Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tympanic Membrane Perforation – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557887/

  Tympanic membrane perforation is when there is a tear in the tympanic membrane leading to a connection between the external auditory canal and the middle ear. This can be caused by infection, trauma, or rapid changes in pressure leading to sudden otalgia, otorrhea, tinnitus, and vertigo. […] Tympanic membrane perforation is when the tympanic membrane (TM) ruptures, creating a hole between the external and middle ear. The TM is a layer of cartilaginous connective tissue, with skin on the outer surface and mucosa covering the inner surface that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear and ossicles. The TM function is to aid in hearing by creating vibrations whenever struck by sound waves and transmitting those vibrations to the inner ear. When the tympanic membrane perforates, it may no longer create the vibrational patterns, leading to hearing loss in some instances.

• #2 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-eardrum/symptoms-causes/syc-20351879

  A ruptured (perforated) eardrum prevents the proper transmission of sound waves to the middle ear and leaves the middle ear vulnerable to infectious agents, water and other foreign substances. […] Causes of a ruptured (perforated) eardrum may include: […] Barotrauma is stress exerted on the eardrum when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure in the environment are out of balance. If the pressure is severe, the eardrum can rupture. […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum can allow bacteria to enter the ear. If a perforated eardrum doesn’t heal, a small number of people may be vulnerable to ongoing (recurrent or chronic) infections. […] A cyst in the middle ear provides a friendly environment for bacteria and contains proteins that can damage the bones of the middle ear.

• #3 Tympanic Membrane Perforation – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557887/

  The pathophysiology behind TM rupture depends on the etiology of the rupture itself. For instance, perforation secondary to barotrauma is related to large or rapid changes in pressure gradients between the middle and external ear. For example, with scuba diving, the pressure in the middle ear is unequal to the pressure in the external auditory canal, creating an air squeeze. The difference across the membrane can ultimately lead to eardrum rupture. […] Otitis media causes necrosis and ischemia of the TM leading breakdown and rupture. The most common region for rupture is in the central membrane, followed by the anterior central and posterior central regions, correlating to the pars tensa being most frequently injured, as noted above.

• #4 Eardrum Perforation – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation

  A perforation is a hole in the eardrum. […] Eardrum perforations are caused by middle ear infections and injuries. […] A middle ear infection (otitis media) is the most common cause of eardrum perforation that is not related to an injury. […] A perforation may occur when doctors irrigate the ear canal or remove a foreign object. […] An object that penetrates the eardrum can dislocate or fracture the chain of small bones (ossicles) that connect the eardrum to the inner ear. […] A blocked eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear and the back of the nose, may result in a perforation because the air pressure on either side of the eardrum is very different (barotrauma). […] The hearing loss is more severe if the chain of ossicles has been disrupted or the inner ear has been injured.

• #5 Eardrum Rupture: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ruptured-eardrum

  An eardrum rupture is a small hole or tear in your eardrum, or tympanic membrane. […] A ruptured eardrum is also called a perforated eardrum. In rare cases, this condition can cause permanent hearing loss. […] Ear infections are a common cause of eardrum rupture, especially in children. During an ear infection, fluids accumulate behind the eardrum. The pressure from the fluid buildup can cause the tympanic membrane to break or rupture. […] Other activities can cause pressure changes in the ear and lead to a perforated eardrum. This is known as barotrauma, and it mainly occurs when the pressure outside the ear is drastically different from the pressure inside the ear. […] Injuries can also rupture your eardrum. Any trauma to the ear or side of the head can cause a rupture. […] Acoustic trauma, or damage to the ear from extremely loud noises, can rupture your eardrum. However, these cases are not as common.

• #6 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-eardrum-perforated-eardrum

  A ruptured eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation) is a hole or tear in the thin tissue that separates the ear canal from the middle ear (eardrum). […] A ruptured (perforated) eardrum prevents the proper transmission of sound waves to the middle ear and leaves the middle ear vulnerable to infectious agents, water and other foreign substances. […] Causes of a ruptured (perforated) eardrum may include: Middle ear infection (otitis media). A middle ear infection often results in the accumulation of fluids in the middle ear. Pressure from these fluids can cause the eardrum to rupture. […] Barotrauma is stress exerted on the eardrum when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure in the environment are out of balance. If the pressure is severe, the eardrum can rupture. […] A loud sound or blast, as from an explosion or gunshot essentially an overpowering sound wave can rarely cause a tear in the eardrum.

• #7 Fungal otitis externa and tympanic membrane perforation: four-year experience at a Victorian hospital – Tan – Australian Journal of Otolaryngology

  https://www.theajo.com/article/view/4413/html

  Fungal otitis externa (FOE), also known as otomycosis, is a superficial infection of the skin of the external auditory canal due to fungal pathogens. Tympanic membrane perforation (TMP) due to FOE is a known but infrequently reported complication. The mechanism of perforation due to fungal infection has been attributed to mycotic thrombosis of vessels causing avascular necrosis of the tympanic membrane. The rate of TMP secondary to FOE was found to be between 0-16.67% in eight studies. The reported rate of persistent TMP ranged from 5.5-27% in three studies. Persistent TMP remains a common complication of FOE with acute TMP. The rate of persistent TMP in the chronic TMP group was significantly higher compared with the acute TMP group. This suggests that these groups represent different disease states. Those with chronic TMP or chronic suppurative otitis media may have impaired eustachian tube function, increased ear canal moisture or humidity or chronic use of antibacterial ear drops which predispose to fungal infection and persistent TMP. When TMP is due to FOE, it is likely to be of smaller size and is less likely to persist after infection has been successfully treated.

• #8 Perforated Eardrum Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/perforated-eardrum

  A perforated eardrum is when a hole forms in the thin membrane that sits in the middle of the ear canal. […] The most common cause of a perforated eardrum is an infection due to bacteria. […] An infection can lead to excess fluid collecting behind the eardrum, which puts pressure on the eardrum. Sometimes, this pressure intensifies and breaks the eardrum. […] When you experience major shifts in pressure, it can cause a rupture in your eardrum. This is called barotrauma. […] Any injury or trauma to your eardrum might also cause a rupture. […] Ruptured eardrums typically heal on their own within a few weeks, but in some cases may require additional treatment. […] If surgery is needed, your doctor might perform a procedure called a tympanoplasty. […] If the tear in your eardrum does not heal properly, you might experience complications. […] Most of the time, hearing loss is a temporary complication. However, specific factors such as location and size of the rupture impact the severity of the effects.

• #9 Perforated eardrum and eardrum repair — Mr Daniel Tweedie – Consultant Paediatric ENT Surgeon, London

  https://www.danieltweedie.com/perforated-eardrum

  A perforation of the eardrum can occur after an ear infection, often early in childhood, but sometimes later in life. Alternatively, an injury to the ear (such as a slap across the ear) can cause a perforation. […] Problems can arise when there is a hole in the eardrum, otherwise known as a perforation. The hole will allow water and debris to enter the middle ear, which can cause inflammation, infection and smelly discharge. Additionally, during colds, the lining of the middle ear can make quite a lot of mucus, which can then come out through the hole and become colonised with bacteria. In addition to the risk of ear infections, a hole in the eardrum will affect the efficiency of the eardrum in terms of transmitting sound through to the middle ear from outside. Generally speaking, the larger the hole, the more effect this will have on the hearing. Additionally, patients who have had ear infections may also have some mucus membrane adhesions and scarring in the middle ear, which can affect the vibrations of the ossicles, further reducing the hearing. Small numbers of patients may also have erosion of the ossicles as a result of previous infections, and so all of these factors have to be taken into account when assessing patients with eardrum perforations.

• #10 Middle Ear, Tympanic Membrane, Perforations: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858684-overview

  Tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs) can result from infection (acute or chronic) or trauma, or be secondary to otologic procedures (iatrogenic). Perforations can be temporary or chronic, and their effect varies with size, location on the drum surface, and the associated pathologic condition. Most TMPs are diagnosed using routine otoscopy. Medical therapy for perforations is directed at controlling otorrhea. […] Infection is one of the principal causes of TMPs. Acute otitis media may cause rupture of the drum and generally resolves following control of the infection. […] Chronic otitis media with perforation may be associated with a chronic draining ear or cholesteatoma. […] Traumatic perforations occur from blows to the ear, severe atmospheric overpressure, exposure to excessive water pressure (eg, in scuba divers), and improper attempts at wax removal or ear cleaning. Trauma from cotton swabs is a relatively common cause of perforation. Traumatic perforations often resolve spontaneously, particularly when associated with swab use.

• #11 Perforated eardrum – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforated_eardrum

  A perforated eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation) is a prick in the eardrum. It can be caused by infection (otitis media), trauma, overpressure (loud noise), inappropriate ear clearing, and changes in middle ear pressure. […] A perforated eardrum can have one of many causes, such as: Infection (otitis media). This infection may then spread through the middle ear and may reoccur. […] Some perforations require surgical intervention. This may take the form of a paper patch to promote healing (a simple procedure by an ear, nose and throat specialist), or surgery (tympanoplasty). […] The objective of the surgery is to provide a platform of sort to support the regrowth and healing of the tympanic membrane in the two weeks post-surgery period. […] The success of surgery is variable based on the cause of perforation and the technique being used. Predictors of success include traumatic perforation, dry ear, and central perforations. Predictors of failure includes young age and poor Eustachian tube function. […] Hearing is usually recovered fully, but chronic infection over a long period may lead to permanent hearing loss.

• #12 Tips for Protecting Against a Perforated Eardrum | Palmetto ENT & Allergy | Blog

  https://palmettoentallergy.com/tips-for-protecting-against-a-perforated-eardrum/

  A perforated or ruptured eardrum is a hole or tear in the tissue separating the ear canal from the middle ear. […] Ear infections occur when fluid accumulates in the middle ear and becomes infected. Pressure from the fluid can cause the eardrum to perforate. […] Similar to how loud noise exposure can damage the hair cells in your ear and lead to hearing loss, hazardous sounds can cause a physical tear or perforation in the eardrum. […] Ear barotrauma occurs when there is a dramatic change in the air pressure in the middle ear, and air pressure in the environment around you. […] Severe cases can result in a perforated eardrum.

• #13 Spontaneous healing of the tympanic membrane after traumatic perforation in rats | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-spontaneous-healing-tympanic-membrane-after-S1808869414000329

  The most common etiologies of tympanic membrane perforation are infections and trauma. […] The objective of the present study was to assess the healing of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation in rats. […] Tympanic membrane closure occurred at about 710 days after injury and the healing process was complete by day 14. […] The spontaneous healing process of the tympanic membrane starts from the outer epithelial layer, with later healing of the lamina propria and the mucosal layer. […] After the perforation, the healing process of the TM is typically described as occurring in three distinct phases, but temporally overlapping: inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling. […] The epithelial layer was the first to close the TM, which does not make the events in the other layers less important.

• #14 Spontaneous healing of the tympanic membrane after traumatic perforation in rats | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-spontaneous-healing-tympanic-membrane-after-S1808869414000329

  Due to the morphological characteristics of the TM, the squamous epithelium of the TM outer layer would be initially responsible for the perforation closure, with the formation of an epithelial bridge over the lesion and only subsequently there would be the restoration of the fibrous tissue of the middle layer and mucosal layer tissue. […] The lamina propria is responsible for the fibroelastic characteristics of the TM, such as vibration capacity for sound transmission and middle ear protection. […] However, it is possible that such neomembranes do not have the ideal characteristics of sound transmission or the fibroelastic structural characteristics which enable withstanding air pressure variations, such as barotrauma or tubal dysfunction due to its weaker than usual structure, caused by deficient formation of the fibrous layer.

• #15 The perforated tympanic membrane – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1558052/

  Tympanic membrane perforations typically result from trauma or acute otitis media. […] A history of vertigo, nausea and vomiting and an audiogram showing a conductive hearing loss of more than 30 dB suggest disruption of the ossicular chain. […] Profound sensorineural loss may signify inner ear nerve damage. […] Most small perforations resolve spontaneously. […] Oral and topical antibiotics may be prescribed for perforations related to acute otitis media. […] Otolaryngologic referral may be necessary to evaluate traumatic perforations associated with vertigo or significant hearing loss, perforations from chronic otitis media or perforations from acute otitis media that do not heal within one month.

• #16 Perforated Eardrum Treatment Novi | ENT Specialists

  https://www.entspecialistspc.com/ear-conditions/perforated-eardrum/

  A hole or rupture in the eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the ear canal and the middle ear, is called a perforated eardrum. […] The causes of a perforated eardrum are usually from trauma or infection. […] Middle ear infections may cause pain, hearing loss, and spontaneous rupture (tear) of the eardrum, resulting in a perforation. […] Most Perforated Eardrums heal on their own within weeks of rupture, although some may take several months to heal. […] Usually the size of the perforation determines the level of hearing loss a larger hole will cause greater hearing loss than a smaller hole. […] If severe trauma (e.g., skull fracture) dislocates the bones in the middle ear which transmit sound, or injures the inner ear structures, hearing loss may be severe. […] Chronic infection as a result of the perforation can cause persistent or progressive hearing loss.

• #17 Perforated eardrum and eardrum repair — Mr Daniel Tweedie – Consultant Paediatric ENT Surgeon, London

  https://www.danieltweedie.com/perforated-eardrum

  If the perforation has been present for quite a long time, it is more likely that the edges of this will scar over, meaning that the skin cant grow back across the hole to seal it. In these cases, it is unlikely that the perforation will close on its own, and so we may then consider an operation to repair it. This is called a myringoplasty or tympanoplasty. This has the aim of closing the perforation so that the eardrum is intact again, protecting the middle ear from water and debris, so reducing the risks of further infections. Additionally, there may be a possibility of improving the hearing by making the eardrum more efficient, although this is not guaranteed, as the hearing may be affected by other factors, as described above. […] The eardrum normally forms an intact barrier to protect the middle ear structures. A hole in the eardrum is like having a window open in a car: it is certainly possible to make many journeys with a car window open without any problems. However, if one is unlucky, water and dirt may be splashed through the open car window, causing damage to the contents. The same sort of thing may occur with a hole in the eardrum. […] The main aim of eardrum perforation repair is to provide an intact eardrum, allowing swimming and other activities without further ear infections. The second aim is to improve hearing, although, for reasons discussed above, this is less easy to guarantee.

• #18 What is a Perforated Eardrum? | Barrow Neurological InstituteGroup 9Group 49Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/perforated-eardrum/

  A perforated eardrum, also known as a tympanic membrane perforation, is a hole or tear in the eardrum. The eardrum is a membrane-thin but resilient structure that serves two purposes in the human ear. […] Left untreated, a perforation may continue to grow. This can increase the risk of infection, hearing loss, and permanent ear damage. […] However, perforations that constitute more than 10-15% of the eardrum surface are both unlikely to heal and more prone to complications. […] Eardrums can develop holes from a variety of different causes. These may include: ear infections, penetrating trauma (foreign objects), pressure waves/blast injuries, otherwise beneficial medical treatments, like ear tubes for children.

• #19 Perforated Eardrum – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/perforated-eardrum-a-to-z

  Most perforated eardrums heal in a few weeks. Some take up to two months. […] If the ear gets infected during the healing phase, the perforation is less likely to close on its own. […] Larger tears, or tears that do not heal on their own, may require surgery. […] You can reduce the risk of a perforated eardrum by preventing middle ear infections. […] If the hole is small, your doctor may allow it to heal on its own, and may have you take antibiotics to prevent infection while the eardrum heals. […] If your eardrum has not healed after two months, your doctor may recommend a surgery called tympanoplasty, which involves using tissue from another area to patch the eardrum. […] The outlook is excellent. Most perforated eardrums heal within two months without complications. Hearing loss is usually temporary, though some people experience some level of permanent hearing loss. […] Occasionally, a chronic (long-lasting) infection may cause the perforation to become permanent along with some degree of hearing loss.

• #20 The Healing Process of a Perforated Eardrum

  https://www.okoa.org/articles/the-healing-process-of-a-perforated-eardrum

  When a hole or tear develops into this skin flap in the ear, a perforated or broken tree ensues. […] A medium ear infection is one of the most prevalent causes of perforated tree, which can cause the tree to break up by the build-up of fluids that exert pressure on the tree. […] Sometimes a broken eardrum may occur as a result of atmospheric pressure fluctuations contrasted with air pressure in your ear. […] When there is a serious imbalance like flying in an aero plane or diving, the eardrum may break down. […] Head trauma, injuries or items are in the ear and even loud noises can potentially break a bark. […] If the pressure builds up and you do not consult a doctor for treatment, the eardrum can explode. […] When the eardrum bursts, you can see immediate pain relief. […] It is not unusual for the ruptured eardrum to change the hearing; but, with correct attention and treatment by qualified ENT, the hearing should get back when the eardrum has entirely healed. […] Some things may impede the process of healing. […] It is crucial that the ear is not wet and guard against further harm during recovery.

• #21 Eardrum Perforation | Coastal Carolina Otolaryngology

  https://ccoasc.com/ent/eardrum-perforation/

  Eardrum perforation is a hole or rupture in the eardrum. This tear occurs in the membrane separating your outer ear from your inner ear. […] A rupture or perforation creates a hole in the tympanic membrane. This impairs its ability to vibrate, which can contribute to a loss of hearing and may allow bacteria to enter the ear and cause an ear infection (otitis media). […] Eardrum perforations are most often caused by: Infection. Middle ear infections cause a buildup of pressure that may result in a ruptured eardrum. […] Chronic Eustachian tube problems can weaken the eardrum, making it more prone to perforation. […] A perforated tympanic membrane produces a flat test response and may cause conductive hearing loss.

• #22 Perforated Eardrum , ENT Consultant London MR Kiran Jumani – Ear nose and throat specialist

  https://www.entconsultantlondon.co.uk/symptoms/ear-problems/perforated-eardrum/

  A perforated eardrum is a hole or rupture in the eardrum, a thin membrane that separates the ear canal and the middle ear. […] The causes of perforated eardrum are usually from trauma or infection. […] Middle ear infections may cause pain, hearing loss, and spontaneous rupture (tear) of the ear-drum resulting in a perforation. […] Most eardrum perforations heal spontaneously within weeks after rupture, although some may take up to several months. […] Usually, the larger the perforation, the greater the loss of hearing. […] If the perforated eardrum is due to a sudden traumatic or explosive event, the loss of hearing can be great and ringing in the ear (tinnitus) may be severe. […] The benefits of closing a perforation include prevention of water entering the ear while showering, bathing, or swimming (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing, and diminished tinnitus. […] There are a variety of surgical techniques, but all basically place tissue across the perforation allowing healing. The name of this procedure is called tympanoplasty.

• #23 Middle Ear, Tympanic Membrane, Perforations: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/858684-overview

  Many tympanic membrane perforations resolve spontaneously. At times, a perforation heals with a thin membrane consisting only of mucosal and squamous epithelial layers, without a fibrous middle layer. Such a neomembrane may be so thin that it is mistaken for an existing perforation instead of a healed one. […] If bacteria-contaminated water enters the ear canal, the presence of a perforation renders the ear more susceptible to infection. Water precautions are therefore recommended, particularly for large perforations, including the use of earplugs while swimming and avoidance of submerging the head in water when possible. […] A study by Park et al indicated that perforation size and pneumatization of the middle ear and mastoid affect the degree of conductive hearing loss in cases of tympanic membrane perforation. […] The conductive hearing loss resulting from a TMP appears to be greater at lower frequencies. It increases as the perforation size grows and the volume of the middle-ear and mastoid air space decreases but does not change with location.

• #24 Eardrum Perforation | Lake Jackson ENT & Med Spa

  https://lakejacksonent.com/ear/eardrum-perforation/

  An eardrum perforation is defined as a hole or rupture in the eardrum. Known medically as a tympanic membrane rupture, this tear occurs in the membrane separating your outer ear from your inner ear. A perforation can lead to a middle ear infection and possible hearing loss, though in many cases it will heal on its own without medical treatment. […] A perforation can disrupt both important functions. […] When an eardrum is ruptured it can allow bacteria to enter the ear and cause an ear infection (otitis media). A rupture or perforation can also create a hole; just like a drumhead is worse at carrying sound with a hole in it, your tympanic membrane is too. This is the reason a rupture can contribute to a loss of hearing. […] A perforated eardrum can allow bacteria to enter the ear. If the perforation doesn’t heal, a small number of people are subject to recurrent ear infections. […] A perorated tympanic membrane produces a flat test response and typically cause a 20 30-dB conductive hearing loss.

• #25 Ruptured eardrum – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ruptured-eardrum

  A ruptured eardrum is an opening or hole in the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin piece of tissue that separates the outer and middle ear. Damage to the eardrum may harm hearing. […] Ear infections may cause a ruptured eardrum. This occurs more often in children. The infection causes pus or fluid to build up behind the eardrum. As the pressure increases, the eardrum may break open (rupture). […] Repair of the eardrum might be needed for larger holes or ruptures or if the eardrum does not heal on its own. This can be done either in the office or under anesthesia. […] The opening in the eardrum most often heals by itself within 2 months if it is a small hole. […] Hearing loss will be short-term if the rupture heals completely.

• #26 Eardrum Perforation – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation

  A persistent conductive hearing loss occurring after perforation of the eardrum suggests disruption or immobility of the ossicles, which may be repaired surgically. […] A sensorineural hearing loss or vertigo that persists for more than a few hours after the injury suggests that something has injured or penetrated the inner ear.

• #27 Ruptured Eardrum: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15581-ruptured-eardrum-acutely-perforated-tympanic-membrane

  Your eardrum is a flexible membrane that separates your outer ear from your middle ear. You can rupture your eardrum if you have a severe middle ear infection or you injure or damage your eardrum. A ruptured eardrum may affect your hearing and sense of balance. […] A ruptured eardrum is an easy target for bacteria that cause ear infections (otitis media). […] In some instances, a ruptured eardrum maybe a serious health issue if the hole or tear in your ear doesnt heal on its own. […] Middle ear infections are the most common reason for ruptured eardrums. […] You may develop ear barotrauma if your Eustachian tube is blocked or irritated. When that happens, air is trapped between your eardrum and your middle ear, increasing the chance your eardrum may rupture when theres a change in air pressure.

• #28 Perforated / Ruptured Eardrum Treatment & Care | AAENT – Annapolis & Severna Park, MD

  https://aaentmd.com/ent/perforated-ruptured-eardrum/

  Your eardrum is a thin membrane that lies between your ear canal and middle ear. […] When this membrane develops a small hole or tear, it is known as a perforated eardrum (ruptured eardrum, tympanic membrane perforation). […] Perforated / Ruptured eardrums are generally the result of an injury, infection, or chronic ear disorder. Potential causes include: pushing an object too far into the ear canal, extremely loud sounds, head trauma, middle ear infection, or barotrauma caused by air pressure. A perforated eardrum can cause your hearing to be temporarily or permanently lost, and you should see your ENT specialist as soon as possible. […] The eardrum acts as a barrier, protecting the middle ear from external factors like water and foreign objects. A rupture compromises this barrier, increasing the risk of infections. It also affects hearing since the eardrum is instrumental in translating sound waves into signals the brain can interpret. For those engaged in water activities or those exposed to noisy environments, a perforated eardrum can significantly affect their quality of life. […] Your exact treatment will depend on the cause of the perforation, as well as the extent of the damage. Certain perforations may be able to heal on their own, while others may require treatment with antibiotics, patching, or surgery.

• #29 Eardrum Perforation | Eastern Oklahoma Ear, Nose & Throat, Inc.

  https://eoent.com/ent/eardrum-perforation/

  Eardrum perforation is a hole or rupture in the eardrum. This tear occurs in the membrane separating your outer ear from your inner ear. […] A rupture or perforation creates a hole in the tympanic membrane. This impairs its ability to vibrate, which can contribute to a loss of hearing and may allow bacteria to enter the ear and cause an ear infection (otitis media). […] Eardrum perforations are most often caused by: Infection. Middle ear infections cause a buildup of pressure that may result in a ruptured eardrum. […] Eustachian tube disorders. Chronic Eustachian tube problems can weaken the eardrum, making it more prone to perforation.

• #30 Tympanic Membrane Perforation | Otolaryngology⁠ — Head & Neck Surgery | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/ohns/OHNS-healthcare/earinstitute/conditions-and-services/conditions/tympanic-membrane-perforation.html

  Sometimes, the size of the hole in the eardrum is fixed, but sometimes it can grow with time and lead to a larger amount of hearing loss. Eardrum holes are also at risk for causing skin cysts (cholesteatomas), at the edge of the hole. […] Some small ruptures of the eardrum may heal on their own with time. Larger holes may require surgery to close, especially if they are causing significant hearing loss or recurrent ear drainage and infections. Surgery entails grafting tissue from around the ear to patch the hole.

• #31 Perforated Eardrum – Lexington Clinic

  https://lexingtonclinic.com/services/associate-practices/kentucky-ear-nose-and-throat/patient-resources/perforated-eardrum

  Usually, the larger the perforation, the greater the loss of hearing. The location of the hole (perforation) in the eardrum also effects the degree of hearing loss. If severe trauma (e.g. skull fracture) disrupts the bones in the middle ear which transmit sound or causes injury to the inner ear structures, the loss of hearing may be quite severe. […] Before attempting any correction of the perforation, a hearing test should be performed. Closing a perforation allows for prevention of water entering the ear (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing and diminished tinnitus. It also may prevent the development of cholesteatoma (skin cyst in the middle ear), which can cause chronic infection and destruction of ear structures. […] If your physician feels that a paper patch will not provide prompt or adequate closure of the hole in the eardrum, or attempts with paper patching do not promote healing, surgery is considered. There are a variety of surgical techniques, but basically all place tissue across the perforation allowing healing (tympanoplasty). Surgery is typically successful in closing the perforation permanently and improving hearing and is performed on an outpatient basis.

• #32 Ruptured eardrum (perforated eardrum) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-eardrum-perforated-eardrum

  A ruptured (perforated) eardrum can allow bacteria to enter the ear. If a perforated eardrum doesn’t heal, a small number of people may be vulnerable to ongoing (recurrent or chronic) infections. […] A cyst in the middle ear provides a friendly environment for bacteria and contains proteins that can damage the bones of the middle ear. […] If the tear or hole in the eardrum doesn’t heal by itself, treatment will likely involve procedures to close the tear or hole. These may include: Eardrum patch. If the tear or hole in the eardrum doesn’t close on its own, an ENT specialist may seal it with a paper patch (or a patch made of other material). […] Surgery. If a patch doesn’t result in proper healing or your ENT doctor determines that the tear isn’t likely to heal with a patch, he or she may recommend surgery. […] Tympanoplasty. Your surgeon grafts a patch of your own tissue to close the hole in the eardrum.

• #33 Spontaneous healing of the tympanic membrane after traumatic perforation in rats | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-spontaneous-healing-tympanic-membrane-after-S1808869414000329

  To prevent the occurrence of atrophic membranes due to lamina propria deficiency, treatments that increase fibroblast activity and collagen production may be interesting to provide better organization of the lamina propria. […] Evaluating the normal healing process of the TM in rats, we concluded that the spontaneous healing process is initiated by the TM outer epithelial layer, with subsequent closure of the lamina propria and mucosal layer.

• #34 Quick Facts:Eardrum Perforation – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation

  An eardrum perforation is a hole in your eardrum. It’s also called a ruptured eardrum. […] Ear infections are the most common cause of eardrum perforations. […] Causes of an eardrum perforation include: An ear infection, A sudden change in pressure (such as from an explosion, a slap on your ear, diving underwater, or flying in an airplane), Poking something into your ear (such as a cotton swab or pencil). […] An ear infection that perforates actually relieves the pain of the ear infection. An ear infection is painful because fluid or pus builds up behind your eardrum. When your eardrum gets a hole in it (perforates), the fluid drains out, lessening your pain. […] If water or dirt gets through the perforation, you might get an ear infection. […] Doctors can see an eardrum perforation by looking in your ear with a handheld light. Sometimes, doctors do a hearing test to see if the perforation affected your hearing. […] Many perforations heal on their own. If your eardrum doesn’t heal within 2 months or if you had a severe ear injury, you may need surgery to repair your eardrum.

• #35 Perforated Eardrum | Denver, Lone Tree & Castle Rock, CO AOO | ENT Specialists of the Rockies

  https://www.denvercoloradoearnosethroatallergysinusdoctors.com/ent/ear/perforated-eardrum/

  A perforated or ruptured eardrum is a condition in which a hole forms in the sensitive, thin tissue of the eardrum. […] A hole or tear can result in middle ear complications. […] Because the eardrum is responsible for transmitting sound waves into the middle ear through vibration, a punctured eardrum may not transmit as efficiently as a healthy one, resulting in hearing loss. […] An eardrum perforation can also result in recurrent ear infections and an increased susceptibility to infections. […] There are several potential causes for ruptured eardrums. […] One of the most common causes is trauma or injury. […] Another type of trauma is called barotrauma, or trauma related to pressure differentials. […] When this differential pressure is severe, an immense amount of force is placed on the eardrum, which could lead to a rupture.

• #36 Eardrum Injuries (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/eardrums.html

  A perforated eardrum is a tear or hole in the ear’s tympanic membrane (the eardrum). […] A ruptured eardrum can’t vibrate as well as it should. This can cause a hearing problem, which often is temporary. […] Many things can tear an eardrum, such as: […] Sudden pressure changes (barotraumas). Most of the time, the air pressure in the middle ear and the pressure in the environment are in balance. But things like flying in an airplane, driving on a mountain road, or scuba diving can cause a sudden change in pressure that can rupture an eardrum. […] Loud noises (acoustic trauma). Very loud noises, like an explosion, can create sound waves strong enough to damage the eardrum. […] Ear infections. An infection of the middle ear or inner ear can cause pus or fluid buildup behind the eardrum. This can make the eardrum burst open.

• #37 Perforated Eardrum

  https://www.connecthearing.ca/blog/hearing-health/perforated-eardrum/

  A perforated eardrum is when the thin, oval layer of tissue deep in the ear canal which helps protect the delicate middle and inner ear from the outside bursts. This can happen for several reasons, but the results are usually the same: ear pain and temporary hearing loss. […] There are many reasons why the eardrum can perforate. From fluid build-up to foreign objects, they rupture at the slightest change in their environment. […] Only medical examination will rule out any issues related to a ruptured eardrum. You should get yourself checked over as soon as possible, lest treatment be required for persistent, escalating symptoms. […] Effective handling of a perforated eardrum depends on the following action points: Diagnosis: The first step to any successful treatment plan is diagnosis. Using a magnifying instrument known as an otoscope, your GP will be able to identify any tears or holes in the eardrum.

• #38 Traumatic TM perforation — entsho.com

  https://entsho.com/traumatic-tm

  Tympanic membrane perforations commonly arise as a result of blunt force trauma to the external ear canal (eg road traffic collision; blow to side of head). There can also be penetrating trauma (cotton buds, iatrogenic injury during microsuction) and barotrauma (explosions, scuba diving). Patients may present with otalgia, hearing loss, aural fullness, tinnitus and serosanguinous discharge. […] For any patients with cranial nerve palsy, fluctuating GCS or other neurological signs, consider the need for a CT brain/temporal bones. Depending on the result, you may need to involve the ENT or neurosurgical registrars. […] Non-healing perforations in the presence of persistent hearing loss or recurrent infections may require surgical repair (myringoplasty).

• #39 Perforated Eardrum: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/hearing-problems/perforated-eardrum

  Barotrauma. This occurs when there is a sudden change in air pressure, creating a sharp difference between the air pressure outside the ear and in the middle ear, for example, when descending in an aircraft or whilst scuba diving. […] A small operation may be required to treat a perforated drum that does not heal by itself. Various techniques can be used to repair the eardrum, depending on how severe the damage is. This operation may be called a myringoplasty (repair of the perforated eardrum only) or a tympanoplasty (repair of perforated eardrum and inspection of the middle ear bones, the ossicles). These operations are usually successful in fixing the perforation and improving hearing.

• #40 Perforated Ear Drum | Indianapolis, IN | Midwest Ear Institute

  https://midwestear.com/services/perforated-ear-drum/

  Chronic infection as a result of the perforation can cause longer lasting or worsening hearing loss. […] Eardrum perforations that do not heal on their own may require more extensive surgery called a tympanoplasty. […] The benefits of closing a perforation include prevention of water entering the middle ear while showering, bathing, or swimming (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing, and lessened tinnitus. […] It also may prevent the development of cholesteatoma (skin cyst in the middle ear), which can cause chronic infection and destruction of ear structures.

• #41 Perforated Eardrum | Ascentist

  https://ascentist.com/resources/patient-health/perforated-eardrum/

  The benefits of closing a perforation include prevention of water entering the middle ear while showering, bathing, or swimming (which could cause ear infection), improved hearing, and lessened tinnitus. […] If the perforation is very small, an otolaryngologist (your ear, nose and throat physician) may choose to observe the perforation over time to see if it will close on its own. […] Usually, with closure of the eardrum, hearing is improved. […] There are a variety of options for treatment, but most involve placing a patch across the perforation to allow healing. The name of this procedure is tympanoplasty. […] Surgery is typically quite successful in repairing the perforation, bringing back or improving hearing, and is often done in the physician’s office.

• #42 Ruptured Eardrum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/ear-nose-and-throat/ruptured-eardrum.html

  A ruptured eardrum is when theres a hole in your eardrum (the thin tissue between your ear canal and your middle ear). This condition is also called perforated eardrum or tympanic membrane perforation. […] Conditions such as cholesteatoma, Eustachian tube dysfunction, and ear infections can weaken your eardrum tissue. The tissue wears down over time, which makes it more likely to tear. […] Hearing loss from a perforated eardrum is usually temporary. In severe cases, the rupture may lead to chronic (long-term) ear infections. Repeated ear infections can damage the structures of your middle and inner ear, increasing your risk for lasting hearing loss.

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