Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Croup in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=croup-in-children-90-P02942

  Croup is a common infection in children. It causes swelling in the upper part of the airway in the neck. It causes a barking cough, with or without fever. And it may cause problems with breathing. The illness is seen more often in the winter. […] The symptoms of croup are not always the same. As the illness moves from the nose to the lungs, the symptoms can change. They may include: A runny nose, a stuffy nose, and slight cough. A cough that turns into a seals bark. Losing his or her voice (laryngitis). Fever. A high-pitched creaking or whistling sound when breathing in (stridor). […] These symptoms are often worse at night and may wake your child from sleep. They may also seem to get better in the morning but get worse as the day goes on. Most children feel better in 3 to 7 days. […] Croup is most often seen in children 3 months to 5 years old. The peak time for croup to occur is 2 years old.

• #2 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children. It is caused by viruses that produce inflammation and swelling in the larynx (voice box) and upper trachea (windpipe) and causes the typical signs and symptoms of croup, which include hoarseness, a barking cough, and stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing). […] The primary symptoms of croup are a „barking cough,” hoarseness, and stridor (which is a high-pitched sound heard when breathing in). […] Symptoms usually start gradually, beginning with nasal stuffiness, runny nose, and fever, followed by development of the characteristic barking cough. […] Most children with croup have only mild symptoms (barking cough without breathing difficulties) and the illness lasts only a few days. However, some children may develop difficulty breathing that can worsen during the 12 to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms.

• #3 What is Croup? Symptoms, Treatment, and When to Worry | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/what-is-croup-symptoms-treatment-and-when-to-worry

  Croup is a common childhood illness that causes swelling in the upper airway. This can cause a change in voice and characteristic croupy cough that sounds like a seal or bark. There are a number of viruses that have been found to cause croup, the most common being parainfluenza virus. […] The infection can be associated with nasal congestion, cough, sore throat and fever. Upper airway swelling can cause children to have just a sore throat, or if more severe, can cause distress when breathing in. This type of difficulty breathing results in a high-pitched creaking or whistling sound when a child inhales (known as stridor) and a harsh cough that sounds like a seals bark. […] Most cases of croup are mild and may just require parental guidance and reassurance. Mild symptoms include occasional barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor only when the child is active or agitated.

• #4 Croup – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croup

  Croup is characterized by a „barking” cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficult breathing which usually worsens at night. The „barking” cough is often described as resembling the call of a sea lion. The stridor is worsened by agitation or crying, and if it can be heard at rest, it may indicate critical narrowing of the airways. As croup worsens, stridor may decrease considerably. […] Croup can be caused by a number of viruses including parainfluenza and influenza virus. Rarely is it due to a bacterial infection. Croup is typically diagnosed based on signs and symptoms after potentially more severe causes, such as epiglottitis or an airway foreign body, have been ruled out. […] Symptoms usually improve within two days, but may last for up to seven days.

• #5 Croup (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/croup.html

  Kids with croup have a virus that makes their airways swell. They have a telltale „barking” cough (often compared to the sound of a seal’s bark) and make a high-pitched, squeaky noise when they breathe. Children can also sound hoarse (lose their voice or get a scratchy voice). […] Most kids with croup (KROOP) get better in a week or so. […] At first, a child may have cold symptoms, like a stuffy or runny nose and a fever. As the upper airways the voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea) become irritated and swollen, a child may become hoarse and have the barking cough. […] If the airways continue to swell, breathing gets harder. Kids often make a high-pitched or squeaking noise while breathing in this is called stridor. They also might breathe very fast or have retractions (when the skin between the ribs pulls in during breathing). In the most serious cases, a child may appear pale or have a bluish color around the mouth due to a lack of oxygen.

• #6 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup causes swelling of your childs voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night. […] Symptoms of moderate to severe croup may include: Difficulty breathing. Restlessness or nervousness. Retractions (sucking in the skin around your childs ribs and the top of their breastbone). Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin).

• #7 Croup: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0501/p1067.html

  Croup symptoms usually start like an upper respiratory tract infection, with low-grade fever and coryza followed by a barking cough and various degrees of respiratory distress. […] In most children, the symptoms subside quickly with resolution of the cough within two days. […] Viral croup symptoms usually start like an upper respiratory tract infection, with low-grade fever and coryza followed by a barking cough and various degrees of respiratory distress (e.g., nasal flaring, respiratory retractions, stridor). The symptoms subside quickly with resolution of the cough usually within two days, although the cough may persist for up to one week. Symptoms can increase and decrease in the same child, becoming worse at night and when the child is agitated. […] Croup is a benign condition with a low mortality rate. It typically does not lead to high-grade fever; toxic appearance; or symptoms such as expiratory wheezing, drooling, voice loss, or difficulty swallowing.

• #8 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children. It is caused by viruses that produce inflammation and swelling in the larynx (voice box) and upper trachea (windpipe) (figure 1). This narrows the space available for air to enter the lungs (figure 2) and causes the typical signs and symptoms of croup, which include hoarseness, a barking cough, and stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing). […] Croup mostly occurs in infants and young children between six months and three years of age. It is uncommon in children older than six years. Most cases occur in the fall and early winter months. […] The primary symptoms of croup are a „barking cough,” hoarseness, and stridor (which is a high-pitched sound heard when breathing in). […] Symptoms usually start gradually, beginning with nasal stuffiness, runny nose, and fever, followed by development of the characteristic barking cough.

• #9 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Most children with croup have fevers, which may be low-grade (99 to 101°F [37.3 to 38.3°C) or as high as 104°F (40.5°C). […] Most children with croup have only mild symptoms (barking cough without breathing difficulties) and the illness lasts only a few days. […] However, some children may develop difficulty breathing that can worsen during the 12 to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. […] As the airway narrows, noisy high-pitched breathing (called stridor) develops. […] In the most severe cases in which the airway narrowing is very severe, croup can be life-threatening, but this is rare. […] Symptoms of croup resolve in most children within two days, but the cough can persist up to one week. […] Approximately 5 to 10 percent of children with croup who are seen in the emergency department require hospitalization.

• #10 Barky Cough (Croup) | Alberta Health Services

  https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/info/page12435.aspx

  Croup is a common viral infection that causes noisy breathing and a barky cough in young children. Croup is usually mild and can be managed at home using cool air. Croup is caused by a virus and does not need antibiotics. Seek medical attention if you notice that your child has noisy breathing when calm or asleep, or has any trouble breathing. […] The swelling in the throat can change your child’s voice and cause a harsh, barky cough. Children with croup can get stridor a high-pitched breathing sound made when they take a breath in, which can lead to difficulty breathing. […] Most children will have a mild runny nose or a low-grade fever. Within 12 to 48 hours, the symptoms can progress to include: Hoarse voice, Barking or Seal-like cough, Stridor (A high pitched noise when your child takes a breath in), Fever, Mild sore throat, Trouble breathing.

• #11 Croup (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/croup.html

  Kids with croup have a virus that makes their airways swell. They have a telltale „barking” cough (often compared to the sound of a seal’s bark) and make a high-pitched, squeaky noise when they breathe. Children can also sound hoarse (lose their voice or get a scratchy voice). […] Most kids with croup (KROOP) get better in a week or so. […] At first, a child may have cold symptoms, like a stuffy or runny nose and a fever. As the upper airways the voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea) become irritated and swollen, a child may become hoarse and have the barking cough. […] If the airways continue to swell, breathing gets harder. Kids often make a high-pitched or squeaking noise while breathing in this is called stridor. They also might breathe very fast or have retractions (when the skin between the ribs pulls in during breathing). In the most serious cases, a child may appear pale or have a bluish color around the mouth due to a lack of oxygen.

• #12 Croup in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=croup-in-children-90-P02942

  Croup is a common infection in children. It causes swelling in the upper part of the airway in the neck. It causes a barking cough, with or without fever. And it may cause problems with breathing. The illness is seen more often in the winter. […] The symptoms of croup are not always the same. As the illness moves from the nose to the lungs, the symptoms can change. They may include: A runny nose, a stuffy nose, and slight cough. A cough that turns into a seals bark. Losing his or her voice (laryngitis). Fever. A high-pitched creaking or whistling sound when breathing in (stridor). […] These symptoms are often worse at night and may wake your child from sleep. They may also seem to get better in the morning but get worse as the day goes on. Most children feel better in 3 to 7 days. […] Croup is most often seen in children 3 months to 5 years old. The peak time for croup to occur is 2 years old.

• #13 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup causes swelling of your childs voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night. […] Symptoms of moderate to severe croup may include: Difficulty breathing. Restlessness or nervousness. Retractions (sucking in the skin around your childs ribs and the top of their breastbone). Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin).

• #14 Croup - symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/croup

  Symptoms usually last for about 2 to 5 days and peak during the second or third night of the illness. […] Your child may have a cough that persists for several weeks even after they have otherwise recovered. […] Some children suddenly develop croup in the middle of the night, without any other symptoms. […] This is called spasmodic croup. […] Spasmodic croup is more common in children with asthma, or with a family history of allergy and asthma. […] Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance immediately if your child has the following symptoms of severe or life-threatening croup: severe breathing difficulties, looking very sick and lethargic, pale skin, blue colour change to their lips, dribbling and inability to swallow, floppy or reduced consciousness (not as alert as usual).

• #15 Croup

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/croup/

  Croup is a viral infection that narrows the airway, making breathing harder. […] Children with croup may have a special type of noisy breathing called stridor or a deep, barking cough that can start suddenly often at night. […] It is important to watch your child closely for signs that it is getting harder for them to breathe, such as sucking in under the ribs. […] Croup symptoms can worsen quickly, so it is important to watch your child closely. […] Croup usually starts like a normal cold, with mild symptoms such as a fever, runny nose and cough. However, noisy breathing known as 'stridor’ often develops suddenly during the evening or overnight because of the narrowing airway. […] Depending on how narrow the airway gets, some children may struggle to breathe, and the skin between their ribs or under their neck may suck in with each breath. Like stridor (noisy breathing), this trouble breathing can start suddenly.

• #16 What is Croup and What Causes It? – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health Blog

  https://healthier.stanfordchildrens.org/en/what-is-croup-and-what-causes-it/

  Croup usually begins with a cough, a runny nose, and congestion like a typical cold. After a few days, it may progress to a hoarse voice and stridor: high-pitched wheezing along with the telltale cough that sounds like a seal or a barking dog. Many children will also have a fever. […] Usually, we notice that the symptoms are worse at night and can wake the child up from sleep in croup, as the swelling in the airways becomes worse, Dr. Shahin explains. In kids with croup, we notice that sometimes they can breathe faster than normal. And I always tell families that with croup, we notice that children have more severe symptoms or they feel worse when they are upset or crying or agitated. So I always recommend to parents and caregivers to keep their sick children with croup kind of quiet and calm.

• #17 Croup – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431070/

  Croup is a common respiratory illness of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi that can lead to inspiratory stridor and barking cough. […] Croup is characterized by a „seal-like barking” cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing, which typically becomes worse at night. […] The most commonly used system for classifying the severity of croup is the Westley score ranging from 0 to 17 points divided by five factors: stridor, retractions, cyanosis, level of consciousness, and air entry. […] Westley score less than or equal to 2 indicates mild croup. […] More than 85% of children present with mild disease; severe croup is rare (less than 1%). […] Treatment depends on the severity based on the Westley croup score. Children with mild croup defined as Westley croup score less than 2 are given a single dose dexamethasone. […] Croup is a self-limited disease, with most cases resolving within a few days. Uncommon complications may include bacterial tracheitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and rarely, death.

• #18 Croup – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431070/

  Croup is a common respiratory illness of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi that can lead to inspiratory stridor and barking cough. […] Croup is characterized by a „seal-like barking” cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing, which typically becomes worse at night. […] The most commonly used system for classifying the severity of croup is the Westley score ranging from 0 to 17 points divided by five factors: stridor, retractions, cyanosis, level of consciousness, and air entry. […] Westley score less than or equal to 2 indicates mild croup. […] More than 85% of children present with mild disease; severe croup is rare (less than 1%). […] Treatment depends on the severity based on the Westley croup score. Children with mild croup defined as Westley croup score less than 2 are given a single dose dexamethasone. […] Croup is a self-limited disease, with most cases resolving within a few days. Uncommon complications may include bacterial tracheitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and rarely, death.

• #19 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how difficult it is for your child to pull air into their lungs. The size (diameter) of their windpipe and the amount of narrowing due to the swelling determine the severity of your childs condition. In addition, your childs condition may become more severe if they become upset. […] A child with mild croup may have a barking cough and stridor. Symptoms can worsen throughout your childs illness, especially during the evening hours. So its important to keep an eye on their breathing, but you can usually treat their condition at home. […] A child with moderate croup may have stridor along with retractions (sucking in the skin around their ribs and the top of their breastbone). They may also be slightly agitated or disoriented and may have moderate trouble breathing. You should take your child to see a healthcare provider for treatment.

• #20 Croup

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/croup/

  Croup symptoms are often worse on the second or third night of the illness. […] If your child has mild croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, but they should be able to breathe easily and not make loud breathing noises. […] If your child has moderate croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, find it hard to speak or breathe, and make a squeaky, high-pitched noise when they breathe in while upset, but not when they are calm. […] If your child has severe croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, find it hard to speak and sound hoarse, make a loud, high-pitched noise when they breathe in even while resting, work very hard to breathe, with the skin between their ribs or under their neck sucking in, seem scared or anxious, and move around to find a comfortable position that makes breathing easier often leaning forward.

• #21 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup can be mild, moderate or severe, depending on how difficult it is for your child to pull air into their lungs. The size (diameter) of their windpipe and the amount of narrowing due to the swelling determine the severity of your childs condition. In addition, your childs condition may become more severe if they become upset. […] A child with mild croup may have a barking cough and stridor. Symptoms can worsen throughout your childs illness, especially during the evening hours. So its important to keep an eye on their breathing, but you can usually treat their condition at home. […] A child with moderate croup may have stridor along with retractions (sucking in the skin around their ribs and the top of their breastbone). They may also be slightly agitated or disoriented and may have moderate trouble breathing. You should take your child to see a healthcare provider for treatment.

• #22 Croup

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/croup/

  Croup symptoms are often worse on the second or third night of the illness. […] If your child has mild croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, but they should be able to breathe easily and not make loud breathing noises. […] If your child has moderate croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, find it hard to speak or breathe, and make a squeaky, high-pitched noise when they breathe in while upset, but not when they are calm. […] If your child has severe croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, find it hard to speak and sound hoarse, make a loud, high-pitched noise when they breathe in even while resting, work very hard to breathe, with the skin between their ribs or under their neck sucking in, seem scared or anxious, and move around to find a comfortable position that makes breathing easier often leaning forward.

• #23 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  A child with severe croup has stridor and retractions. They may also be agitated, anxious or fatigued. Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) is common. Severe croup is a life-threatening condition. Take your child to the emergency room immediately. […] Symptoms of croup usually clear up in most children within two days. However, symptoms can persist for up to one week.

• #24 Croup

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/croup/

  Croup symptoms are often worse on the second or third night of the illness. […] If your child has mild croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, but they should be able to breathe easily and not make loud breathing noises. […] If your child has moderate croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, find it hard to speak or breathe, and make a squeaky, high-pitched noise when they breathe in while upset, but not when they are calm. […] If your child has severe croup, they may have a cough and a husky voice, find it hard to speak and sound hoarse, make a loud, high-pitched noise when they breathe in even while resting, work very hard to breathe, with the skin between their ribs or under their neck sucking in, seem scared or anxious, and move around to find a comfortable position that makes breathing easier often leaning forward.

• #25 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  As the airway narrows, noisy high-pitched breathing (called stridor) develops. The child may show other signs of respiratory distress such as fast breathing and retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage). […] In the most severe cases in which the airway narrowing is very severe, croup can be life-threatening, but this is rare. […] Symptoms of croup resolve in most children within two days, but the cough can persist up to one week. Complications are uncommon. […] Approximately 5 to 10 percent of children with croup who are seen in the emergency department require hospitalization. […] Signs of moderate to severe croup include retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage), rapid or labored breathing, and stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) that is heard even when the child is resting. […] Severe croup is a potentially life-threatening illness, and treatment should not be delayed for any reason.

• #26 Croup Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962972-clinical

  Croup usually begins with nonspecific respiratory symptoms (ie, rhinorrhea, sore throat, cough). Fever is generally low grade (38-39C) but can exceed 40C. Within 1-2 days, the characteristic signs of hoarseness, barking cough, and inspiratory stridor develop, often suddenly, along with a variable degree of respiratory distress. Symptoms are perceived as worsening at night, with most emergency department visits occurring between the hours of 10 pm and 4 am. Symptoms typically resolve within 3-7 days, but can last as long as 2 weeks. […] Given the wide clinical spectrum of croup, the patient’s symptoms can range from minimal inspiratory stridor to severe respiratory failure. In mild cases, respiratory sounds at rest are normal; however, mild expiratory wheezing may be heard. Children with more severe cases have inspiratory and expiratory stridor at rest with visible suprasternal, intercostal, and subcostal retractions. Air entry may be poor. Lethargy and agitation occur and are due to marked respiratory difficulty and, hence, causing hypoxemia and increasing hypercarbia. Respiratory arrest may occur suddenly during an episode of severe coughing. Additional warning signs of severe respiratory disease include tachypnea, tachycardia (out of proportion to fever), and hypotonia. Children unable to maintain adequate oral intake will become dehydrated. Cyanosis is a late, ominous sign. […] A sum Westley score of 12 indicates impending respiratory failure. At this point, a barking cough and stridor may no longer be prominent. Lethargy, cyanosis, and decreasing retractions are harbingers of impending respiratory failure.

• #27 Croup: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/croup-pro

  A respiratory rate of over 70 breaths per minute is a factor indicating severe respiratory distress, as is increasing upper airway obstruction, sternal/intercostal recession, asynchronous chest wall and abdominal movement, fatigue, pallor or cyanosis, decreased level of consciousness or tachycardia. […] The degree of chest wall recession may diminish with the onset of respiratory failure as the child tires. […] Symptoms usually resolve within 48 hours. Mild croup tends to be self-limiting even without treatment, with shorter time to resolution with dexamethasone treatment. […] In most cases of moderate croup, symptoms resolve without significant complications. […] With dexamethasone and nebulised epinephrine combination treatment, the prognosis for severe croup is excellent. […] Severe upper airway obstruction can, rarely, lead to respiratory failure and arrest. […] In children with impending respiratory failure, intubation is required in 1-3% of cases. […] Death from croup is rare, occurring in about 1 in every 30,000 cases.

• #28 Croup (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/croup.html

  Kids with croup have a virus that makes their airways swell. They have a telltale „barking” cough (often compared to the sound of a seal’s bark) and make a high-pitched, squeaky noise when they breathe. Children can also sound hoarse (lose their voice or get a scratchy voice). […] Most kids with croup (KROOP) get better in a week or so. […] At first, a child may have cold symptoms, like a stuffy or runny nose and a fever. As the upper airways the voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea) become irritated and swollen, a child may become hoarse and have the barking cough. […] If the airways continue to swell, breathing gets harder. Kids often make a high-pitched or squeaking noise while breathing in this is called stridor. They also might breathe very fast or have retractions (when the skin between the ribs pulls in during breathing). In the most serious cases, a child may appear pale or have a bluish color around the mouth due to a lack of oxygen.

• #29 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  Croup causes swelling of your childs voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup causes a distinctive cough that may sound similar to the call of a seal. The condition is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life-threatening. […] Croup is typically mild and lasts less than one week, but symptoms can get more severe. Symptoms normally start slowly and may begin with a runny or stuffy nose. Over the next 12 to 48 hours, symptoms can worsen and the barking cough may start. Symptoms are usually worse at night. […] Symptoms of moderate to severe croup may include: Difficulty breathing. Restlessness or nervousness. Retractions (sucking in the skin around your childs ribs and the top of their breastbone). Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin).

• #30 Croup In Children | KidsHealth New Zealand’s Trusted Voice On Children’s Health

  https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/croup

  Croup is a viral illness in young tamariki (children) which causes narrowing of the upper airways. […] Croup can start with cold symptoms such as a sore throat, fever, and runny nose. […] Tamariki with croup have a barking cough, trouble breathing, and a type of noisy breathing called stridor. […] Croup symptoms are often worse at night or when your child is upset. […] Croup is often a mild illness but can quickly become serious. […] In croup, a viral infection causes inflammation, swelling and narrowing of the vocal cords, voice box and windpipe. This can make breathing more difficult. […] The symptoms of croup can get worse at night or when your child is upset. […] Stridor may last for a few days. The cough may last for up to a week or so. […] If your child has croup, try to keep them calm and comfort them. Distress can make it harder for them to breathe and make the stridor worse.

• #31 Croup: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0501/p575.html

  Croup is a common respiratory illness affecting 3% of children six months to three years of age. It accounts for 7% of hospitalizations annually for fever and/or acute respiratory illness in children younger than five years. Croup is a manifestation of upper airway obstruction resulting from swelling of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, leading to inspiratory stridor and a barking cough. Many patients experience low-grade fevers, but fever is not necessary for diagnosis. […] Croup is typically self-limited in immuno-competent children, occurring predominantly during the fall and winter. […] Approximately 85% of cases are defined as mild, and less than 1% meet criteria for severe croup, which can be distinguished by signs of hypoxia. […] Croup typically resolves spontaneously within 48 hours to one week; however, the abrupt onset and harsh cough can be concerning. […] Outcomes are favorable; croup has a mortality rate of less than 0.5%, even for intubated patients. […] Symptoms may be exacerbated by emotional distress, are worse at night, and peak between 24 and 48 hours.

• #32 Croup In Babies | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/croup/

  Croup occurs when there is inflammation of the upper airway (larynx and trachea) that causes a barking cough or hoarseness. The inflammation is caused by a virus. […] Croup symptoms generally peak 2 to 3 days after the symptoms of the viral infection begin and typically last 3 to 7 days. Symptoms are worse at night and when the child is excited, exercising or crying. […] Symptoms of croup are typically worse at night and when children are upset or crying.

• #33 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Most children with croup have fevers, which may be low-grade (99 to 101°F [37.3 to 38.3°C) or as high as 104°F (40.5°C). […] Most children with croup have only mild symptoms (barking cough without breathing difficulties) and the illness lasts only a few days. […] However, some children may develop difficulty breathing that can worsen during the 12 to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. […] As the airway narrows, noisy high-pitched breathing (called stridor) develops. […] In the most severe cases in which the airway narrowing is very severe, croup can be life-threatening, but this is rare. […] Symptoms of croup resolve in most children within two days, but the cough can persist up to one week. […] Approximately 5 to 10 percent of children with croup who are seen in the emergency department require hospitalization.

• #34 Croup - symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/croup

  Symptoms usually last for about 2 to 5 days and peak during the second or third night of the illness. […] Your child may have a cough that persists for several weeks even after they have otherwise recovered. […] Some children suddenly develop croup in the middle of the night, without any other symptoms. […] This is called spasmodic croup. […] Spasmodic croup is more common in children with asthma, or with a family history of allergy and asthma. […] Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance immediately if your child has the following symptoms of severe or life-threatening croup: severe breathing difficulties, looking very sick and lethargic, pale skin, blue colour change to their lips, dribbling and inability to swallow, floppy or reduced consciousness (not as alert as usual).

• #35 How long does croup last?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-long-does-croup-last

  Croup usually causes symptoms for around 2 days. However, it may last for up to 2 weeks. Symptoms such as a barking cough can peak within 13 days, but a mild cough may persist for longer […] Most children have croup symptoms for around 48 hours. However, in some cases, croup may last for up to 2 weeks. […] According to the United Kingdoms National Health Service (NHS), croup symptoms usually peak after 13 days. After this time, symptoms usually begin to improve. […] Symptoms of croup develop due to upper airway swelling. They may include: a cough that sounds like a bark, hoarseness while speaking, breathing difficulties, stridor, which is a squeaking or whistling sound. […] Viral croup is the most common type and often starts with cold-like symptoms before progressing to croup symptoms.

• #36 Recurrent croup | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/recurrent-croup

  Many babies and toddlers will have a bout of croup, also known as laryngotracheitis, when an infection causes a narrowing in their throat that leads to a high-pitched noise heard when a child breathes in (called stridor) and a barking cough. It usually lasts a few days and almost always less than a week. […] If a child has repeated bouts of croup, more than two episodes a year, they are said to have recurrent croup. […] Signs and symptoms that may warrant further evaluation: more than two episodes of croup per year, illness that seems to be nearly gone, only to come back with symptoms lasting several weeks, little or no response to standard croup therapies, occurring outside of the usual age range of 6 months to 3 years. […] Sometimes recurrent croup signals an abnormality in the throat or airway, either that the child was born with (congenital) or due to an injury. […] Many of the conditions that cause recurrent croup can be repaired, and the child will no longer experience croup-like symptoms. Other diagnoses are chronic conditions that can be managed by medications and/or dietary changes.

• #37 Croup: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis – Healthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/croup

  Croup is a viral condition that causes swelling around the vocal cords. […] Symptoms that are common in most cases of croup include: cold symptoms like sneezing and runny nose, fever, barking cough, heavy breathing, hoarse voice. […] Immediate medical attention is required if croup threatens your child’s ability to breath. […] Croup that persists longer than one week, reoccurs frequently, or is accompanied by a fever higher than 103.5 degrees, should be brought to a doctor’s attention. […] Some children suffer from a recurring, mild case of croup that appears along with the common cold. […] Croup is generally diagnosed during a physical exam. […] If croup symptoms are persistent, your doctor may order a throat exam or X-ray to rule out other respiratory conditions. […] Most cases of croup are effectively treated at home.

• #38 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common reasons for hospitalization are: Oxygen therapy is needed to keep the child’s oxygen levels in a safe range; Croup is complicated by severe dehydration requiring intravenous fluid therapy; Multiple doses of inhaled epinephrine are needed to provide relief; Severe symptoms persist despite initial treatment, especially if the child’s breathing becomes fatigued. […] For children requiring hospitalization, some may require observation for only a few hours to half a day. Others may stay in the hospital for a day or two. […] It is unusual to require more than a two-day hospitalization for croup. If this happens, an additional evaluation may be performed to assess for other causes of stridor and breathing difficulty. […] Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes: Rapid or labored breathing; Retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage); Stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) while resting; Pale or blue-tinged skin; Drooling or difficulty swallowing; Inability to speak or cry due to difficulty taking a breath; Severe agitation or fatigue from labored breathing. […] Symptoms of mild croup last longer than seven days.

• #39 Croup - symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/croup

  Croup can get worse very quickly. […] It is important you seek medical help if your child shows signs they are struggling to breathe. […] If your child has mild or moderate croup, they can usually be treated at home. […] If your child has severe croup, they should go to hospital immediately by ambulance. […] They may receive medicines such as adrenaline through a nebuliser and oral steroid medicines. […] Croup doesn’t generally cause any long-term damage or complications. […] In cases of severe croup, your child may have trouble breathing or dehydration that needs emergency medical care.

• #40 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics

  As the airway narrows, noisy high-pitched breathing (called stridor) develops. The child may show other signs of respiratory distress such as fast breathing and retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage). […] In the most severe cases in which the airway narrowing is very severe, croup can be life-threatening, but this is rare. […] Symptoms of croup resolve in most children within two days, but the cough can persist up to one week. Complications are uncommon. […] Approximately 5 to 10 percent of children with croup who are seen in the emergency department require hospitalization. […] Signs of moderate to severe croup include retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage), rapid or labored breathing, and stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) that is heard even when the child is resting. […] Severe croup is a potentially life-threatening illness, and treatment should not be delayed for any reason.

• #41 Croup in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3796596/

  Croup develops in more than 80 000 Canadian children each year, making it the second most common cause of respiratory distress in the first decade of life. Croup is frequently preceded by 24-72 hours of nonspecific cough, rhinorrhea, coryza and fever, with abrupt onset of barky cough, hoarse voice and, often, inspiratory stridor during the night. Croup symptoms are most often worse at night and can fluctuate rapidly depending on whether the child is calm or agitated. Typically, symptoms are short-lived, with about 60% of children having resolution of the barky cough by 48 hours and less than 2% having symptoms persisting for longer than 5 nights. Population-based data indicate that 1%-5% of children with croup are admitted to hospital, and, of those admitted, less than 3% receive intubation. Death appears to be rare; based on a combination of data from several reports, we estimate death occurs in no more than 1 in 30 000 cases.

• #42 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  Most children with croup have fevers, which may be low-grade (99 to 101°F [37.3 to 38.3°C) or as high as 104°F (40.5°C). […] Most children with croup have only mild symptoms (barking cough without breathing difficulties) and the illness lasts only a few days. […] However, some children may develop difficulty breathing that can worsen during the 12 to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. […] As the airway narrows, noisy high-pitched breathing (called stridor) develops. […] In the most severe cases in which the airway narrowing is very severe, croup can be life-threatening, but this is rare. […] Symptoms of croup resolve in most children within two days, but the cough can persist up to one week. […] Approximately 5 to 10 percent of children with croup who are seen in the emergency department require hospitalization.

• #43 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common reasons for hospitalization are: Oxygen therapy is needed to keep the child’s oxygen levels in a safe range; Croup is complicated by severe dehydration requiring intravenous fluid therapy; Multiple doses of inhaled epinephrine are needed to provide relief; Severe symptoms persist despite initial treatment, especially if the child’s breathing becomes fatigued. […] For children requiring hospitalization, some may require observation for only a few hours to half a day. Others may stay in the hospital for a day or two. […] It is unusual to require more than a two-day hospitalization for croup. If this happens, an additional evaluation may be performed to assess for other causes of stridor and breathing difficulty. […] Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes: Rapid or labored breathing; Retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage); Stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) while resting; Pale or blue-tinged skin; Drooling or difficulty swallowing; Inability to speak or cry due to difficulty taking a breath; Severe agitation or fatigue from labored breathing. […] Symptoms of mild croup last longer than seven days.

• #44 Patient education: Croup in infants and children (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/croup-in-infants-and-children-beyond-the-basics/print

  The most common reasons for hospitalization are: Oxygen therapy is needed to keep the child’s oxygen levels in a safe range; Croup is complicated by severe dehydration requiring intravenous fluid therapy; Multiple doses of inhaled epinephrine are needed to provide relief; Severe symptoms persist despite initial treatment, especially if the child’s breathing becomes fatigued. […] For children requiring hospitalization, some may require observation for only a few hours to half a day. Others may stay in the hospital for a day or two. […] It is unusual to require more than a two-day hospitalization for croup. If this happens, an additional evaluation may be performed to assess for other causes of stridor and breathing difficulty. […] Parents/caregivers should seek immediate medical attention if a child develops features of worsening or severe croup. This includes: Rapid or labored breathing; Retractions (caving in of the skin and muscles between the ribs and below the ribcage); Stridor (noisy high-pitched breathing) while resting; Pale or blue-tinged skin; Drooling or difficulty swallowing; Inability to speak or cry due to difficulty taking a breath; Severe agitation or fatigue from labored breathing. […] Symptoms of mild croup last longer than seven days.

• #45 Croup – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/croup

  The illness usually lasts 3 to 4 days and resolves spontaneously. A mildly ill child may be cared for at home with hydration and antipyretics. Keeping the child comfortable is important because fatigue and crying can aggravate the condition. […] High-dose dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg IM or orally once (maximum dose 10 mg) may benefit children early in the first 24 hours of the disease. It can help prevent hospitalization or help a child who is hospitalized with moderate to severe croup; hospitalized children who do not respond quickly may require several doses. […] Hospitalization is typically indicated for increasing or persistent respiratory distress, tachycardia, fatigue, cyanosis or hypoxemia, and dehydration. […] Nebulized racemic epinephrine offers symptomatic relief and relieves fatigue. However, the effects are transient; the course of the illness, the underlying viral infection, and the PaO2 are not altered by its use. Tachycardia and other adverse effects may occur. This medication is recommended mainly for patients with moderate to severe croup.

• #46 Croup in children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3796596/

  Croup develops in more than 80 000 Canadian children each year, making it the second most common cause of respiratory distress in the first decade of life. Croup is frequently preceded by 24-72 hours of nonspecific cough, rhinorrhea, coryza and fever, with abrupt onset of barky cough, hoarse voice and, often, inspiratory stridor during the night. Croup symptoms are most often worse at night and can fluctuate rapidly depending on whether the child is calm or agitated. Typically, symptoms are short-lived, with about 60% of children having resolution of the barky cough by 48 hours and less than 2% having symptoms persisting for longer than 5 nights. Population-based data indicate that 1%-5% of children with croup are admitted to hospital, and, of those admitted, less than 3% receive intubation. Death appears to be rare; based on a combination of data from several reports, we estimate death occurs in no more than 1 in 30 000 cases.

• #47 Croup – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431070/

  Croup is a common respiratory illness of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi that can lead to inspiratory stridor and barking cough. […] Croup is characterized by a „seal-like barking” cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing, which typically becomes worse at night. […] The most commonly used system for classifying the severity of croup is the Westley score ranging from 0 to 17 points divided by five factors: stridor, retractions, cyanosis, level of consciousness, and air entry. […] Westley score less than or equal to 2 indicates mild croup. […] More than 85% of children present with mild disease; severe croup is rare (less than 1%). […] Treatment depends on the severity based on the Westley croup score. Children with mild croup defined as Westley croup score less than 2 are given a single dose dexamethasone. […] Croup is a self-limited disease, with most cases resolving within a few days. Uncommon complications may include bacterial tracheitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and rarely, death.

• #48 Croup: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis – Healthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/croup

  If your child is having problems breathing, an emergency visit to a hospital or clinic is warranted. […] Croup that is caused by a virus usually goes away on its own within one week. […] Bacterial croup may require antibiotic treatment. […] Life-threatening complications aren’t common, but are dangerous when they do occur.

• #49 Croup (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/croup.html

  Symptoms of croup are often worse at night and when a child is upset or crying. […] Most cases of croup are mild and can be treated at home. Try to keep your child calm, as crying can make croup worse. […] Some kids need a breathing treatment that can be given in the hospital or a steroid medicine to reduce swelling in the airway. Rarely, kids with croup might need to stay in a hospital until they’re breathing better. […] Most kids recover from croup with no lasting problems. But some kids especially those who were born early, or have asthma or other lung diseases can be at risk for problems from croup.

• #50 Croup: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/962972-overview

  The prognosis for croup is excellent, and recovery is almost always complete. The majority of patients can be managed successfully as outpatients, without the need for inpatient hospital care. […] Hospitalization rates vary widely among communities, ranging from 1.5-30% and typically averaging 2-5%. […] Fewer than 2% of hospitalized children require intubation. Current use of steroids and nebulized epinephrine for treatment of patients with croup may thwart the need to intubate. […] Some evidence suggests that hospitalization for croup may be associated with future development of asthma. […] Complications in croup are rare. In most series, less than 5% of children who were diagnosed with croup required hospitalization and less than 2% of those who were hospitalized were intubated. Death occurred in approximately 0.5% of intubated patients.

• #51 Croup: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8277-croup

  A child with severe croup has stridor and retractions. They may also be agitated, anxious or fatigued. Cyanosis (blue-tinged skin) is common. Severe croup is a life-threatening condition. Take your child to the emergency room immediately. […] Symptoms of croup usually clear up in most children within two days. However, symptoms can persist for up to one week.

• #52 Croup - symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/croup

  Croup can get worse very quickly. […] It is important you seek medical help if your child shows signs they are struggling to breathe. […] If your child has mild or moderate croup, they can usually be treated at home. […] If your child has severe croup, they should go to hospital immediately by ambulance. […] They may receive medicines such as adrenaline through a nebuliser and oral steroid medicines. […] Croup doesn’t generally cause any long-term damage or complications. […] In cases of severe croup, your child may have trouble breathing or dehydration that needs emergency medical care.

• #53 Croup

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/croup/

  Croup can change quickly, so it is important to watch for signs that your child is getting worse. […] If your child has stridor (noisy breathing) when they are resting, they will often need to be monitored closely in hospital. […] Call an ambulance (000) if your child is struggling to breathe, or they have stridor (noisy breathing). […] Croup usually lasts two to four days/nights. Most symptoms last up to a week, but the cough can last up to a month.

• #54 What Is Croup? What Causes It?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/understanding-croup-basic-information

  Croup usually starts out like a cold, but over a few days your child may have a loud cough, raspy breathing, or sound hoarse when they speak. They might have a low fever too. […] Symptoms tend to be worse at night. Your baby could also have redness around their eyes, swollen lymph nodes, or a rash. […] Some symptoms need emergency medical care, including: Trouble breathing or swallowing, Retractions (when their skin pulls in around their ribs), Skin near their nose, mouth, or fingernails starts to turn blue (called cyanosis). […] Swelling that affects your babys ability to breathe or swallow might also lead to low oxygen levels or dehydration, both of which can be treated at a hospital. […] You might hear a vibrating sound in the upper airway, known as stridor, when your child is crying, agitated, or playing. This isn’t an emergency unless it happens while theyre at rest. […] Most cases of croup will clear up at home in 2 to 5 days, with symptoms lasting no more than 1 week. In more serious cases, symptoms might last as long as 2 weeks.

• #55 Croup - symptoms, causes and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/croup

  Croup can get worse very quickly. […] It is important you seek medical help if your child shows signs they are struggling to breathe. […] If your child has mild or moderate croup, they can usually be treated at home. […] If your child has severe croup, they should go to hospital immediately by ambulance. […] They may receive medicines such as adrenaline through a nebuliser and oral steroid medicines. […] Croup doesn’t generally cause any long-term damage or complications. […] In cases of severe croup, your child may have trouble breathing or dehydration that needs emergency medical care.

• #56 Croup: symptoms and treatments – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/respiratory-health/croup-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Croup usually lasts for 2 to 5 days, with symptoms generally worse at night. Sometimes the cough can persist for several weeks. […] Croup is often only a mild illness, but it can become serious quickly. […] Get medical help immediately if you notice any of the following: your child has difficulty breathing; your child has noisy breathing when at rest; the effort of breathing is tiring your child; […] In severe cases, where breathing difficulties may be life-threatening, dial 000 for emergency treatment.

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