Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Global prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and associated factors among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-025-00880-x

  Nocturnal enuresis (NE), a prevalent childhood condition associated with significant emotional morbidity, including anxiety, guilt, and diminished self-esteem. […] The overall pooled prevalence of Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescents was 7.2% (95% CI: 6.2-8.1%). Positive family history AOR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.261.71), positive urinary tract infection AOR; 3.89, 95% CI (2.934.46), parental death AOR=1.93 (95% CI: 1.732.12), first birth order AOR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.370.62), and male sex AOR 1.63; 95% CI (1.311.94 were the significant associated factors with Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescent. […] The study found that nocturnal enuresis affects approximately 7.2% of children and adolescents. Family history, urinary tract infection, parental death, birth order, and sex were statistically significant factors.

• #2 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  Although enuresis is relatively common in early childhood, research exploring its antecedents and implications is surprisingly limited, perhaps because the condition typically remits in middle childhood. […] We found that 12.7% of our sample met criteria for lifetime enuresis, suggesting that it is a commonly occurring childhood disorder. […] Significant age 3 predictors of developing primary enuresis at age 9 included child anxiety and low positive affectivity, maternal history of anxiety, and low authoritative parenting. […] By age 9, 77% of children who had received a diagnosis of primary enuresis were in remission and continent. However, children who had remitted exhibited a higher rate of ADHD and greater ADHD and depressive symptoms at age 9 compared to children with no lifetime history of enuresis.

• #3 Bedwetting (Nocturnal Enuresis) Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15075-bedwetting

  Most children gradually stop wetting the bed on their own as they grow older. This usually happens between 4 and 6 years of age. […] A healthcare provider will see bedwetting as an issue if your child is over age 12 and continues to wet the bed two or more times a week for at least three months in a row. […] Bedwetting is common and doesn’t typically last forever. Children usually grow out of the condition when they learn to control their bladder. If an underlying condition caused bedwetting, treating that condition will stop or reduce bedwetting. It may take time to manage nocturnal enuresis, but it’s a treatable condition.

• #4 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  Although enuresis is relatively common in early childhood, research exploring its antecedents and implications is surprisingly limited, perhaps because the condition typically remits in middle childhood. […] We found that 12.7% of our sample met criteria for lifetime enuresis, suggesting that it is a commonly occurring childhood disorder. […] Significant age 3 predictors of developing primary enuresis at age 9 included child anxiety and low positive affectivity, maternal history of anxiety, and low authoritative parenting. […] By age 9, 77% of children who had received a diagnosis of primary enuresis were in remission and continent. However, children who had remitted exhibited a higher rate of ADHD and greater ADHD and depressive symptoms at age 9 compared to children with no lifetime history of enuresis.

• #5 Pediatrics Care Cypress-Fairbanks |Child Health Care Northwest Houston

  https://www.luv-n-carepediatrics.com/Bedwetting.php

  Primary bedwetting is generally viewed as a delay in maturation of the nervous system. […] Family history plays a big roll in predicting primary bedwetting. […] The „cure” for primary bedwetting is „tincture (or passage) of time.” […] A step-by-step approach can be anticipated to have a successful outcome in over 75% of such patients. […] It is important to differentiate between primary and secondary enuresis prior to starting treatments. […] Many pediatricians will prescribe one of these medications especially if the child is engaged in behavioral conditioning concurrently. […] Therapy of secondary bedwetting is directed at the primary pathology provoking the symptom of wetting the bed. […] In the medical world of today, both primary and secondary bedwetting should be a manageable condition with a reasonable goal of successfully eliminating both parental and patient anxiety, frustration, and embarrassment.

• #6 Bedwetting (Nocturnal Enuresis) Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15075-bedwetting

  Most children gradually stop wetting the bed on their own as they grow older. This usually happens between 4 and 6 years of age. […] A healthcare provider will see bedwetting as an issue if your child is over age 12 and continues to wet the bed two or more times a week for at least three months in a row. […] Bedwetting is common and doesn’t typically last forever. Children usually grow out of the condition when they learn to control their bladder. If an underlying condition caused bedwetting, treating that condition will stop or reduce bedwetting. It may take time to manage nocturnal enuresis, but it’s a treatable condition.

• #7

  https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/fulltext/2015/11000/factors_predicting_atypical_development_of.9.aspx

  To derive latent classes (longitudinal phenotypes) of frequency of bedwetting from 4 to 9 years and to examine their association with developmental delay, parental history of bedwetting, length of gestation and birth weight. […] The authors described patterns of development of nighttime bladder control and found evidence for factors that predict continuation of bedwetting at school age. Increased knowledge of risk factors for bedwetting is needed to identify children at risk of future problems attaining and maintaining continence. […] There is a need to understand factors that predict the prognosis of bedwetting to improve the identification of children who are at risk of persistent bedwetting. […] We found that children with delayed development at 18 months had increased odds of experiencing bedwetting at school age, with the strongest associations found for the frequent delayed and frequent persistent classes.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/fulltext/2015/11000/factors_predicting_atypical_development_of.9.aspx

  Maternal history of wetting might identify children who are at risk of more severe forms of bedwetting characterized by high frequency and persistence into late childhood. […] An important clinical implication of our results is the identification of the more severe and clinically relevant latent classes characterized by frequent (bedwetting twice or more per week) and either delayed attainment of bladder control (frequent delayed) or persistent bedwetting (frequent persistent). […] It is, therefore, important to identify children at risk of frequent bedwetting that persists into late childhood and prioritize them for treatment because their bedwetting is less likely to resolve with increasing age.

• #9 Global prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and associated factors among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-025-00880-x

  Nocturnal enuresis (NE), a prevalent childhood condition associated with significant emotional morbidity, including anxiety, guilt, and diminished self-esteem. […] The overall pooled prevalence of Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescents was 7.2% (95% CI: 6.2-8.1%). Positive family history AOR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.261.71), positive urinary tract infection AOR; 3.89, 95% CI (2.934.46), parental death AOR=1.93 (95% CI: 1.732.12), first birth order AOR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.370.62), and male sex AOR 1.63; 95% CI (1.311.94 were the significant associated factors with Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescent. […] The study found that nocturnal enuresis affects approximately 7.2% of children and adolescents. Family history, urinary tract infection, parental death, birth order, and sex were statistically significant factors.

• #10

  https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/fulltext/2015/11000/factors_predicting_atypical_development_of.9.aspx

  To derive latent classes (longitudinal phenotypes) of frequency of bedwetting from 4 to 9 years and to examine their association with developmental delay, parental history of bedwetting, length of gestation and birth weight. […] The authors described patterns of development of nighttime bladder control and found evidence for factors that predict continuation of bedwetting at school age. Increased knowledge of risk factors for bedwetting is needed to identify children at risk of future problems attaining and maintaining continence. […] There is a need to understand factors that predict the prognosis of bedwetting to improve the identification of children who are at risk of persistent bedwetting. […] We found that children with delayed development at 18 months had increased odds of experiencing bedwetting at school age, with the strongest associations found for the frequent delayed and frequent persistent classes.

• #11 Global prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and associated factors among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-025-00880-x

  Nocturnal enuresis (NE), a prevalent childhood condition associated with significant emotional morbidity, including anxiety, guilt, and diminished self-esteem. […] The overall pooled prevalence of Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescents was 7.2% (95% CI: 6.2-8.1%). Positive family history AOR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.261.71), positive urinary tract infection AOR; 3.89, 95% CI (2.934.46), parental death AOR=1.93 (95% CI: 1.732.12), first birth order AOR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.370.62), and male sex AOR 1.63; 95% CI (1.311.94 were the significant associated factors with Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescent. […] The study found that nocturnal enuresis affects approximately 7.2% of children and adolescents. Family history, urinary tract infection, parental death, birth order, and sex were statistically significant factors.

• #12 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  The present study examined early predictors, prognostic factors, and outcomes of primary enuresis in a community sample of children followed from age 3 to age 9. […] Greater anxiety and depressive symptoms and lower levels of functioning at age 3 predicted a more persistent course of enuresis. […] Even after remission, children with a history of enuresis exhibited increased rates of ADHD and elevated levels of ADHD and depressive symptoms. […] The findings underscore the clinical significance of primary enuresis and demonstrate its strong antecedent and prospective associations with psychopathology; children with a diagnosis of primary enuresis are likely to already have had lower levels of functioning and concomitant internalizing problems as early as preschool age, and even after remission, they are at high risk for ADHD and depressive symptoms.

• #13 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  Although enuresis is relatively common in early childhood, research exploring its antecedents and implications is surprisingly limited, perhaps because the condition typically remits in middle childhood. […] We found that 12.7% of our sample met criteria for lifetime enuresis, suggesting that it is a commonly occurring childhood disorder. […] Significant age 3 predictors of developing primary enuresis at age 9 included child anxiety and low positive affectivity, maternal history of anxiety, and low authoritative parenting. […] By age 9, 77% of children who had received a diagnosis of primary enuresis were in remission and continent. However, children who had remitted exhibited a higher rate of ADHD and greater ADHD and depressive symptoms at age 9 compared to children with no lifetime history of enuresis.

• #14 Global prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and associated factors among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-025-00880-x

  Nocturnal enuresis (NE), a prevalent childhood condition associated with significant emotional morbidity, including anxiety, guilt, and diminished self-esteem. […] The overall pooled prevalence of Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescents was 7.2% (95% CI: 6.2-8.1%). Positive family history AOR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.261.71), positive urinary tract infection AOR; 3.89, 95% CI (2.934.46), parental death AOR=1.93 (95% CI: 1.732.12), first birth order AOR 0.5 (95% CI: 0.370.62), and male sex AOR 1.63; 95% CI (1.311.94 were the significant associated factors with Nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescent. […] The study found that nocturnal enuresis affects approximately 7.2% of children and adolescents. Family history, urinary tract infection, parental death, birth order, and sex were statistically significant factors.

• #15 The Predictive Role of Bladder Ultrasound in Children with Nocturnal Enuresis: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/4/520

  Bladder ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing crucial insights into bladder capacity, wall thickness, and the bladder wall thickness index (BVWI). These ultrasound measurements correlate with the severity of NE and treatment success, aiding in personalized therapy, particularly for children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls. […] The review highlights the predictive role of ultrasound in enuresis management, focusing on the response rate and choice of therapy. Future studies should investigate how bladder imaging can predict both short-term and long-term treatment outcomes, with current evidence supporting its use in customizing NE treatment for improved results. […] Bladder ultrasound has proven to be an important tool in evaluating bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing key information on bladder capacity, wall thickness, and BVWI. These ultrasound parameters correlate with NE severity and treatment outcomes, making them useful in guiding therapeutic decisions. Children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls are more likely to benefit from treatments such as anticholinergics, highlighting the potential for personalized treatment approaches.

• #16 The Predictive Role of Bladder Ultrasound in Children with Nocturnal Enuresis: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/4/520

  Bladder ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing crucial insights into bladder capacity, wall thickness, and the bladder wall thickness index (BVWI). These ultrasound measurements correlate with the severity of NE and treatment success, aiding in personalized therapy, particularly for children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls. […] The review highlights the predictive role of ultrasound in enuresis management, focusing on the response rate and choice of therapy. Future studies should investigate how bladder imaging can predict both short-term and long-term treatment outcomes, with current evidence supporting its use in customizing NE treatment for improved results. […] Bladder ultrasound has proven to be an important tool in evaluating bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing key information on bladder capacity, wall thickness, and BVWI. These ultrasound parameters correlate with NE severity and treatment outcomes, making them useful in guiding therapeutic decisions. Children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls are more likely to benefit from treatments such as anticholinergics, highlighting the potential for personalized treatment approaches.

• #17 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  Although enuresis is relatively common in early childhood, research exploring its antecedents and implications is surprisingly limited, perhaps because the condition typically remits in middle childhood. […] We found that 12.7% of our sample met criteria for lifetime enuresis, suggesting that it is a commonly occurring childhood disorder. […] Significant age 3 predictors of developing primary enuresis at age 9 included child anxiety and low positive affectivity, maternal history of anxiety, and low authoritative parenting. […] By age 9, 77% of children who had received a diagnosis of primary enuresis were in remission and continent. However, children who had remitted exhibited a higher rate of ADHD and greater ADHD and depressive symptoms at age 9 compared to children with no lifetime history of enuresis.

• #18 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  The present study examined early predictors, prognostic factors, and outcomes of primary enuresis in a community sample of children followed from age 3 to age 9. […] Greater anxiety and depressive symptoms and lower levels of functioning at age 3 predicted a more persistent course of enuresis. […] Even after remission, children with a history of enuresis exhibited increased rates of ADHD and elevated levels of ADHD and depressive symptoms. […] The findings underscore the clinical significance of primary enuresis and demonstrate its strong antecedent and prospective associations with psychopathology; children with a diagnosis of primary enuresis are likely to already have had lower levels of functioning and concomitant internalizing problems as early as preschool age, and even after remission, they are at high risk for ADHD and depressive symptoms.

• #19 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  The present study examined early predictors, prognostic factors, and outcomes of primary enuresis in a community sample of children followed from age 3 to age 9. […] Greater anxiety and depressive symptoms and lower levels of functioning at age 3 predicted a more persistent course of enuresis. […] Even after remission, children with a history of enuresis exhibited increased rates of ADHD and elevated levels of ADHD and depressive symptoms. […] The findings underscore the clinical significance of primary enuresis and demonstrate its strong antecedent and prospective associations with psychopathology; children with a diagnosis of primary enuresis are likely to already have had lower levels of functioning and concomitant internalizing problems as early as preschool age, and even after remission, they are at high risk for ADHD and depressive symptoms.

• #20 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  Results of the present study underscore the clinical significance of primary enuresis and demonstrate that it shows both strong antecedent and prospective associations with psychopathology. […] The findings also highlight the possible role of parenting in the development of enuresis. […] Children with delayed bladder control and bed-wetting behaviors were at increased risk for later emotional and behavioral problems. […] Enuresis may have been associated with later psychopathology and poorer functioning because it was linked to preexisting symptoms and impairment. […] Identifying factors that predict the persistence of enuresis into later childhood may enable the identification of which enuretic children are most in need of intervention efforts. […] More research is necessary to determine whether children who have remitted from enuresis continue to exhibit psychiatric problems and impaired functioning.

• #21 Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5541498/

  To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. […] These findings provide evidence that common strategies used to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-olds are not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parents should be encouraged to seek professional advice for their child’s bedwetting rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective. […] Using propensity score-based methods, we found that two of the parental strategies used at 7 years were associated with an increased risk of bedwetting at 9 years, after adjusting the model for child and family variables and other parental strategies: lifting (risk difference=0.106 (95% CI 0.009 to 0.202), ie, there is a 10.6% (0.9% to 20.2%) increase in risk of bedwetting at 9 years among children whose parents used lifting compared with children whose parents did not use this strategy) and restricting drinks before bedtime (0.123 (0.021 to 0.226)). […] The adjusted results for the other strategies indicated that the effect could be in either direction (either an increase or decrease in the risk of bedwetting).

• #22 Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/7/e016749

  To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. […] These findings provide evidence that common strategies used to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-olds are not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parents should be encouraged to seek professional advice for their child’s bedwetting rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective. […] We examined a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting and found that when these strategies were used with 7-year-old children who wet the bed, they were not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parental strategies including lifting and restricting drinks before bedtime were associated with an increased risk of subsequent bedwetting.

• #23 Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5541498/

  To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. […] These findings provide evidence that common strategies used to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-olds are not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parents should be encouraged to seek professional advice for their child’s bedwetting rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective. […] Using propensity score-based methods, we found that two of the parental strategies used at 7 years were associated with an increased risk of bedwetting at 9 years, after adjusting the model for child and family variables and other parental strategies: lifting (risk difference=0.106 (95% CI 0.009 to 0.202), ie, there is a 10.6% (0.9% to 20.2%) increase in risk of bedwetting at 9 years among children whose parents used lifting compared with children whose parents did not use this strategy) and restricting drinks before bedtime (0.123 (0.021 to 0.226)). […] The adjusted results for the other strategies indicated that the effect could be in either direction (either an increase or decrease in the risk of bedwetting).

• #24 Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/7/e016749

  The adjusted treatment effects provided evidence that lifting and restricting drinks are associated with an increase in the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. The results obtained from the logistic regression analysis were mostly consistent with the analysis using the propensity score-based methods, that is, both lifting and restricting drinks were associated with an increase in the risk of bedwetting at 9 years in the fully adjusted model.

• #25 Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5541498/

  To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. […] These findings provide evidence that common strategies used to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-olds are not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parents should be encouraged to seek professional advice for their child’s bedwetting rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective. […] Using propensity score-based methods, we found that two of the parental strategies used at 7 years were associated with an increased risk of bedwetting at 9 years, after adjusting the model for child and family variables and other parental strategies: lifting (risk difference=0.106 (95% CI 0.009 to 0.202), ie, there is a 10.6% (0.9% to 20.2%) increase in risk of bedwetting at 9 years among children whose parents used lifting compared with children whose parents did not use this strategy) and restricting drinks before bedtime (0.123 (0.021 to 0.226)). […] The adjusted results for the other strategies indicated that the effect could be in either direction (either an increase or decrease in the risk of bedwetting).

• #26 Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/7/e016749

  To examine whether a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-old children (including lifting, restricting drinks before bedtime, regular daytime toilet trips, rewards, showing displeasure and using protection pants) are effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. […] These findings provide evidence that common strategies used to overcome bedwetting in 7-year-olds are not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parents should be encouraged to seek professional advice for their child’s bedwetting rather than persisting with strategies that may be ineffective. […] We examined a range of common strategies used by parents to overcome bedwetting and found that when these strategies were used with 7-year-old children who wet the bed, they were not effective in reducing the risk of bedwetting at 9 years. Parental strategies including lifting and restricting drinks before bedtime were associated with an increased risk of subsequent bedwetting.

• #27

  https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/fulltext/2015/11000/factors_predicting_atypical_development_of.9.aspx

  Maternal history of wetting might identify children who are at risk of more severe forms of bedwetting characterized by high frequency and persistence into late childhood. […] An important clinical implication of our results is the identification of the more severe and clinically relevant latent classes characterized by frequent (bedwetting twice or more per week) and either delayed attainment of bladder control (frequent delayed) or persistent bedwetting (frequent persistent). […] It is, therefore, important to identify children at risk of frequent bedwetting that persists into late childhood and prioritize them for treatment because their bedwetting is less likely to resolve with increasing age.

• #28

  https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/fulltext/2015/11000/factors_predicting_atypical_development_of.9.aspx

  Maternal history of wetting might identify children who are at risk of more severe forms of bedwetting characterized by high frequency and persistence into late childhood. […] An important clinical implication of our results is the identification of the more severe and clinically relevant latent classes characterized by frequent (bedwetting twice or more per week) and either delayed attainment of bladder control (frequent delayed) or persistent bedwetting (frequent persistent). […] It is, therefore, important to identify children at risk of frequent bedwetting that persists into late childhood and prioritize them for treatment because their bedwetting is less likely to resolve with increasing age.

• #29 Global prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and associated factors among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Full Text

  https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-025-00880-x

  It is recommended that healthcare providers should implement routine screening for nocturnal enuresis, particularly for children with known risk factors such as family history and urinary tract infections, and the development of targeted interventions and support mechanisms should be prioritized, considering the significant impacts of these factors among children and adolescents.

• #30 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  Results of the present study underscore the clinical significance of primary enuresis and demonstrate that it shows both strong antecedent and prospective associations with psychopathology. […] The findings also highlight the possible role of parenting in the development of enuresis. […] Children with delayed bladder control and bed-wetting behaviors were at increased risk for later emotional and behavioral problems. […] Enuresis may have been associated with later psychopathology and poorer functioning because it was linked to preexisting symptoms and impairment. […] Identifying factors that predict the persistence of enuresis into later childhood may enable the identification of which enuretic children are most in need of intervention efforts. […] More research is necessary to determine whether children who have remitted from enuresis continue to exhibit psychiatric problems and impaired functioning.

• #31 The Predictive Role of Bladder Ultrasound in Children with Nocturnal Enuresis: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/4/520

  Bladder ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing crucial insights into bladder capacity, wall thickness, and the bladder wall thickness index (BVWI). These ultrasound measurements correlate with the severity of NE and treatment success, aiding in personalized therapy, particularly for children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls. […] The review highlights the predictive role of ultrasound in enuresis management, focusing on the response rate and choice of therapy. Future studies should investigate how bladder imaging can predict both short-term and long-term treatment outcomes, with current evidence supporting its use in customizing NE treatment for improved results. […] Bladder ultrasound has proven to be an important tool in evaluating bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing key information on bladder capacity, wall thickness, and BVWI. These ultrasound parameters correlate with NE severity and treatment outcomes, making them useful in guiding therapeutic decisions. Children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls are more likely to benefit from treatments such as anticholinergics, highlighting the potential for personalized treatment approaches.

• #32 Pediatrics Care Cypress-Fairbanks |Child Health Care Northwest Houston

  https://www.luv-n-carepediatrics.com/Bedwetting.php

  Primary bedwetting is generally viewed as a delay in maturation of the nervous system. […] Family history plays a big roll in predicting primary bedwetting. […] The „cure” for primary bedwetting is „tincture (or passage) of time.” […] A step-by-step approach can be anticipated to have a successful outcome in over 75% of such patients. […] It is important to differentiate between primary and secondary enuresis prior to starting treatments. […] Many pediatricians will prescribe one of these medications especially if the child is engaged in behavioral conditioning concurrently. […] Therapy of secondary bedwetting is directed at the primary pathology provoking the symptom of wetting the bed. […] In the medical world of today, both primary and secondary bedwetting should be a manageable condition with a reasonable goal of successfully eliminating both parental and patient anxiety, frustration, and embarrassment.

• #33 Pediatrics Care Cypress-Fairbanks |Child Health Care Northwest Houston

  https://www.luv-n-carepediatrics.com/Bedwetting.php

  Primary bedwetting is generally viewed as a delay in maturation of the nervous system. […] Family history plays a big roll in predicting primary bedwetting. […] The „cure” for primary bedwetting is „tincture (or passage) of time.” […] A step-by-step approach can be anticipated to have a successful outcome in over 75% of such patients. […] It is important to differentiate between primary and secondary enuresis prior to starting treatments. […] Many pediatricians will prescribe one of these medications especially if the child is engaged in behavioral conditioning concurrently. […] Therapy of secondary bedwetting is directed at the primary pathology provoking the symptom of wetting the bed. […] In the medical world of today, both primary and secondary bedwetting should be a manageable condition with a reasonable goal of successfully eliminating both parental and patient anxiety, frustration, and embarrassment.

• #34 Pediatrics Care Cypress-Fairbanks |Child Health Care Northwest Houston

  https://www.luv-n-carepediatrics.com/Bedwetting.php

  Primary bedwetting is generally viewed as a delay in maturation of the nervous system. […] Family history plays a big roll in predicting primary bedwetting. […] The „cure” for primary bedwetting is „tincture (or passage) of time.” […] A step-by-step approach can be anticipated to have a successful outcome in over 75% of such patients. […] It is important to differentiate between primary and secondary enuresis prior to starting treatments. […] Many pediatricians will prescribe one of these medications especially if the child is engaged in behavioral conditioning concurrently. […] Therapy of secondary bedwetting is directed at the primary pathology provoking the symptom of wetting the bed. […] In the medical world of today, both primary and secondary bedwetting should be a manageable condition with a reasonable goal of successfully eliminating both parental and patient anxiety, frustration, and embarrassment.

• #35 Pediatrics Care Cypress-Fairbanks |Child Health Care Northwest Houston

  https://www.luv-n-carepediatrics.com/Bedwetting.php

  Primary bedwetting is generally viewed as a delay in maturation of the nervous system. […] Family history plays a big roll in predicting primary bedwetting. […] The „cure” for primary bedwetting is „tincture (or passage) of time.” […] A step-by-step approach can be anticipated to have a successful outcome in over 75% of such patients. […] It is important to differentiate between primary and secondary enuresis prior to starting treatments. […] Many pediatricians will prescribe one of these medications especially if the child is engaged in behavioral conditioning concurrently. […] Therapy of secondary bedwetting is directed at the primary pathology provoking the symptom of wetting the bed. […] In the medical world of today, both primary and secondary bedwetting should be a manageable condition with a reasonable goal of successfully eliminating both parental and patient anxiety, frustration, and embarrassment.

• #36 Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Primary Enuresis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5748887/

  Results of the present study underscore the clinical significance of primary enuresis and demonstrate that it shows both strong antecedent and prospective associations with psychopathology. […] The findings also highlight the possible role of parenting in the development of enuresis. […] Children with delayed bladder control and bed-wetting behaviors were at increased risk for later emotional and behavioral problems. […] Enuresis may have been associated with later psychopathology and poorer functioning because it was linked to preexisting symptoms and impairment. […] Identifying factors that predict the persistence of enuresis into later childhood may enable the identification of which enuretic children are most in need of intervention efforts. […] More research is necessary to determine whether children who have remitted from enuresis continue to exhibit psychiatric problems and impaired functioning.

• #37 The Predictive Role of Bladder Ultrasound in Children with Nocturnal Enuresis: A Comprehensive Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/4/520

  Bladder ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing crucial insights into bladder capacity, wall thickness, and the bladder wall thickness index (BVWI). These ultrasound measurements correlate with the severity of NE and treatment success, aiding in personalized therapy, particularly for children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls. […] The review highlights the predictive role of ultrasound in enuresis management, focusing on the response rate and choice of therapy. Future studies should investigate how bladder imaging can predict both short-term and long-term treatment outcomes, with current evidence supporting its use in customizing NE treatment for improved results. […] Bladder ultrasound has proven to be an important tool in evaluating bladder function and structure in children with NE, providing key information on bladder capacity, wall thickness, and BVWI. These ultrasound parameters correlate with NE severity and treatment outcomes, making them useful in guiding therapeutic decisions. Children with smaller bladder capacities and thicker bladder walls are more likely to benefit from treatments such as anticholinergics, highlighting the potential for personalized treatment approaches.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/fulltext/2015/11000/factors_predicting_atypical_development_of.9.aspx

  To derive latent classes (longitudinal phenotypes) of frequency of bedwetting from 4 to 9 years and to examine their association with developmental delay, parental history of bedwetting, length of gestation and birth weight. […] The authors described patterns of development of nighttime bladder control and found evidence for factors that predict continuation of bedwetting at school age. Increased knowledge of risk factors for bedwetting is needed to identify children at risk of future problems attaining and maintaining continence. […] There is a need to understand factors that predict the prognosis of bedwetting to improve the identification of children who are at risk of persistent bedwetting. […] We found that children with delayed development at 18 months had increased odds of experiencing bedwetting at school age, with the strongest associations found for the frequent delayed and frequent persistent classes.

• #39 Bedwetting (Nocturnal Enuresis) Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15075-bedwetting

  Most children gradually stop wetting the bed on their own as they grow older. This usually happens between 4 and 6 years of age. […] A healthcare provider will see bedwetting as an issue if your child is over age 12 and continues to wet the bed two or more times a week for at least three months in a row. […] Bedwetting is common and doesn’t typically last forever. Children usually grow out of the condition when they learn to control their bladder. If an underlying condition caused bedwetting, treating that condition will stop or reduce bedwetting. It may take time to manage nocturnal enuresis, but it’s a treatable condition.

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