Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Croup Syndrome Nursing Care Planning and Management: Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-syndrome/

  Croup, a common childhood respiratory condition, is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the upper airway, primarily affecting the vocal cords and the area below the vocal cords (subglottic region). This condition is most prevalent in young children, often occurring in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. The hallmark symptom of croup is a harsh, barking cough, often accompanied by stridor (a high-pitched, crowing sound) and respiratory distress. […] Understanding the essentials of croup is crucial for nurses in recognizing and managing this transient yet distressing respiratory condition, promoting health education, and reassuring parents during the child’s recovery. […] In mild croup, a child may present with only a croupy cough and may just require parental guidance and reassurance, given alertness, baseline minimal respiratory distress, proper oxygenation, and stable fluid status.

• #2 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup is a very contagious respiratory infection that mostly affects babies and young children. The condition causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night.

• #3 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children. It is caused by viruses that produce inflammation and swelling in the larynx (voice box) and upper trachea (windpipe). This narrows the space available for air to enter the lungs and causes the typical signs and symptoms of croup, which include hoarseness, a barking cough, and stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing). […] Croup mostly occurs in infants and young children between six months and three years of age. It is uncommon in children older than six years. Most cases occur in the fall and early winter months. […] The primary symptoms of croup are a „barking cough,” hoarseness, and stridor (which is a high-pitched sound heard when breathing in). […] Most children with croup have mild symptoms (congestion and barking cough without stridor or respiratory distress). Children with mild croup are usually treated at home.

• #4 Croup – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/symptoms-causes/syc-20350348

  Croup refers to an infection of the upper airway, which becomes narrow, making it harder to breathe. Croup also causes a cough that sounds like barking. […] Croup most often occurs in younger children. It usually isn’t serious. Most children can be treated for croup at home. […] Contact your child’s health care provider if symptoms are severe, worsen, last longer than 3 to 5 days or aren’t responding to home treatment. […] Croup is usually caused by a viral infection, most often a parainfluenza virus. […] Children between 6 months and 3 years of age have the highest risk of getting croup. […] Most cases of croup are mild. In a small number of children, the airway swells enough to cause problems with breathing. Rarely, a bacterial infection of the windpipe can occur in addition to the viral infection. This can result in trouble breathing and requires emergency medical care. […] To prevent croup, take the same steps you use to prevent colds and flu. Frequent hand-washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is the most important step.

• #5 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup is a very contagious respiratory infection that mostly affects babies and young children. The condition causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night.

• #6 Croup In Babies | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/croup/

  Croup occurs when there is inflammation of the upper airway (larynx and trachea) that causes a barking cough or hoarseness. The inflammation is caused by a virus. […] Croup symptoms generally peak 2 to 3 days after the symptoms of the viral infection begin and typically last 3 to 7 days. Symptoms are worse at night and when the child is excited, exercising or crying. […] The vast majority of children recover from croup with no complications. Rare complications of croup include a bacterial infection of the airway, dehydration from not being able to drink adequately and the need for supplemental oxygen. […] If your child has the warning signs of croup, have your child evaluated by a medical professional. Doctors often treat croup with steroids to decrease airway swelling. In severe cases, doctors will give a breathing treatment that contains epinephrine. This reduces swelling in the airway quickly.

• #7 Croup – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/symptoms-causes/syc-20350348

  Croup refers to an infection of the upper airway, which becomes narrow, making it harder to breathe. Croup also causes a cough that sounds like barking. […] Croup most often occurs in younger children. It usually isn’t serious. Most children can be treated for croup at home. […] Contact your child’s health care provider if symptoms are severe, worsen, last longer than 3 to 5 days or aren’t responding to home treatment. […] Croup is usually caused by a viral infection, most often a parainfluenza virus. […] Children between 6 months and 3 years of age have the highest risk of getting croup. […] Most cases of croup are mild. In a small number of children, the airway swells enough to cause problems with breathing. Rarely, a bacterial infection of the windpipe can occur in addition to the viral infection. This can result in trouble breathing and requires emergency medical care. […] To prevent croup, take the same steps you use to prevent colds and flu. Frequent hand-washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is the most important step.

• #8 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup can spread by physical contact or through the air. To help prevent its spread: Wash and dry your hands thoroughly after caring for your child. […] Croup can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how difficult it is for your child to pull air into their lungs. […] A child with severe croup has stridor and retractions. They may also be agitated, anxious or fatigued. Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) is common. Severe croup is a life-threatening condition. Take your child to the emergency room immediately. […] Symptoms of croup usually clear up in most children within two days. However, symptoms can persist for up to one week. […] If your child keeps getting croup, it may be a sign they have a narrowing in their airway and that they’re at a higher likelihood to be affected by the infection.

• #9 Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/croup_laryngotracheobronchitis/

  Croup is inflammation of the upper airway, larynx and trachea, usually triggered by a virus, most commonly parainfluenza as well as other respiratory viruses including COVID-19 (apply appropriate infection control) […] Children with croup should have focused examination so as not to upset them further: […] Minimise distress to avoid worsening symptoms, minimise interventions including examination and investigation that are not going to impact acute management […] Keep child with carers to reduce distress […] Children will adopt a position of comfort that minimises airway obstruction, do not change this […] For emergency advice and paediatric or neonatal ICU transfers, see Retrieval Services […] Parents should be advised to seek medical attention if recurrence of stridor at rest despite having received oral steroids […] Antibiotics have no role in uncomplicated croup as it has a viral aetiology […] Anti-tussives such as codeine have no proven effect on the course or severity of croup, and may cause respiratory depression and increase sedation.

• #10 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup is a very contagious respiratory infection that mostly affects babies and young children. The condition causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night.

• #11 Croup: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/800866-overview

  Croup is a common, primarily pediatric viral respiratory tract illness. As its alternative names, acute laryngotracheitis and acute laryngotracheobronchitis, indicate, croup generally affects the larynx and trachea, although this illness may also extend to the bronchi. This respiratory illness, recognized by physicians for centuries, derives its name from an Anglo-Saxon word, kropan, or from an old Scottish word, roup, meaning to cry out in a hoarse voice. […] Croup is the most common etiology for hoarseness, cough, and onset of acute stridor in febrile children. Symptoms of coryza may be absent, mild, or marked. The vast majority of children with croup recover without consequences or sequelae; however, it can be life-threatening in young infants. […] Croup manifests as hoarseness, a seal-like barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and a variable degree of respiratory distress. However, morbidity is secondary to narrowing of the larynx and trachea below the level of the glottis (subglottic region), causing the characteristic audible inspiratory stridor.

• #12 Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) – Other Childhood Infections for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/pediatric-nursing-372/other-childhood-infections-1744/croup-laryngotracheobronchitis_1933

  Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)Crepe Picmonic Croup is a general term that describes a group of conditions characterized by edema and inflammation of the upper airway. […] The focus of this Picmonic is on the most common croup disorder – laryngotracheobronchitis, often abbreviated as LTB, which often leads to hospitalization. […] This is the most common cause of croup, but inflammation of these airways is also caused by adenovirus, RSV, influenza AB, and mycoplasma pneumoniae. […] The age of onset of this disorder is after 3 months of age but usually before 3 years. […] Symptoms usually present with a sudden onset and at night. […] Croup is classically identified by a loud seal-like barking cough due to inflammation of all of the airways. […] Constriction of the airways due to inflammation causes decreased airway diameter. This causes a loud high pitched inspiratory stridor. Children without stridor are often treated at home.

• #13 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup is a very contagious respiratory infection that mostly affects babies and young children. The condition causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night.

• #14 Croup (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/croup.html

  Kids with croup have a virus that makes their airways swell. They have a telltale „barking” cough (often compared to the sound of a seal’s bark) and make a high-pitched, squeaky noise when they breathe. Children can also sound hoarse (lose their voice or get a scratchy voice). […] Most cases of croup are mild and can be treated at home. Try to keep your child calm, as crying can make croup worse. […] Breathing in moist air can help kids feel better. To help your child breathe in moist air: Use a cool-mist humidifier or run a hot shower to create a steam-filled bathroom where you can sit with your child for 10 minutes. Breathing in the mist will sometimes stop the severe coughing. […] Some kids need a breathing treatment that can be given in the hospital or a steroid medicine to reduce swelling in the airway. Rarely, kids with croup might need to stay in a hospital until they’re breathing better.

• #15 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup is a very contagious respiratory infection that mostly affects babies and young children. The condition causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night.

• #16 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children. It is caused by viruses that produce inflammation and swelling in the larynx (voice box) and upper trachea (windpipe). This narrows the space available for air to enter the lungs and causes the typical signs and symptoms of croup, which include hoarseness, a barking cough, and stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing). […] Croup mostly occurs in infants and young children between six months and three years of age. It is uncommon in children older than six years. Most cases occur in the fall and early winter months. […] The primary symptoms of croup are a „barking cough,” hoarseness, and stridor (which is a high-pitched sound heard when breathing in). […] Most children with croup have mild symptoms (congestion and barking cough without stridor or respiratory distress). Children with mild croup are usually treated at home.

• #17 Croup Syndrome Nursing Care Planning and Management: Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-syndrome/

  Determining the degree of airway obstruction is the most important aspect of assessment. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses are: Ineffective airway clearance related to presence of thick, tenacious mucus, and swelling or spasm of the epiglottis. […] The goals for a child with croup include: Patient will maintain clear, open airways as evidence by normal breath sounds, normal rate and depth of respirations, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths. […] Nursing treatment for a child with croup must focus on: Humidified air. Cool mist from a humidifier and/or sitting with the child in a bathroom (not in the shower) filled with steam generated by running hot water from the shower, help minimize symptoms. […] Goals are met as evidenced by: Patient maintained clear, open airways as evidence by normal breath sounds, normal rate and depth of respirations, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths.

• #18 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup can spread by physical contact or through the air. To help prevent its spread: Wash and dry your hands thoroughly after caring for your child. […] Croup can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how difficult it is for your child to pull air into their lungs. […] A child with severe croup has stridor and retractions. They may also be agitated, anxious or fatigued. Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) is common. Severe croup is a life-threatening condition. Take your child to the emergency room immediately. […] Symptoms of croup usually clear up in most children within two days. However, symptoms can persist for up to one week. […] If your child keeps getting croup, it may be a sign they have a narrowing in their airway and that they’re at a higher likelihood to be affected by the infection.

• #19 Croup Syndrome Nursing Care Planning and Management: Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-syndrome/

  Croup, a common childhood respiratory condition, is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the upper airway, primarily affecting the vocal cords and the area below the vocal cords (subglottic region). This condition is most prevalent in young children, often occurring in children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. The hallmark symptom of croup is a harsh, barking cough, often accompanied by stridor (a high-pitched, crowing sound) and respiratory distress. […] Understanding the essentials of croup is crucial for nurses in recognizing and managing this transient yet distressing respiratory condition, promoting health education, and reassuring parents during the child’s recovery. […] In mild croup, a child may present with only a croupy cough and may just require parental guidance and reassurance, given alertness, baseline minimal respiratory distress, proper oxygenation, and stable fluid status.

• #20 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup can spread by physical contact or through the air. To help prevent its spread: Wash and dry your hands thoroughly after caring for your child. […] Croup can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how difficult it is for your child to pull air into their lungs. […] A child with severe croup has stridor and retractions. They may also be agitated, anxious or fatigued. Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) is common. Severe croup is a life-threatening condition. Take your child to the emergency room immediately. […] Symptoms of croup usually clear up in most children within two days. However, symptoms can persist for up to one week. […] If your child keeps getting croup, it may be a sign they have a narrowing in their airway and that they’re at a higher likelihood to be affected by the infection.

• #21 15.8 Croup – Nursing Health Promotion

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthpromo/chapter/15-8-croup/sternal_retractions/

  Croup, more formally known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a respiratory disorder that leads to inflammation of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi. […] Most cases of croup are mild, but it does have the potential to become a severe infection requiring hospitalization. […] Stridor is a characteristic symptom of severe croup. […] Complications of croup are uncommon, but in severe cases may include pneumonia, pulmonary edema (excess fluid in the lungs), bacterial tracheitis (infection of the trachea), or respiratory failure. […] Nursing priorities for clients with croup include symptom management, airway management, and preventing the spread of illness to others. […] Possible nursing diagnoses for clients with croup are as follows: Ineffective airway clearance r/t airway inflammation, Ineffective breathing pattern r/t disease process, Anxiety r/t shortness of breath, Risk for fluid volume deficit r/t poor oral intake.

• #22 Pediatric Croup: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatric-croup/?srsltid=AfmBOoq490QGgrQ_wzRdTYeXRQ9qqkf5KbaIPz1ZD17bhQTWcIe-G_LH

  Croup is an infection that causes upper airway inflammation and obstruction. Laryngotracheitis, or viral croup, is the most common form of croup and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory distress in children. Symptoms of croup in children include a loud barky cough, fever, stridor, respiratory distress, tachypnea, retractions, hoarseness, and cyanosis (in severe cases). […] Croup is often diagnosed based on clinical presentation. The Westly Croup Scale is a tool that can assist clinicians in determining the severity of croup. The majority of children with croup have minimal symptoms that can be treated at home with hydration, antipyretics, and using a humidifier or steam from sitting in a bathroom. […] A child may require hospitalization for increasing respiratory distress, tachycardia, lethargy, cyanosis, hypoxemia, or dehydration. Inpatient treatment typically consists of humidified oxygen, racemic or L-epinephrine, high dose dexamethasone, and monitoring of arterial blood gases to determine CO2 retention.

• #23 Croup: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0501/p575.html

  Diagnosis of croup is based on clinical findings of barking cough, stridor, and hoarseness. Diagnostic testing is typically not necessary. […] Corticosteroids should be administered to patients with croup of any severity. […] Epinephrine should be administered to patients with moderate to severe croup. […] Management of croup is based on the severity of illness. […] Oxygen should be administered to children with hypoxemia or severe respiratory distress. […] Corticosteroids should be used in patients with croup of any severity. Treatment with dexamethasone results in faster resolution of symptoms and decreased return to medical care. […] Epinephrine is thought to improve symptoms in patients with croup through arteriole vasoconstriction in the upper airway mucosa, which eventually leads to decreased edema.

• #24 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Lack of knowledge about croup can contribute to parental or caregiver distress and anxiety when their child is experiencing symptoms. […] Educate parents on providing a high-calorie balanced diet and increased fluid intake. […] Stress the importance of adequate sleep and rest periods. […] The medications involved in the treatment of croup primarily include corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisolone, which help reduce airway inflammation and swelling. […] Antipyretics (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) These medications can be used to alleviate fever and discomfort associated with croup. […] Laboratory tests are typically not necessary for diagnosing croup, as it is primarily a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination findings. […] Pulse oximetry This non-invasive test measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood and can help assess the child’s respiratory status and oxygenation.

• #25 Croup: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0501/p575.html

  Croup is a common respiratory illness affecting 3% of children six months to three years of age. It accounts for 7% of hospitalizations annually for fever and/or acute respiratory illness in children younger than five years. Croup is a manifestation of upper airway obstruction resulting from swelling of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, leading to inspiratory stridor and a barking cough. […] Laboratory studies are seldom needed for diagnosis of croup. Viral cultures and rapid antigen testing have minimal impact on management and are not routinely recommended. […] Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that a single dose of oral, intramuscular, or intravenous dexamethasone improves symptoms and reduces return visits and length of hospitalization in children with croup of any severity. In patients with moderate to severe croup, the addition of nebulized epinephrine improves symptoms and reduces length of hospitalization.

• #26 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Lack of knowledge about croup can contribute to parental or caregiver distress and anxiety when their child is experiencing symptoms. […] Educate parents on providing a high-calorie balanced diet and increased fluid intake. […] Stress the importance of adequate sleep and rest periods. […] The medications involved in the treatment of croup primarily include corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisolone, which help reduce airway inflammation and swelling. […] Antipyretics (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) These medications can be used to alleviate fever and discomfort associated with croup. […] Laboratory tests are typically not necessary for diagnosing croup, as it is primarily a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination findings. […] Pulse oximetry This non-invasive test measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood and can help assess the child’s respiratory status and oxygenation.

• #27 Pediatric Croup: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatric-croup/?srsltid=AfmBOoq490QGgrQ_wzRdTYeXRQ9qqkf5KbaIPz1ZD17bhQTWcIe-G_LH

  Croup is an infection that causes upper airway inflammation and obstruction. Laryngotracheitis, or viral croup, is the most common form of croup and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory distress in children. Symptoms of croup in children include a loud barky cough, fever, stridor, respiratory distress, tachypnea, retractions, hoarseness, and cyanosis (in severe cases). […] Croup is often diagnosed based on clinical presentation. The Westly Croup Scale is a tool that can assist clinicians in determining the severity of croup. The majority of children with croup have minimal symptoms that can be treated at home with hydration, antipyretics, and using a humidifier or steam from sitting in a bathroom. […] A child may require hospitalization for increasing respiratory distress, tachycardia, lethargy, cyanosis, hypoxemia, or dehydration. Inpatient treatment typically consists of humidified oxygen, racemic or L-epinephrine, high dose dexamethasone, and monitoring of arterial blood gases to determine CO2 retention.

• #28 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  The treatment of croup depends upon the severity of symptoms and the risk of rapid worsening. Children with mild symptoms who have no risk factors for developing severe croup generally are treated at home, while a child with moderate to severe symptoms or who is at risk for rapid worsening should be treated in an emergency department. […] Supportive care at home includes mist therapy or cool air, fever reduction, encouraging fluids, keeping the child’s head propped up, avoiding smoke exposure, and monitoring for worsening symptoms. […] A child with mild croup who is seen in a health care provider’s office or the emergency department is generally managed with the same supportive care measures that are used at home. In addition, the health care provider may give a single dose of a glucocorticoid medication.

• #29 Croup – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350354

  Croup is usually diagnosed by a health care provider. The provider: […] Most children with croup can be treated at home. Still, croup can be scary, especially if your child needs a visit to the health care provider’s office, emergency room or hospital. Treatment is usually based on how severe the symptoms are. […] It’s important to comfort and calm your child because crying and distress can worsen airway swelling, making it harder to breathe. Hold your child, sing lullabies or read quiet stories. Offer a favorite blanket or toy. Speak in a soothing voice. […] Your child’s health care provider may prescribe these medicines: […] A corticosteroid such as dexamethasone may be given to reduce swelling in the airway. Symptoms will usually start to improve within a few hours. […] For severe croup, your child may need to spend time in a hospital to be monitored and receive more treatments.

• #30 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Most cases of croup are mild and you can treat them at home. Complications of croup are rare. Less than 5% of children with croup need in-hospital care. […] You can usually treat mild croup at home. Home treatment includes using a cool mist humidifier to help soothe dry and irritated airways. […] For moderate to severe croup, you should take your child to the nearest urgent care center or emergency room (ER). Severe croup can be life-threatening, and you shouldn’t delay taking your child in. […] If you take your child to their provider’s office or the emergency room, their provider will give them a glucocorticoid and a nebulized breathing treatment (epinephrine). […] Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid that decreases the swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx), typically within six hours of the first dose.

• #31 Discharge Instructions for Croup | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-croup

  Your child has been diagnosed with croup. This is usually caused by a viral infection of the upper airways and voice box (larynx). You may have noticed that your child had a rough, barking cough. This is one of the most common signs of croup. You may also have noticed a wheezing and rattling sound (stridor) when your child took a breath. It can be scary for parents and children. Your child may be given a medicine that eases swollen airways. Here are instructions for caring for your child at home. […] Keep your child as calm as possible. This may help them breathe better. Offer their favorite toy or book, sing their favorite song, or reassure them with words. […] Make sure your child is drinking enough fluids. This helps prevent dehydration. Warm, clear fluids may help to soothe your child’s throat and vocal cords. Warm water or juice is safe for children older than 4 months.

• #32 Discharge Instructions for Croup | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-croup

  Cool or moist air can help your child breathe easier: […] Use a cool-air humidifier or vaporizer. Turn it on next to your childs bed during and after an attack. […] During an attack, have your child sit up and breathe in the humidified air. […] Take your child into the bathroom, close the door, and steam up the room by running hot water through the shower. Sit with your child in the bathroom, not in the shower. Hold your child to reduce the chance that they may get too close to the hot water and get burned. […] Take your child outside to breathe in the cool night air. Wrap your child in warm clothing or blankets if the weather is chilly. […] Don’t let people smoke in your home or in your car. Smoke can make your child’s cough worse. […] A child may be propped up in bed with an extra pillow. Never use pillows to prop infants younger than 12 months of age.

• #33 Croup – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350354

  Croup often runs its course within 3 to 5 days. In the meantime, keep your child comfortable with a few simple measures: […] For treatment of fever or pain, consider giving your child infants’ or children’s over-the-counter fever and pain medicines such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) as a safer alternative to aspirin. […] Your child’s cough may improve during the day, but don’t be surprised if it returns at night. You may want to sleep near your child or even in the same room so that you can take quick action if symptoms worsen. […] In most cases of croup, your child won’t need to see a health care provider. However, if symptoms are severe or aren’t responding to home treatment, you should call your provider.

• #34 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Children with moderate to severe croup should be evaluated in an emergency department or clinic capable of managing urgent respiratory illnesses. Severe croup is a potentially life-threatening illness, and treatment should not be delayed for any reason. […] Dexamethasone is the preferred glucocorticoid medication for treating moderate to severe croup. It is a long-acting medication that works by decreasing inflammation in the airway. […] Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes rapid or labored breathing, retractions, stridor while resting, pale or blue-tinged skin, drooling or difficulty swallowing, and inability to speak or cry due to difficulty taking a breath. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that lead to croup.

• #35 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: […] The child will manifest adequate ventilation as evidenced by respiratory rate within parameters for age, absence of retractions, accessory muscle use, and grunting clear breath sounds, and oxygen saturation 94%. […] The parents/child will remain calm and experience decreased anxiety. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with croup may include: […] To maintain a patent airway in patients with croup, interventions such as providing humidified air, keeping the child calm and upright, and encouraging them to take deep breaths can help reduce airway swelling and maintain adequate oxygenation. […] Administer corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) and racemic epinephrine as indicated. […] Children with croup may experience anxiety related to a change in their health status and hospitalization due to the sudden onset of symptoms and the need for medical intervention. […] Provide a calm, quiet environment for the child. […] Encourage parents to stay with infant/small child during hospitalization, bring book/toy, blanket from home; allow visits from siblings.

• #36 Pediatric Croup: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatric-croup/?srsltid=AfmBOoq490QGgrQ_wzRdTYeXRQ9qqkf5KbaIPz1ZD17bhQTWcIe-G_LH

  Croup is an infection that causes upper airway inflammation and obstruction. Laryngotracheitis, or viral croup, is the most common form of croup and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory distress in children. Symptoms of croup in children include a loud barky cough, fever, stridor, respiratory distress, tachypnea, retractions, hoarseness, and cyanosis (in severe cases). […] Croup is often diagnosed based on clinical presentation. The Westly Croup Scale is a tool that can assist clinicians in determining the severity of croup. The majority of children with croup have minimal symptoms that can be treated at home with hydration, antipyretics, and using a humidifier or steam from sitting in a bathroom. […] A child may require hospitalization for increasing respiratory distress, tachycardia, lethargy, cyanosis, hypoxemia, or dehydration. Inpatient treatment typically consists of humidified oxygen, racemic or L-epinephrine, high dose dexamethasone, and monitoring of arterial blood gases to determine CO2 retention.

• #37 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Children with moderate to severe croup should be evaluated in an emergency department or clinic capable of managing urgent respiratory illnesses. Severe croup is a potentially life-threatening illness, and treatment should not be delayed for any reason. […] Dexamethasone is the preferred glucocorticoid medication for treating moderate to severe croup. It is a long-acting medication that works by decreasing inflammation in the airway. […] Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes rapid or labored breathing, retractions, stridor while resting, pale or blue-tinged skin, drooling or difficulty swallowing, and inability to speak or cry due to difficulty taking a breath. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that lead to croup.

• #38 Acute management of croup in the emergency department | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/acute-management-of-croup

  Croup is one of the most common causes of upper airway obstruction in young children. It is characterized by sudden onset of barky cough, hoarse voice, inspiratory stridor and respiratory distress caused by upper airway inflammation secondary to a viral infection. Published guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of croup advise using steroids as the mainstay treatment for all children who present to emergency department (ED) with croup symptoms. Dexamethasone, given orally as a single dose at 0.6 mg/kg, is highly efficacious in treating croup symptoms. […] The clinical benefit of corticosteroids in croup is well established and should be considered for treating all children presenting with croup and symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Improvement generally begins within 2 to 3 hours after a single oral dose of dexamethasone and persists for 24 to 48 hours.

• #39 Acute management of croup in the emergency department | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/acute-management-of-croup

  Overall, children treated with corticosteroids have fewer return visits or admissions to the hospital. Fully one-half of children with mild croup treated with corticosteroids are unlikely to need further medical care for ongoing symptoms. Their sleep is improved and their parents report less stress. […] Nebulized epinephrine is recommended for moderate to severe croup. Reports of administering epinephrine in children with severe croup have demonstrated a lower number of cases requiring intubation or tracheotomy. […] A heliox or helium-oxygen mixture can reduce respiratory distress in children with severe croup. […] The use of antibiotics and short-acting beta-2-agonist bronchodilators in children with typical croup are rarely indicated because of the low incidence of bacterial infection as well as for physiological reasons.

• #40 Croup Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Epinephrine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962972-treatment

  Any infant/child who presents with significant respiratory distress/complaints with „stridor at rest” must have a thorough medical evaluation to ensure the patency of the airway and maintenance of effective oxygenation and ventilation. Young children should be kept as comfortable as possible, allowing him or her to remain in a parent’s arms and avoiding unnecessary painful interventions that may cause agitation, respiratory distress, and lead to increased oxygen requirements. […] Current treatment approaches in the urgent care clinics or emergency departments are corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine; steroids have proven beneficial in severe, moderate, and even mild croup. […] Infants and children with severe respiratory distress or compromise may require oxygenation with ventilation support, initially with a bag-valve-mask device. If the airway and breathing require further stabilization due to increasing respiratory fatigue and hence, worsening hypercarbia, (as evident by ABG), the patient should be intubated with an endotracheal tube.

• #41 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Croup Nursing Care Plans and Nursing Diagnosis […] Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with croup. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for croup in this guide. […] Nursing care plan and management for a child with croup include maintaining airway clearance, demonstrating increased air exchange, relieving anxiety, decreasing fatigue, and (parental) management of the condition. […] The following are the nursing priorities for a child with croup: […] Maintain a patent airway and ensure adequate oxygenation. […] Implement appropriate interventions such as humidified air, cool mist, or nebulized epinephrine to reduce airway inflammation. […] Educate the family about home care measures, recognizing worsening symptoms, and when to seek medical attention.

• #42 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Croup Nursing Care Plans and Nursing Diagnosis […] Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with croup. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for croup in this guide. […] Nursing care plan and management for a child with croup include maintaining airway clearance, demonstrating increased air exchange, relieving anxiety, decreasing fatigue, and (parental) management of the condition. […] The following are the nursing priorities for a child with croup: […] Maintain a patent airway and ensure adequate oxygenation. […] Implement appropriate interventions such as humidified air, cool mist, or nebulized epinephrine to reduce airway inflammation. […] Educate the family about home care measures, recognizing worsening symptoms, and when to seek medical attention.

• #43 15.8 Croup – Nursing Health Promotion

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthpromo/chapter/15-8-croup/sternal_retractions/

  Croup, more formally known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a respiratory disorder that leads to inflammation of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi. […] Most cases of croup are mild, but it does have the potential to become a severe infection requiring hospitalization. […] Stridor is a characteristic symptom of severe croup. […] Complications of croup are uncommon, but in severe cases may include pneumonia, pulmonary edema (excess fluid in the lungs), bacterial tracheitis (infection of the trachea), or respiratory failure. […] Nursing priorities for clients with croup include symptom management, airway management, and preventing the spread of illness to others. […] Possible nursing diagnoses for clients with croup are as follows: Ineffective airway clearance r/t airway inflammation, Ineffective breathing pattern r/t disease process, Anxiety r/t shortness of breath, Risk for fluid volume deficit r/t poor oral intake.

• #44 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Croup Nursing Care Plans and Nursing Diagnosis […] Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with croup. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for croup in this guide. […] Nursing care plan and management for a child with croup include maintaining airway clearance, demonstrating increased air exchange, relieving anxiety, decreasing fatigue, and (parental) management of the condition. […] The following are the nursing priorities for a child with croup: […] Maintain a patent airway and ensure adequate oxygenation. […] Implement appropriate interventions such as humidified air, cool mist, or nebulized epinephrine to reduce airway inflammation. […] Educate the family about home care measures, recognizing worsening symptoms, and when to seek medical attention.

• #45 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: […] The child will manifest adequate ventilation as evidenced by respiratory rate within parameters for age, absence of retractions, accessory muscle use, and grunting clear breath sounds, and oxygen saturation 94%. […] The parents/child will remain calm and experience decreased anxiety. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with croup may include: […] To maintain a patent airway in patients with croup, interventions such as providing humidified air, keeping the child calm and upright, and encouraging them to take deep breaths can help reduce airway swelling and maintain adequate oxygenation. […] Administer corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) and racemic epinephrine as indicated. […] Children with croup may experience anxiety related to a change in their health status and hospitalization due to the sudden onset of symptoms and the need for medical intervention. […] Provide a calm, quiet environment for the child. […] Encourage parents to stay with infant/small child during hospitalization, bring book/toy, blanket from home; allow visits from siblings.

• #46 Nursing Interventions for Croup – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-croup-1699016917

  The nursing interventions for a child with croup include: Maintaining a patent airway and providing oxygen therapy as ordered […] Administering medications as prescribed, such as corticosteroids, racemic epinephrine, antipyretics, and antibiotics (if bacterial infection is present) […] Providing humidified or cool mist therapy to reduce airway edema and inflammation […] Encouraging fluid intake to prevent dehydration and thin secretions […] Positioning the child in a semi-Fowlers or upright position to facilitate breathing […] Providing comfort measures, such as distraction, relaxation, and reassurance […] Educating the parents about the signs and symptoms of croup, the treatment and management of croup, and the prevention of croup. […] Which clinical manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply. B Inspiratory stridor. C Barking cough. E Respiratory distress.

• #47 Nursing Interventions for Croup – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-croup-1699016917

  The nursing interventions for a child with croup include: Maintaining a patent airway and providing oxygen therapy as ordered […] Administering medications as prescribed, such as corticosteroids, racemic epinephrine, antipyretics, and antibiotics (if bacterial infection is present) […] Providing humidified or cool mist therapy to reduce airway edema and inflammation […] Encouraging fluid intake to prevent dehydration and thin secretions […] Positioning the child in a semi-Fowlers or upright position to facilitate breathing […] Providing comfort measures, such as distraction, relaxation, and reassurance […] Educating the parents about the signs and symptoms of croup, the treatment and management of croup, and the prevention of croup. […] Which clinical manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply. B Inspiratory stridor. C Barking cough. E Respiratory distress.

• #48 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: […] The child will manifest adequate ventilation as evidenced by respiratory rate within parameters for age, absence of retractions, accessory muscle use, and grunting clear breath sounds, and oxygen saturation 94%. […] The parents/child will remain calm and experience decreased anxiety. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with croup may include: […] To maintain a patent airway in patients with croup, interventions such as providing humidified air, keeping the child calm and upright, and encouraging them to take deep breaths can help reduce airway swelling and maintain adequate oxygenation. […] Administer corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) and racemic epinephrine as indicated. […] Children with croup may experience anxiety related to a change in their health status and hospitalization due to the sudden onset of symptoms and the need for medical intervention. […] Provide a calm, quiet environment for the child. […] Encourage parents to stay with infant/small child during hospitalization, bring book/toy, blanket from home; allow visits from siblings.

• #49 How to Treat Croup and When to Worry as a Nurse – The RN Educator

  https://therneducator.com/how-to-treat-croup/

  Croup is a viral illness that can be a result from causative agents such as RSV, Influenza A B, Mycoplasma Pneumonia, Parainfluenza, and Measles. Also known as Laryngotracheobronchitis, Croup is a condition in which laryngeal tracheal edema, exudate and destruction of respiratory cilia can occur leading to severe respiratory distress and potential obstruction. […] So, now that we know what Croup actually is lets review what signs and symptoms we would expect to see in croup. […] This is because a patient with croup can worsen by the minute. You must monitor continuous oxygen saturation levels and respiratory status. […] Promoting rest for your patient is key in any illness. Not only does it give the body a chance to recover and heal but it also relaxes the trachea preventing laryngeal spasms or inspiratory stridor.

• #50 How to Treat Croup and When to Worry as a Nurse – The RN Educator

  https://therneducator.com/how-to-treat-croup/

  Croup is a viral illness that can be a result from causative agents such as RSV, Influenza A B, Mycoplasma Pneumonia, Parainfluenza, and Measles. Also known as Laryngotracheobronchitis, Croup is a condition in which laryngeal tracheal edema, exudate and destruction of respiratory cilia can occur leading to severe respiratory distress and potential obstruction. […] So, now that we know what Croup actually is lets review what signs and symptoms we would expect to see in croup. […] This is because a patient with croup can worsen by the minute. You must monitor continuous oxygen saturation levels and respiratory status. […] Promoting rest for your patient is key in any illness. Not only does it give the body a chance to recover and heal but it also relaxes the trachea preventing laryngeal spasms or inspiratory stridor.

• #51 Croup – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350354

  Croup often runs its course within 3 to 5 days. In the meantime, keep your child comfortable with a few simple measures: […] For treatment of fever or pain, consider giving your child infants’ or children’s over-the-counter fever and pain medicines such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) as a safer alternative to aspirin. […] Your child’s cough may improve during the day, but don’t be surprised if it returns at night. You may want to sleep near your child or even in the same room so that you can take quick action if symptoms worsen. […] In most cases of croup, your child won’t need to see a health care provider. However, if symptoms are severe or aren’t responding to home treatment, you should call your provider.

• #52 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: […] The child will manifest adequate ventilation as evidenced by respiratory rate within parameters for age, absence of retractions, accessory muscle use, and grunting clear breath sounds, and oxygen saturation 94%. […] The parents/child will remain calm and experience decreased anxiety. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with croup may include: […] To maintain a patent airway in patients with croup, interventions such as providing humidified air, keeping the child calm and upright, and encouraging them to take deep breaths can help reduce airway swelling and maintain adequate oxygenation. […] Administer corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) and racemic epinephrine as indicated. […] Children with croup may experience anxiety related to a change in their health status and hospitalization due to the sudden onset of symptoms and the need for medical intervention. […] Provide a calm, quiet environment for the child. […] Encourage parents to stay with infant/small child during hospitalization, bring book/toy, blanket from home; allow visits from siblings.

• #53 Pediatric Croup: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/pediatric-croup/?srsltid=AfmBOoq490QGgrQ_wzRdTYeXRQ9qqkf5KbaIPz1ZD17bhQTWcIe-G_LH

  Nursing interventions for croup include providing humidified air, administering oxygen if needed, administering medications as prescribed, encouraging increased fluid intake, and providing clearance of secretions by encouraging gentle suctioning and coughing exercises. The child will demonstrate adequate ventilation and oxygenation, maintain airway patency, and demonstrate increased air exchange. […] The caregivers will verbalize/demonstrate effective coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety and utilize available support systems to aid in coping.

• #54 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Goals and expected outcomes may include: […] The child will manifest adequate ventilation as evidenced by respiratory rate within parameters for age, absence of retractions, accessory muscle use, and grunting clear breath sounds, and oxygen saturation 94%. […] The parents/child will remain calm and experience decreased anxiety. […] Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with croup may include: […] To maintain a patent airway in patients with croup, interventions such as providing humidified air, keeping the child calm and upright, and encouraging them to take deep breaths can help reduce airway swelling and maintain adequate oxygenation. […] Administer corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) and racemic epinephrine as indicated. […] Children with croup may experience anxiety related to a change in their health status and hospitalization due to the sudden onset of symptoms and the need for medical intervention. […] Provide a calm, quiet environment for the child. […] Encourage parents to stay with infant/small child during hospitalization, bring book/toy, blanket from home; allow visits from siblings.

• #55 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Lack of knowledge about croup can contribute to parental or caregiver distress and anxiety when their child is experiencing symptoms. […] Educate parents on providing a high-calorie balanced diet and increased fluid intake. […] Stress the importance of adequate sleep and rest periods. […] The medications involved in the treatment of croup primarily include corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisolone, which help reduce airway inflammation and swelling. […] Antipyretics (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) These medications can be used to alleviate fever and discomfort associated with croup. […] Laboratory tests are typically not necessary for diagnosing croup, as it is primarily a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination findings. […] Pulse oximetry This non-invasive test measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood and can help assess the child’s respiratory status and oxygenation.

• #56 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Lack of knowledge about croup can contribute to parental or caregiver distress and anxiety when their child is experiencing symptoms. […] Educate parents on providing a high-calorie balanced diet and increased fluid intake. […] Stress the importance of adequate sleep and rest periods. […] The medications involved in the treatment of croup primarily include corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisolone, which help reduce airway inflammation and swelling. […] Antipyretics (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) These medications can be used to alleviate fever and discomfort associated with croup. […] Laboratory tests are typically not necessary for diagnosing croup, as it is primarily a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination findings. […] Pulse oximetry This non-invasive test measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood and can help assess the child’s respiratory status and oxygenation.

• #57 Croup | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/croup

  Take your child into the bathroom and shut the door. […] Turn on the shower and hot water faucets to make steam. Be careful to keep away from the hot water. Cool mist will work, too, and is safer. If the mist seems to upset the child, stop and calm the child. You may also take the child outside to breathe in the cool night air. […] Sit with your child and let them breathe in the steam. […] Do not leave your child alone. […] Have someone start a vaporizer or a humidifier in the child’s room. Continue to keep your child’s room humidified, especially if the air is dry. […] When breathing is easier (10-15 minutes), give your child a popsicle. Later give them more clear fluids to drink. This will help keep the throat and airway moist. […] If your child’s breathing does not improve, call your child’s doctor or go to the nearest emergency room.

• #58 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Lack of knowledge about croup can contribute to parental or caregiver distress and anxiety when their child is experiencing symptoms. […] Educate parents on providing a high-calorie balanced diet and increased fluid intake. […] Stress the importance of adequate sleep and rest periods. […] The medications involved in the treatment of croup primarily include corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisolone, which help reduce airway inflammation and swelling. […] Antipyretics (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) These medications can be used to alleviate fever and discomfort associated with croup. […] Laboratory tests are typically not necessary for diagnosing croup, as it is primarily a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination findings. […] Pulse oximetry This non-invasive test measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood and can help assess the child’s respiratory status and oxygenation.

• #59 Croup | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/croup

  Take your child into the bathroom and shut the door. […] Turn on the shower and hot water faucets to make steam. Be careful to keep away from the hot water. Cool mist will work, too, and is safer. If the mist seems to upset the child, stop and calm the child. You may also take the child outside to breathe in the cool night air. […] Sit with your child and let them breathe in the steam. […] Do not leave your child alone. […] Have someone start a vaporizer or a humidifier in the child’s room. Continue to keep your child’s room humidified, especially if the air is dry. […] When breathing is easier (10-15 minutes), give your child a popsicle. Later give them more clear fluids to drink. This will help keep the throat and airway moist. […] If your child’s breathing does not improve, call your child’s doctor or go to the nearest emergency room.

• #60

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/symptom-checker/Pages/symptomviewer.aspx?symptom=Croup

  Most children with croup just have a barky cough. […] Some have tight breathing (called stridor). Stridor is a loud, harsh sound when breathing in. It comes from the area of the voicebox. […] Coughing up mucus is very important. It helps protect the lungs from pneumonia. […] We want to help a productive cough, not turn it off. […] Here is some care advice that should help. […] Breathe warm mist in a closed bathroom with the hot shower running. Do this for 20 minutes. […] If warm mist fails, cold air may help. If the weather is cold, stand by an open window or take your child outside for a few minutes. […] Crying or fear can make stridor worse. […] Try to keep your child calm and happy. […] If the air in your home is dry, use a humidifier. […] Try to get your child to drink lots of fluids.

• #61 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes: Rapid or labored breathing, Retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage), Stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) while resting, Pale or blue-tinged skin. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that lead to croup. […] Parents/caregivers should not attempt to drive their child to the hospital if the child is severely agitated, has blue-tinged skin, is struggling to breathe, or is excessively drowsy; emergency medical services should be called.

• #62 Discharge Instructions for Croup | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-croup

  Make a follow-up appointment as directed. […] Talk with your child’s health care provider about vaccinations. Babies should have their first dose of the Hib vaccine at 2 months old. […] Be sure your child takes all medicines as instructed by the provider. […] Call 911 right away if your child: […] Makes a whistling sound (stridor) that gets louder with each breath. […] Has stridor when resting. […] Has a hard time swallowing, or is drooling. […] Has sucking-in of the skin around the ribs and sternum when breathing (retractions). […] Has trouble breathing. […] Has very rapid breathing. […] Has a severe cough. […] Has pale or blue-colored skin around the fingernails, mouth, or nose. […] Struggles to catch their breath. […] Can’t speak, cry, or make sounds. […] Has trouble waking up or loses consciousness.

• #63 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes: Rapid or labored breathing, Retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage), Stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) while resting, Pale or blue-tinged skin. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that lead to croup. […] Parents/caregivers should not attempt to drive their child to the hospital if the child is severely agitated, has blue-tinged skin, is struggling to breathe, or is excessively drowsy; emergency medical services should be called.

• #64 Discharge Instructions for Croup | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-croup

  Make a follow-up appointment as directed. […] Talk with your child’s health care provider about vaccinations. Babies should have their first dose of the Hib vaccine at 2 months old. […] Be sure your child takes all medicines as instructed by the provider. […] Call 911 right away if your child: […] Makes a whistling sound (stridor) that gets louder with each breath. […] Has stridor when resting. […] Has a hard time swallowing, or is drooling. […] Has sucking-in of the skin around the ribs and sternum when breathing (retractions). […] Has trouble breathing. […] Has very rapid breathing. […] Has a severe cough. […] Has pale or blue-colored skin around the fingernails, mouth, or nose. […] Struggles to catch their breath. […] Can’t speak, cry, or make sounds. […] Has trouble waking up or loses consciousness.

• #65 What is Croup? Symptoms, Treatment, and When to Worry | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/what-is-croup-symptoms-treatment-and-when-to-worry

  In most cases, a childs mild croup symptoms can be turned around with simple home remedies. […] Dr. Hughes stresses that some children with severe croup do need medical treatment to improve their breathing. It is important to have them evaluated promptly at the Emergency Department. […] According to Dr. Hughes, signs your child has severe croup include: Difficulty breathing accompanied by a barking or croupy cough, Stridor (noisy breathing with inspiration) even at rest, Chest area around the collarbone and ribs pulling in with each breath (called retraction). […] If a child has repeated bouts of croup, especially more than two illnesses a year, they are said to have recurrent croup and should be seen by a pediatric otolaryngologist, a doctor that specializes in conditions of the ears, nose and throat (ENT), to determine the underlying cause of the condition.

• #66 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes: Rapid or labored breathing, Retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage), Stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) while resting, Pale or blue-tinged skin. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that lead to croup. […] Parents/caregivers should not attempt to drive their child to the hospital if the child is severely agitated, has blue-tinged skin, is struggling to breathe, or is excessively drowsy; emergency medical services should be called.

• #67 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Lack of knowledge about croup can contribute to parental or caregiver distress and anxiety when their child is experiencing symptoms. […] Educate parents on providing a high-calorie balanced diet and increased fluid intake. […] Stress the importance of adequate sleep and rest periods. […] The medications involved in the treatment of croup primarily include corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisolone, which help reduce airway inflammation and swelling. […] Antipyretics (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) These medications can be used to alleviate fever and discomfort associated with croup. […] Laboratory tests are typically not necessary for diagnosing croup, as it is primarily a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination findings. […] Pulse oximetry This non-invasive test measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood and can help assess the child’s respiratory status and oxygenation.

• #68 Croup – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431070/

  Croup is a common respiratory illness of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi that can lead to inspiratory stridor and barking cough. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of croup and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Corticosteroids should be administered to all patients with croup, and epinephrine is reserved in those with moderate to severe croup. […] Treatment depends on the severity based on the Westley croup score. Children with mild croup defined as Westley croup score less than 2 are given a single dose dexamethasone. Children with moderate to severe croup defined as a Westley croup score greater than 3 are given nebulized epinephrine in addition to dexamethasone. […] Croup is a self-limited disease, with most cases resolving within a few days. Uncommon complications may include bacterial tracheitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and rarely, death. […] An interprofessional team of nurses and clinicians working together to evaluate and treat the patient as well as educate the patients on aftercare will provide the best results.

• #69 Croup: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0501/p575.html

  Diagnosis of croup is based on clinical findings of barking cough, stridor, and hoarseness. Diagnostic testing is typically not necessary. […] Corticosteroids should be administered to patients with croup of any severity. […] Epinephrine should be administered to patients with moderate to severe croup. […] Management of croup is based on the severity of illness. […] Oxygen should be administered to children with hypoxemia or severe respiratory distress. […] Corticosteroids should be used in patients with croup of any severity. Treatment with dexamethasone results in faster resolution of symptoms and decreased return to medical care. […] Epinephrine is thought to improve symptoms in patients with croup through arteriole vasoconstriction in the upper airway mucosa, which eventually leads to decreased edema.

• #70 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Children with moderate to severe croup should be evaluated in an emergency department or clinic capable of managing urgent respiratory illnesses. Severe croup is a potentially life-threatening illness, and treatment should not be delayed for any reason. […] Dexamethasone is the preferred glucocorticoid medication for treating moderate to severe croup. It is a long-acting medication that works by decreasing inflammation in the airway. […] Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes rapid or labored breathing, retractions, stridor while resting, pale or blue-tinged skin, drooling or difficulty swallowing, and inability to speak or cry due to difficulty taking a breath. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that lead to croup.

• #71 Croup Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Epinephrine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962972-treatment

  Corticosteroids are beneficial due to their anti-inflammatory action. Their use decreases both laryngeal mucosal edema and the need for salvage nebulized epinephrine. […] A single dose of dexamethasone has been shown to be effective in reducing the overall severity of croup, if administered within the first 4-24 hours after the onset of illness. […] Patients given a single oral dose of prednisolone (1 mg/kg) were found to have made more return visits, than those patients who received a single oral dose of dexamethasone (0.15 mg/kg). […] Nebulized racemic epinephrine is a 1:1 mixture of dextro (D) isomers and levo (L) isomers of epinephrine with the L form (L-epinephrine) as the active component. Its use is typically reserved for patients in the hospital setting with moderate-to-severe respiratory distress. […] Heliox is a gas that contains a mixture of helium and oxygen (with not less than 20% oxygen). Delivery to the patient is via nasal cannula, face mask, or hood. It has low viscosity and low specific gravity, which allows for greater laminar airflow through the respiratory tract.

• #72 Croup Clinical Pathway — Emergency Department and Inpatient | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/croup-emergency-department-and-inpatient-clinical-pathway

  Dexamethasone 0.3 mg/kg (max 8 mg) […] If continued severe symptoms or impending respiratory failure, consider advanced therapeutics (e.g., heliox, PPV) and ICU admission […] Signs of Impending Respiratory Failure […] Escalate care as appropriate.

• #73 Croup: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0501/p575.html

  Diagnosis of croup is based on clinical findings of barking cough, stridor, and hoarseness. Diagnostic testing is typically not necessary. […] Corticosteroids should be administered to patients with croup of any severity. […] Epinephrine should be administered to patients with moderate to severe croup. […] Management of croup is based on the severity of illness. […] Oxygen should be administered to children with hypoxemia or severe respiratory distress. […] Corticosteroids should be used in patients with croup of any severity. Treatment with dexamethasone results in faster resolution of symptoms and decreased return to medical care. […] Epinephrine is thought to improve symptoms in patients with croup through arteriole vasoconstriction in the upper airway mucosa, which eventually leads to decreased edema.

• #74 Acute management of croup in the emergency department | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/acute-management-of-croup

  Overall, children treated with corticosteroids have fewer return visits or admissions to the hospital. Fully one-half of children with mild croup treated with corticosteroids are unlikely to need further medical care for ongoing symptoms. Their sleep is improved and their parents report less stress. […] Nebulized epinephrine is recommended for moderate to severe croup. Reports of administering epinephrine in children with severe croup have demonstrated a lower number of cases requiring intubation or tracheotomy. […] A heliox or helium-oxygen mixture can reduce respiratory distress in children with severe croup. […] The use of antibiotics and short-acting beta-2-agonist bronchodilators in children with typical croup are rarely indicated because of the low incidence of bacterial infection as well as for physiological reasons.

• #75 Croup Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Epinephrine

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962972-treatment

  Corticosteroids are beneficial due to their anti-inflammatory action. Their use decreases both laryngeal mucosal edema and the need for salvage nebulized epinephrine. […] A single dose of dexamethasone has been shown to be effective in reducing the overall severity of croup, if administered within the first 4-24 hours after the onset of illness. […] Patients given a single oral dose of prednisolone (1 mg/kg) were found to have made more return visits, than those patients who received a single oral dose of dexamethasone (0.15 mg/kg). […] Nebulized racemic epinephrine is a 1:1 mixture of dextro (D) isomers and levo (L) isomers of epinephrine with the L form (L-epinephrine) as the active component. Its use is typically reserved for patients in the hospital setting with moderate-to-severe respiratory distress. […] Heliox is a gas that contains a mixture of helium and oxygen (with not less than 20% oxygen). Delivery to the patient is via nasal cannula, face mask, or hood. It has low viscosity and low specific gravity, which allows for greater laminar airflow through the respiratory tract.

• #76 Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) – Other Childhood Infections for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/pediatric-nursing-372/other-childhood-infections-1744/croup-laryngotracheobronchitis_1933

  Treatments are aimed at decreasing inflammation and cool humidified air has long been used as a treatment, although its effectiveness has not been completely scientifically documented. […] Steroid medications like dexamethasone are given to decrease inflammatory processes of tissues in the body as treatments are aimed to decrease inflammation. […] A specialized type of epinephrine named for its chemical properties is given in an aerosolized form. This medication is indicated for stridor or airway constriction due to inflammation, except epiglottis.

• #77 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Lack of knowledge about croup can contribute to parental or caregiver distress and anxiety when their child is experiencing symptoms. […] Educate parents on providing a high-calorie balanced diet and increased fluid intake. […] Stress the importance of adequate sleep and rest periods. […] The medications involved in the treatment of croup primarily include corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone or prednisolone, which help reduce airway inflammation and swelling. […] Antipyretics (such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen) These medications can be used to alleviate fever and discomfort associated with croup. […] Laboratory tests are typically not necessary for diagnosing croup, as it is primarily a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination findings. […] Pulse oximetry This non-invasive test measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood and can help assess the child’s respiratory status and oxygenation.

• #78 Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

  https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/croup_laryngotracheobronchitis/

  Croup is inflammation of the upper airway, larynx and trachea, usually triggered by a virus, most commonly parainfluenza as well as other respiratory viruses including COVID-19 (apply appropriate infection control) […] Children with croup should have focused examination so as not to upset them further: […] Minimise distress to avoid worsening symptoms, minimise interventions including examination and investigation that are not going to impact acute management […] Keep child with carers to reduce distress […] Children will adopt a position of comfort that minimises airway obstruction, do not change this […] For emergency advice and paediatric or neonatal ICU transfers, see Retrieval Services […] Parents should be advised to seek medical attention if recurrence of stridor at rest despite having received oral steroids […] Antibiotics have no role in uncomplicated croup as it has a viral aetiology […] Anti-tussives such as codeine have no proven effect on the course or severity of croup, and may cause respiratory depression and increase sedation.

• #79 Croup: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/croup-diagnosis-and-management

  Pharmacy teams should advise parents to give the second dose 12 hours after the first dose if the child is awake. […] Croup is most commonly a viral disease. Antibiotics are reserved for cases when primary or secondary bacterial infection is suspected. […] Complications from croup are rare but can include respiratory distress and otitis media. Dehydration may occur if the child is unable to drink fluids. Parents should be advised to watch for signs of complications, such as increased breathing difficulty, high fever or a change in the child’s level of alertness. In rare cases, severe airway obstruction may occur, necessitating urgent medical intervention. Early recognition and treatment of complications can prevent severe outcomes. […] Children with mild croup can typically be discharged home after a single dose of dexamethasone. Those with moderate croup should be observed for at least four hours after receiving dexamethasone and then re-assessed to ensure symptom stability.

• #80 15.8 Croup – Nursing Health Promotion

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthpromo/chapter/15-8-croup/sternal_retractions/

  Croup, more formally known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a respiratory disorder that leads to inflammation of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi. […] Most cases of croup are mild, but it does have the potential to become a severe infection requiring hospitalization. […] Stridor is a characteristic symptom of severe croup. […] Complications of croup are uncommon, but in severe cases may include pneumonia, pulmonary edema (excess fluid in the lungs), bacterial tracheitis (infection of the trachea), or respiratory failure. […] Nursing priorities for clients with croup include symptom management, airway management, and preventing the spread of illness to others. […] Possible nursing diagnoses for clients with croup are as follows: Ineffective airway clearance r/t airway inflammation, Ineffective breathing pattern r/t disease process, Anxiety r/t shortness of breath, Risk for fluid volume deficit r/t poor oral intake.

• #81 Croup: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/croup-diagnosis-and-management

  Pharmacy teams should advise parents to give the second dose 12 hours after the first dose if the child is awake. […] Croup is most commonly a viral disease. Antibiotics are reserved for cases when primary or secondary bacterial infection is suspected. […] Complications from croup are rare but can include respiratory distress and otitis media. Dehydration may occur if the child is unable to drink fluids. Parents should be advised to watch for signs of complications, such as increased breathing difficulty, high fever or a change in the child’s level of alertness. In rare cases, severe airway obstruction may occur, necessitating urgent medical intervention. Early recognition and treatment of complications can prevent severe outcomes. […] Children with mild croup can typically be discharged home after a single dose of dexamethasone. Those with moderate croup should be observed for at least four hours after receiving dexamethasone and then re-assessed to ensure symptom stability.

• #82 15.8 Croup – Nursing Health Promotion

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthpromo/chapter/15-8-croup/sternal_retractions/

  Croup, more formally known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is a respiratory disorder that leads to inflammation of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi. […] Most cases of croup are mild, but it does have the potential to become a severe infection requiring hospitalization. […] Stridor is a characteristic symptom of severe croup. […] Complications of croup are uncommon, but in severe cases may include pneumonia, pulmonary edema (excess fluid in the lungs), bacterial tracheitis (infection of the trachea), or respiratory failure. […] Nursing priorities for clients with croup include symptom management, airway management, and preventing the spread of illness to others. […] Possible nursing diagnoses for clients with croup are as follows: Ineffective airway clearance r/t airway inflammation, Ineffective breathing pattern r/t disease process, Anxiety r/t shortness of breath, Risk for fluid volume deficit r/t poor oral intake.

• #83 Croup: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/croup-diagnosis-and-management

  Pharmacy teams should advise parents to give the second dose 12 hours after the first dose if the child is awake. […] Croup is most commonly a viral disease. Antibiotics are reserved for cases when primary or secondary bacterial infection is suspected. […] Complications from croup are rare but can include respiratory distress and otitis media. Dehydration may occur if the child is unable to drink fluids. Parents should be advised to watch for signs of complications, such as increased breathing difficulty, high fever or a change in the child’s level of alertness. In rare cases, severe airway obstruction may occur, necessitating urgent medical intervention. Early recognition and treatment of complications can prevent severe outcomes. […] Children with mild croup can typically be discharged home after a single dose of dexamethasone. Those with moderate croup should be observed for at least four hours after receiving dexamethasone and then re-assessed to ensure symptom stability.

• #84 Croup: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/lungs-breathing-and-respiration/croup

  More severe croup may require care and supplemental oxygen in a hospital. Medication options may include steroid therapy, such as prednisolone (Pediapred) or dexamethasone (Baycadron), to reduce inflammation and swelling. Nebulized epinephrine may also ease breathing. […] Croup can be serious, especially in infants, if airway swelling continues or suddenly worsens. Complications of croup include: partial lung collapse, bacterial infection of the windpipe, dehydration, respiratory arrest or distress. […] Croup is a childhood respiratory illness commonly due to a viral infection. It affects the voice box and windpipe. Symptoms include a bark-like cough and possibly stridor, a high-pitched whistling sound as the person inhales. […] Croup usually lasts less than 7 days. Steroids and other treatments may be necessary to ease breathing. Children with severe croup may need care in a hospital.

• #85 Croup: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/800866-overview

  Current treatment approaches in urgent care clinics and emergency departments are corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine; steroids have proven beneficial in severe, moderate, and even mild croup. […] The prognosis for croup is excellent, and recovery is almost always complete. The majority of patients can be managed successfully as outpatients, without the need for inpatient hospital care. Hospitalization rates vary widely among communities, ranging from 1.5-30% and typically averaging 2-5%. […] Complications in croup are rare. In most series, less than 5% of children who were diagnosed with croup required hospitalization and less than 2% of those who were hospitalized were intubated. Death occurred in approximately 0.5% of intubated patients.

• #86 Croup: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/800866-overview

  Current treatment approaches in urgent care clinics and emergency departments are corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine; steroids have proven beneficial in severe, moderate, and even mild croup. […] The prognosis for croup is excellent, and recovery is almost always complete. The majority of patients can be managed successfully as outpatients, without the need for inpatient hospital care. Hospitalization rates vary widely among communities, ranging from 1.5-30% and typically averaging 2-5%. […] Complications in croup are rare. In most series, less than 5% of children who were diagnosed with croup required hospitalization and less than 2% of those who were hospitalized were intubated. Death occurred in approximately 0.5% of intubated patients.

• #87 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes: Rapid or labored breathing, Retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage), Stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) while resting, Pale or blue-tinged skin. […] Simple hygiene measures can help to prevent infection with the viruses that lead to croup. […] Parents/caregivers should not attempt to drive their child to the hospital if the child is severely agitated, has blue-tinged skin, is struggling to breathe, or is excessively drowsy; emergency medical services should be called.

• #88 Croup: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/croup-diagnosis-and-management

  Prevention of croup primarily involves reducing the risk of upper respiratory infections. Parents should be advised to ensure the child practices good hand hygiene, including regular hand washing with soap and water; keep the child away from individuals who are sick, particularly those with respiratory infections; ensure the child is up to date with vaccinations, including the influenza vaccine, as viral infections can trigger croup; avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, as this can exacerbate respiratory conditions.

• #89 Croup – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/croup/symptoms-causes/syc-20350348

  Croup refers to an infection of the upper airway, which becomes narrow, making it harder to breathe. Croup also causes a cough that sounds like barking. […] Croup most often occurs in younger children. It usually isn’t serious. Most children can be treated for croup at home. […] Contact your child’s health care provider if symptoms are severe, worsen, last longer than 3 to 5 days or aren’t responding to home treatment. […] Croup is usually caused by a viral infection, most often a parainfluenza virus. […] Children between 6 months and 3 years of age have the highest risk of getting croup. […] Most cases of croup are mild. In a small number of children, the airway swells enough to cause problems with breathing. Rarely, a bacterial infection of the windpipe can occur in addition to the viral infection. This can result in trouble breathing and requires emergency medical care. […] To prevent croup, take the same steps you use to prevent colds and flu. Frequent hand-washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is the most important step.

• #90 Croup in the Child Care Setting | California Childcare Health Program

  https://cchp.ucsf.edu/resources/health-safety-notes/croup-child-care-setting

  Croup is a respiratory illness that causes airway swelling at the voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea). […] Croup is most often seen in young children under 3 years old. […] The throat just below the vocal cords becomes narrow when a child has croup. This makes breathing noisy and difficult. […] Croup is usually managed at home by providing liquids and moist, cool air, especially at night. […] Call Emergency Medical Services (911) if the child is showing any signs of respiratory distress, such as: Turning blue around the lips, mouth, nose, or fingertips; Labored and noisy breathing; Sucking in of the skin above and below the ribs, or flaring of the nostrils; Stomach moving much more than usual when they are breathing. […] Follow proper hand hygiene practices, especially after wiping or blowing noses; before and after contact with any secretions; before preparing, serving, or eating food; and after diapering and toileting.

• #91 Croup: diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/croup-diagnosis-and-management

  Prevention of croup primarily involves reducing the risk of upper respiratory infections. Parents should be advised to ensure the child practices good hand hygiene, including regular hand washing with soap and water; keep the child away from individuals who are sick, particularly those with respiratory infections; ensure the child is up to date with vaccinations, including the influenza vaccine, as viral infections can trigger croup; avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, as this can exacerbate respiratory conditions.

• #92 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup is a very contagious respiratory infection that affects babies and young children. You’ll know it’s croup because of the distinctive barking cough your child develops. While most cases of croup are mild, the condition can worsen quickly, become severe and prevent your child from breathing properly.

• #93 5 Croup Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/croup-nursing-care-plans/

  Croup Nursing Care Plans and Nursing Diagnosis […] Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with croup. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for croup in this guide. […] Nursing care plan and management for a child with croup include maintaining airway clearance, demonstrating increased air exchange, relieving anxiety, decreasing fatigue, and (parental) management of the condition. […] The following are the nursing priorities for a child with croup: […] Maintain a patent airway and ensure adequate oxygenation. […] Implement appropriate interventions such as humidified air, cool mist, or nebulized epinephrine to reduce airway inflammation. […] Educate the family about home care measures, recognizing worsening symptoms, and when to seek medical attention.

• #94 15.8 Croup – Nursing Health Promotion

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthpromo/chapter/15-8-croup/sternal_retractions/

  Specific medical interventions for croup depend on the severity of the disorder. […] Clients with mild croup may be prescribed dexamethasone to reduce swelling. […] Registered nurses plan interventions based on the expected outcomes of the client. […] When caring for a client with croup, nursing interventions can be divided into nursing assessments, nursing actions, and client teaching. […] Evaluation of client outcomes refers to the process of determining whether or not client outcomes were met by the indicated time frame.

• #95 Nursing Interventions for Croup – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-for-croup-1699016917

  The nursing interventions for a child with croup include: Maintaining a patent airway and providing oxygen therapy as ordered […] Administering medications as prescribed, such as corticosteroids, racemic epinephrine, antipyretics, and antibiotics (if bacterial infection is present) […] Providing humidified or cool mist therapy to reduce airway edema and inflammation […] Encouraging fluid intake to prevent dehydration and thin secretions […] Positioning the child in a semi-Fowlers or upright position to facilitate breathing […] Providing comfort measures, such as distraction, relaxation, and reassurance […] Educating the parents about the signs and symptoms of croup, the treatment and management of croup, and the prevention of croup. […] Which clinical manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply. B Inspiratory stridor. C Barking cough. E Respiratory distress.

• #96 Nursing Assessment of Croup – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-assessment-of-croup-1699016725

  – A nurse is performing a nursing assessment of a child with croup. What should the nurse assess to determine the severity of respiratory distress? The degree of airway obstruction. […] – A nurse is caring for a child with croup and needs to implement nursing interventions. What interventions are appropriate for a child with croup? Select all that apply. Provide cool mist humidification. Administer bronchodilators. Administer corticosteroids. […] – A nurse is assessing a 2-year-old child with croup. The child’s mother states that the child has had a barking cough for 2 days, which is worse at night. The child also has a fever and is hoarse. Which of the following statements by the nurse is most appropriate? „This sounds like croup.” […] – A client with croup is asking the nurse about the condition. The nurse explains that croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the upper airway. The nurse also explains that the most common symptoms of croup are a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor.

• #97 Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis) (PIC)

  https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Croup

  Minimal nursing intervention is encouraged to avoid distressing the child and increasing respiratory distress. […] Patients should remain in a position of comfort. […] Children with croup require close observation.

• #98 Croup – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431070/

  Croup is a common respiratory illness of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi that can lead to inspiratory stridor and barking cough. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of croup and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in improving care for patients with this condition. […] Corticosteroids should be administered to all patients with croup, and epinephrine is reserved in those with moderate to severe croup. […] Treatment depends on the severity based on the Westley croup score. Children with mild croup defined as Westley croup score less than 2 are given a single dose dexamethasone. Children with moderate to severe croup defined as a Westley croup score greater than 3 are given nebulized epinephrine in addition to dexamethasone. […] Croup is a self-limited disease, with most cases resolving within a few days. Uncommon complications may include bacterial tracheitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and rarely, death. […] An interprofessional team of nurses and clinicians working together to evaluate and treat the patient as well as educate the patients on aftercare will provide the best results.

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