Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Claudication: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21972-claudication

  Claudication is a classic symptom of peripheral artery disease (a narrowing of the blood vessels in your legs) and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Peripheral artery disease and atherosclerosis increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. […] Claudication causes include circulation issues that keep your body from getting the amount of oxygen it needs. All the cells in your body need oxygen to function. When youre more active, even just for a short walk, the cells in your muscles need more oxygen. […] When people with poor circulation are more active, they feel pain. This is because their muscles need more oxygen than their body can provide. This type of pain is most common in your legs, but can also happen in your arms.

• #1 Intermittent Claudication Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/intermittent-claudication/causes.html

  Blockage of an artery in the legs may cause intermittent claudication. Atherosclerosis (a build-up of plaque, which is a deposit of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of an artery) is the most common cause of blockage of arteries. […] As stated above, atherosclerosis is the most common cause of arterial blockage which can cause intermittent claudication. Risk factors for intermittent claudication are the same as those for atherosclerosis, and may include: […] Although these risk factors increase a person’s risk, they do not necessarily cause the disease.

• #1

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/wellness/DiseasesConditions/85,P08251

  Claudication may be a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is usually caused by atherosclerosis leading to narrowing or blockage of arteries in the legs and/or aorta (the largest artery in the body and the primary blood vessel leading from the heart to the body), which may cause decreased blood flow to the muscles of the calf, thigh, or buttocks. This decreased blood flow may cause claudication. […] Blockage of an artery in the legs may cause intermittent claudication. Atherosclerosis (a build-up of plaque, which is a deposit of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of an artery) is the most common cause of blockage of arteries. […] As stated above, atherosclerosis is the most common cause of arterial blockage which can cause claudication. Risk factors for claudication are the same as those for atherosclerosis, and may include: smoking, diabetes, overweight or obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history of atherosclerosis, older age (55 for men, 60 for women).

• #1 Claudication: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326553

  Claudication is primarily a symptom of conditions that reduce blood flow in the legs, especially peripheral artery disease (PAD). […] Reduced blood flow in the arteries of the lower body or legs is the ultimate cause of claudication. […] A reduction in blood is usually a symptom of atherosclerotic occlusive conditions. These are conditions where fats, debris, and immune cells form a buildup called plaque that sticks to blood vessel walls. […] One of the most common conditions that doctors link with claudication is PAD, where blood vessels that supply the arms or legs have narrowed. […] Symptoms usually arise during exercise when impaired arteries cannot keep up with the increased blood flow and oxygen demands of muscle cells. […] The risk of developing claudication increases with age, specifically from 45 to 75 years, with the highest risk being from 65 to 75 years of age.

• #1 Intermittent Claudication: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/intermittent-claudication

  Claudication is the pain you feel when your leg muscles dont get enough blood while you exercise. Its also known as intermittent claudication. […] It is a sign of atherosclerosis, which means plaque has built up in the arteries in your legs and is causing blockages. This makes it harder for blood to get through. […] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the most common cause of claudication. PAD is when your arteries, especially the ones in your legs, are narrowed or blocked because of plaque buildup. […] Other conditions that can cause claudication include: A bulging artery (aneurysm) in your belly or leg, Damaged nerves (peripheral neuropathy), Narrowed spinal canal (spinal stenosis).

• #1 Intermittent Claudication: Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intermittent-claudication

  Intermittent claudication is a common early symptom of PAD. Its caused by a blockage of the arteries that supply blood to your legs and elsewhere peripherally. […] Over time, plaques accumulate on the walls of your arteries. The plaques are a combination of substances in your blood, such as fat, cholesterol, and calcium. These plaques narrow and damage your arteries, decreasing blood flow and decreasing the oxygen getting to your muscles. […] Other possible causes of intermittent claudication (and other conditions that may cause symptoms that are similar to, but different from, intermittent claudication) can involve your muscles, bones, or nerves. […] In younger people, other (rare) causes of intermittent claudication are: popliteal entrapment, or compression of the main artery behind the knee; cyst formation in the main artery behind the knee; persistent sciatic artery, which continues into the thigh.

• #1 Neurogenic Claudication Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/neurogenic-claudication

  Neurogenic claudication results from compression of the spinal nerves in the lumbar (lower) spine. It is sometimes known as pseudoclaudication. […] Neurogenic claudication is usually caused by spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal) in the lumbar spine (lower back). The narrowing of the spinal canal is generally caused by wear and tear and arthritic changes in the lower spine. These changes include bulging discs, thickening of ligaments, and overgrowth of bone spurs, especially at spinal facet joints. Stenosis can compress the nerve roots that control sensation and movement in the lower body. This compression causes pain, tingling, or cramping.

• #1 Understanding Neurogenic Claudication: A Deep Dive – Southern Pain and Neurological

  https://southernpainclinic.com/blog/understanding-neurogenic-claudication-a-deep-dive/

  Neurogenic claudication is primarily caused by spinal stenosis. The narrowing of the spinal canal, whether congenital or acquired, can compress the nerves, leading to the discomfort associated with this condition. […] Several risk factors can contribute to neurogenic claudication. These include degenerative conditions of the spine, trauma or injury to the spine, lifestyle factors like obesity, and a family history of spinal stenosis.

• #1 Intermittent Claudication – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430778/

  Intermittent claudication (IC) typically refers to lower extremity skeletal muscle pain that occurs during exercise. IC presents when there is insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the metabolic requirements of the skeletal muscles. IC is a common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which includes atherosclerotic stenosis of arteries in the extremities. […] The risk factors for the development of intermittent claudication are similar to those for atherosclerosis. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemias, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, male gender, family history, and congenital predisposition. Investigational risk factors include alcohol, radiation, C-reactive protein, infection, homocysteinemia, lipoprotein(a), reduced adiponectin, and fibrinogen. […] Besides smoking, poor renal function is also deemed a high-risk factor for the development of intermittent claudication.

• #1 Intermittent claudication

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1635612/

  Intermittent claudication occurs as a result of muscle ischaemia during exercise caused by obstruction to arterial flow. […] In the vast majority of cases atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology in intermittent claudication. […] Cigarette smoking is by far the most potent risk factor for development of peripheral atherosclerosis and intermittent claudication, increasing the risk at least threefold, and the higher the numbers of pack years the more severe the disease. […] Other major risk factors are increasing age, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and hyperhomocysteinaemia. […] The prevalence of diabetes is higher among patients with intermittent claudication than in the general population, and such patients need to be screened for diabetes. […] Patients with intermittent claudication have a significantly higher mortality than age matched controls, about 12% a year.

• #1 Claudication: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326553

  A few other factors may also increase the risk of claudication or worsen symptoms, usually by weakening blood vessels and promoting plaque development. […] Most notably of these are: smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, living a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, family history or genetic predisposition.

• #1 Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/460178-overview

  Claudication, which is defined as reproducible ischemic muscle pain, is one of the most common manifestations of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) caused by atherosclerosis. Claudication occurs during physical activity and is relieved after a short rest. Pain develops because of inadequate blood flow. […] Claudication, which is defined as reproducible ischemic muscle pain, is one of the most common manifestations of peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis (peripheral arterial occlusive disease [PAOD]). Claudication occurs during physical activity and is relieved after a short rest. Pain develops because of inadequate blood flow. […] Single or multiple arterial stenoses produce impaired hemodynamics at the tissue level in patients with PAOD. Arterial stenoses lead to alterations in the distal perfusion pressures available to affected muscle groups.

• #1 Circulation Clinic | Intermittent Claudication

  https://www.circulationclinic.com/intermittent-claudication

  Intermittent claudication is caused by muscle lactic acid production due to inadequate blood flow to meet the demands of the muscle for a particular activity e.g. walking. […] The underlying process is predominantly atherosclerosis fatty deposits – affecting the arteries in the legs. These fatty deposits gradually silt up the artery causing a narrowing (stenosis) or blockage (occlusion) resulting in inadequate blood flow to the muscle. […] Those risk factors are smoking, diabetes, elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure. […] Occasionally, particularly in the younger person, other causes of intermittent claudication occur such as popliteal entrapment syndrome, iliac artery endofibrosis or arterial trauma following a sporting injury e.g. knee dislocation. […] The muscle group affected by claudication is classically one anatomical level below the level of arterial narrowing or blockage.

• #1 Intermittent Claudication | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/heart-vascular/vascular-care/claudication

  Claudication is discomfort in the lower body caused by a narrow or blocked artery in your legs or aorta. […] Claudication occurs when an artery in your legs or your aorta (the largest artery in the body) is narrowed or blocked by atherosclerosis, which decreases blood flow to your leg muscles. […] The most common cause of blockage of arteries is atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque (fatty substances, cholesterol, calcium and fibrin in the inner lining of an artery). Blockages in the leg are most common in the thigh and behind the knee. Risk factors for claudication and atherosclerosis include smoking cigarettes and tobacco use, diabetes, age greater than 70, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. […] Claudication can indicate you have underlying systemic atherosclerosis and a significantly increased risk for heart attack and stroke. […] Many of these risk factors can be reduced or eliminated by changing your lifestyle.

• #1 Systemic effects of intermittent claudication

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-4/vol4n2-Title-Systemic-Effects-of-Intermittent-Claudication

  In patients with intermittent claudication by exercise provoked tissue, ischaemia causes a local pathologic response followed by reperfusion and potentially deterious systemic manifestations. […] Patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) are especially prone to widespread atherosclerotic disease. Therefore PAD should be viewed as an indicator of potentially diffuse and significant atherosclerosis. […] Thus in patients with intermittent claudication, locally provoked tissue ischaemia causes a local pathological response followed by reperfusion and potentially deterious systemic manifestation. This can result in functional or even in structural disorders of any organ system local and remote. […] The cumulative effect of repeated low-grade inflammatory responses during intermittent claudication has an unfavourable effect on the progression of atherosclerosis. […] These findings support the evidence that PAD is only one facet of atherosclerosis and that local transient episodes of ischaemia in claudication may cause systemic deterioratious manifestation.

• #1 Peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/peripheral-artery-disease-and-intermittent-claudication

  The risk factors for PAD are the same as those for heart disease and stroke. Smoking and high cholesterol levels increase the risk for PAD progression in large blood vessels (such as the legs), while diabetes increases the risk for PAD in small blood vessels (such as the feet). Quitting smoking and controlling cholesterol and high blood pressure are the best ways to slow PAD progression. […] People with type 2 diabetes have 3 to 4 times the normal risk for PAD and intermittent claudication. In fact, their risk for PAD is higher than their risk for heart disease. […] Smoking is an important risk factor for PAD. Smoking is associated with a higher risk for PAD complications, and smoking even a few cigarettes a day can interfere with PAD treatment. […] In advanced cases of PAD, the arteries are so blocked that even rest does not help. Leg pain that continues when lying down is called ischemic rest pain. It is caused by critical limb ischemia, the medical term for insufficient blood flow through arteries of the legs to the muscles and other tissues. Critical limb ischemia is a chronic condition and a very serious form of advanced PAD. […] Severe advanced PAD can cause gangrene (tissue death) that leads to limb amputation. These conditions may result from critical limb ischemia (chronic blockage of arteries in the legs) or acute occlusion (sudden development of blood clot in a major artery of the leg.).

• #1 Circulation Clinic | Intermittent Claudication

  https://www.circulationclinic.com/intermittent-claudication

  Atherosclerosis tends to be a multisystem disease; the presence of intermittent claudication in the legs correlates with arterial disease elsewhere in the body including the heart (50%) and head (40%). […] The common modifiable risk factors for peripheral arterial disease mirror those for coronary artery disease: smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol.

• #1 Intermittent Claudication: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options

  https://avicennacardiology.com/blog/intermittent-claudication/

  Intermittent claudication is a vascular condition that causes pain in the legs during physical activity, which usually isnt constant and subsides with rest. […] It is often a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD), a serious artery disease that results from reduced blood flow due to artery blockages. […] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of artery disease caused by atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits accumulate in the artery walls, narrowing the vessel and limiting blood flow. […] Several factors contribute to vascular claudication and peripheral arterial disease development: Smoking damages vessel walls and accelerates artery narrowing. […] Diabetes affects blood flow and increases the risk of artery disease. […] High cholesterol leads to plaque buildup in artery walls.

• #1 The fate of patients with intermittent claudication in the 21st century revisited – results from the CAVASIC Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45833

  Patients with intermittent claudication carry a high risk for cardiovascular complications. […] The TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) Group estimated a five-year overall mortality of 30% for these patients, the majority dying from cardiovascular causes. […] Most patients died from cancer (n=20). […] Incident cardiovascular events were observed among 70 patients (27.5%), 54 (21.2%) during the first five years. […] Vascular mortality was low with 5.1% (n=13) for the entire and 3.1% for the first five years of follow-up. […] In summary, compared to TASC, the proportion of cardiovascular events did not markedly decrease over the last two decades. […] This indicates that nowadays patients more often survive cardiovascular events and a major number dies from cancer. […] The majority of patients with intermittent claudication died from cancer and not from vascular complications.

• #1 The fate of patients with intermittent claudication in the 21st century revisited – results from the CAVASIC Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45833

  Death from vascular causes was more predominant among patients experiencing a major CVD event during follow-up. […] Even during the entire follow-up time only 13 of our patients (5.1%) died from vascular complications, the vast majority due to heart failure. […] The decreased cardiovascular complication rate might be due to a significant improvement in medical treatment of PAD patients. […] Cancer was the leading cause of death among our study population. […] The percentage of non-fatal cardiovascular events of 18% within five years observed in the CAVASIC Study was comparable with the estimated numbers derived by TASC II (20%). […] We can only speculate why our population had a better survival than expected from the literature. […] The reasons why patients with IC carry a high risk for cancer development are not entirely understood.

• #1 The fate of patients with intermittent claudication in the 21st century revisited – results from the CAVASIC Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45833

  Cancer counted for the majority of deaths in our study population. […] The fact that cancer mortality nowadays exceeds cardiovascular mortality should be taken in consideration in clinical surveillance programs of PAD patients. […] PAD disease progression and local PAD outcome did not significantly change over the last decades.

• #2 Intermittent Claudication: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/22046-intermittent-claudication

  Intermittent claudication is muscle pain that happens in your legs when you’re active and then stops when you rest. This happens when your body can’t meet your muscles’ need for oxygen. It’s usually a symptom of blood flow problems. Over time, this can get worse and lead to serious health issues. […] The main cause of intermittent claudication is a condition called peripheral artery disease (PAD). This condition happens with atherosclerosis, a buildup of a wax-like substance called plaque (atheroma) on the inside of your arteries. As that buildup gets worse, there’s less room for blood to flow through those arteries. […] This symptom is a circulatory problem meaning, a part of your body doesn’t have enough blood flow. That lack of blood flow, known as ischemia, means the affected areas of your body don’t have enough oxygen. If ischemia lasts for too long, it can damage the affected area and even cause the affected cells to die. With treatment, most people don’t get to that point. […] Claudication increases your risk for serious heart and circulatory problems. This is why treatment usually involves preventive measures to avoid those complications.

• #2 What does claudication feel like and what are the most common causes?

  https://vascularinstitute.com/blog/9689/What-does-claudication-feel-like-and-what-are-the-most-common-causes–

  Claudication is pain that occurs when you walk or exercise and is alleviated by rest. It is common in cases of peripheral artery disease (PAD), which causes your arteries to become narrowed or blocked and reduces the blood flow to your legs. […] Most people who experience claudication also have PAD. PAD happens when plaque builds up on the inside of your arteries, in a condition known as atherosclerosis. This plaque is made of fat, calcium, cholesterol, and other substances found in your blood. […] If your blood vessels are narrowed or blocked, you may experience pain when you exercise (even if it’s a light walk) because your muscles need more oxygen than your blood vessels can deliver.

• #2 Peripheral artery disease (PAD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350557

  Claudication is pain in the legs or arms that occurs while walking or using the arms. The pain is caused by too little blood flow to the legs or arms. Claudication is usually a symptom of peripheral artery disease, in which the arteries that supply blood to the arms or legs, usually the legs, are narrowed. The narrowing is usually due to a buildup of fatty deposits, called plaque, on the artery walls. […] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is often caused by a buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, a condition called atherosclerosis. The buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. In PAD, plaque collects in the arteries of the arms or legs. […] Less common causes of PAD include: Swelling and irritation of blood vessels. Injury to the arms or legs. Changes in the muscles or ligaments. Radiation exposure.

• #2 What You Must Know About Claudication | Coastal Vascular Center

  https://coastalvascular.net/what-you-must-know-about-claudication/

  Claudication is most often a direct symptom of PAD. […] PAD is the most common cause of claudication. […] Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of PAD. Atherosclerosis occurs when cholesterol plaques accumulate on the inner lining of arteries. […] This restriction of arterial movement results in insufficient blood flow to the legs. […] The lack of blood flow and thus oxygen may cause cramping or searing pain, intensifying wherever plaque buildup is heaviest.

• #2 Claudication Causes and Treatment – HOMED

  https://www.homed.gr/en/medical-encyclopedia/claudication-causes-and-treatment/

  Claudication primarily results from peripheral artery disease (PAD), a condition caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis occurs when plaque composed of fats, cholesterol, and other substances builds up in the walls of arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow. During physical activity, muscles demand more oxygen and nutrients than compromised arteries can deliver, leading to pain and fatigue. […] Other less common causes of claudication include: arterial inflammation or injury, blood clots blocking the arteries, structural abnormalities of blood vessels, spinal or nerve conditions mimicking vascular symptoms. […] These conditions can further reduce blood flow and exacerbate claudication symptoms, making it essential to determine the exact cause through proper testing.

• #2 Patient education: Peripheral artery disease and claudication (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/peripheral-artery-disease-and-claudication-beyond-the-basics

  In younger adults, claudication may be due to something called „popliteal entrapment syndrome,” an uncommon condition in which a band of muscle compresses the popliteal artery. […] Lastly, pain in the legs can be related to nerve compression in the spine; the medical term for this is „neurogenic claudication” or „pseudoclaudication.”

• #2 Neurogenic Claudication: Causes of Pain and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/neurogenic-claudication-296632

  Neurogenic claudication occurs when spinal nerves get compressed in the lumbar (lower) spine, causing intermittent leg pain. […] With neurogenic claudication, compressed spinal nerves are the underlying cause of leg pain. In the majority of cases, lumber spinal stenosis (LSS) is the cause of radiculopathy, or pinched nerve symptoms. […] LSS is generally acquired due to the degeneration of the lumbar spine. The causes of the narrowing of the spinal canal are many and include spinal trauma, spinal disc herniation, spinal osteoporosis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteophytes, and spinal tumors. […] Because it is largely aging-related, LSS tends to affect older adults, particularly those in their 60s and 70s. […] With congenital LSS, a person is born with subtle abnormalities of the spine that may not be readily apparent at birth. […] Neurogenic claudication should not be confused with vascular claudication in which blood flow to the arms or legs is severely restricted, causing pain (usually in one limb).

• #2 Reno NV Neurogenic Claudication Symptoms, Treatment, Causes | Carson City

  https://www.battlebornbrainandspine.com/neurogenic-claudication/

  Neurogenic claudication describes a spinal condition where there is intermittent leg pain stemming from a neurological cause. […] the cause is determined to be neurological, more specific types of investigations are warranted. […] Neurogenic claudication can be caused by numerous types of trauma or degenerative conditions where something is pressing on the spinal cord or nerves, causing the radiating pain to the legs and other symptoms, like heaviness or weakness. Some common causes like this include: Herniated disc, Bone spurs, Spinal trauma, Spinal osteoarthritis, Thickened ligaments, Tumors.

• #2 Intermittent Claudication: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options

  https://avicennacardiology.com/blog/intermittent-claudication/

  Intermittent claudication is a vascular condition that causes pain in the legs during physical activity, which usually isnt constant and subsides with rest. […] It is often a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD), a serious artery disease that results from reduced blood flow due to artery blockages. […] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of artery disease caused by atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits accumulate in the artery walls, narrowing the vessel and limiting blood flow. […] Several factors contribute to vascular claudication and peripheral arterial disease development: Smoking damages vessel walls and accelerates artery narrowing. […] Diabetes affects blood flow and increases the risk of artery disease. […] High cholesterol leads to plaque buildup in artery walls.

• #2 Peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/peripheral-artery-disease-and-intermittent-claudication

  Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a type of atherosclerosis, the condition that causes narrowing of the arteries by cholesterol-rich material called plaque. PAD refers to atherosclerosis of arteries in the limbs (most often the legs). […] The main risk factors of PAD include: Smoking, Diabetes, Unhealthy cholesterol and lipid levels, High blood pressure, Advancing age. […] Claudication comes from the Latin word „to limp.” Claudication is leg cramp pain that occurs during exercise, especially walking. The pain is due to insufficient blood flow in the legs (caused by narrowed or completely blocked arteries) to supply oxygen to the working muscles. Intermittent means the pain comes and goes. Intermittent claudication is the most typical symptom of PAD. About one third to one half of people with PAD have this symptom.

• #2 Claudication Signs & Symptoms | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/claudication

  Claudication is a symptom of peripheral artery disease, a restriction of blood flow in the arteries. […] Claudication is a symptom of narrowing or blocked arteries. […] Causes of claudication can include: Diabetes, High blood pressure, High cholesterol, Obesity, Smoking. […] Risk factors that can contribute to claudication include: Age: The risk of claudication increases after the age of 50. Family history: If you have a family history of atherosclerosis or peripheral artery disease, your risk is increased for claudication. […] Peripheral artery disease, which causes claudication, is directly related to smoking.

• #2 Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/460178-overview

  In PAOD, however, blood flow cannot maximally increase in muscle tissue during exercise, because proximal arterial stenoses prevent compensatory vasodilation. When the metabolic demands of the muscle exceed blood flow, claudication symptoms ensue. […] When claudication is used as an indicator, it is estimated that 2% of the population aged 40-60 years and 6% of the population older than 70 years are affected. Intermittent claudication most commonly manifests in men older than 50 years.

• #2 Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/460178-overview

  Claudication, which is defined as reproducible ischemic muscle pain, is one of the most common manifestations of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) caused by atherosclerosis. Claudication occurs during physical activity and is relieved after a short rest. Pain develops because of inadequate blood flow. […] Claudication, which is defined as reproducible ischemic muscle pain, is one of the most common manifestations of peripheral vascular disease caused by atherosclerosis (peripheral arterial occlusive disease [PAOD]). Claudication occurs during physical activity and is relieved after a short rest. Pain develops because of inadequate blood flow. […] Single or multiple arterial stenoses produce impaired hemodynamics at the tissue level in patients with PAOD. Arterial stenoses lead to alterations in the distal perfusion pressures available to affected muscle groups.

• #2 Claudication | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/vascular-surgery/conditions/arterial-conditions/claudication

  Claudication causes aching, painful buttocks, thighs, and calves that start after you walk a distance or exercise. […] Claudication is considered a disease, but it is really a symptom of other conditions. It is most often caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD), in which the arteries in the legs become narrow (called atherosclerosis), making it difficult for blood to flow. […] Other conditions that can cause claudication include: Peripheral neuropathy affects the nerves leading to your feet and hands. […] Endofibrosis of the iliac artery affects high-functioning athletes, causing scar tissue and narrowing of the artery (stenosis) that leads to numbness, swelling, and claudication. […] Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) stems from an anomaly in the popliteal artery behind the knee that blocks blood flow. […] You are more likely to experience claudication if you have these risk factors: African American ancestry, Age (over 70), Diabetes, Family history of atherosclerosis or claudication, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle, Smoking (especially over age 50).

• #2 Circulation Clinic | Intermittent Claudication

  https://www.circulationclinic.com/intermittent-claudication

  Atherosclerosis tends to be a multisystem disease; the presence of intermittent claudication in the legs correlates with arterial disease elsewhere in the body including the heart (50%) and head (40%). […] The common modifiable risk factors for peripheral arterial disease mirror those for coronary artery disease: smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol.

• #2 Claudication | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/claudication?content_id=CON-20370932

  Claudication is pain in the legs or arms that occurs while walking or using the arms. The pain is caused by too little blood flow to the legs or arms. Claudication is usually a symptom of peripheral artery disease, in which the arteries that supply blood to the arms or legs, usually the legs, are narrowed. The narrowing is usually due to a buildup of fatty deposits (plaques) on the artery walls. […] Claudication is technically a symptom of disease, most often peripheral artery disease, a narrowing of arteries in the limbs that restricts blood flow. […] Claudication is most often a symptom of peripheral artery disease. The peripheral arteries are the large vessels that deliver blood to the legs and arms. […] Damage to peripheral arteries is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque can also burst, leading to a blood clot. […] Claudication is generally considered a warning of significant atherosclerosis, indicating an increased risk of heart attack or stroke.

• #2 Claudication: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/claudication/

  Claudication is caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD), where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the legs, leading to pain during walking. […] The most prevalent cause of claudication is Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), a condition where the arteries that supply blood to the limbs are narrowed, usually due to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in the artery walls, leading to reduced blood flow. […] Smoking contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and increases the risk of PAD and claudication. […] High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and contribute to the development of PAD. […] Elevated levels of cholesterol can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries. […] High blood pressure can damage the arteries, making them more susceptible to atherosclerosis. […] Excess weight can exacerbate the risk of developing PAD and claudication.

• #2 Intermittent Claudication: Causes, Evaluation and Treatment

  https://angiologist.com/intermittent-claudication/

  Claudication is a manifestation of chronic arterial insufficiency. Put simply, claudication symptoms arise because blood flow to the legs is not good enough due to obstructions that arise from atherosclerotic plaque. […] Pain arising without even walking is indicative of more severe disease. This is termed rest pain and is a sign of critical limb ischemia (CLI). […] Treatment options for intermittent claudication include medical therapy for cardiovascular risk factor modification, smoking cessation, exercise programs, cilostazol, pentoxifylline endovascular intervention and surgery.

• #2 The fate of patients with intermittent claudication in the 21st century revisited – results from the CAVASIC Study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45833

  Cancer counted for the majority of deaths in our study population. […] The fact that cancer mortality nowadays exceeds cardiovascular mortality should be taken in consideration in clinical surveillance programs of PAD patients. […] PAD disease progression and local PAD outcome did not significantly change over the last decades.

• #2 Intermittent Claudication – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430778/

  Intermittent claudication (IC) typically refers to lower extremity skeletal muscle pain that occurs during exercise. IC presents when there is insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the metabolic requirements of the skeletal muscles. IC is a common manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which includes atherosclerotic stenosis of arteries in the extremities. […] The risk factors for the development of intermittent claudication are similar to those for atherosclerosis. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemias, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, male gender, family history, and congenital predisposition. Investigational risk factors include alcohol, radiation, C-reactive protein, infection, homocysteinemia, lipoprotein(a), reduced adiponectin, and fibrinogen. […] Besides smoking, poor renal function is also deemed a high-risk factor for the development of intermittent claudication.

• #2 Differences Between Vascular and Neurogenic Claudication

  https://premiaspine.com/differences-between-vascular-and-neurogenic-claudication/

  Neurogenic claudication is a possible symptom of a herniated disc. In most cases, the herniated disc leads to spinal stenosis, which then triggers neurogenic claudication. […] The poor alignment of the vertebrae with spondylolisthesis can bring about neural claudication and other symptoms. […] Neurogenic claudication and vascular claudication are unique conditions with different causes and treatments.

• #2 Misdiagnosis: What to Know About Claudication vs. Nerve or Joint Pain | Central Coast Vein & Vascular

  https://ccveins.com/258-2/

  Recognizing the symptoms of claudication and differentiating them from nerve or joint pain is crucial for effective treatment. Individuals experiencing pain when walking should seek medical evaluation, especially if the pain subsides with rest, to rule out PAD and avoid the consequences of misdiagnosis. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve quality of life and reduce the risk of severe cardiovascular events.

• #2 Leg pain while walking? It might be claudication | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/leg-pain-while-walking-it-might-be-claudication

  The use of certain medications in combination with exercise therapy and other lifestyle changes can reduce the need for more invasive treatments. These include statins, which reduce the amount of cholesterol in your blood; anti-hypertensives that reduce your blood pressure; antiplatelets such as aspirin or clopidogrel; and a drug called naftidrofuryl oxalate which can improve the blood flow in your body. […] When other treatment options are unsuitable or have not been successful, a bypass graft may be performed. A synthetic vessel or a healthy vein from your leg or arm can be grafted (attached) to the diseased artery, which allows the blood to bypass the blockage.

• #3 Intermittent claudication – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_claudication

  Intermittent claudication, also known as vascular claudication, is a symptom that describes muscle pain on mild exertion (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), classically in the calf muscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest. […] Most commonly, intermittent (or vascular or arterial) claudication is due to peripheral arterial disease which implies significant atherosclerotic blockages resulting in arterial insufficiency. […] Other uncommon causes are coarctation of the aorta, Trousseau disease and Buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans), in which vasculitis occurs. […] It is strongly associated with smoking, hypertension, and diabetes.

• #3 Intermittent Claudication in a Young Adult

  https://www.acc.org/education-and-meetings/patient-case-quizzes/2019/09/10/14/46/intermittent-claudication-in-a-young-adult

  Popliteal artery stenosis manifests primarily with intermittent claudication in elderly patients and is associated with systemic atherosclerosis.1,2 Other causes of popliteal artery occlusive disease include popliteal artery aneurysm, popliteal entrapment syndrome and cystic adventitial disease. Diminished distal pulses with ipsilateral knee flexion suggests that this patient suffers from adventitial cystic disease.3 […] Adventitial cystic disease of popliteal artery is an extremely rare cause of popliteal artery occlusion mostly found in middle aged men with no cardiovascular risk factors.1,2 Mucinous cysts form within the adventitia of the popliteal artery and in some cases can cause acute limb ischemia due to complete occlusion of the vessel. The clinical feature that distinguishes this disease from other possible causes of popliteal artery occlusion is the loss of palpable foot pulses with knee flexion (Ishizawa sign).3 MRI usually reveals concentric ovoid masses that lead to hourglass stenosis.1,2 Open surgical intervention with cyst resection represents the most common treatment approach for the disease.1

• #3

  https://www.welcomebackclinic.com/blog/Lumbar-Spinal-Stenosis-and-Neurogenic-Claudication.htm

  Spinal stenosis usually occurs due to a combination of degenerative changes that lead to a progressive narrowing of the spinal canal. […] This combination of changes leads to a progressive narrowing of the spinal canal called spinal stenosis which gradually puts pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots resulting in the symptoms which can include leg pain, numbness, weakness, fatigue and bladder control problems. […] In the lumbar spine, stenosis results in pressure on the nerve roots, which causes symptoms of pain, fatigue, weakness or numbness in the legs that is made worse with activity such as walking. […] People often experience claudication, which means symptoms in their legs associated with activity such as walking. […] As the degree of stenosis gets worse the distance they can walk lessens considerably. […] Spinal stenosis causes symptoms of pain, fatigue or weakness in the legs. […] Spinal stenosis is caused by degenerative changes in the spine. […] Spinal stenosis usually affects people over the age of 60 and is most common in people in their 70s and 80s.

• #3 Claudication | Warren Lab in Surgical Oncology

  https://staging2surgery.ucsf.edu/condition/claudication

  Claudication is caused by atherosclerosis (poor circulation) of the blood to the lower extremities, a condition commonly known as Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). […] Risk factors for claudication are the same as those for atherosclerosis: Age, Smoking, Diabetes, Being overweight or obese, Sedentary lifestyle, High cholesterol, High blood pressure (hypertension), Family history of atherosclerosis or claudication. […] For patients with severe PAD, attempts to improve blood flow in the leg are usually indicated.

• #3

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/wellness/DiseasesConditions/85,P08251

  Claudication may be a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is usually caused by atherosclerosis leading to narrowing or blockage of arteries in the legs and/or aorta (the largest artery in the body and the primary blood vessel leading from the heart to the body), which may cause decreased blood flow to the muscles of the calf, thigh, or buttocks. This decreased blood flow may cause claudication. […] Blockage of an artery in the legs may cause intermittent claudication. Atherosclerosis (a build-up of plaque, which is a deposit of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of an artery) is the most common cause of blockage of arteries. […] As stated above, atherosclerosis is the most common cause of arterial blockage which can cause claudication. Risk factors for claudication are the same as those for atherosclerosis, and may include: smoking, diabetes, overweight or obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history of atherosclerosis, older age (55 for men, 60 for women).

• #4 Claudication | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/vascular-surgery/conditions/arterial-conditions/claudication

  Claudication causes aching, painful buttocks, thighs, and calves that start after you walk a distance or exercise. […] Claudication is considered a disease, but it is really a symptom of other conditions. It is most often caused by peripheral artery disease (PAD), in which the arteries in the legs become narrow (called atherosclerosis), making it difficult for blood to flow. […] Other conditions that can cause claudication include: Peripheral neuropathy affects the nerves leading to your feet and hands. […] Endofibrosis of the iliac artery affects high-functioning athletes, causing scar tissue and narrowing of the artery (stenosis) that leads to numbness, swelling, and claudication. […] Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) stems from an anomaly in the popliteal artery behind the knee that blocks blood flow. […] You are more likely to experience claudication if you have these risk factors: African American ancestry, Age (over 70), Diabetes, Family history of atherosclerosis or claudication, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle, Smoking (especially over age 50).

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