Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium that is commonly found in the gut of humans and warm-blooded animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless. Some strains however, such as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), can cause severe foodborne disease. It is transmitted to humans primarily through consumption of contaminated foods, such as raw or undercooked ground meat products, raw milk, and contaminated raw vegetables and sprouts. […] E. coli O157:H7 is transmitted to humans primarily through consumption of contaminated foods, such as raw or undercooked ground meat products and raw milk. Faecal contamination of water and other foods, as well as cross-contamination during food preparation (with beef and other meat products, contaminated surfaces and kitchen utensils), will also lead to infection.

• #2 Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203472-overview

  E coli is the leading cause of both community-acquired and nosocomial UTI. Up to 50% of females eventually experience at least 1 episode of UTI, and up to 10% of post-menopausal individuals report having a UTI within the past year. E coli causes 12-50% of nosocomial infections and 4% of cases of diarrheal disease. […] E coli is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea. The attack rate is 10-40% among travelers. Worldwide, ETEC causes 30-60% of all cases of traveler’s diarrhea and is the most isolated pathogen. EAEC also has been implicated, but less frequently. […] E coli neonatal meningitis carries a mortality rate of up to 10%, and most survivors have neurological or developmental abnormalities. […] The mortality and morbidity associated with E coli bacteremia is the same as that for other aerobic gram-negative bacilli.

• #3 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli Bacteremia: A Systematic Literature Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32406495/

  Escherichia coli is the most common cause of bacteremia in high-income countries. To enable the development and implementation of effective prevention strategies, a better understanding of the current epidemiology of invasive E. coli infections is needed. […] During the studied time interval, the estimated incidence rate of E. coli bacteremia was 48 per 100 000 person-years, but this increased considerably with age: rates per 100 000 person-years were 100 in 55-to-75-year-olds and 300 in 75-to-85-year-olds. Overall, E. coli accounted for 27% of documented bacteremia episodes: 18% if hospital acquired, 32% if community-onset healthcare associated, and 33% if community acquired. The estimated case fatality rate was 12%. Approximately 44% of episodes were community acquired, 27% community-onset healthcare associated, and 27% hospital acquired. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was the primary source for 53% of episodes. […] This systematic review confirms the substantial burden of E. coli bacteremia in older adults and justifies the implementation of community-level programs to prevent E. coli bacteremia and ideally UTI in this age group.

• #4 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 outbreaks (2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. Transmission route for 183 (52%) was foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 31 (9%) waterborne, 11 (3%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21%) outbreaks, produce.

• #5 DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln

  https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publichealthresources/73/

  Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. […] We reviewed E. coliO157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coliO157. E. coli O157 outbreaks (2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. […] Transmission route for 183 (52%) was foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 31 (9%) waterborne, 11 (3%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21%) outbreaks, produce.

• #6 Escherichia coli (e Coli 0157 H7) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507845/

  E. coliO157: H7 causes an estimated 63,000 hemorrhagic colitis cases annually in the United States. Review of database and studies from 10 out of 14 world health organizations subregions showed the global incidence ofE. colito be 2.8 million cases per year. […] E. coli0157: H7-induced HUS has become an important etiology of acute renal failure in children over the last two decades. WhileE. coli0157: H7 causes diarrheal illness in both children and adults, systemic complications occur more frequently in children. In adults,E. coli0157: H7 colitis can occasionally cause HUS and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Outbreaks ofE. coli 0157: H7 typically occur sporadically in outbreaks with exposure to contaminated food sources.

• #7 Surveillance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) infection – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/e-coli/surveillance-e-coli.html

  Verotoxigenic (VTEC) E. coli, a type of E. coli that causes human illness, is nationally notifiable in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness. These include: FoodNet Canada, the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. […] In recent years, approximately 474 cases of VTEC O157 infection have been reported annually in Canada.

• #8 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli Bacteremia: A Systematic Literature Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32406495/

  Escherichia coli is the most common cause of bacteremia in high-income countries. To enable the development and implementation of effective prevention strategies, a better understanding of the current epidemiology of invasive E. coli infections is needed. […] During the studied time interval, the estimated incidence rate of E. coli bacteremia was 48 per 100 000 person-years, but this increased considerably with age: rates per 100 000 person-years were 100 in 55-to-75-year-olds and 300 in 75-to-85-year-olds. Overall, E. coli accounted for 27% of documented bacteremia episodes: 18% if hospital acquired, 32% if community-onset healthcare associated, and 33% if community acquired. The estimated case fatality rate was 12%. Approximately 44% of episodes were community acquired, 27% community-onset healthcare associated, and 27% hospital acquired. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was the primary source for 53% of episodes. […] This systematic review confirms the substantial burden of E. coli bacteremia in older adults and justifies the implementation of community-level programs to prevent E. coli bacteremia and ideally UTI in this age group.

• #9 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli Bacteremia: A Systematic Literature Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32406495/

  Escherichia coli is the most common cause of bacteremia in high-income countries. To enable the development and implementation of effective prevention strategies, a better understanding of the current epidemiology of invasive E. coli infections is needed. […] During the studied time interval, the estimated incidence rate of E. coli bacteremia was 48 per 100 000 person-years, but this increased considerably with age: rates per 100 000 person-years were 100 in 55-to-75-year-olds and 300 in 75-to-85-year-olds. Overall, E. coli accounted for 27% of documented bacteremia episodes: 18% if hospital acquired, 32% if community-onset healthcare associated, and 33% if community acquired. The estimated case fatality rate was 12%. Approximately 44% of episodes were community acquired, 27% community-onset healthcare associated, and 27% hospital acquired. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was the primary source for 53% of episodes. […] This systematic review confirms the substantial burden of E. coli bacteremia in older adults and justifies the implementation of community-level programs to prevent E. coli bacteremia and ideally UTI in this age group.

• #10 E. coli Surveillance | E. coli infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC collects national Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) surveillance data through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human STEC isolates in the United States. […] Annual summaries of LEDS data are the national source of serotype information for STEC. […] Some other systems at CDC conduct surveillance on E. coli infections and outbreaks in the United States.

• #11 National Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Surveillance | E.coli | CDC

  http://med.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/ecoli/surveillance.html

  National Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) surveillance data are collected through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human STEC isolates in the United States. Clinical diagnostic laboratories submit STEC O157 isolates and Shiga toxin-positive broths to state and territorial public health laboratories, where they are further characterized. […] State and territorial public health laboratories send reports of these STEC isolates electronically to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) using a variety of mechanisms. Data are collected into the Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance (LEDS) system, which is maintained by the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED) in the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.

• #12 National Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Surveillance | E.coli | CDC

  http://med.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/ecoli/surveillance.html

  National Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) surveillance data are collected through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human STEC isolates in the United States. Clinical diagnostic laboratories submit STEC O157 isolates and Shiga toxin-positive broths to state and territorial public health laboratories, where they are further characterized. […] State and territorial public health laboratories send reports of these STEC isolates electronically to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) using a variety of mechanisms. Data are collected into the Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance (LEDS) system, which is maintained by the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED) in the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.

• #13 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. We reviewed E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand the epidemiology of E. coli O157. E. coli O157 outbreaks (2 cases of E. coli O157 infection with a common epidemiologic exposure) reported to CDC from 1982 to 2002 were reviewed. In that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. Transmission route for 183 (52%) was foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 31 (9%) waterborne, 11 (3%) animal contact, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related. The food vehicle for 75 (41%) foodborne outbreaks was ground beef, and for 38 (21%) outbreaks, produce.

• #14 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Although reported outbreaks account for only a minority of E. coli O157 cases, outbreak investigations contribute greatly to understanding E. coli O157 epidemiology by identifying transmission routes, vehicles, and mechanisms of contamination. Outbreak findings oblige regulatory and public health agencies and industry to evaluate prevention and control measures so similar outbreaks can be prevented. Knowledge of transmission routes and vehicles allows consumers to be educated on reducing risky behavior that can decrease their risk for infection. We report here surveillance results for E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1982 through 2002, to highlight the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. […] From 1982 to 2002, a total of 350 outbreaks were reported from 49 states, accounting for 8,598 cases of E. coli O157 infection. Among cases, there were 1,493 (17.4%) hospitalizations, 354 (4.1%) cases of HUS, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. The number of reported outbreaks began rising in 1993, and peaked in 2000 with 46. Outbreak size ranged from 2 to 781 cases, with a median of 8 cases. Median outbreak size appears to have declined from 1982 to 2002. Most outbreaks (89%) occurred from May to November. Of the 326 outbreaks reported from a single state, Minnesota reported the most (43 outbreaks), followed by Washington (27 outbreaks), New York (22 outbreaks), California (18 outbreaks), and Oregon (18 outbreaks). Among the 350 outbreaks, transmission routes for 183 (52%) were foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 21 (6%) recreational water, 11 (3%) animal contact, 10 (3%) drinking water, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related transmission route.

• #15 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Although reported outbreaks account for only a minority of E. coli O157 cases, outbreak investigations contribute greatly to understanding E. coli O157 epidemiology by identifying transmission routes, vehicles, and mechanisms of contamination. Outbreak findings oblige regulatory and public health agencies and industry to evaluate prevention and control measures so similar outbreaks can be prevented. Knowledge of transmission routes and vehicles allows consumers to be educated on reducing risky behavior that can decrease their risk for infection. We report here surveillance results for E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1982 through 2002, to highlight the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. […] From 1982 to 2002, a total of 350 outbreaks were reported from 49 states, accounting for 8,598 cases of E. coli O157 infection. Among cases, there were 1,493 (17.4%) hospitalizations, 354 (4.1%) cases of HUS, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. The number of reported outbreaks began rising in 1993, and peaked in 2000 with 46. Outbreak size ranged from 2 to 781 cases, with a median of 8 cases. Median outbreak size appears to have declined from 1982 to 2002. Most outbreaks (89%) occurred from May to November. Of the 326 outbreaks reported from a single state, Minnesota reported the most (43 outbreaks), followed by Washington (27 outbreaks), New York (22 outbreaks), California (18 outbreaks), and Oregon (18 outbreaks). Among the 350 outbreaks, transmission routes for 183 (52%) were foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 21 (6%) recreational water, 11 (3%) animal contact, 10 (3%) drinking water, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related transmission route.

• #16 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Although reported outbreaks account for only a minority of E. coli O157 cases, outbreak investigations contribute greatly to understanding E. coli O157 epidemiology by identifying transmission routes, vehicles, and mechanisms of contamination. Outbreak findings oblige regulatory and public health agencies and industry to evaluate prevention and control measures so similar outbreaks can be prevented. Knowledge of transmission routes and vehicles allows consumers to be educated on reducing risky behavior that can decrease their risk for infection. We report here surveillance results for E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1982 through 2002, to highlight the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. […] From 1982 to 2002, a total of 350 outbreaks were reported from 49 states, accounting for 8,598 cases of E. coli O157 infection. Among cases, there were 1,493 (17.4%) hospitalizations, 354 (4.1%) cases of HUS, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. The number of reported outbreaks began rising in 1993, and peaked in 2000 with 46. Outbreak size ranged from 2 to 781 cases, with a median of 8 cases. Median outbreak size appears to have declined from 1982 to 2002. Most outbreaks (89%) occurred from May to November. Of the 326 outbreaks reported from a single state, Minnesota reported the most (43 outbreaks), followed by Washington (27 outbreaks), New York (22 outbreaks), California (18 outbreaks), and Oregon (18 outbreaks). Among the 350 outbreaks, transmission routes for 183 (52%) were foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 21 (6%) recreational water, 11 (3%) animal contact, 10 (3%) drinking water, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related transmission route.

• #17 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Although reported outbreaks account for only a minority of E. coli O157 cases, outbreak investigations contribute greatly to understanding E. coli O157 epidemiology by identifying transmission routes, vehicles, and mechanisms of contamination. Outbreak findings oblige regulatory and public health agencies and industry to evaluate prevention and control measures so similar outbreaks can be prevented. Knowledge of transmission routes and vehicles allows consumers to be educated on reducing risky behavior that can decrease their risk for infection. We report here surveillance results for E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1982 through 2002, to highlight the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. […] From 1982 to 2002, a total of 350 outbreaks were reported from 49 states, accounting for 8,598 cases of E. coli O157 infection. Among cases, there were 1,493 (17.4%) hospitalizations, 354 (4.1%) cases of HUS, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. The number of reported outbreaks began rising in 1993, and peaked in 2000 with 46. Outbreak size ranged from 2 to 781 cases, with a median of 8 cases. Median outbreak size appears to have declined from 1982 to 2002. Most outbreaks (89%) occurred from May to November. Of the 326 outbreaks reported from a single state, Minnesota reported the most (43 outbreaks), followed by Washington (27 outbreaks), New York (22 outbreaks), California (18 outbreaks), and Oregon (18 outbreaks). Among the 350 outbreaks, transmission routes for 183 (52%) were foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 21 (6%) recreational water, 11 (3%) animal contact, 10 (3%) drinking water, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related transmission route.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium that is commonly found in the gut of humans and warm-blooded animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless. Some strains however, such as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), can cause severe foodborne disease. It is transmitted to humans primarily through consumption of contaminated foods, such as raw or undercooked ground meat products, raw milk, and contaminated raw vegetables and sprouts. […] E. coli O157:H7 is transmitted to humans primarily through consumption of contaminated foods, such as raw or undercooked ground meat products and raw milk. Faecal contamination of water and other foods, as well as cross-contamination during food preparation (with beef and other meat products, contaminated surfaces and kitchen utensils), will also lead to infection.

• #19

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  An increasing number of outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables (including sprouts, spinach, lettuce, coleslaw, and salad) whereby contamination may be due to contact with faeces from domestic or wild animals at some stage during cultivation or handling. […] Person-to-person contact is an important mode of transmission through the oral-faecal route. An asymptomatic carrier state has been reported, where individuals show no clinical signs of disease but are capable of infecting others. […] The prevention of infection requires control measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production on the farm to processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods in both commercial establishments and household kitchens. […] The number of cases of disease might be reduced by various mitigation strategies for ground beef (for example, screening the animals pre-slaughter to reduce the introduction of large numbers of pathogens in the slaughtering environment).

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  An increasing number of outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables (including sprouts, spinach, lettuce, coleslaw, and salad) whereby contamination may be due to contact with faeces from domestic or wild animals at some stage during cultivation or handling. […] Person-to-person contact is an important mode of transmission through the oral-faecal route. An asymptomatic carrier state has been reported, where individuals show no clinical signs of disease but are capable of infecting others. […] The prevention of infection requires control measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production on the farm to processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods in both commercial establishments and household kitchens. […] The number of cases of disease might be reduced by various mitigation strategies for ground beef (for example, screening the animals pre-slaughter to reduce the introduction of large numbers of pathogens in the slaughtering environment).

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  An increasing number of outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables (including sprouts, spinach, lettuce, coleslaw, and salad) whereby contamination may be due to contact with faeces from domestic or wild animals at some stage during cultivation or handling. […] Person-to-person contact is an important mode of transmission through the oral-faecal route. An asymptomatic carrier state has been reported, where individuals show no clinical signs of disease but are capable of infecting others. […] The prevention of infection requires control measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production on the farm to processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods in both commercial establishments and household kitchens. […] The number of cases of disease might be reduced by various mitigation strategies for ground beef (for example, screening the animals pre-slaughter to reduce the introduction of large numbers of pathogens in the slaughtering environment).

• #22 Longitudinal genomic surveillance of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli carriage in a long-term care facility in the United Kingdom | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-017-0457-6

  Residents of long-term care facilities (LTCF) may have high carriage rates of multidrug-resistant pathogens, but are not currently included in surveillance programmes for antimicrobial resistance or healthcare-associated infections. […] Here, we describe the value derived from a longitudinal epidemiological and genomic surveillance study of drug-resistant Escherichia coli in a LTCF in the United Kingdom (UK). […] This study demonstrates the power of genomic surveillance to detect multidrug-resistant pathogens and confirm their connectivity within a healthcare network. […] Global surveillance of antibiotic consumption and the emergence of resistance is gathering pace through numerous initiatives, including those by the World Health Organization (WHO), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Department of Health.

• #23 Longitudinal genomic surveillance of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli carriage in a long-term care facility in the United Kingdom | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-017-0457-6

  Point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of multidrug-resistant E. coli in residents of LTCF in excess of 50% in Ireland and 40% in the UK. […] Although high rates of ESBL E. coli in LTCFs have been established, genomic characterisation of the associated isolates has been limited and published studies have utilised molecular techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays, which lack the discrimination of whole-genome sequencing (WGS). […] In our six-month study, 38% of participants carried ESBL E. coli, which is consistent with carriage rates identified in previous studies from the UK and internationally. […] An important observation in this study was the value of contextual genetic databases in defining the relationship of ST131 isolates between study participants. Analysis of ST131 LTCF isolates alone suggested that participants carried several related but distinct populations, with three groups of participants carrying distinct clones of the same lineage. However, placing ST131 LTCF isolates into the genetic context of local and national ST131 collections revealed that the majority of isolates from LTCF participants clustered together, indicating acquisition of ST131 ESBL E. coli from a local lineage or a shared reservoir predating the study.

• #24 Longitudinal genomic surveillance of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli carriage in a long-term care facility in the United Kingdom | Genome Medicine | Full Text

  https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-017-0457-6

  Point prevalence studies have reported carriage rates of multidrug-resistant E. coli in residents of LTCF in excess of 50% in Ireland and 40% in the UK. […] Although high rates of ESBL E. coli in LTCFs have been established, genomic characterisation of the associated isolates has been limited and published studies have utilised molecular techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays, which lack the discrimination of whole-genome sequencing (WGS). […] In our six-month study, 38% of participants carried ESBL E. coli, which is consistent with carriage rates identified in previous studies from the UK and internationally. […] An important observation in this study was the value of contextual genetic databases in defining the relationship of ST131 isolates between study participants. Analysis of ST131 LTCF isolates alone suggested that participants carried several related but distinct populations, with three groups of participants carrying distinct clones of the same lineage. However, placing ST131 LTCF isolates into the genetic context of local and national ST131 collections revealed that the majority of isolates from LTCF participants clustered together, indicating acquisition of ST131 ESBL E. coli from a local lineage or a shared reservoir predating the study.

• #25 Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203472-overview

  E coli infections have no recognized racial predilection. […] E coli UTI is more common in females than in males because of differences in anatomic structure and changes during sexual maturation, pregnancy, and childbirth. […] Men older than 45 years with prostatic hypertrophy are at an increased risk for UTI due to related bladder stasis. […] Among neonates, E coli UTI is more common in boys than in girls, but circumcision reduces the risk. […] E coli is an important cause of meningitis in neonates. […] Children are at high risk for travelers diarrhea due to oral sensory seeking and indiscretion with personal hygiene.

• #26 Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203472-overview

  E coli infections have no recognized racial predilection. […] E coli UTI is more common in females than in males because of differences in anatomic structure and changes during sexual maturation, pregnancy, and childbirth. […] Men older than 45 years with prostatic hypertrophy are at an increased risk for UTI due to related bladder stasis. […] Among neonates, E coli UTI is more common in boys than in girls, but circumcision reduces the risk. […] E coli is an important cause of meningitis in neonates. […] Children are at high risk for travelers diarrhea due to oral sensory seeking and indiscretion with personal hygiene.

• #27 Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203472-overview

  E coli infections have no recognized racial predilection. […] E coli UTI is more common in females than in males because of differences in anatomic structure and changes during sexual maturation, pregnancy, and childbirth. […] Men older than 45 years with prostatic hypertrophy are at an increased risk for UTI due to related bladder stasis. […] Among neonates, E coli UTI is more common in boys than in girls, but circumcision reduces the risk. […] E coli is an important cause of meningitis in neonates. […] Children are at high risk for travelers diarrhea due to oral sensory seeking and indiscretion with personal hygiene.

• #28 Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203472-overview

  E coli infections have no recognized racial predilection. […] E coli UTI is more common in females than in males because of differences in anatomic structure and changes during sexual maturation, pregnancy, and childbirth. […] Men older than 45 years with prostatic hypertrophy are at an increased risk for UTI due to related bladder stasis. […] Among neonates, E coli UTI is more common in boys than in girls, but circumcision reduces the risk. […] E coli is an important cause of meningitis in neonates. […] Children are at high risk for travelers diarrhea due to oral sensory seeking and indiscretion with personal hygiene.

• #29 Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203472-overview

  E coli infections have no recognized racial predilection. […] E coli UTI is more common in females than in males because of differences in anatomic structure and changes during sexual maturation, pregnancy, and childbirth. […] Men older than 45 years with prostatic hypertrophy are at an increased risk for UTI due to related bladder stasis. […] Among neonates, E coli UTI is more common in boys than in girls, but circumcision reduces the risk. […] E coli is an important cause of meningitis in neonates. […] Children are at high risk for travelers diarrhea due to oral sensory seeking and indiscretion with personal hygiene.

• #30 Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203472-overview

  E coli infections have no recognized racial predilection. […] E coli UTI is more common in females than in males because of differences in anatomic structure and changes during sexual maturation, pregnancy, and childbirth. […] Men older than 45 years with prostatic hypertrophy are at an increased risk for UTI due to related bladder stasis. […] Among neonates, E coli UTI is more common in boys than in girls, but circumcision reduces the risk. […] E coli is an important cause of meningitis in neonates. […] Children are at high risk for travelers diarrhea due to oral sensory seeking and indiscretion with personal hygiene.

• #31 E. coli Surveillance | E. coli infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC collects national Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) surveillance data through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human STEC isolates in the United States. […] Annual summaries of LEDS data are the national source of serotype information for STEC. […] Some other systems at CDC conduct surveillance on E. coli infections and outbreaks in the United States.

• #32 National Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Surveillance | E.coli | CDC

  http://med.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/ecoli/surveillance.html

  National Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) surveillance data are collected through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human STEC isolates in the United States. Clinical diagnostic laboratories submit STEC O157 isolates and Shiga toxin-positive broths to state and territorial public health laboratories, where they are further characterized. […] State and territorial public health laboratories send reports of these STEC isolates electronically to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) using a variety of mechanisms. Data are collected into the Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance (LEDS) system, which is maintained by the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED) in the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.

• #33 National Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Surveillance | E.coli | CDC

  http://med.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/ecoli/surveillance.html

  Annual summaries of these data are the national source of serotype information for STEC. Unusual or untypable isolates or Shiga toxin-positive samples from which no STEC can be isolated by the state or territorial public health laboratory are forwarded to CDCs National Escherichia and Shigella Reference Laboratory in the Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch (EDLB) in DFWED; results are reported back to the referring public health laboratory. […] Other CDC Systems Conducting Escherichia coli Surveillance include Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS), Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS), and Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS).

• #34

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/escherichia-coli-e-coli-guidance-data-and-analysis

  Enhanced surveillance of E. coli bacteraemia has been mandatory for NHS acute trusts since June 2011. Patient data of any E. coli bacteraemias are reported monthly to UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Independent sector healthcare organisations providing regulated activities have also undertaken surveillance of E. coli bacteraemia since June 2011. […] The government launched an initiative in April 2017, to reduce Gram-negative infections by 50% by 2021. […] In response to this, some of our mandatory surveillance publications will change from October 2017.

• #35

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/escherichia-coli-e-coli-guidance-data-and-analysis

  Enhanced surveillance of E. coli bacteraemia has been mandatory for NHS acute trusts since June 2011. Patient data of any E. coli bacteraemias are reported monthly to UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Independent sector healthcare organisations providing regulated activities have also undertaken surveillance of E. coli bacteraemia since June 2011. […] The government launched an initiative in April 2017, to reduce Gram-negative infections by 50% by 2021. […] In response to this, some of our mandatory surveillance publications will change from October 2017.

• #36 Surveillance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) infection – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/e-coli/surveillance-e-coli.html

  Verotoxigenic (VTEC) E. coli, a type of E. coli that causes human illness, is nationally notifiable in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness. These include: FoodNet Canada, the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. […] In recent years, approximately 474 cases of VTEC O157 infection have been reported annually in Canada.

• #37 European surveillance study shows rise in carbapenem-resistant E coli | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/european-surveillance-study-shows-rise-carbapenem-resistant-e-coli

  Analysis of surveillance data from 17 European countries found an increase in Escherichia coli isolates carrying carbapenem-resistance genes, researchers reported yesterday in Eurosurveillance. […] The analysis focused on E coli sequence type (ST)131, a high-risk lineage that has emerged as a frequent source of severe, multidrug-resistant E coli infections worldwide, primarily urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] The increasing detection of carbapenemase genes in E. coli ST131 documented in this study is of concern because E. coli can cause a variety of infections in healthcare and community settings, frequently urinary tract infections, but also including bloodstream infection. […] Further spread of E. coli carrying carbapenemase genes would mean that carbapenems could no longer be consistently effective for empiric treatment of severe E. coli infections.

• #38 European surveillance study shows rise in carbapenem-resistant E coli | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/european-surveillance-study-shows-rise-carbapenem-resistant-e-coli

  Analysis of surveillance data from 17 European countries found an increase in Escherichia coli isolates carrying carbapenem-resistance genes, researchers reported yesterday in Eurosurveillance. […] The analysis focused on E coli sequence type (ST)131, a high-risk lineage that has emerged as a frequent source of severe, multidrug-resistant E coli infections worldwide, primarily urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] The increasing detection of carbapenemase genes in E. coli ST131 documented in this study is of concern because E. coli can cause a variety of infections in healthcare and community settings, frequently urinary tract infections, but also including bloodstream infection. […] Further spread of E. coli carrying carbapenemase genes would mean that carbapenems could no longer be consistently effective for empiric treatment of severe E. coli infections.

• #39 European surveillance study shows rise in carbapenem-resistant E coli | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/european-surveillance-study-shows-rise-carbapenem-resistant-e-coli

  Analysis of surveillance data from 17 European countries found an increase in Escherichia coli isolates carrying carbapenem-resistance genes, researchers reported yesterday in Eurosurveillance. […] The analysis focused on E coli sequence type (ST)131, a high-risk lineage that has emerged as a frequent source of severe, multidrug-resistant E coli infections worldwide, primarily urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] The increasing detection of carbapenemase genes in E. coli ST131 documented in this study is of concern because E. coli can cause a variety of infections in healthcare and community settings, frequently urinary tract infections, but also including bloodstream infection. […] Further spread of E. coli carrying carbapenemase genes would mean that carbapenems could no longer be consistently effective for empiric treatment of severe E. coli infections.

• #40 European surveillance study shows rise in carbapenem-resistant E coli | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/antimicrobial-stewardship/european-surveillance-study-shows-rise-carbapenem-resistant-e-coli

  Analysis of surveillance data from 17 European countries found an increase in Escherichia coli isolates carrying carbapenem-resistance genes, researchers reported yesterday in Eurosurveillance. […] The analysis focused on E coli sequence type (ST)131, a high-risk lineage that has emerged as a frequent source of severe, multidrug-resistant E coli infections worldwide, primarily urinary tract infections (UTIs). […] The increasing detection of carbapenemase genes in E. coli ST131 documented in this study is of concern because E. coli can cause a variety of infections in healthcare and community settings, frequently urinary tract infections, but also including bloodstream infection. […] Further spread of E. coli carrying carbapenemase genes would mean that carbapenems could no longer be consistently effective for empiric treatment of severe E. coli infections.

• #41 WHO surveillance targets resistant E coli | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1information-circle

  https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2021-06-15/who-surveillance-targets-resistant-e-coli

  The World Health Organization unveiled this spring its one-health plan for surveilling global antimicrobial resistance. […] The plan is intended as a simplified surveillance system for WHO member states to detect and estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing E coli in humans, animals, and the environment, hence the name, the tricycle protocol. […] The WHO describes AMR as a long-term threat to public health worldwide, with major economic consequences, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] The protocol uses a one-health approach based on principles of WHO surveillance tools, such as the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance guidance on integrated surveillance of AMR in food-borne bacteria and the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. […] Countries following the protocol join a National Integrated Surveillance System on antimicrobial resistance.

• #42 WHO surveillance targets resistant E coli | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1information-circle

  https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2021-06-15/who-surveillance-targets-resistant-e-coli

  The World Health Organization unveiled this spring its one-health plan for surveilling global antimicrobial resistance. […] The plan is intended as a simplified surveillance system for WHO member states to detect and estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing E coli in humans, animals, and the environment, hence the name, the tricycle protocol. […] The WHO describes AMR as a long-term threat to public health worldwide, with major economic consequences, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] The protocol uses a one-health approach based on principles of WHO surveillance tools, such as the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance guidance on integrated surveillance of AMR in food-borne bacteria and the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. […] Countries following the protocol join a National Integrated Surveillance System on antimicrobial resistance.

• #43

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240021402

  WHO and the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance on AMR (AGISAR) supported WHO to develop a standard protocol for integrated multisectoral surveillance. […] The model targets monitoring one indicator, the extended spectrum beta-lactamases- (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli across the human, animal and environmental sectors, the Tricycle protocol. […] This protocol includes standard methodologies in the human, food chain and environmental sectors to be implemented in low resource settings to facilitate the establishment of the integrated multisectoral surveillance on AMR. […] Countries can build from this simple approach a complete national surveillance system that involves other cross cutting pathogens, resistance mechanisms and expand the implementation in different cities and provinces in the country to get more evidence of the spread of the antimicrobial resistance in the different sectors and allow the implementation of interventions in a holistic way to contain AMR.

• #44 WHO surveillance targets resistant E coli | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1information-circle

  https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2021-06-15/who-surveillance-targets-resistant-e-coli

  The World Health Organization unveiled this spring its one-health plan for surveilling global antimicrobial resistance. […] The plan is intended as a simplified surveillance system for WHO member states to detect and estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing E coli in humans, animals, and the environment, hence the name, the tricycle protocol. […] The WHO describes AMR as a long-term threat to public health worldwide, with major economic consequences, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] The protocol uses a one-health approach based on principles of WHO surveillance tools, such as the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance guidance on integrated surveillance of AMR in food-borne bacteria and the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. […] Countries following the protocol join a National Integrated Surveillance System on antimicrobial resistance.

• #45 WHO surveillance targets resistant E coli | American Veterinary Medical Associationmultiple-users-1information-circle

  https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2021-06-15/who-surveillance-targets-resistant-e-coli

  The World Health Organization unveiled this spring its one-health plan for surveilling global antimicrobial resistance. […] The plan is intended as a simplified surveillance system for WHO member states to detect and estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing E coli in humans, animals, and the environment, hence the name, the tricycle protocol. […] The WHO describes AMR as a long-term threat to public health worldwide, with major economic consequences, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. […] The protocol uses a one-health approach based on principles of WHO surveillance tools, such as the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance guidance on integrated surveillance of AMR in food-borne bacteria and the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. […] Countries following the protocol join a National Integrated Surveillance System on antimicrobial resistance.

• #46 Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91516-9

  In the EU, human AMR surveillance relies on passive reporting of clinical infections. Hence, the true AMR carriage in the population is not known. Therefore, wastewater offers a possible screening point for AMR carriage in human populations. […] For AMR, several collaborative efforts use WBS as a valuable tool in monitoring AMR carriage trends and their environmental load. […] In addition, there is a new EU regulation that mandates monitoring AMR in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and recognizes it as an invaluable tool for the genomic epidemiology of pathogens. […] This organism was proposed because of its increasing zoonotic potential, its potential to transfer resistance determinants to other gut bacteria, and its ease of culture especially in resource-poor settings in Africa and Asia.

• #47 Eurosurveillance | Population-level surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli through sewage analysis

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.37.1800497

  The occurrence of antibiotic resistance in faecal bacteria in sewage is likely to reflect the current local clinical resistance situation. […] This observational study investigated the relationship between Escherichia coli resistance rates in sewage and clinical samples representing the same human populations. […] E. coli resistance rates derived from hospital sewage and hospital patients strongly correlated (r2=0.95 for urine and 0.89 for blood samples), as did resistance rates in E. coli from municipal sewage and primary care urine samples (r2=0.82). […] Our findings provide support for development of a low-cost, sewage-based surveillance system for antibiotic resistance in E. coli, which could complement current monitoring systems and provide clinically relevant antibiotic resistance data for countries and regions where surveillance is lacking.

• #48 Eurosurveillance | Population-level surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli through sewage analysis

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.37.1800497

  The occurrence of antibiotic resistance in faecal bacteria in sewage is likely to reflect the current local clinical resistance situation. […] This observational study investigated the relationship between Escherichia coli resistance rates in sewage and clinical samples representing the same human populations. […] E. coli resistance rates derived from hospital sewage and hospital patients strongly correlated (r2=0.95 for urine and 0.89 for blood samples), as did resistance rates in E. coli from municipal sewage and primary care urine samples (r2=0.82). […] Our findings provide support for development of a low-cost, sewage-based surveillance system for antibiotic resistance in E. coli, which could complement current monitoring systems and provide clinically relevant antibiotic resistance data for countries and regions where surveillance is lacking.

• #49 Eurosurveillance | Population-level surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli through sewage analysis

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.37.1800497

  The occurrence of antibiotic resistance in faecal bacteria in sewage is likely to reflect the current local clinical resistance situation. […] This observational study investigated the relationship between Escherichia coli resistance rates in sewage and clinical samples representing the same human populations. […] E. coli resistance rates derived from hospital sewage and hospital patients strongly correlated (r2=0.95 for urine and 0.89 for blood samples), as did resistance rates in E. coli from municipal sewage and primary care urine samples (r2=0.82). […] Our findings provide support for development of a low-cost, sewage-based surveillance system for antibiotic resistance in E. coli, which could complement current monitoring systems and provide clinically relevant antibiotic resistance data for countries and regions where surveillance is lacking.

• #50 Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91516-9

  The presence of AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli in all WWTPs could be attributed to the ubiquitous nature of E. coli as well as the increasing trends in the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli among human E. coli isolates in Finland and across the world. […] Through the WASTPAN project, we have previously identified urban sewage as a reliable tool for monitoring pathogens and supporting other surveillance activities. […] Our data further supports the evolving epidemiology and diversity of beta-lactamase genes. […] This study provides more genomic insights into the epidemiology of AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli in wastewater and found that the blaCTXM15 was the most prevalent ESBL gene.

• #51 Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91516-9

  The presence of AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli in all WWTPs could be attributed to the ubiquitous nature of E. coli as well as the increasing trends in the proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli among human E. coli isolates in Finland and across the world. […] Through the WASTPAN project, we have previously identified urban sewage as a reliable tool for monitoring pathogens and supporting other surveillance activities. […] Our data further supports the evolving epidemiology and diversity of beta-lactamase genes. […] This study provides more genomic insights into the epidemiology of AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli in wastewater and found that the blaCTXM15 was the most prevalent ESBL gene.

• #52 Parameters for one health genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli from Australia | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55103-2

  Genomics is a cornerstone of modern pathogen epidemiology yet demonstrating transmission in a One Health context is challenging, as strains circulate and evolve within and between diverse hosts and environments. […] Here, we show that assessing genomic relationships at 100 SNP threshold enabled detection of cross-source linkage otherwise obscured when applying typical outbreak-oriented relatedness thresholds (20 SNPs) and should be considered in interrogation of One Health genomic datasets. […] The extensive diversity of E. coli, some of which are zoonotic, and their widespread capacity to share mobile genetic elements that carry AMR and virulence gene cargo underline the importance of surveillance of this One Health pathogen. […] Over the last decade genomic surveillance has become a common tool for investigating human pathogens and outbreaks, while the WHOs Tricycle project is a key example of a multisectoral surveillance initiative focussed on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) carrying Escherichia coli.

• #53 Parameters for one health genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli from Australia | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55103-2

  Genomics is a cornerstone of modern pathogen epidemiology yet demonstrating transmission in a One Health context is challenging, as strains circulate and evolve within and between diverse hosts and environments. […] Here, we show that assessing genomic relationships at 100 SNP threshold enabled detection of cross-source linkage otherwise obscured when applying typical outbreak-oriented relatedness thresholds (20 SNPs) and should be considered in interrogation of One Health genomic datasets. […] The extensive diversity of E. coli, some of which are zoonotic, and their widespread capacity to share mobile genetic elements that carry AMR and virulence gene cargo underline the importance of surveillance of this One Health pathogen. […] Over the last decade genomic surveillance has become a common tool for investigating human pathogens and outbreaks, while the WHOs Tricycle project is a key example of a multisectoral surveillance initiative focussed on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) carrying Escherichia coli.

• #54 Parameters for one health genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli from Australia | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55103-2

  Genomics is a cornerstone of modern pathogen epidemiology yet demonstrating transmission in a One Health context is challenging, as strains circulate and evolve within and between diverse hosts and environments. […] Here, we show that assessing genomic relationships at 100 SNP threshold enabled detection of cross-source linkage otherwise obscured when applying typical outbreak-oriented relatedness thresholds (20 SNPs) and should be considered in interrogation of One Health genomic datasets. […] The extensive diversity of E. coli, some of which are zoonotic, and their widespread capacity to share mobile genetic elements that carry AMR and virulence gene cargo underline the importance of surveillance of this One Health pathogen. […] Over the last decade genomic surveillance has become a common tool for investigating human pathogens and outbreaks, while the WHOs Tricycle project is a key example of a multisectoral surveillance initiative focussed on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) carrying Escherichia coli.

• #55 Parameters for one health genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli from Australia | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55103-2

  Here, utilising a large national multi-sectoral genomic dataset, we explore cgMLST and SNP-based approaches in the identification of cross-source clusters and potential transmission events in E. coli and highlight their relevance within a One Health context. […] Our analysis revealed ST131 was implicated in 10 cross-source clusters spanning humans, companion animals, food, livestock, and wildlife. […] Our findings emphasise the value of adopting One Health approaches to understand bacterial transmission pathways and pathogen evolution and build towards pathogen genomic surveillance and biosecurity systems in Australia and globally.

• #56 Parameters for one health genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli from Australia | Nature Communications

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55103-2

  Here, utilising a large national multi-sectoral genomic dataset, we explore cgMLST and SNP-based approaches in the identification of cross-source clusters and potential transmission events in E. coli and highlight their relevance within a One Health context. […] Our analysis revealed ST131 was implicated in 10 cross-source clusters spanning humans, companion animals, food, livestock, and wildlife. […] Our findings emphasise the value of adopting One Health approaches to understand bacterial transmission pathways and pathogen evolution and build towards pathogen genomic surveillance and biosecurity systems in Australia and globally.

• #57 Changes in E coli testing pose surveillance challenges | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/changes-e-coli-testing-pose-surveillance-challenges

  The big Escherichia coli O104:H4 epidemic in Germany comes at a time when methods of testing for pathogenic E coli are changing, posing some challenges for public health officials intent on detecting E coli outbreaks quickly and monitoring trends as accurately as possible. […] CDC surveillance shows that detected E coli O157 cases have been falling, while detected non-O157 cases have been rising in recent years. […] The FoodNet report points out that changing lab practices, including the use of culture-independent tests for STEC, can affect the reported incidence of infection and that the increasing use of such tests may have a negative effect on current surveillance strategies. […] „If the lab doesn’t forward the materials to the state public health lab, then we don’t know if it’s an O157 or some other STEC, and there’s nothing to enter into PulseNet [the CDC database of DNA fingerprints for pathogens], and our surveillance will take a major step backward,” he added.

• #58 Changes in E coli testing pose surveillance challenges | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/changes-e-coli-testing-pose-surveillance-challenges

  The big Escherichia coli O104:H4 epidemic in Germany comes at a time when methods of testing for pathogenic E coli are changing, posing some challenges for public health officials intent on detecting E coli outbreaks quickly and monitoring trends as accurately as possible. […] CDC surveillance shows that detected E coli O157 cases have been falling, while detected non-O157 cases have been rising in recent years. […] The FoodNet report points out that changing lab practices, including the use of culture-independent tests for STEC, can affect the reported incidence of infection and that the increasing use of such tests may have a negative effect on current surveillance strategies. […] „If the lab doesn’t forward the materials to the state public health lab, then we don’t know if it’s an O157 or some other STEC, and there’s nothing to enter into PulseNet [the CDC database of DNA fingerprints for pathogens], and our surveillance will take a major step backward,” he added.

• #59 Changes in E coli testing pose surveillance challenges | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/changes-e-coli-testing-pose-surveillance-challenges

  The big Escherichia coli O104:H4 epidemic in Germany comes at a time when methods of testing for pathogenic E coli are changing, posing some challenges for public health officials intent on detecting E coli outbreaks quickly and monitoring trends as accurately as possible. […] CDC surveillance shows that detected E coli O157 cases have been falling, while detected non-O157 cases have been rising in recent years. […] The FoodNet report points out that changing lab practices, including the use of culture-independent tests for STEC, can affect the reported incidence of infection and that the increasing use of such tests may have a negative effect on current surveillance strategies. […] „If the lab doesn’t forward the materials to the state public health lab, then we don’t know if it’s an O157 or some other STEC, and there’s nothing to enter into PulseNet [the CDC database of DNA fingerprints for pathogens], and our surveillance will take a major step backward,” he added.

• #60 Changes in E coli testing pose surveillance challenges | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/changes-e-coli-testing-pose-surveillance-challenges

  The big Escherichia coli O104:H4 epidemic in Germany comes at a time when methods of testing for pathogenic E coli are changing, posing some challenges for public health officials intent on detecting E coli outbreaks quickly and monitoring trends as accurately as possible. […] CDC surveillance shows that detected E coli O157 cases have been falling, while detected non-O157 cases have been rising in recent years. […] The FoodNet report points out that changing lab practices, including the use of culture-independent tests for STEC, can affect the reported incidence of infection and that the increasing use of such tests may have a negative effect on current surveillance strategies. […] „If the lab doesn’t forward the materials to the state public health lab, then we don’t know if it’s an O157 or some other STEC, and there’s nothing to enter into PulseNet [the CDC database of DNA fingerprints for pathogens], and our surveillance will take a major step backward,” he added.

• #61

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  An increasing number of outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables (including sprouts, spinach, lettuce, coleslaw, and salad) whereby contamination may be due to contact with faeces from domestic or wild animals at some stage during cultivation or handling. […] Person-to-person contact is an important mode of transmission through the oral-faecal route. An asymptomatic carrier state has been reported, where individuals show no clinical signs of disease but are capable of infecting others. […] The prevention of infection requires control measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production on the farm to processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods in both commercial establishments and household kitchens. […] The number of cases of disease might be reduced by various mitigation strategies for ground beef (for example, screening the animals pre-slaughter to reduce the introduction of large numbers of pathogens in the slaughtering environment).

• #62

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  An increasing number of outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables (including sprouts, spinach, lettuce, coleslaw, and salad) whereby contamination may be due to contact with faeces from domestic or wild animals at some stage during cultivation or handling. […] Person-to-person contact is an important mode of transmission through the oral-faecal route. An asymptomatic carrier state has been reported, where individuals show no clinical signs of disease but are capable of infecting others. […] The prevention of infection requires control measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production on the farm to processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods in both commercial establishments and household kitchens. […] The number of cases of disease might be reduced by various mitigation strategies for ground beef (for example, screening the animals pre-slaughter to reduce the introduction of large numbers of pathogens in the slaughtering environment).

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  Education in hygienic handling of foods for workers at farms, abattoirs and those involved in the food production is essential to keep microbiological contamination to a minimum. […] Basic good food hygiene practices, as described in the WHO Five keys to safer food, can prevent the transmission of pathogens responsible for many foodborne diseases, and also protect against foodborne diseases caused by STEC. […] Regular handwashing, particularly before food preparation or consumption and after toilet contact, is highly recommended, especially for people who take care of small children, the elderly or immunocompromised individuals, as the bacterium can be passed from person to person, as well as through food, water and direct contact with animals. […] WHO provides scientific assessments to control STEC in food. These assessments serve as the basis for international food standards, guidelines, and recommendations developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

• #64

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/e-coli

  Education in hygienic handling of foods for workers at farms, abattoirs and those involved in the food production is essential to keep microbiological contamination to a minimum. […] Basic good food hygiene practices, as described in the WHO Five keys to safer food, can prevent the transmission of pathogens responsible for many foodborne diseases, and also protect against foodborne diseases caused by STEC. […] Regular handwashing, particularly before food preparation or consumption and after toilet contact, is highly recommended, especially for people who take care of small children, the elderly or immunocompromised individuals, as the bacterium can be passed from person to person, as well as through food, water and direct contact with animals. […] WHO provides scientific assessments to control STEC in food. These assessments serve as the basis for international food standards, guidelines, and recommendations developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

• #65 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Although reported outbreaks account for only a minority of E. coli O157 cases, outbreak investigations contribute greatly to understanding E. coli O157 epidemiology by identifying transmission routes, vehicles, and mechanisms of contamination. Outbreak findings oblige regulatory and public health agencies and industry to evaluate prevention and control measures so similar outbreaks can be prevented. Knowledge of transmission routes and vehicles allows consumers to be educated on reducing risky behavior that can decrease their risk for infection. We report here surveillance results for E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1982 through 2002, to highlight the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. […] From 1982 to 2002, a total of 350 outbreaks were reported from 49 states, accounting for 8,598 cases of E. coli O157 infection. Among cases, there were 1,493 (17.4%) hospitalizations, 354 (4.1%) cases of HUS, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. The number of reported outbreaks began rising in 1993, and peaked in 2000 with 46. Outbreak size ranged from 2 to 781 cases, with a median of 8 cases. Median outbreak size appears to have declined from 1982 to 2002. Most outbreaks (89%) occurred from May to November. Of the 326 outbreaks reported from a single state, Minnesota reported the most (43 outbreaks), followed by Washington (27 outbreaks), New York (22 outbreaks), California (18 outbreaks), and Oregon (18 outbreaks). Among the 350 outbreaks, transmission routes for 183 (52%) were foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 21 (6%) recreational water, 11 (3%) animal contact, 10 (3%) drinking water, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related transmission route.

• #66 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Although reported outbreaks account for only a minority of E. coli O157 cases, outbreak investigations contribute greatly to understanding E. coli O157 epidemiology by identifying transmission routes, vehicles, and mechanisms of contamination. Outbreak findings oblige regulatory and public health agencies and industry to evaluate prevention and control measures so similar outbreaks can be prevented. Knowledge of transmission routes and vehicles allows consumers to be educated on reducing risky behavior that can decrease their risk for infection. We report here surveillance results for E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1982 through 2002, to highlight the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. […] From 1982 to 2002, a total of 350 outbreaks were reported from 49 states, accounting for 8,598 cases of E. coli O157 infection. Among cases, there were 1,493 (17.4%) hospitalizations, 354 (4.1%) cases of HUS, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. The number of reported outbreaks began rising in 1993, and peaked in 2000 with 46. Outbreak size ranged from 2 to 781 cases, with a median of 8 cases. Median outbreak size appears to have declined from 1982 to 2002. Most outbreaks (89%) occurred from May to November. Of the 326 outbreaks reported from a single state, Minnesota reported the most (43 outbreaks), followed by Washington (27 outbreaks), New York (22 outbreaks), California (18 outbreaks), and Oregon (18 outbreaks). Among the 350 outbreaks, transmission routes for 183 (52%) were foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 21 (6%) recreational water, 11 (3%) animal contact, 10 (3%) drinking water, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related transmission route.

• #67 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Although reported outbreaks account for only a minority of E. coli O157 cases, outbreak investigations contribute greatly to understanding E. coli O157 epidemiology by identifying transmission routes, vehicles, and mechanisms of contamination. Outbreak findings oblige regulatory and public health agencies and industry to evaluate prevention and control measures so similar outbreaks can be prevented. Knowledge of transmission routes and vehicles allows consumers to be educated on reducing risky behavior that can decrease their risk for infection. We report here surveillance results for E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1982 through 2002, to highlight the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. […] From 1982 to 2002, a total of 350 outbreaks were reported from 49 states, accounting for 8,598 cases of E. coli O157 infection. Among cases, there were 1,493 (17.4%) hospitalizations, 354 (4.1%) cases of HUS, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. The number of reported outbreaks began rising in 1993, and peaked in 2000 with 46. Outbreak size ranged from 2 to 781 cases, with a median of 8 cases. Median outbreak size appears to have declined from 1982 to 2002. Most outbreaks (89%) occurred from May to November. Of the 326 outbreaks reported from a single state, Minnesota reported the most (43 outbreaks), followed by Washington (27 outbreaks), New York (22 outbreaks), California (18 outbreaks), and Oregon (18 outbreaks). Among the 350 outbreaks, transmission routes for 183 (52%) were foodborne, 74 (21%) unknown, 50 (14%) person-to-person, 21 (6%) recreational water, 11 (3%) animal contact, 10 (3%) drinking water, and 1 (0.3%) laboratory-related transmission route.

• #68 Outbreak Investigation of E. coli – Leafy Greens (December 2020) | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/outbreak-investigation-e-coli-leafy-greens-december-2020

  The FDA, along with CDC and state and local partners, investigated a multistate outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 infections in the fall of 2020. The epidemiology and traceback investigation have determined that the outbreak was linked to leafy greens. The epidemiological and traceback investigations were not able to determine a specific type of leafy green linked to illnesses. […] The FDA completed a traceback investigation of multiple types of leafy greens identified in patient interviews. Although no single ranch was identified as a common source of the leafy greens, FDA and state partners also conducted on-site investigations on farms of interest. […] Laboratory analysis confirmed a positive match to the outbreak strain in a sample of cattle feces, which was collected during follow-up investigations on a roadside, uphill from where leafy greens or other food identified in the traceback investigation were grown. While the finding does not provide definitive information on how E. coli may have contaminated product during the growing and harvesting season, it does confirm the presence of a strain of E. coli O157:H7 that causes recurring outbreaks in a more narrowly defined growing region and a potential, continued source of contamination.

• #69 Outbreak Investigation of E. coli – Leafy Greens (December 2020) | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/outbreak-investigation-e-coli-leafy-greens-december-2020

  At this time, FDAs investigational activities have concluded. The FDA continues to review the findings from this outbreak and a detailed report will be released in the near future. This report will include recommendations shaped by the investigation findings. […] In the meantime, as recommended in our Leafy Greens Action Plan, the FDA continues to recommend growers assess and mitigate risk associated with adjacent and nearby land use practices, particularly as it relates to the presence of livestock, which are a persistent reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 and other STEC.

• #70 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240906/Combining-epidemiology-and-climate-data-to-uncover-the-source-of-an-E-coli-outbreak.aspx

  A study published in Eurosurveillance to investigate an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 in the UK identified contaminated lettuce as the most likely source of the infection and determined that heavy rainfall and flooding may have carried STEC from animal feces to the lettuce crops. […] After a large outbreak of STEC 0157:H7 was detected in the UK in September 2022, a national-level investigation was initiated to identify the source of the outbreak and inform risk mitigation strategies. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to identify outbreak cases, and strongly suggested a link to a single source. […] All confirmed cases were requested to complete a questionnaire to provide information on demographics, clinical symptoms, environmental and food exposures, which was then analysed.

• #71 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240906/Combining-epidemiology-and-climate-data-to-uncover-the-source-of-an-E-coli-outbreak.aspx

  A frequency-matched case-control study was undertaken across the UK with 41 cases and 206 controls. Multivariable and univariable analysis of each exposure variable was carried out, linking illness to consumption of chicken and salad items, both of which became the focus of early food chain investigations. […] The only product with significant links identified between product type, purchase location and supply chain was lettuce, which became the main focus of investigation. […] Geospatial analysis of meteorological, flood risk, land use and sheep population data independently identified Grower X as the likely source of the outbreak. […] Epidemiological, food chain and meteorological analysis then allowed researchers to establish a timeline of events and a cascading risk pathway for the outbreak, which determined that STEC present in contaminated faeces from sheep may have been carried to lettuce crops through heavy rainfall.

• #72 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240906/Combining-epidemiology-and-climate-data-to-uncover-the-source-of-an-E-coli-outbreak.aspx

  The novel, integrative methods for this outbreak investigation showcase the benefits of approaching public health from the perspective of One Health, which takes into account the health of people, safe food production, animals, and environment, and could help predict, prevent and tackle potential outbreaks. […] As floods and heavy rainfall are expected to increase with climate change, this approach could also improve understanding of the impact of climate change on public health, and inform climate adaptation efforts in the future.

• #73 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240906/Combining-epidemiology-and-climate-data-to-uncover-the-source-of-an-E-coli-outbreak.aspx

  The novel, integrative methods for this outbreak investigation showcase the benefits of approaching public health from the perspective of One Health, which takes into account the health of people, safe food production, animals, and environment, and could help predict, prevent and tackle potential outbreaks. […] As floods and heavy rainfall are expected to increase with climate change, this approach could also improve understanding of the impact of climate change on public health, and inform climate adaptation efforts in the future.

• #74 Reporting Enteric Escherichia Coli Infection – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/ecoli/report.html

  Enteric Escherichia coli infection (all E. coli infections that cause enteric/intestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting; including: E. coli O157:H7, other Shiga toxin-producing (enterohemorrhagic) E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, or other pathogenic E. coli) must be reported to MDH within one working day. […] For enteric Escherichia coli infection, submission of clinical materials (isolate, if available) to MDH is required by rule. […] Health care practitioners (health care facilities, medical laboratories, and in certain circumstances veterinarians and veterinary medical laboratories) are required to report disease to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) under Minnesota state law. […] Any person in charge of any institution, school, child care facility, or camp is also required to report disease to MDH.

• #75 E. coli Infection (Escherichia coli Infection) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/e-coli-infection-escherichia-coli-infection

  Cases caused by Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli reported in Texas have increased slowly over the past 10 years. Cases increased from 351 cases in 2010 to 1,324 cases in 2019. […] There are several laws in Texas (Tex. Health Safety Code, Chapters 81, 84, and 87) that require doctors, hospitals, schools, and labs to inform the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) if they think someone has a notifiable condition.

• #76 E. coli Infection (Escherichia coli Infection) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/foodborne-illness/e-coli-infection-escherichia-coli-infection

  Cases caused by Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli reported in Texas have increased slowly over the past 10 years. Cases increased from 351 cases in 2010 to 1,324 cases in 2019. […] There are several laws in Texas (Tex. Health Safety Code, Chapters 81, 84, and 87) that require doctors, hospitals, schools, and labs to inform the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) if they think someone has a notifiable condition.

• #77

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/escherichia-coli-e-coli-guidance-data-and-analysis

  Enhanced surveillance of E. coli bacteraemia has been mandatory for NHS acute trusts since June 2011. Patient data of any E. coli bacteraemias are reported monthly to UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Independent sector healthcare organisations providing regulated activities have also undertaken surveillance of E. coli bacteraemia since June 2011. […] The government launched an initiative in April 2017, to reduce Gram-negative infections by 50% by 2021. […] In response to this, some of our mandatory surveillance publications will change from October 2017.

• #78 Shiga toxin‑producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-infection

  Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection is referred to as STEC. […] STEC is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] OzFoodNet is a network of epidemiologists that monitors and responds to foodborne diseases in Australia, including STEC.

• #79 Shiga toxin‑producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-infection

  Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection is referred to as STEC. […] STEC is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] OzFoodNet is a network of epidemiologists that monitors and responds to foodborne diseases in Australia, including STEC.

• #80 E. coli Surveillance | E. coli infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/php/surveillance/index.html

  CDC collects national Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) surveillance data through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human STEC isolates in the United States. […] Annual summaries of LEDS data are the national source of serotype information for STEC. […] Some other systems at CDC conduct surveillance on E. coli infections and outbreaks in the United States.

• #81 National Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Surveillance | E.coli | CDC

  http://med.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/ecoli/surveillance.html

  National Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) surveillance data are collected through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human STEC isolates in the United States. Clinical diagnostic laboratories submit STEC O157 isolates and Shiga toxin-positive broths to state and territorial public health laboratories, where they are further characterized. […] State and territorial public health laboratories send reports of these STEC isolates electronically to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) using a variety of mechanisms. Data are collected into the Laboratory-based Enteric Disease Surveillance (LEDS) system, which is maintained by the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED) in the National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.

• #82 Surveillance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) infection – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/e-coli/surveillance-e-coli.html

  Verotoxigenic (VTEC) E. coli, a type of E. coli that causes human illness, is nationally notifiable in all provinces and territories. […] Canada uses different surveillance systems to monitor cases of food-borne illness. These include: FoodNet Canada, the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP), the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. […] In recent years, approximately 474 cases of VTEC O157 infection have been reported annually in Canada.

• #83 Shiga toxin‑producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-infection

  Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection is referred to as STEC. […] STEC is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] OzFoodNet is a network of epidemiologists that monitors and responds to foodborne diseases in Australia, including STEC.

• #84 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli

  https://prod.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/eip/foodnet/stec/

  Active, population-based surveillance for STEC has been conducted throughout New Mexico since 2004 as part of the New Mexico Emerging Infections Program (NMEIP) FoodNet system. […] Through this surveillance system New Mexico FoodNet is able to examine and describe STEC infections in the state. […] Data from New Mexico and other EIP FoodNet sites are aggregated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to generate national estimates.

• #85 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli

  https://prod.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/eip/foodnet/stec/

  Active, population-based surveillance for STEC has been conducted throughout New Mexico since 2004 as part of the New Mexico Emerging Infections Program (NMEIP) FoodNet system. […] Through this surveillance system New Mexico FoodNet is able to examine and describe STEC infections in the state. […] Data from New Mexico and other EIP FoodNet sites are aggregated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to generate national estimates.

• #86 Factsheet for health professionals on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/escherichia-coli-ecoli/facts

  STEC has been the third most-commonly-reported gastrointestinal food- and waterborne disease in the EU/EEA and also the third most frequent bacterial pathogen detected in foodborne outbreaks in the EU. The majority of the cases are acquired in the EU/EEA […] The latest information on the epidemiological situation is presented in ECDC annual epidemiological reports and the EU One Health Zoonoses reports.

• #87 Factsheet for health professionals on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/escherichia-coli-ecoli/facts

  STEC has been the third most-commonly-reported gastrointestinal food- and waterborne disease in the EU/EEA and also the third most frequent bacterial pathogen detected in foodborne outbreaks in the EU. The majority of the cases are acquired in the EU/EEA […] The latest information on the epidemiological situation is presented in ECDC annual epidemiological reports and the EU One Health Zoonoses reports.

• #88 Factsheet for health professionals on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/escherichia-coli-ecoli/facts

  STEC has been the third most-commonly-reported gastrointestinal food- and waterborne disease in the EU/EEA and also the third most frequent bacterial pathogen detected in foodborne outbreaks in the EU. The majority of the cases are acquired in the EU/EEA […] The latest information on the epidemiological situation is presented in ECDC annual epidemiological reports and the EU One Health Zoonoses reports.

• #89 Surveillance and updates on Escherichia coli

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/escherichia-coli-ecoli/threats-and-outbreaks

  Rapid Outbreak Assessment: multi-country foodborne outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections associated with haemolytic uraemic syndrome, 6 April 2016 […] Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020 […] Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2019 […] Shiga toxin/verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC/VTEC) infection – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2018 […] Shiga toxin/verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC/VTEC) infection – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017 […] The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2020/2021 […] The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 20192020.

• #90 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Outbreak surveillance has several limitations. E. coli O157 outbreaks captured by CDC’s surveillance system likely represent only a small proportion of outbreaks that occur. Many outbreaks go unrecognized, are classified as outbreaks of unknown etiology, and are not reported to local public health officials or CDC. Smaller outbreaks and outbreaks with unknown transmission routes and vehicles are less likely to be reported, and this summary likely under represents such outbreaks.

• #91 Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002 – Volume 11, Number 4—April 2005 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-0739_article

  Outbreak surveillance has several limitations. E. coli O157 outbreaks captured by CDC’s surveillance system likely represent only a small proportion of outbreaks that occur. Many outbreaks go unrecognized, are classified as outbreaks of unknown etiology, and are not reported to local public health officials or CDC. Smaller outbreaks and outbreaks with unknown transmission routes and vehicles are less likely to be reported, and this summary likely under represents such outbreaks.

• #92 Changes in E coli testing pose surveillance challenges | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/changes-e-coli-testing-pose-surveillance-challenges

  The big Escherichia coli O104:H4 epidemic in Germany comes at a time when methods of testing for pathogenic E coli are changing, posing some challenges for public health officials intent on detecting E coli outbreaks quickly and monitoring trends as accurately as possible. […] CDC surveillance shows that detected E coli O157 cases have been falling, while detected non-O157 cases have been rising in recent years. […] The FoodNet report points out that changing lab practices, including the use of culture-independent tests for STEC, can affect the reported incidence of infection and that the increasing use of such tests may have a negative effect on current surveillance strategies. […] „If the lab doesn’t forward the materials to the state public health lab, then we don’t know if it’s an O157 or some other STEC, and there’s nothing to enter into PulseNet [the CDC database of DNA fingerprints for pathogens], and our surveillance will take a major step backward,” he added.

• #93 Changes in E coli testing pose surveillance challenges | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/changes-e-coli-testing-pose-surveillance-challenges

  „Use of the Stx [Shiga toxin] EIA without simultaneous or subsequent culture for O157 STEC delays or prevents further characterization of isolates and does not provide complete information for clinical decision making, as there is substantial variability in clinical outcome among the different STEC serogroups,” a team of experts from several state health departments said in a report in the April issue of Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. […] „If we can’t tell the difference between O157 and non-O157, it’s harder to know which target to attack with prevention,” he said. […] The 10-year Connecticut study that was published this week provided support for Tauxe’s point.

• #94 Changes in E coli testing pose surveillance challenges | CIDRAP

  https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/changes-e-coli-testing-pose-surveillance-challenges

  „Use of the Stx [Shiga toxin] EIA without simultaneous or subsequent culture for O157 STEC delays or prevents further characterization of isolates and does not provide complete information for clinical decision making, as there is substantial variability in clinical outcome among the different STEC serogroups,” a team of experts from several state health departments said in a report in the April issue of Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. […] „If we can’t tell the difference between O157 and non-O157, it’s harder to know which target to attack with prevention,” he said. […] The 10-year Connecticut study that was published this week provided support for Tauxe’s point.

• #95

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240021402

  WHO and the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance on AMR (AGISAR) supported WHO to develop a standard protocol for integrated multisectoral surveillance. […] The model targets monitoring one indicator, the extended spectrum beta-lactamases- (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli across the human, animal and environmental sectors, the Tricycle protocol. […] This protocol includes standard methodologies in the human, food chain and environmental sectors to be implemented in low resource settings to facilitate the establishment of the integrated multisectoral surveillance on AMR. […] Countries can build from this simple approach a complete national surveillance system that involves other cross cutting pathogens, resistance mechanisms and expand the implementation in different cities and provinces in the country to get more evidence of the spread of the antimicrobial resistance in the different sectors and allow the implementation of interventions in a holistic way to contain AMR.

• #96

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240021402

  WHO and the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance on AMR (AGISAR) supported WHO to develop a standard protocol for integrated multisectoral surveillance. […] The model targets monitoring one indicator, the extended spectrum beta-lactamases- (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli across the human, animal and environmental sectors, the Tricycle protocol. […] This protocol includes standard methodologies in the human, food chain and environmental sectors to be implemented in low resource settings to facilitate the establishment of the integrated multisectoral surveillance on AMR. […] Countries can build from this simple approach a complete national surveillance system that involves other cross cutting pathogens, resistance mechanisms and expand the implementation in different cities and provinces in the country to get more evidence of the spread of the antimicrobial resistance in the different sectors and allow the implementation of interventions in a holistic way to contain AMR.

• #97

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240021402

  WHO and the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance on AMR (AGISAR) supported WHO to develop a standard protocol for integrated multisectoral surveillance. […] The model targets monitoring one indicator, the extended spectrum beta-lactamases- (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli across the human, animal and environmental sectors, the Tricycle protocol. […] This protocol includes standard methodologies in the human, food chain and environmental sectors to be implemented in low resource settings to facilitate the establishment of the integrated multisectoral surveillance on AMR. […] Countries can build from this simple approach a complete national surveillance system that involves other cross cutting pathogens, resistance mechanisms and expand the implementation in different cities and provinces in the country to get more evidence of the spread of the antimicrobial resistance in the different sectors and allow the implementation of interventions in a holistic way to contain AMR.

• #98

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240021402

  WHO and the Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance on AMR (AGISAR) supported WHO to develop a standard protocol for integrated multisectoral surveillance. […] The model targets monitoring one indicator, the extended spectrum beta-lactamases- (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli across the human, animal and environmental sectors, the Tricycle protocol. […] This protocol includes standard methodologies in the human, food chain and environmental sectors to be implemented in low resource settings to facilitate the establishment of the integrated multisectoral surveillance on AMR. […] Countries can build from this simple approach a complete national surveillance system that involves other cross cutting pathogens, resistance mechanisms and expand the implementation in different cities and provinces in the country to get more evidence of the spread of the antimicrobial resistance in the different sectors and allow the implementation of interventions in a holistic way to contain AMR.

• #99 Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91516-9

  In the EU, human AMR surveillance relies on passive reporting of clinical infections. Hence, the true AMR carriage in the population is not known. Therefore, wastewater offers a possible screening point for AMR carriage in human populations. […] For AMR, several collaborative efforts use WBS as a valuable tool in monitoring AMR carriage trends and their environmental load. […] In addition, there is a new EU regulation that mandates monitoring AMR in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and recognizes it as an invaluable tool for the genomic epidemiology of pathogens. […] This organism was proposed because of its increasing zoonotic potential, its potential to transfer resistance determinants to other gut bacteria, and its ease of culture especially in resource-poor settings in Africa and Asia.

• #100 Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91516-9

  In the EU, human AMR surveillance relies on passive reporting of clinical infections. Hence, the true AMR carriage in the population is not known. Therefore, wastewater offers a possible screening point for AMR carriage in human populations. […] For AMR, several collaborative efforts use WBS as a valuable tool in monitoring AMR carriage trends and their environmental load. […] In addition, there is a new EU regulation that mandates monitoring AMR in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and recognizes it as an invaluable tool for the genomic epidemiology of pathogens. […] This organism was proposed because of its increasing zoonotic potential, its potential to transfer resistance determinants to other gut bacteria, and its ease of culture especially in resource-poor settings in Africa and Asia.

• #101 Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91516-9

  In the EU, human AMR surveillance relies on passive reporting of clinical infections. Hence, the true AMR carriage in the population is not known. Therefore, wastewater offers a possible screening point for AMR carriage in human populations. […] For AMR, several collaborative efforts use WBS as a valuable tool in monitoring AMR carriage trends and their environmental load. […] In addition, there is a new EU regulation that mandates monitoring AMR in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and recognizes it as an invaluable tool for the genomic epidemiology of pathogens. […] This organism was proposed because of its increasing zoonotic potential, its potential to transfer resistance determinants to other gut bacteria, and its ease of culture especially in resource-poor settings in Africa and Asia.

• #102 Wastewater based genomic surveillance key to population level monitoring of AmpC/ESBL producing Escherichia coli | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91516-9

  In the EU, human AMR surveillance relies on passive reporting of clinical infections. Hence, the true AMR carriage in the population is not known. Therefore, wastewater offers a possible screening point for AMR carriage in human populations. […] For AMR, several collaborative efforts use WBS as a valuable tool in monitoring AMR carriage trends and their environmental load. […] In addition, there is a new EU regulation that mandates monitoring AMR in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and recognizes it as an invaluable tool for the genomic epidemiology of pathogens. […] This organism was proposed because of its increasing zoonotic potential, its potential to transfer resistance determinants to other gut bacteria, and its ease of culture especially in resource-poor settings in Africa and Asia.

• #103 Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Stools of Returning Japanese Travelers, and the Risk Factors for Colonization | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098000

  Travel overseas has recently been considered a risk factor for colonization with drug-resistant bacteria. The purpose of this study was to establish the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the acquisition of drug-resistant bacteria by Japanese travelers. […] In this study, the prevalence of the colonization of ESBL-producing E. coli in returning Japanese travelers was 26%, and this value was compatible with past reports (23-30%). […] From these results, traveling abroad is considered a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli. […] In particular, traveling to India was a significant risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization. […] Travel to other regions of Asia (except India) and Africa is also considered to be a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli.

• #104 Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Stools of Returning Japanese Travelers, and the Risk Factors for Colonization | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098000

  Travel overseas has recently been considered a risk factor for colonization with drug-resistant bacteria. The purpose of this study was to establish the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the acquisition of drug-resistant bacteria by Japanese travelers. […] In this study, the prevalence of the colonization of ESBL-producing E. coli in returning Japanese travelers was 26%, and this value was compatible with past reports (23-30%). […] From these results, traveling abroad is considered a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli. […] In particular, traveling to India was a significant risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization. […] Travel to other regions of Asia (except India) and Africa is also considered to be a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli.

• #105 Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Stools of Returning Japanese Travelers, and the Risk Factors for Colonization | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098000

  Travel overseas has recently been considered a risk factor for colonization with drug-resistant bacteria. The purpose of this study was to establish the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the acquisition of drug-resistant bacteria by Japanese travelers. […] In this study, the prevalence of the colonization of ESBL-producing E. coli in returning Japanese travelers was 26%, and this value was compatible with past reports (23-30%). […] From these results, traveling abroad is considered a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli. […] In particular, traveling to India was a significant risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization. […] Travel to other regions of Asia (except India) and Africa is also considered to be a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli.

• #106 Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Stools of Returning Japanese Travelers, and the Risk Factors for Colonization | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098000

  Travel overseas has recently been considered a risk factor for colonization with drug-resistant bacteria. The purpose of this study was to establish the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the acquisition of drug-resistant bacteria by Japanese travelers. […] In this study, the prevalence of the colonization of ESBL-producing E. coli in returning Japanese travelers was 26%, and this value was compatible with past reports (23-30%). […] From these results, traveling abroad is considered a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli. […] In particular, traveling to India was a significant risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization. […] Travel to other regions of Asia (except India) and Africa is also considered to be a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli.

• #107 Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Stools of Returning Japanese Travelers, and the Risk Factors for Colonization | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098000

  Travel overseas has recently been considered a risk factor for colonization with drug-resistant bacteria. The purpose of this study was to establish the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the acquisition of drug-resistant bacteria by Japanese travelers. […] In this study, the prevalence of the colonization of ESBL-producing E. coli in returning Japanese travelers was 26%, and this value was compatible with past reports (23-30%). […] From these results, traveling abroad is considered a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli. […] In particular, traveling to India was a significant risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization. […] Travel to other regions of Asia (except India) and Africa is also considered to be a risk factor for the acquisition of ESBL-producing E. coli.

• #108 Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Stools of Returning Japanese Travelers, and the Risk Factors for Colonization | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098000

  In conclusion, travel in India is a risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization in Japanese travelers, even for short durations of travel. […] The results of this study have alerted us to the necessity of considering ESBL-producing E. coli beyond situations of only hospital-acquired/community-acquired to include situations of travel-acquired.

• #109 Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in the Stools of Returning Japanese Travelers, and the Risk Factors for Colonization | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098000

  In conclusion, travel in India is a risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization in Japanese travelers, even for short durations of travel. […] The results of this study have alerted us to the necessity of considering ESBL-producing E. coli beyond situations of only hospital-acquired/community-acquired to include situations of travel-acquired.

• #110

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  In England, a shift in the burden of disease from notifications of STEC O157 cases to non-O157 STECs has been observed in recent years, with the trend continuing in 2021. […] While the number of STEC O157-confirmed cases in England continued to drop in 2021 the number of STEC non-O157-confirmed cases continued to rise, resulting in an overall increase of STEC case notifications to national surveillance.

• #111

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  In England, a shift in the burden of disease from notifications of STEC O157 cases to non-O157 STECs has been observed in recent years, with the trend continuing in 2021. […] While the number of STEC O157-confirmed cases in England continued to drop in 2021 the number of STEC non-O157-confirmed cases continued to rise, resulting in an overall increase of STEC case notifications to national surveillance.

• #112

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Overall, 1,151 confirmed cases of STEC were reported in England during 2021, a decrease of 2% compared to 2020. […] A total of 365 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 were reported in England in 2021, no change compared to 2020. A total of 1,234 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O157 were reported in England in 2021, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The lowest annual incidence of STEC O157 was in the East Midlands region (0.41 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the North East region (1.02 per 100,000 population). The lowest incidence of STEC non-O157 was in the Yorkshire and Humber region (0.62 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the London region (4.21 per 100,000 population). […] Around a third (36%, 127 out of 365) of confirmed STEC O157 cases in England were hospitalised and 2% (6 out of 365) were reported to have developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

• #113

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Overall, 1,151 confirmed cases of STEC were reported in England during 2021, a decrease of 2% compared to 2020. […] A total of 365 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 were reported in England in 2021, no change compared to 2020. A total of 1,234 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O157 were reported in England in 2021, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The lowest annual incidence of STEC O157 was in the East Midlands region (0.41 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the North East region (1.02 per 100,000 population). The lowest incidence of STEC non-O157 was in the Yorkshire and Humber region (0.62 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the London region (4.21 per 100,000 population). […] Around a third (36%, 127 out of 365) of confirmed STEC O157 cases in England were hospitalised and 2% (6 out of 365) were reported to have developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

• #114

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Overall, 1,151 confirmed cases of STEC were reported in England during 2021, a decrease of 2% compared to 2020. […] A total of 365 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 were reported in England in 2021, no change compared to 2020. A total of 1,234 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O157 were reported in England in 2021, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The lowest annual incidence of STEC O157 was in the East Midlands region (0.41 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the North East region (1.02 per 100,000 population). The lowest incidence of STEC non-O157 was in the Yorkshire and Humber region (0.62 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the London region (4.21 per 100,000 population). […] Around a third (36%, 127 out of 365) of confirmed STEC O157 cases in England were hospitalised and 2% (6 out of 365) were reported to have developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

• #115

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Overall, 1,151 confirmed cases of STEC were reported in England during 2021, a decrease of 2% compared to 2020. […] A total of 365 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 were reported in England in 2021, no change compared to 2020. A total of 1,234 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O157 were reported in England in 2021, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The lowest annual incidence of STEC O157 was in the East Midlands region (0.41 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the North East region (1.02 per 100,000 population). The lowest incidence of STEC non-O157 was in the Yorkshire and Humber region (0.62 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the London region (4.21 per 100,000 population). […] Around a third (36%, 127 out of 365) of confirmed STEC O157 cases in England were hospitalised and 2% (6 out of 365) were reported to have developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

• #116

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Overall, 1,151 confirmed cases of STEC were reported in England during 2021, a decrease of 2% compared to 2020. […] A total of 365 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 were reported in England in 2021, no change compared to 2020. A total of 1,234 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O157 were reported in England in 2021, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The lowest annual incidence of STEC O157 was in the East Midlands region (0.41 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the North East region (1.02 per 100,000 population). The lowest incidence of STEC non-O157 was in the Yorkshire and Humber region (0.62 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the London region (4.21 per 100,000 population). […] Around a third (36%, 127 out of 365) of confirmed STEC O157 cases in England were hospitalised and 2% (6 out of 365) were reported to have developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

• #117

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Overall, 1,151 confirmed cases of STEC were reported in England during 2021, a decrease of 2% compared to 2020. […] A total of 365 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 were reported in England in 2021, no change compared to 2020. A total of 1,234 confirmed cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) non-O157 were reported in England in 2021, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The lowest annual incidence of STEC O157 was in the East Midlands region (0.41 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the North East region (1.02 per 100,000 population). The lowest incidence of STEC non-O157 was in the Yorkshire and Humber region (0.62 per 100,000 population) and the highest in the London region (4.21 per 100,000 population). […] Around a third (36%, 127 out of 365) of confirmed STEC O157 cases in England were hospitalised and 2% (6 out of 365) were reported to have developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).

• #118

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Since 2018, the number of STEC O157 notifications has declined and the number of STEC non-O157 has increased two-fold (218%). Overall, there is an increase in STEC notifications, and the burden placed on public health and clinical services is also increasing, especially given the two-fold increase in hospitalisation reported in 2021 for non-O157 cases. […] National enhanced surveillance of STEC in England has been ongoing since 2009. This report summarises the epidemiological data on confirmed cases of STEC O157 and non-O157 STEC cases in England in 2021 and compares it to previous years. […] During 2021 in England, 6,610 human faecal samples were received at GBRU for STEC testing and 1,234 were confirmed as non-O157 STEC cases, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The most common non-O157 serogroup isolated from the 786 non-O157 cases in 2021 was O26 (n=145, 18%) followed by O146 (n=129, 16%), O91 (n=97, 12%), O128ab (n=50, 6%) and O145 (n=39, 5%).

• #119

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Since 2018, the number of STEC O157 notifications has declined and the number of STEC non-O157 has increased two-fold (218%). Overall, there is an increase in STEC notifications, and the burden placed on public health and clinical services is also increasing, especially given the two-fold increase in hospitalisation reported in 2021 for non-O157 cases. […] National enhanced surveillance of STEC in England has been ongoing since 2009. This report summarises the epidemiological data on confirmed cases of STEC O157 and non-O157 STEC cases in England in 2021 and compares it to previous years. […] During 2021 in England, 6,610 human faecal samples were received at GBRU for STEC testing and 1,234 were confirmed as non-O157 STEC cases, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The most common non-O157 serogroup isolated from the 786 non-O157 cases in 2021 was O26 (n=145, 18%) followed by O146 (n=129, 16%), O91 (n=97, 12%), O128ab (n=50, 6%) and O145 (n=39, 5%).

• #120

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-e-coli-o157-annual-totals/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-data-2021

  Since 2018, the number of STEC O157 notifications has declined and the number of STEC non-O157 has increased two-fold (218%). Overall, there is an increase in STEC notifications, and the burden placed on public health and clinical services is also increasing, especially given the two-fold increase in hospitalisation reported in 2021 for non-O157 cases. […] National enhanced surveillance of STEC in England has been ongoing since 2009. This report summarises the epidemiological data on confirmed cases of STEC O157 and non-O157 STEC cases in England in 2021 and compares it to previous years. […] During 2021 in England, 6,610 human faecal samples were received at GBRU for STEC testing and 1,234 were confirmed as non-O157 STEC cases, an increase of 46% compared to 2020. […] The most common non-O157 serogroup isolated from the 786 non-O157 cases in 2021 was O26 (n=145, 18%) followed by O146 (n=129, 16%), O91 (n=97, 12%), O128ab (n=50, 6%) and O145 (n=39, 5%).

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