Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Microscopic Colitis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Management—An Update 2013

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3654232/

  Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic diarrhea. Over the last years the incidence and the prevalence of microscopic colitis are rising and this rise is largely attributed to a rising awareness, and concomitantly an increasing number of diagnoses are made. […] Microscopic colitis is most common in older patients, especially in female patients and is frequently associated with autoimmune disorders and the consumption of several drugs. […] Following its first description in the early 80, microscopic colitis was felt to be a rare disease. Over the last thirty years we have learned the opposite, that microscopic colitis is a common disease with high incidences and very high prevalence. […] Newer epidemiologic studies done in this century confirmed these high incidence numbers showing that actual incidence and prevalence numbers are higher than initially thought and are still able to show rising incidences, though the rise is far less pronounced than before.

• #1 Microscopic colitis: Etiopathology, diagnosis, and rational management | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/79397

  A meta-analysis has revealed a pooled worldwide incidence of microscopic colitis of 4.9 (95% CI 4.25.7) cases per 100,000 patient-years for collagenous colitis and 5.0 (95% CI 4.06.1) cases per 100,000 patient-years for lymphocytic colitis (Miehlke et al., 2021). […] Epidemiological studies have shown that in some countries the incidence of microscopic colitis has exceeded those of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis among elderly persons. For example, in a recent Danish nationwide cohort study, the incidence of microscopic colitis (mean age at the time of diagnosis: 65 years) was 24.3 per 100,000 patient-years in 2016 vs. 18.6 for ulcerative colitis and 9.1 for Crohns disease per 100,000 patient-years in 2013 (Lophaven et al., 2004,; Weimers et al., 2020). […] In general, the incidence of microscopic colitis has increased over time (Tong et al., 2015), Various factors, such as improved recognition of this disorder among gastroenterologists and pathologists, as well as varying presence of risk factors, may influence regional and temporal differences of the incidence.

• #1 The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1856874/

  Although the epidemiology of microscopic colitis has been described in Europe, no such data exist from North America. We studied the incidence, prevalence and temporal trends of microscopic colitis in a geographically defined US population. […] We identified 130 incident cases for an overall rate of 8.6 cases per 100000 personyears. There was a significant secular trend, with incidence increasing from 1.1 per 100000 early in the study to 19.6 per 100000 by the end (p0.001). Rates increased with age (p0.001). By subtype, the incidence was 3.1 per 100000 for collagenous colitis and 5.5 per 100000 for lymphocytic colitis. […] The incidence of microscopic colitis has increased significantly over time, and by the end of the study, the incidence and prevalence were significantly higher than reported previously. Microscopic colitis is associated with older age, and collagenous colitis is associated with female sex.

• #1 Prevalence, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Microscopic Colitis

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=12&number=3&spage=227

  Since the first description in 1985, the incidence of MC has increased with rates approaching that of other forms of IBD, based on epidemiologic studies conducted in Spain, Europe, North America. In a population based study of Olmsted County, United States, from 1985 to 2001, the prevalence of MC was 103.0 per 100,000 person-years, demonstrating an overall increase during that time period. This population based cohort was updated to examine the incidence trend from 2002 to 2010 which demonstrated disease stability with an overall incidence of 21.0 per 100,000 person-years. This is comparable to a Danish cohort with an overall incidence in 2011 of 24.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. A recent meta-analysis has demonstrated the overall incidence of CC 4.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.89 to 5.40) per 100,000 person-years and 4.85 for LC (95% CI, 3.45 to 6.25). Again, similar to the results of the Olmstead cohort, the authors show that the temporal trend of increasing incidence prior to 2000, which stabilized thereafter. Multiple trials have demonstrated the association of MC with women and older age.

• #1 The epidemiology of microscopic colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Population-based study from… : Falk Foundation

  https://falkfoundation.org/en/fgr/detail/the-epidemiology-of-microscopic-colitis-in-olmsted-county-minnesota-population-based-study-from-2011-to-2019/

  Epidemiologic studies from Europe and North America have reported an increasing incidence of microscopic colitis (MC) in the late 20th century, followed by a plateau. […] A total of 268 incident cases of MC were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 64 (range, 1990) years; 207 (77%) were women. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of MC was 25.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.7-28.9) cases per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of LC was 15.8 (95% CI: 13.4-18.2) and CC was 9.9 (95% CI: 8.1-11.9) per 100,000 person-years. A higher MC incidence was associated with increasing age and female sex (p). […] The incidence of microscopic colitis (MC) and its subtypes was stable between 2011 and 2019, but its prevalence was higher than in previous periods. The incidence of MC continues to be associated with increasing age and female sex.

• #1 The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/56/4/504

  Objective: Although the epidemiology of microscopic colitis has been described in Europe, no such data exist from North America. We studied the incidence, prevalence and temporal trends of microscopic colitis in a geographically defined US population. […] We identified 130 incident cases for an overall rate of 8.6 cases per 100 000 person-years. There was a significant secular trend, with incidence increasing from 1.1 per 100 000 early in the study to 19.6 per 100 000 by the end (p0.001). Rates increased with age (p0.001). By subtype, the incidence was 3.1 per 100 000 for collagenous colitis and 5.5 per 100 000 for lymphocytic colitis. Collagenous colitis was associated with female sex (p0.001) but lymphocytic colitis was not. Prevalence (per 100 000 persons) on 31 December 2001 was 103.0 (39.3 for collagenous colitis and 63.7 for lymphocytic colitis). […] The incidence of microscopic colitis has increased significantly over time, and by the end of the study, the incidence and prevalence were significantly higher than reported previously. Microscopic colitis is associated with older age, and collagenous colitis is associated with female sex.

• #1 Epidemiology, clinical presentation, associated factors, and current trends in microscopic colitis – Savzikhanova – Kazan medical journal

  https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/635770

  Microscopic colitis has attracted the attention of internists and gastroenterologists due to its increasing incidence and the gaps in knowledge about the disease. […] Epidemiological data indicate an increasing incidence of microscopic colitis with global prevalence variability. […] Over the past 15 years, epidemiological studies have demonstrated a rising trend in the incidence and prevalence of MC, particularly in North America and Europe. […] According to the European clinical guidelines (UEG/EMCG, 2021), the estimated prevalence of MC is 119.4 cases per 100,000 population. […] Several studies have highlighted that MC primarily affects individuals over 60 years of age. […] The highest age-adjusted incidence rates for both men and women were observed in the 60-69 age group. […] Miehlke et al. reported a predominantly female prevalence of MC, with a peak incidence occurring between the sixth and eighth decades of life. […] Epidemiological studies have consistently identified smoking as a major risk factor for MC. […] The role of infectious triggers in the pathogenesis of MC remains debatable. […] Several studies have also described an association between severe COVID-19 and MC.

• #1

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1074730

  Population-based study of residents of the catchment area of the hospital, with a new diagnosis of MC between 1999 and 2008. Patients were identified by diagnosis registers of the Departments of Medicine and Pathology. Medical files were reviewed, and colonic biopsies were reevaluated. […] Collagenous colitis was diagnosed in 96 patients (75 females) and LC in 90 patients (74 females). The mean annual age-standardized incidence (per 100,000 inhabitants) was MC 10.2 (95% confidence interval: 8.7-11.7), CC 5.2 (4.2-6.3), and LC 5.0 (4.0-6.0). Age-specific incidence showed a peak in females older than 70 years. Prevalence (per 100,000 inhabitants) on December 31, 2008, was MC 123 (107.6-140.0), CC 67.7 (56.4-80.6), and LC 55.3 (45.2-67.1). A comparison of current study period with 1993-1998 showed unchanged mean incidence of MC, but a 2-fold increase in women older than 60 years with LC (standardized rate ratios 2.2, [1.2-3.7]) and increased female to male ratio (4.6:1 versus 2.1:1; P = 0.02) in LC.

• #1 Microscopic (lymphocytic and collagenous) colitis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microscopic-lymphocytic-and-collagenous-colitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management

  Microscopic colitis has a higher incidence in women, in the range of 52 to 86 percent. […] The estimated incidence of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis are 2.0 to 10.8 and 2.3 to 16 per 100,000 per year, respectively, with higher incidence in northern Europe and northern parts of North America. […] Microscopic colitis has also been associated with several other diseases with autoimmune background (eg, autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and nonerosive, oligoarticular arthritis). […] The HLA-DR3-DQ2 haplotype that predisposes to celiac disease is also associated with microscopic colitis.

• #1 Microscopic Colitis: An Underestimated Disease of Growing Importance

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/19/5683

  The estimated mean incidence rate of both MC subtypes in Europe is approximately 11.4 cases per 100,000 person-years. The estimated average incidence of CC is 4.9 cases per 100,000 individuals per year, while the estimated average incidence of LC is five cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The highest incidence rates were reported in Denmark, reaching 24.3 cases per 100,000 person-years. The incidence of MC is reported to be comparable to or even higher than that of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The increased incidence of MC is most likely associated with the excessive use of medications that may contribute to the induction of this condition, improvements in endoscopic diagnostic techniques, and the gradually growing awareness of both patients and healthcare providers regarding this disease entity.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Microscopic colitis: A literature review Microscopic colitis: A literature review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/Pg3NLNmt4FyPCHcRRnGhHBR/

  Several risk factors have been described for MC, the main ones including: female, advanced age, autoimmune diseases, past or current diagnosis of malignancy and history of solid organ transplants. […] Recent studies in the US have shown an MC incidence rate of 7.1 per 100,000 individuals/year for CC, and 12.6 per 100,000 individuals/year for LC. […] The global prevalence of MC was observed at 103.0 per 100,000 individuals, with 39.3 per 100,000 individuals for CC and 63.7 per 100,000 individuals for LC. […] MC is typically a disease of the elderly, with an average age at diagnosis of 65 years. […] CC is around 20 times more frequent in women, while LC is equally distributed between men and women. […] MC is a rare phenomenon in children and 25% of patients with MC are aged less than 45 years, which reflects the need for investigation in young patients with chronic diarrhea.

• #1 Microscopic Colitis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Current Management—An Update 2013

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3654232/

  Established risk factors for microscopic colitis are female gender, higher age, concomitant autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease or celiac disease, a past or current diagnosis of malignancy, and a history of solid organ transplant. […] Female gender is a major risk factor and this gender preference is somewhat more pronounced in collagenous colitis. […] Numerous studies established that the incidence of microscopic colitis increases substantially with advancing age. […] 30-50% of patients with microscopic colitis have at least one concomitant autoimmune disease. […] Strong associations were furthermore reported for microscopic colitis and certain drugs, and the possible causative nature of these associations is a matter of ongoing discussions and study activity. […] The newest clinical studies suggest that at least for collagenous colitis the incidence rates have now leveled out whereas the incidence rates for lymphocytic colitis are still rising. […] The pathophysiology of microscopic colitis is still unknown but there is strong evidence that microscopic colitis is frequently associated with the use of certain medications and certain systemic disorders (such as autoimmune and rheumatic disease).

• #1 Microscopic Colitis: An Underestimated Disease of Growing Importance

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/19/5683

  The issue of differences in the incidence of MC across various ethnic groups is controversial. Some studies suggest that MC is more prevalent among individuals of the Caucasian population compared to the Asian population (in Japan, the JADER study reported only 161 cases of MC between 2004 and 2021). Very few cases have been reported among individuals of African descent. Frequent misdiagnoses of MC further complicate obtaining precise epidemiological data. Additionally, the low clinical awareness of MC and limited interest in the industry results in a low number of epidemiological studies. […] The prevalence of MC in women is higher than in men and is approximately 3 to 2, meaning that for every three women with MC, there are two men with the same disease. Furthermore, some studies show that the prevalence of CC can be up to nine times higher in women than in men, depending on the size of the study group. The mean age of onset of CC is 64.9 years, while LC is 62.2 years. It is noteworthy that in only 25% of LC cases, the diagnosis is made before the patient reaches the age of 45. There have also been single cases of MC among children noted in the literature.

• #1 Microscopic Colitis (Collagenous and Lymphocytic Colitis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180664-overview

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is strongly associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease, polyarthritis, and thyroid disorders. Up to 20-60% of patients with lymphocytic colitis and 17-40% of patients with collagenous colitis (CC) have an autoimmune disease. In fact, histologic features of microscopic colitis in the colon are present in 30% of patients with celiac disease. […] An increased risk of microscopic colitis is associated with smoking, as well as the use of certain drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). […] Tong et al, in their systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies on microscopic colitis found that the incidence of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis (LC) was 4.14 per 100,000 person-years and 4.85 per 100,000, respectively. The study showed significant female predominance with a female-male incidence ratio of 3.05 for collagenous colitis and 1.92 for lymphocytic colitis, as well as a median age of diagnosis in the sixth decade. Overall, the investigators noticed a steady increase in the incidence of microscopic colitis across different countries since year 2000. The incidence in the United States, Sweden, and Spain appears to have stabilized since year 2000. […] Both conditions are observed more commonly in individuals older than 40 years, with a peak incidence in the sixth and seventh decades of life, and the incidence of both conditions increases with age. Isolated cases have been reported in younger populations, including children.

• #1

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1074730

  Epidemiological aspects of microscopic colitis […] Microscopic colitis (MC) constitutes the main entities collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC), diseases that are relatively recently described (in 1976 and 1989, respectively). […] The aims of this thesis were to study the epidemiology of MC, to describe how these diseases affect patients in terms of symptom burden and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), to study potential risk factors such as familial factors, childhood circumstances, educational level, marital status, smoking and comorbidity, and to describe a cohort of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohns disease (CD) and subsequent MC, and vice versa. […] During 1999-2008 in Sweden, the mean annual incidence of MC was 10.2 per 105 inhabitants, compared with 5.2 per 105 inhabitants for CC, and 5.0 per 105 inhabitants for LC. The prevalence of MC on 31 December 2008 was 123 per 105 inhabitants. Women appeared to be especially affected the female:male ratio was 3.6:1 in CC and 4.6:1 in LC.

• #1 Microscopic (lymphocytic and collagenous) colitis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microscopic-lymphocytic-and-collagenous-colitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management/print

  Microscopic colitis has a higher incidence in women, in the range of 52 to 86 percent. […] The estimated incidence of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis are 2.0 to 10.8 and 2.3 to 16 per 100,000 per year, respectively, with higher incidence in northern Europe and northern parts of North America. […] Approximately 25 percent of patients with microscopic colitis are diagnosed before the age of 45 years. […] Microscopic colitis has also been associated with several other diseases with autoimmune background (eg, autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and nonerosive, oligoarticular arthritis). […] In one report, concomitant autoimmune diseases were more common in patients with collagenous colitis as compared with lymphocytic colitis (53 versus 26 percent). […] The HLA-DR3-DQ2 haplotype that predisposes to celiac disease is also associated with microscopic colitis.

• #1

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1074730

  Microscopic colitis is associated with a family history of MC, indicating that familial factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. We confirm earlier reports that smoking is a risk factor in MC. […] In the present study population, CC was associated with rheumatic disease and previous appendicectomy. Moreover, CC and LC were associated with thyroid disease and coeliac disease and, interestingly, with a history of UC. […] Most patients with UC or CD and subsequent MC, or vice versa, had UC or CD first and later developed MC. The majority had extensive UC and later onset of CC. Microscopic colitis should be considered in patients with UC or CD if there is onset of chronic watery diarrhoea without endoscopic relapse of mucosal inflammation. […] […] […] The incidence of microscopic colitis (MC) has increased in several centers, but long-term epidemiologic data are missing. We report an epidemiologic study of collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC) during 1999-2008, as a follow-up of our previous studies 1984-1998.

• #1

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1074730

  After an initial rise during 1980s and early 1990s, annual incidence of CC and LC has been stable during the last 15 years around 5/100,000 inhabitants for each disorder. The increasing incidence in older women with LC may be related to an increasing proportion of older individuals in the background population and increased colonoscopy frequency in elderly. […] […] […] Data on heredity, risk factors and comorbidity in microscopic colitis, encompassing collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC), are limited. The aim was to carry out a case-control study of family history, childhood circumstances, educational level, marital status, smoking and comorbidity in microscopic colitis. […] Some 212 patients and 627 controls participated in the study. There was an association with a family history of microscopic colitis in both CC [odds ratio (OR): 10.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1-50.4, P=0.004] and LC (OR not estimated, P=0.008). Current smoking was associated with CC [OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 2.4-9.2, P0.001) and LC (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.6-6.7, P=0.002). […] The association with a family history of microscopic colitis indicates that familial factors may be important. The association with a history of UC should be studied further as it may present new insights into the pathogenesis of microscopic colitis and UC.

• #1 Microscopic Colitis: An Underestimated Disease of Growing Importance

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/19/5683

  Although the impact of diet on IBD clinical course and the role of diet–microbial–immune system interactions in the development of the disease has been the subject of numerous studies, little is known about the role of diet in MC. Nevertheless, the influence of calcium intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking on MC development has been reported, as discussed in Section 3. Nonetheless, the limited number of studies highlights the need for further research in this area.

• #1 Microscopic colitis: Etiopathology, diagnosis, and rational management | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/79397

  A nationwide Swedish casecontrol study found that the prevalence of previous gastrointestinal (GI) infection was significantly higher in microscopic colitis than in controls (Khalili et al., 2021). […] Another recent casecontrol study suggested that patients with microscopic colitis are less likely to be obese compared to those in diarrhea control groups (Sandler et al., 2022). These observations point toward the involvement of gut microbiota or hormonal effects of obesity.

• #1 Microscopic Colitis Increases Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Mass General Advances in Motion

  https://advances.massgeneral.org/digestive-health/journal.aspx?id=1625

  In this nationwide registry study, 13,957 adults with microscopic colitis were compared with 66,820 population controls to investigate whether microscopic colitis is associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) […] Microscopic colitis was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 12.6 for Crohn’s disease (CD), 17.3 for ulcerative colitis (UC) and 16.8 for IBD generally […] The associations between microscopic colitis and IBD were similar regardless of microscopic colitis histologic subtype, choice of medication used for initial treatment and age at diagnosis […] During the follow-up period, 108 patients with microscopic colitis and 42 controls developed CD. For UC, the respective figures were 323 and 94 […] The 20-year absolute excess risk was 1.1 percentage points for CD and 3.6 percentage points for UC

• #1 Microscopic colitis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Microscopic_colitis

  Patients are characteristically middle-aged. […] Patients are characteristically, though not exclusively female. […] The prognosis for lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis is good and both conditions are considered to be benign. […] The majority of people afflicted with the conditions recover from their diarrhoea and their histological abnormalities resolve. […] Colonoscopy is normal or near normal. The changes are often patchy, so multiple colonic biopsies must be taken in order to make the diagnosis. A full colonoscopy is required, as an examination limited to the rectum will miss cases of microscopic colitis.

• #1 Epidemiology of microscopic colitis: Risk of associated disorders and death

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-05-epidemiology-microscopic-colitis-disorders-death.html

  Epidemiology of microscopic colitis: Risk of associated disorders and death […] Microscopic colitis is the most recently recognized inflammatory condition of the large intestine in which abnormal reactions of the immune system cause inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. At present, more than 10,000 people in Sweden are estimated to be living with the disease. Previously, insufficient awareness and knowledge of microscopic colitis have led to underdiagnosis of the disorder, leaving patients untreated. […] Our incidence study reveals a substantial increase of microscopic colitis during the past decades, but with stabilizing rates from 2010–2015. We also saw that patients with microscopic colitis are at an increased risk of death. However, it seems that the increased mortality is associated with other disorders occurring at the same time and not with microscopic colitis in itself. We also found a modestly (+8%) increased risk of cancer in patients with microscopic colitis. It is possible that this risk is partly due to an increased surveillance of these patients. Finally, we showed that patients with celiac disease are at an elevated risk of developing microscopic colitis. […] Further, missed diagnoses due to insufficient awareness have hampered the ability of researchers to conduct large-scale studies on prognosis, associated disorders and outcomes.

• #1 UNC Researchers Reveal Prevalence of Persistent Symptoms in Patients with Microscopic Colitis | Newsroom

  https://news.unchealthcare.org/2023/12/unc-researchers-reveal-prevalence-of-colonoscopy-miscommunication-with-microscopic-colitis-patients/

  A new study led by Walker Redd, MD, at the UNC School of Medicine, examines how multiple factors contribute to the miscommunication and understanding of the digestive disease, microscopic colitis. […] The study, led by corresponding author Walker Redd, MD, a clinical outcomes and epidemiology fellow in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the UNC School of Medicine, involved a cohort of patients from April 1, 2015 to December 22, 2020 enrolled at UNC Hospitals in Chapel Hill, NC. […] Survey results in regard to a microscopic colitis diagnosis showed 10% were unaware of the diagnosis. […] These results highlight how clear communication is needed to address next steps after a diagnosis of the chronic disease. […] Identifying and addressing gaps in the communication of diagnostic results is an important area for future research.

• #1 The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a 10-year pathology-based nationwide Danish cohort study

  https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/the-epidemiology-of-microscopic-colitis-a-10-year-pathology-based

  OBJECTIVE: Microscopic colitis (MC) includes two main types: collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC). Previous studies have indicated an increasing incidence, but these have mainly been based on regional databases. We found it important to study the epidemiology based on a comprehensive nationwide cohort. […] We studied the epidemiological data of MC in Denmark from 2002 to 2011. The cohort consisted of all patients with a recorded diagnosis of either CC or LC in the Danish Pathology Register during the study period. Data on all patients with a registered colon biopsy were also included. […] A total of 7777 patients, 4749 (61%) with CC and 3028 (39%) with LC, were identified. Over the study period, the annual incidence of diagnosed cases of CC increased from 2.9/10(5) to 14.9/10(5) and of LC from 1.7/10(5) to 9.8/10(5). In 2011, the incidence of MC was 24.7/10(5) inhabitants. The age-specific incidence showed that the risk of both CC and LC increased with age. The female/male ratio, distribution of the type of colitis and mean age at diagnosis were relatively stable during the study period. The annual number of registered colon biopsies in the pathology register increased from 21.583 in 2002 to 39.733 in 2011, indicating an increased diagnostic activity. […] In a nationwide cohort study, the incidence of CC and LC continued to increase from 2002 to 2011. An increased diagnostic activity could in part explain the increase in the number of diagnosed cases.

• #1 A practical approach to histopathologic diagnosis of microscopic colitis

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-99572013000400006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

  The annual incidence of CC in Europe ranges from 0.6/100,000 people to 5.2/100,000 people, while its prevalence ranges from 10/100,000 people to 15.7/100,000 people. In the United States the annual incidence was 3.1/100,000 people and the prevalence was 39.3/100,000 people at the end of 2001. The average age of patients at diagnosis is 63 years old with a range between 29 and 93 years old. It is quite unusual among children and it is three times more common in women than in men. […] MCs incidence and prevalence have been increasing in developed countries, but there are still no exact figures for countries like Colombia.

• #1 A practical approach to histopathologic diagnosis of microscopic colitis

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-99572013000400006&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

  Lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis are two histologic forms of microscopic colitis, a condition which was first recognized over 30 years ago. […] The term microscopic colitis has been used since 1980. At that time its incidence was very low, but recent literature shows an increasing number of MC cases which now account for between 9.5% and 10.2% of the patients with chronic watery diarrhea who have undergone endoscopy and have had biopsies. […] The annual incidence of LC in Europe ranges from 1.1/100,000 people to 3.1/100,000 people with a prevalence ranging from 10/100,000 to 15.7/100,000 people. In North America, the incidence is 5.5/100,000 people with a prevalence of 63.7/100,000 people at the end of 2001. In Latin America, isolated figures for the prevalence of MC exist for countries like Uruguay, but we found no publications on the epidemiology of MC in Colombia. The average age of patients at diagnosis is 60.7 years: MC is up to 2.7 times more common among women than men.

• #1 European Crohn´s and Colitis Organisation – ECCO – P806 Increasing incidence of microscopic colitis in a population-based cohort study in a French speaking region of Switzerland

  https://www.ecco-ibd.eu/publications/congress-abstracts/item/p806-increasing-incidence-of-microscopic-colitis-in-a-population-based-cohort-study-in-a-french-speaking-region-of-switzerland.html

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon presenting with watery diarrhoea. […] Population-based epidemiologic data the frequency and natural history of microscopic colitis are scarce. […] We evaluated the clinical presentation at diagnosis, incidence and prevalence of MC in Cantons of Vaud and Fribourg, Switzerland. […] Incidence of MC significantly increased from 0.36/100,000 inhabitants in 1994-1997 to 6.85/100,000 inhabitants in 2017 (p = 0.025). […] The cumulative prevalence of MC, LC, and CC in 2017 was 19.65/100,000, 11.09/100,000, and 8.56/100,000, respectively. […] The incidence and cumulative prevalence of MC shows a steady increase in an indicator region of roughly 1 million inhabitants in French speaking part of Switzerland.

• #1 Microscopic Colitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816865/all/Microscopic_Colitis?q=Gastroenteritis

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is a relatively common cause of chronic, recurrent nonbloody diarrhea with two subtypes: collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC). MC is typically associated with autoimmune diseases and/or certain medications. Diagnosis requires colonic biopsy and histologic tissue analysis. […] Up to 2030% of chronic diarrhea may be due to MC. […] Since 1985, the incidence in the United States has increased from 1 to 20 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence ~103/100,000 persons. […] More common in older individuals. The average age at diagnosis is 53 to 69 years. […] Female male; ranging between 3:1 and 9:1.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/tPZKRdCPbYCzSSxdgHZfwKL/

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon, primarily characterized by watery diarrhea, with normal or near-normal endoscopic findings. […] This position paper from the Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology aims to review current evidence on the diagnosis and management of MC in Brazil, emphasizing the need for standardization across the country’s healthcare systems. […] The geographic distribution of MC exhibits notable variability, with a heightened rate of diagnoses particularly in individuals over 70, primarily affecting elderly women and smokers. […] However, the variability in MC incidence across diverse geographic regions poses a considerable challenge, especially due to the paucity of detailed data from many countries, including Brazil. […] This lack of consistency highlights the urgent need for tailored research and specific healthcare strategies that address the epidemiological characteristics of MC in various populations, emphasizing the importance of including underrepresented regions like Brazil.

• #1 Cancer risk in microscopic colitis: a retrospective cohort study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-018-0926-4

  The incidence of MC has been reported to be between 1 and 24 per 100,000 person-years in North America and Europe from population-based studies. […] Whether persistent chronic inflammation in microscopic colitis is associated with an increased risk of colorectal neoplasms (CRN) including cancer (CRC) has not been well established. […] The aims of our study were as follows: (1) to examine the life-time risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with MC when compared to the general population in the United States (US) or to similar patients undergoing colonoscopic screening; and (2) to define if there is an increase in life-time risk of extracolonic cancers in patients with MC. […] To determine if the risk of cancer was increased in patients with MC, we used two control populations. […] On multivariable analysis, the only independent risk factor for development of CRN was older age. […] Compared to the general US population, MC was not associated with an increased risk of CRC in either men or women. […] In conclusion, we demonstrate that microscopic colitis is not associated with increase in risk of colonic or extra-colonic cancers.

• #1 Microscopic colitis – Pathway

  https://m.pathway.md/diseases/microscopic-colitis-recUukAuYZLfQMIWC

  Surveillance colonoscopy: as per EMCG/UEG 2021 guidelines, do not obtain more frequent surveillance colonoscopy for CRC in patients with microscopic colitis, as the disease does not increase the risk of CRC or adenoma. […] Differential diagnosis: as per EMCG/UEG 2021 guidelines, rule out microscopic colitis in patients fulfilling the criteria for functional bowel disease, especially in presence of risk factors for microscopic colitis and/or in absence of IBS-therapy response.

• #1 The subtypes of microscopic colitis from a pathologist’s perspective: past, present and future

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/13971/html

  The survey among Danish pathologists revealed that approximately 50% of the GI-pathologists accept the concept of MCi and they often apply additional stains in MC diagnostics. […] The study showed that intra- and interobserver agreement is high for discriminating cases of MC and MCi (CC, LC, CCi/LCi) from cases of non-MC (IBD/ infectious inflammation and normal), while the ability to discriminate MCi (CCi and LCi) from MC (CC and LC) was lower. […] The exact disease course of MC is largely unknown and prospective studies are needed. […] To obtain this an international collaboration to study microscopic colitis has been established: the European prospective registry for Microscopic Colitis in Europe (the European PRO-MC collaboration). […] The PRO-MC collaboration has the potential to serve as a basis for several future research topics.

• #1 Top Published Expert Doctors for Microscopic Colitis

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Microscopic_Colitis?physician=physician

  265 top medical experts on Microscopic Colitis across 35 countries and 19 U.S. states, including 149 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials: at least 14 including 8 Completed, 3 Recruiting.

• #1

  http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1942284

  Update on the Epidemiology and Management of Microscopic Colitis […] Recent epidemiologic studies and randomized trials of therapeutics have improved the understanding of the disease. […] Additionally, several epidemiologic studies have identified other risk factors for the disease including older age, female sex, smoking, alcohol use, immune-mediated diseases, and select gastrointestinal infections. […] There is an unmet need to further define the pathophysiology of microscopic colitis. Additionally, trials with novel therapies, particularly in patients with budesonide-refractory disease, are needed.

• #1 UNC Researchers Reveal Prevalence of Persistent Symptoms in Patients with Microscopic Colitis | Newsroom

  https://news.unchealthcare.org/2023/12/unc-researchers-reveal-prevalence-of-colonoscopy-miscommunication-with-microscopic-colitis-patients/

  The final finding examines the magnitude of symptoms at one year follow-up. […] Researchers concluded that colonoscopy should be considered for certain patients with diarrhea who do not respond to initial treatment or who are at higher risk for microscopic colitis. […] Furthermore, follow-up appointments, education, and communication can be used to empower patients as far as understanding the implications of a new microscopic colitis diagnosis and how to manage the disease.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/tPZKRdCPbYCzSSxdgHZfwKL/

  The Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology (FBG) recognizes the critical need for a position paper on MC, aimed at standardizing and optimizing the approach to this condition among healthcare professionals in Brazil. […] This document will provide an overview of MC and, more importantly, it will offer evidence-based recommendations for the diagnostic and management of MC, addressing both current practices and emerging therapies. […] Further research is needed to address the gaps in understanding the epidemiology and management of MC in underserved regions.

• #1 Epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and response to treatment in 113 patients with microscopic colitis | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition–382-articulo-epidemiological-clinical-characteristics-response-treatment-S2444382421002297

  Better knowledge of the clinical behaviour of this disease is crucial, due to its high prevalence and the great impact it has on the quality of life of patients. […] The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological factors associated with the onset of MC, its clinical, analytical and endoscopic characteristics, and to evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy of the different treatments used in clinical practice for the control of the disease. […] A total of 113 patients diagnosed with MC were included (median follow-up of 23 months, IQR 1039): 88 women (78%) and 25 men (22%), with a male-female ratio of 3.5:1. […] Up to 48% of the patients were diagnosed with at least one immune-mediated disease. […] The most frequent symptoms at the onset of MC were diarrhoea (98%), weight loss (43%) and abdominal pain (31%).

• #2 Prevalence, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Microscopic Colitis

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=12&number=3&spage=227

  Microscopic colitis (MC), which is comprised of lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis, is a clinicopathological diagnosis that is commonly encountered in clinical practice during the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. With an incidence approaching the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease, physician awareness is necessary, as diagnostic delays result in a poor quality of life and increased health care costs. The physician faces multiple challenges in the diagnosis and management of MC, as these patients frequently relapse after successful treatment. This review article outlines the risk factors associated with MC, the clinical presentation, diagnosis and histologic findings, as well as a proposed treatment algorithm. Prospective studies are required to better understand the natural history and to develop validated histologic endpoints that may be used as end points in future clinical trials and serve to guide patient management.

• #2 Prevalence, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Microscopic Colitis

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?volume=12&number=3&spage=227

  Since the first description in 1985, the incidence of MC has increased with rates approaching that of other forms of IBD, based on epidemiologic studies conducted in Spain, Europe, North America. In a population based study of Olmsted County, United States, from 1985 to 2001, the prevalence of MC was 103.0 per 100,000 person-years, demonstrating an overall increase during that time period. This population based cohort was updated to examine the incidence trend from 2002 to 2010 which demonstrated disease stability with an overall incidence of 21.0 per 100,000 person-years. This is comparable to a Danish cohort with an overall incidence in 2011 of 24.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. A recent meta-analysis has demonstrated the overall incidence of CC 4.14 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.89 to 5.40) per 100,000 person-years and 4.85 for LC (95% CI, 3.45 to 6.25). Again, similar to the results of the Olmstead cohort, the authors show that the temporal trend of increasing incidence prior to 2000, which stabilized thereafter. Multiple trials have demonstrated the association of MC with women and older age.

• #2 The epidemiology of microscopic colitis: a population based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/56/4/504

  Objective: Although the epidemiology of microscopic colitis has been described in Europe, no such data exist from North America. We studied the incidence, prevalence and temporal trends of microscopic colitis in a geographically defined US population. […] We identified 130 incident cases for an overall rate of 8.6 cases per 100 000 person-years. There was a significant secular trend, with incidence increasing from 1.1 per 100 000 early in the study to 19.6 per 100 000 by the end (p0.001). Rates increased with age (p0.001). By subtype, the incidence was 3.1 per 100 000 for collagenous colitis and 5.5 per 100 000 for lymphocytic colitis. Collagenous colitis was associated with female sex (p0.001) but lymphocytic colitis was not. Prevalence (per 100 000 persons) on 31 December 2001 was 103.0 (39.3 for collagenous colitis and 63.7 for lymphocytic colitis). […] The incidence of microscopic colitis has increased significantly over time, and by the end of the study, the incidence and prevalence were significantly higher than reported previously. Microscopic colitis is associated with older age, and collagenous colitis is associated with female sex.

• #2 Microscopic colitis: Etiopathology, diagnosis, and rational management | eLife

  https://elifesciences.org/articles/79397

  A meta-analysis has revealed a pooled worldwide incidence of microscopic colitis of 4.9 (95% CI 4.25.7) cases per 100,000 patient-years for collagenous colitis and 5.0 (95% CI 4.06.1) cases per 100,000 patient-years for lymphocytic colitis (Miehlke et al., 2021). […] Epidemiological studies have shown that in some countries the incidence of microscopic colitis has exceeded those of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis among elderly persons. For example, in a recent Danish nationwide cohort study, the incidence of microscopic colitis (mean age at the time of diagnosis: 65 years) was 24.3 per 100,000 patient-years in 2016 vs. 18.6 for ulcerative colitis and 9.1 for Crohns disease per 100,000 patient-years in 2013 (Lophaven et al., 2004,; Weimers et al., 2020). […] In general, the incidence of microscopic colitis has increased over time (Tong et al., 2015), Various factors, such as improved recognition of this disorder among gastroenterologists and pathologists, as well as varying presence of risk factors, may influence regional and temporal differences of the incidence.

• #2 Microscopic (lymphocytic and collagenous) colitis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microscopic-lymphocytic-and-collagenous-colitis-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management/print

  Microscopic colitis has a higher incidence in women, in the range of 52 to 86 percent. […] The estimated incidence of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis are 2.0 to 10.8 and 2.3 to 16 per 100,000 per year, respectively, with higher incidence in northern Europe and northern parts of North America. […] Approximately 25 percent of patients with microscopic colitis are diagnosed before the age of 45 years. […] Microscopic colitis has also been associated with several other diseases with autoimmune background (eg, autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and nonerosive, oligoarticular arthritis). […] In one report, concomitant autoimmune diseases were more common in patients with collagenous colitis as compared with lymphocytic colitis (53 versus 26 percent). […] The HLA-DR3-DQ2 haplotype that predisposes to celiac disease is also associated with microscopic colitis.

• #2 Epidemiology, clinical presentation, associated factors, and current trends in microscopic colitis – Savzikhanova – Kazan medical journal

  https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/635770

  Microscopic colitis has attracted the attention of internists and gastroenterologists due to its increasing incidence and the gaps in knowledge about the disease. […] Epidemiological data indicate an increasing incidence of microscopic colitis with global prevalence variability. […] Over the past 15 years, epidemiological studies have demonstrated a rising trend in the incidence and prevalence of MC, particularly in North America and Europe. […] According to the European clinical guidelines (UEG/EMCG, 2021), the estimated prevalence of MC is 119.4 cases per 100,000 population. […] Several studies have highlighted that MC primarily affects individuals over 60 years of age. […] The highest age-adjusted incidence rates for both men and women were observed in the 60-69 age group. […] Miehlke et al. reported a predominantly female prevalence of MC, with a peak incidence occurring between the sixth and eighth decades of life. […] Epidemiological studies have consistently identified smoking as a major risk factor for MC. […] The role of infectious triggers in the pathogenesis of MC remains debatable. […] Several studies have also described an association between severe COVID-19 and MC.

• #2 Microscopic Colitis (Collagenous and Lymphocytic Colitis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/180664-overview

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is strongly associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease, polyarthritis, and thyroid disorders. Up to 20-60% of patients with lymphocytic colitis and 17-40% of patients with collagenous colitis (CC) have an autoimmune disease. In fact, histologic features of microscopic colitis in the colon are present in 30% of patients with celiac disease. […] An increased risk of microscopic colitis is associated with smoking, as well as the use of certain drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). […] Tong et al, in their systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies on microscopic colitis found that the incidence of collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis (LC) was 4.14 per 100,000 person-years and 4.85 per 100,000, respectively. The study showed significant female predominance with a female-male incidence ratio of 3.05 for collagenous colitis and 1.92 for lymphocytic colitis, as well as a median age of diagnosis in the sixth decade. Overall, the investigators noticed a steady increase in the incidence of microscopic colitis across different countries since year 2000. The incidence in the United States, Sweden, and Spain appears to have stabilized since year 2000. […] Both conditions are observed more commonly in individuals older than 40 years, with a peak incidence in the sixth and seventh decades of life, and the incidence of both conditions increases with age. Isolated cases have been reported in younger populations, including children.

• #2 Epidemiology of microscopic colitis – risk of associated disorders and death | Karolinska Institutet

  https://news.ki.se/epidemiology-of-microscopic-colitis-risk-of-associated-disorders-and-death

  Microscopic colitis is the most recently recognized inflammatory condition of the large intestine in which abnormal reactions of the immune system cause inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. At present, more than 10,000 people in Sweden are estimated to be living with the disease. […] Common symptoms include chronic, watery diarrhea and the disease is more common in older adults and in women, but anyone can develop microscopic colitis. […] Further, missed diagnoses due to insufficient awareness have hampered the ability of researchers to conduct large-scale studies on prognosis, associated disorders and outcomes. […] Our incidence study reveals a substantial increase of microscopic colitis during the past decades, but with stabilizing rates from 2010-2015. We also saw that patients with microscopic colitis are at an increased risk of death. However, it seems that the increased mortality is associated with other disorders occurring at the same time and not with microscopic colitis in itself. We also found a modestly (+8%) increased risk of cancer in patients with microscopic colitis. It is possible that this risk is partly due to an increased surveillance of these patients. Finally, we showed that patients with celiac disease are at an elevated risk of developing microscopic colitis.

• #2 UNC Researchers Reveal Prevalence of Persistent Symptoms in Patients with Microscopic Colitis | Department of Medicine

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/news/unc-researchers-reveal-prevalence-of-persistent-symptoms-in-patients-with-microscopic-colitis/

  A new study led by Walker Redd, MD, at the UNC School of Medicine, examines how multiple factors contribute to the miscommunication and understanding of the digestive disease, microscopic colitis. […] The study, led by corresponding author Walker Redd, MD, a clinical outcomes and epidemiology fellow in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the UNC School of Medicine, involved a cohort of patients from April 1, 2015 to December 22, 2020 enrolled at UNC Hospitals in Chapel Hill, NC. […] Survey results in regard to a microscopic colitis diagnosis showed 10% were unaware of the diagnosis. […] Researchers also found that 15% of controls either thought they had microscopic colitis or were unsure of their diagnosis. […] These results highlight how clear communication is needed to address next steps after a diagnosis of the chronic disease. […] Identifying and addressing gaps in the communication of diagnostic results is an important area for future research.

• #2 Microscopic Colitis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816865/all/Microscopic_Colitis?q=Abdominal+Chronic+Pain%2C

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is a relatively common cause of chronic, recurrent nonbloody diarrhea with two subtypes: collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC). MC is typically associated with autoimmune diseases and/or certain medications. Diagnosis requires colonic biopsy and histologic tissue analysis. […] Since 1985, the incidence in the United States has increased from 1 to 20 per 100,000 person-years. […] Prevalence ~103/100,000 persons. […] More common in older individuals. The average age at diagnosis is 53 to 69 years. […] Female male; ranging between 3:1 and 9:1.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/tPZKRdCPbYCzSSxdgHZfwKL/

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon, primarily characterized by watery diarrhea, with normal or near-normal endoscopic findings. […] This position paper from the Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology aims to review current evidence on the diagnosis and management of MC in Brazil, emphasizing the need for standardization across the country’s healthcare systems. […] The geographic distribution of MC exhibits notable variability, with a heightened rate of diagnoses particularly in individuals over 70, primarily affecting elderly women and smokers. […] However, the variability in MC incidence across diverse geographic regions poses a considerable challenge, especially due to the paucity of detailed data from many countries, including Brazil. […] This lack of consistency highlights the urgent need for tailored research and specific healthcare strategies that address the epidemiological characteristics of MC in various populations, emphasizing the importance of including underrepresented regions like Brazil.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROLOGY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MICROSCOPIC COLITIS: POSITION PAPER ON BEHALF OF THE BRAZILIAN FEDERATION OF GASTROENTEROL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/tPZKRdCPbYCzSSxdgHZfwKL/

  The Brazilian Federation of Gastroenterology (FBG) recognizes the critical need for a position paper on MC, aimed at standardizing and optimizing the approach to this condition among healthcare professionals in Brazil. […] This document will provide an overview of MC and, more importantly, it will offer evidence-based recommendations for the diagnostic and management of MC, addressing both current practices and emerging therapies. […] Further research is needed to address the gaps in understanding the epidemiology and management of MC in underserved regions.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231213/Study-reveals-treatment-gaps-and-burden-of-symptoms-among-patients-with-microscopic-colitis.aspx

  It’s a hidden cause of diarrhea and the development of the disease is poorly understood. […] The study, led by corresponding author Walker Redd, MD, a clinical outcomes and epidemiology fellow in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the UNC School of Medicine, involved a cohort of patients from April 1, 2015 to December 22, 2020 enrolled at UNC Hospitals in Chapel Hill, NC. […] Survey results in regard to a microscopic colitis diagnosis showed 10% were unaware of the diagnosis. […] These results highlight how clear communication is needed to address next steps after a diagnosis of the chronic disease. […] Identifying and addressing gaps in the communication of diagnostic results is an important area for future research. […] Researchers concluded that colonoscopy should be considered for certain patients with diarrhea who do not respond to initial treatment or who are at higher risk for microscopic colitis. […] Furthermore, follow-up appointments, education, and communication can be used to empower patients as far as understanding the implications of a new microscopic colitis diagnosis and how to manage the disease.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10620-017-4484-3

  Microscopic colitis (MC) is a cause of chronic watery diarrhea commonly encountered in everyday practice. […] In this prospective study of the epidemiology of MC and IBD in northern France, the authors are the first to directly compare the incidence of MC to that of IBD over the same time period using the prospective EPIMAD registry of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in northern France. […] The importance and novelty of this finding is that other studies have not directly compared the incidence of MC to the incidence of IBD in the same population. […] Indeed, the number of research studies published on MC is only a small fraction of the research studies published on IBD. […] In summary, there is growing evidence, including this paper by Fumery and colleagues, that the incidence of MC is approaching that of CD and UC.

• #2 Epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and response to treatment in 113 patients with microscopic colitis | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition–382-articulo-epidemiological-clinical-characteristics-response-treatment-S2444382421002297

  Budesonide was the most frequently prescribed drug (75%), obtaining a clinical remission rate of 93%, similar to the results of published clinical trials. […] The recurrence rate observed after reaching remission (39%) was also similar to that previously described in observational studies, although lower than that reported in clinical trials. […] In conclusion, MC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with chronic watery diarrhoea, especially in elderly women or those with immune-mediated diseases.

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