevent a perforated eardrum: […] You can reduce the risk of a perforated eardrum by preventing middle ear infections. To help prevent infections, minimize certain environmental conditions — exposure to tobacco smoke and allergens — and avoid direct contact with people with a cold or flu. Children also can get immunizations against two common bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae) that cause middle ear infections. […] Do not insert cotton swabs into the ear canal during cleaning because this can tear the eardrum. […] If an object gets into your ear, have it removed by your doctor to minimize the risk of ear injury. Don’t try to take out the object yourself unless you can see it clearly, it is soft and you can remove it easily. […] Have all infections treated promptly to avoid complications.

• #8 Eardrum Rupture: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ruptured-eardrum

  There are multiple things that you can do to prevent future eardrum ruptures. […] Keep your ear dry to prevent further infection. […] Gently stuff your ears with cotton when you bathe to prevent water from entering the ear canal. […] Avoid swimming until your ear heals. […] If you get an ear infection, get it treated right away. […] Try to avoid flying in airplanes when you have a cold or sinus infection. […] Use earplugs, chew gum, or force a yawn to keep your ear pressure stabilized. […] Don’t use foreign objects to clean out extra earwax (showering every day is usually enough to keep your earwax levels balanced). […] Wear earplugs when you know that you’ll be exposed to a lot of noise, such as around loud machines or at concerts and construction sites. […] Eardrum ruptures can be easily prevented if you protect your hearing and avoid injury or putting objects in your ear.

• #9 Otitis Media (Acute) – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-and-tympanic-membrane-disorders/otitis-media-acute

  Routine childhood vaccination against pneumococci (with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine), H. influenzae type B, and influenza decreases the incidence of acute otitis media. […] Infants should not sleep with a bottle, and elimination of household smoking may decrease incidence. […] Prophylactic antibiotics are not recommended for children who have recurrent episodes of acute otitis media. […] Recurrent acute otitis media and recurrent serous otitis media may be prevented by the insertion of tympanostomy tubes.

• #10 Ruptured eardrum: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325543

  People should avoid inserting any objects into their ear, even to clean the ear, to prevent damage to the eardrum. […] If people have an ear infection, they should receive treatment as soon as possible to prevent it from worsening or resulting in a ruptured eardrum. Certain vaccinations, such as the flu jab or pneumococcal vaccination, can also lower the risk of getting ear infections in the first place. […] Avoiding smoking or secondhand smoke can also reduce a person’s risk of getting ear infections. […] The eustachian tubes must remain open so that a change in air or water pressure does not cause ear barotrauma. […] To help keep them open and relieve pressure on the eardrum when flying, people can try the following: swallowing frequently, chewing gum or sucking on a hard candy, yawning or opening the mouth wide, blocking the nostrils with the thumb and forefinger and gently breathing out through a closed mouth, using special earplugs that manufacturers have designed for flying.

• #11 Ruptured eardrum (Perforated eardrum) – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/ruptured-eardrum

  Avoid putting foreign objects into your ear. Objects such as a cotton swab or paper clip can puncture the eardrum. If required, clean the external area of the ears with a damp washcloth. […] Seek medical care if you develop fever, earache, and reduced hearing because these are signs of middle ear infections, which can cause damage to the eardrum. […] When traveling by plane, protect your ears with pressure-equalizing earplugs, chewing gum, or frequent yawning. Use the Valsalva maneuver by pinching your nose and closing your mouth while exhaling forcefully as if you are blowing your nose. […] Wear protective earmuffs or earplugs if your work involves exposure to high intensity noises, i.e., at a construction site.

• #12 Perforated Eardrum Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/perforated-eardrum

  You can take steps to help prevent ear damage. […] Tips for ear damage prevention: […] Treat ear infections immediately. The sooner you seek and get treatment for ear infections, the more you can prevent damage to your ear. Knowing the signs and symptoms of burst eardrums is important to prevention. […] Valsalva maneuver during airplane flights. The Valsalva maneuver is when you close your mouth, pinch your nose shut, and try to exhale. This maneuver helps equalize pressure in your ears when the cabin pressure changes. […] Avoid sticking objects into the ear. Inserting your finger, a pencil, a cotton swab, or any other foreign object into your ear can unintentionally cause damage. […] Use earplugs if exposed to repeated loud noise. Avoid exposing your eardrums to loud, explosive sounds. Activities such as listening to loud music, firing guns while hunting, and construction work can all injure your eardrum. If you do engage in activities that involve explosive sounds, wear ear protection such as earplugs.

• #13 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351884

  A ruptured (perforated) eardrum usually heals on its own within weeks. In some cases, healing takes months. Until your provider tells you that your ear is healed, protect it by: […] If you think that you have a ruptured eardrum, be careful to keep your ears dry to prevent infection. […] Don’t go swimming until your condition has been evaluated and discussed with your provider. To keep water out of the ear when showering or bathing, use a moldable, waterproof silicone earplug or put a cotton ball coated with petroleum jelly in the outer ear.

• #14 Otitis Externa: A Practical Guide to Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0301/p927.html/1000

  Any time the external auditory canal is cleaned and cerumen is removed, the canal becomes more vulnerable to infection. Therefore, if there has been any trauma, and especially if syringing has left the external auditory canal wet, use of an acidifying agent with hydrocortisone is a good prophylactic measure. […] If the cerumen is difficult to remove, a ceruminolytic agent such as Cerumenex or even a simple 4 percent baking soda solution should be used in the office to soften the cerumen first to avoid traumatizing the external auditory canal. […] Persons who swim frequently should use a barrier to protect their ears from water. However, impermeable ear plugs act as a local irritant and have been shown to predispose the ear canal to otitis externa. A tight-fitting bathing cap offers better protection.

• #14 Otitis Externa: A Practical Guide to Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0301/p927.html/1000

  Prevention of recurrence of otitis externa primarily consists of avoiding the many precipitants that have been discussed and treating any underlying chronic dermatologic disorders. This is particularly important for patients with unusually viscous cerumen, a narrowed external auditory canal or systemic allergies, especially in those who are immunosuppressed. Prevention is also important in patients who perspire excessively or participate in water sports regularly. […] After bathing or swimming, the external auditory canal should be dried using a hair dryer on the lowest heat setting. Acidifying drops can then be instilled. Some authors recommend combining the acidifying agent with alcohol drops (Swim Ear) to act as an astringent, but many physicians feel this is too irritating and prefer using Burow’s solution as the astringent (Star-Otic).

• #14 Otitis Externa: A Practical Guide to Treatment and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0301/p927.html/1000

  Patients with acute otitis externa should preferably abstain from water sports for at least seven to 10 days, although some authors would allow competitive swimmers to return after two or three days of treatment as long as all pain has resolved. Others would allow return with the use of well-fitting ear plugs. […] Discomfort limited to the external auditory canal is the most characteristic symptom. Thorough cleansing of the external auditory canal whenever possible is essential for diagnosis and treatment, but flushing should be avoided. […] Acidification with 2 percent acetic acid combined with hydrocortisone (VoSoL HC Otic) for inflammation is effective treatment in most cases and, when used after exposure to moisture, is an excellent prophylactic.

• #15 Traumatic Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-and-tympanic-membrane-disorders/traumatic-perforation-of-the-tympanic-membrane

  Prophylaxis with antibiotic ear drops is necessary if contaminants may have entered through the perforation as occurs in dirty injuries. […] Instruct patients to keep their ear dry during healing; topical or systemic antibiotics are unnecessary unless contamination is significant or infection develops.

• #16 Review article: Topical antibiotic treatments for acute otitis externa: Emergency care guidelines from an ear, nose and throat perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9293151/

  If there is a perforated tympanic membrane, aminoglycoside-containing medications should be avoided because of their potential to cause ototoxicity. […] The only current topical treatment without risk of ototoxicity is ciprofloxacin. […] Good ear hygiene after the fact using acidifying/astringent eardrops, or even alcohol-containing drops can hasten drying of the ear canal to prevent infection. […] Cottontip usage by patients is discouraged as this can damage the ear canal, impact cerumen and even cause tympanic membrane perforations. […] Ear syringing has similar complications and is not recommended.

• #17 Tympanic Membrane Rupture (Perforated Eardrum) – Divers Alert Network

  https://dan.org/health-medicine/health-resources/diseases-conditions/tympanic-membrane-rupture-perforated-eardrum/

  Eardrum rupture can be caused by descending without equalizing the pressure in the middle ear, a forceful Valsalva maneuver, an explosion, a blow to the ear or head, or acoustic trauma. […] Prevention: Do not dive when congested. […] Refrain from diving when feeling popping or crackling in your ears, or if you have a feeling of fullness in your ears after diving. […] Learn and use proper equalization techniques. […] Chronic perforations that do not heal are a contraindication to diving.

• #18 Chapter 2: Injuries – Divers Alert Network

  https://dan.org/health-medicine/health-resource/dive-medical-reference-books/ears-diving/ear-injuries/

  Tympanic membrane perforation is a tear of the eardrum, which can occur while scuba diving due to failed middle-ear pressure equalization. […] Do not dive with congestion. Maintain a comfortable rate of descent, and equalize as needed. […] Most perforated eardrums will heal spontaneously within a few weeks. […] If your physician feels the healing is solid and there is no evidence of Eustachian tube problems, you can return to diving within several months. Chronic perforations that do not heal are a contraindication to diving. […] Ensure the Eustachian tubes are functioning properly before diving by gently equalizing on the surface. […] Learn gentle but effective equalization techniques. Do not dive with congestion. […] Prior to diving, try equalizing on the surface to ensure Eustachian tube function is adequate.

• #19 Perforated Eardrum Treatment Novi | ENT Specialists

  https://www.entspecialistspc.com/ear-conditions/perforated-eardrum/

  Most Perforated Eardrums heal on their own within weeks of rupture, although some may take several months to heal. […] During the healing process the ear must be protected from water and trauma. […] The benefits of closing a perforation include prevention of water entering the ear while showering, bathing, or swimming (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing, and diminished tinnitus. […] It also may prevent the development of cholesteatoma (skin cyst in the middle ear), which can cause chronic infection and destruction of ear structures.

• #20 Perforated Eardrum – Lexington Clinic

  https://lexingtonclinic.com/services/associate-practices/kentucky-ear-nose-and-throat/patient-resources/perforated-eardrum

  A perforated eardrum is a hole or rupture in the eardrum, a thin membrane which separates the ear canal and the middle ear. […] During the healing process the ear must be protected from water and trauma. […] Closing a perforation allows for prevention of water entering the ear (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing and diminished tinnitus. […] Your physician will advise you regarding the proper management of a perforated eardrum.

• #21 Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum.html

  Preventing Eardrum Rupture […] In most cases, a perforated eardrum happens accidentally. However, you can take certain precautions to avoid damaging your eardrum, such as: […] Chewing gum, sucking on hard candy, or yawning while flying during takeoff and landing (if you usually feel pain or pressure on airplanes) […] […] Keeping objects and your fingers out of your ears, including cotton swabs (your ears naturally get rid of wax and clean themselves) […] […] Teaching your children to never put items inside their ears […] […] Treating ear infections promptly […] […] Wearing ear protection around loud noises. […] If you do experience a ruptured eardrum, make sure to keep your ear dry as it heals. Water inside your ear can lead to a middle ear infection (otitis media). Infection can cause more serious problems to develop, such as facial nerve paralysis (inability to move your face muscles) or permanent hearing loss. In very severe cases, infection can spread outside the ear to the neck or brain.

• #22 Perforated Eardrum

  https://www.connecthearing.ca/blog/hearing-health/perforated-eardrum/

  Because the ear has been exposed to potential damage and/or infection, its best to seek medical advice immediately regarding your perforated eardrum. […] Its imperative that you take good care of your ears and make sure not to handle them too roughly. Whether its minimising use of cotton buds when cleaning ears at home or limiting exposure to loud noises, every precautionary measure helps promote much better hearing health. […] Seeing your GP for treatment of conditions such as ear infections will help reduce the risk of bursting an eardrum. At the same time, when youre cleaning your ears, avoid putting anything in them this includes cotton buds. As a rule, dont insert anything smaller than your elbow into the ear. And if you get something stuck in there, seek medical assistance instead of attempting to remove it yourself. […] By following these simple steps, you can ensure that youre getting the right treatment for your perforated eardrum, or even avoiding a rupture altogether.

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