Kac
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Kac jest zespołem objawów fizycznych i psychicznych pojawiających się po ustąpieniu stężenia alkoholu we krwi, którego patogeneza jest wieloczynnikowa i obejmuje metabolizm etanolu, stres oksydacyjny, odpowiedź zapalną, zaburzenia równowagi wodno-elektrolitowej oraz dysfunkcje mitochondrialne. Metabolizm alkoholu w wątrobie przez enzymy ADH i ALDH prowadzi do powstania toksycznego aldehydu octowego, który jest 10-30 razy bardziej toksyczny niż etanol i przyczynia się do objawów takich jak tachykardia, pocenie, nudności i wymioty. Stężenie etanolu we krwi koreluje bezpośrednio z nasileniem kaca, natomiast aldehyd octowy utrzymuje się dłużej i wywołuje dysfunkcję mitochondrialną, szczególnie w korze mózgowej. Spożycie alkoholu indukuje stres oksydacyjny, generując ROS, co wiąże się z nasileniem objawów kaca, a suplementacja glutationem i N-acetylocysteiną (NAC) może łagodzić te efekty poprzez aktywację enzymów antyoksydacyjnych (SOD, katalaza) i szlaku Nrf2. Ponadto, alkohol wywołuje odpowiedź zapalną z podwyższeniem IL-6, TNF-α i CRP, co przyczynia się do objawów takich jak ból głowy, nudności i zmęczenie. Zaburzenia równowagi wodno-elektrolitowej, hipoglikemia oraz zaburzenia snu i rytmów dobowych dodatkowo nasilają symptomatologię kaca.

Patogeneza kaca (kac – Hangovers Pathogenesis)

Kac, to zespół nieprzyjemnych objawów fizycznych i psychicznych występujących po spożyciu alkoholu, gdy stężenie alkoholu we krwi zbliża się do zera. Mimo powszechności występowania, mechanizmy patofizjologiczne leżące u podstaw kaca nie są w pełni zrozumiane. Badania wskazują na złożoną etiologię, w której uczestniczy wiele czynników przyczyniających się do występowania objawów kaca.123

Rola metabolizmu alkoholu w patogenezie kaca

Metabolizm alkoholu odgrywa kluczową rolę w patogenezie kaca. Alkohol jest metabolizowany w wątrobie przez enzym dehydrogenazę alkoholową (ADH), która przekształca etanol w aldehyd octowy, a następnie przez dehydrogenazę aldehydową (ALDH) do octanu. Te procesy metaboliczne generują związki, które przyczyniają się do objawów kaca.45

Badania wykazały istotny związek między tempem metabolizmu alkoholu a nasileniem objawów kaca. Szybsza eliminacja etanolu jest powiązana z łagodniejszymi objawami kaca. W przeciwieństwie do aldehydu octowego, etanol może swobodnie przenikać przez barierę krew-mózg. U osób wolniej metabolizujących alkohol, więcej etanolu dociera do mózgu, co może nasilać objawy kaca.67

Aldehyd octowy, pierwszy metabolit etanolu, jest od 10 do 30 razy bardziej toksyczny niż sam alkohol i może utrzymywać się na podwyższonym poziomie przez wiele godzin po spożyciu alkoholu. Jest chemicznie reaktywną substancją, która wiąże się z białkami i innymi ważnymi biologicznie związkami. Przy wyższych stężeniach powoduje efekty toksyczne, takie jak przyspieszony puls, pocenie się, zaczerwienienie skóry, nudności i wymioty.89

Interesującym odkryciem jest to, że chociaż aldehyd octowy jest powszechnie uważany za główny czynnik powodujący kaca, badania sugerują raczej bezpośredni związek między stężeniem etanolu we krwi a nasileniem kaca, podczas gdy ta zależność nie jest istotna dla aldehydu octowego.10

Stres oksydacyjny i rola przeciwutleniaczy

Spożycie alkoholu prowadzi do znacznego stresu oksydacyjnego w organizmie. Metabolizm etanolu generuje reaktywne formy tlenu (ROS), które mogą powodować uszkodzenia komórkowe. Badania wykazały, że nasilenie kaca jest istotnie związane z biomarkerami stresu oksydacyjnego.1112

Interesujące jest to, że większy stres oksydacyjny w pierwszych godzinach po spożyciu alkoholu wiązał się z mniej nasilonymi objawami kaca następnego dnia (odnotowano istotną ujemną korelację między nasileniem kaca a malonodialdehydem). Z drugiej strony, większy stres oksydacyjny w późniejszej fazie po spożyciu alkoholu wiązał się z bardziej nasilonymi objawami kaca następnego dnia (zaobserwowano istotną dodatnią korelację między nasileniem kaca a 8-izoprostanem).1314

Glutation, ważny przeciwutleniacz w komórkach wątroby, jest znacząco wyczerpywany podczas metabolizmu alkoholu. Badania sugerują, że suplementacja glutationem może łagodzić objawy kaca poprzez zwiększenie aktywności enzymów antyoksydacyjnych, takich jak dysmutaza ponadtlenkowa (SOD) i katalaza, aktywując szlak sygnałowy Nrf2 (nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2).1516

Odpowiedź zapalna organizmu

Coraz więcej badań koncentruje się na odpowiedzi zapalnej organizmu na alkohol jako potencjalnie ważnym czynniku determinującym nasilenie kaca. Wykazano, że nasilenie kaca jest istotnie i pozytywnie skorelowane ze stężeniem we krwi biomarkerów odpowiedzi zapalnej na alkohol, w szczególności interleukiny-6 (IL-6), czynnika martwicy nowotworów alfa (TNF-α) i białka C-reaktywnego (CRP).1718

Alkohol stymuluje odpowiedź zapalną układu odpornościowego, powodując uwolnienie cytokin, które mogą wpływać na pamięć i koncentrację oraz powodować objawy takie jak nudności, ból głowy, dreszcze i zmęczenie. Ta odpowiedź zapalna jest porównywalna do tej występującej podczas infekcji.1920

Badania wykazały, że podczas kaca dochodzi do znacznego wzrostu stężenia cytokin, jednak nie zaobserwowano istotnych różnic w stężeniach cytokin między osobami wrażliwymi na kaca a tymi, które twierdzą, że są na niego odporne.21

Zaburzenia równowagi wodno-elektrolitowej i odwodnienie

Alkohol ma działanie moczopędne, powoduje zwiększoną produkcję moczu, co prowadzi do odwodnienia. Alkohol hamuje uwalnianie hormonu antydiuretycznego (wazopresyny) z tylnego płata przysadki, co zmniejsza resorpcję wody w nerkach, przez co więcej moczu zostaje wydalane.2223

Odwodnienie przyczynia się do wielu typowych objawów kaca, takich jak pragnienie, zmęczenie, ból głowy, zawroty głowy i uczucie lekkości głowy. Wymioty, pocenie się i biegunka również zwiększają utratę płynów i elektrolitów, prowadząc do suchości w ustach i pragnienia.2425

Badania nad patogenezą kaca wykazały, że zaburzenia równowagi wodno-elektrolitowej odgrywają istotną rolę w patogenezie tego stanu. Nadmierna utrata elektrolitów, takich jak sód i potas, przyczynia się do objawów kaca.2627

Zaburzenia metabolizmu glukozy

Alkohol może powodować spadek poziomu cukru we krwi. Alkohol hamuje wytwarzanie glukozy i uszczupla zapasy glukozy magazynowane w wątrobie. Ponieważ glukoza jest głównym źródłem energii dla mózgu, niski poziom cukru we krwi przyczynia się do zmęczenia, osłabienia i drżenia, a także do zmian nastroju, a nawet drgawek podczas kaca.2829

Obniżenie stosunku NAD+/NADH w wyniku metabolizmu alkoholu ma daleko idące konsekwencje dla metabolizmu w ogóle. Prowadzi do nagromadzenia kwasu mlekowego (kwasica), obniżenia produkcji glukozy (glukoneogeneza) i w konsekwencji do hipoglikemii, która powoduje ogólne osłabienie organizmu oraz zmiany nastroju – typowe objawy kaca.30

Zaburzenia snu i rytmów biologicznych

Alkohol wpływa negatywnie na jakość snu. Chociaż alkohol ma działanie uspokajające i powoduje senność, sen po spożyciu alkoholu jest zazwyczaj krótszy i gorszej jakości niż normalny sen, co powoduje zmęczenie. Alkohol często powoduje przebudzenie w środku nocy lub zbyt wczesne przebudzenie rano. Brak dobrej jakości snu może powodować ospałość i zmęczenie podczas kaca.3132

Alkohol wpływa również na 24-godzinny rytm temperatury ciała. Temperatura ciała jest obniżona podczas intoksykacji, a podwyższona podczas kaca. Ponadto, zmianie ulega ogólna produkcja hormonów przez przysadkę mózgową, więc rytm dobowy organizmu ulega zaburzeniu.33

Rola kongenerów w patogenezie kaca

Kongenery to substancje chemiczne powstające podczas fermentacji i dojrzewania alkoholu, odpowiedzialne za nadanie alkoholom charakterystycznego smaku. Badania wykazały, że różne rodzaje alkoholu mogą powodować różne nasilenie objawów kaca ze względu na różną zawartość kongenerów.3435

W klasycznym badaniu przeprowadzonym przez G.K.S. Pawana z Middlesex Hospital w Londynie, ochotnicy pili różne rodzaje alkoholu, a następnie oceniali nasilenie objawów kaca. Okazało się, że brandy powodował najsilniejszy kac, a następnie (w porządku malejącym) czerwone wino, rum, whisky, białe wino i gin. Wódka i czysty alkohol były tolerowane najlepiej.36

Metanol, który powstaje w procesie fermentacji z pektyn, jest szczególnie toksyczny. Jego utlenianie prowadzi do powstania formaldehydu i kwasu mrówkowego. Metanol występuje w większości napojów spirytusowych, szczególnie wysoka jego koncentracja jest w brandy produkowanej z różnych owoców, takich jak gruszki, śliwki i wiśnie, które zawierają duże ilości silnie zestryfikowanej pektyny.3738

Teoria zespołu odstawienia

Niektórzy badacze sugerują, że kac jest łagodną manifestacją zespołu odstawienia alkoholu u osób nieuzależnionych od alkoholu. Objawy kaca i łagodnego zespołu odstawienia alkoholu znacznie się pokrywają. Istnieją dowody na to, że kac jest stanem pobudzenia ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, pomimo odczuwanego uspokojenia i złego samopoczucia.39

Obserwacja, że ponowne podanie alkoholu łagodzi nieprzyjemne objawy zarówno zespołu odstawienia alkoholu, jak i kaca, sugeruje, że te dwa stany mają wspólny mechanizm. To zjawisko, znane jako „hair of the dog” (włos psa, który ugryzł), może tymczasowo złagodzić objawy kaca, jednak po zaprzestaniu picia i powrocie stężenia alkoholu we krwi do zera, kac powróci.4041

Efekt odbicia glutaminianu

Kolejnym mechanizmem przyczyniającym się do patogenezy kaca jest efekt odbicia glutaminianu. Alkohol wzmacnia hamowanie przez kwas gamma-aminomasłowy (GABA), który jest najpotężniejszym neurotransmiterem hamującym komórki nerwowe w mózgu i ogólnie w układzie nerwowym.42

Organizm dąży do równowagi, więc mózg rozwija tolerancję, aby zakończyć działanie każdej substancji, która modyfikuje/hamuje/zakłóca normalne funkcjonowanie. Gdy tolerancja rośnie, komórki nerwowe pracują szybciej, a mózg jest przeciążony, gdy alkohol opuszcza organizm. Objawy odstawienia są najgorsze, gdy prawie cały alkohol opuścił organizm.4344

Po nocy picia alkoholu, pijący nie będzie spał tak dobrze jak normalnie, ponieważ organizm odreagowuje depresyjny wpływ alkoholu na układ nerwowy. Silne odbicie glutaminianu podczas kaca może być również odpowiedzialne za drżenie, niepokój, niepokój i podwyższone ciśnienie krwi.45

Czynniki genetyczne i psychologiczne

Badania genetyczne wykazały, że osoby z wariantem genu ALDH2 zgłaszają bardziej nasilone objawy kaca. Wariant genu ALDH2 ogranicza rozkład aldehydu octowego, prowadząc do większego nagromadzenia tego związku chemicznego, a tym samym większych objawów kaca.4647

Wiek i płeć również mogą wpływać na sposób, w jaki doświadczany jest kac. Zaobserwowano różnice w nasileniu kaca między mężczyznami a kobietami.4849

Pewne cechy psychologiczne mogą być powiązane z tym, jak doświadczany jest kac, w tym lęk, depresja, poziom stresu, a nawet osobowość. Lęk, depresja i stres są również powiązane z bardziej nasilonymi objawami kaca.5051

Katastrofizowanie bólu odnosi się do stopnia, w jakim osoba podkreśla negatywne doświadczenie bólu. Badania pokazują, że osoby z wysokimi wynikami katastrofizowania bólu zgłaszają bardziej nasilone objawy kaca, co sugeruje, że skupiają się na swoich negatywnych objawach i potencjalnie je wzmacniają.5253

Wpływ kaca na funkcje poznawcze

Kac znacząco wpływa na funkcje poznawcze. Procesy odzyskiwania pamięci są znacznie upośledzone podczas kaca alkoholowego. Upośledzenie wpływu na procesy odzyskiwania pamięci jest zgodne z obserwowanymi po ostrej intoksykacji alkoholowej i tymi występującymi u alkoholików.5455

Badania wykazały, że zmniejszenie aktywności elektrycznej w elektroencefalogramie może być wykryte jeszcze 16 godzin po normalizacji poziomu alkoholu we krwi.5657

Rola mitochondriów w patogenezie kaca

Najnowsze badania wskazują na istotną rolę dysfunkcji mitochondrialnej w patogenezie kaca. Etanol indukuje dysfunkcję mitochondriów i stres oksydacyjny w korze mózgowej. Aldehyd octowy, produkt uboczny metabolizmu etanolu, był postulowany jako główny czynnik przyczyniający się do indukowanej przez kac dysfunkcji mitochondrialnej, szczególnie w synapsach kory mózgowej.58

Badania na zwierzętach wykazały, że podczas kaca występuje dysfunkcja mitochondrialna w móżdżku myszy, która może przyczyniać się do długotrwałych efektów alkoholu, nawet gdy we krwi nie można już wykryć alkoholu.5960

Wyniki badań pokazały, że zmniejszenie poziomu aldehydu octowego znacząco przywracało oddychanie mitochondrialne, syntezę ATP i wydajność sprzężenia w porównaniu z grupą kaca. Te odkrycia podkreślają, że aldehyd octowy jest kluczowym czynnikiem w rozwoju kaca i wskazują na potencjał N-acetylocysteiny (NAC) w przeciwdziałaniu patologii kaca, co stanowi obiecującą strategię łagodzenia jego szkodliwych skutków.61

Potencjalne strategie terapeutyczne

Obecne podejścia terapeutyczne do łagodzenia objawów kaca koncentrują się na różnych mechanizmach patogenetycznych tego stanu. Większość dostępnych środków nie ma jednak potwierdzonej skuteczności w badaniach klinicznych.62

Przeciwutleniacze

Ze względu na rolę stresu oksydacyjnego w patogenezie kaca, suplementacja przeciwutleniaczami może być potencjalnie skuteczna w łagodzeniu objawów. N-acetylocysteina (NAC), prekursor L-glutationu, może zmniejszać stres oksydacyjny w wątrobie podczas degradacji etanolu jako dawca glutationu.63

Badania sugerują, że NAC może zmniejszać niektóre specyficzne objawy kaca, szczególnie nudności i osłabienie, choć nie zaobserwowano różnicy w ogólnej skali kaca. Interesujące jest to, że badanie sugerowało różnice między płciami, kobiety miały lepszą poprawę objawów kaca po zastosowaniu NAC.64

Dihydromyricetyna (DHM)

DHM, flawonoid ekstrahowany z japońskiego drzewa rodzynkowego (Hovenia Dulcis), wykazano, że pomaga organizmowi metabolizować alkohol szybciej. DHM aktywuje kaskadę mechanizmów, które bardzo szybko usuwają alkohol z organizmu.65

Badania wykazały, że DHM zwiększa ilość enzymów rozkładających alkohol, takich jak ADH i ALDH w wątrobie, powodując przyspieszenie rozkładu alkoholu. Toksyny generowane przez spalanie alkoholu są następnie usuwane z organizmu dzięki przyspieszonemu metabolizmowi.66

Flawonoid DHM okazał się również zapobiegać wpływowi alkoholu na receptory GABA w mózgu, co może pomóc w łagodzeniu objawów kaca.67

Rola ziołowych suplementów

Różne ekstrakty ziołowe są badane pod kątem ich potencjalnego działania łagodzącego objawy kaca. Na przykład ekstrakt z opuncji figowej (Opuntia ficus indica) okazał się zmniejszać stan zapalny związany z kacem i związaną z tym częstość występowania nudności, suchości w ustach i anoreksji.68

Inne obiecujące zioła to schizandra, która pomaga utrzymać stężenie GSH w wątrobie, wspomagając wykonywanie enzymów przeciwutleniających, oraz arrowroot, który może zmniejszać stężenie etanolu we krwi.69

Zielona herbata, bogata w katechiny, może chronić błonę śluzową żołądka i hamować wchłanianie alkoholu, a kofeina zawarta w zielonej herbacie aktywuje enzym dehydrogenazę aldehydową (ALDH), który pomaga rozkładać alkohol w wątrobie.7071

Potencjał aktywności fizycznej

Ostatnie badania sugerują, że regularna aktywność fizyczna może zmniejszać nasilenie objawów kaca. Istnieje kilka mechanizmów, które mogą wyjaśniać, dlaczego aktywność fizyczna może łagodzić objawy kaca.72

Ćwiczenia fizyczne wyzwalają uwalnianie endorfin – hormonów produkowanych przez mózg, które działają jako naturalne środki przeciwbólowe. Regularne ćwiczenia mogą nawet podwyższać podstawowy poziom endorfin, co potencjalnie może prowadzić do mniejszego odczuwania bólu i dyskomfortu podczas kaca.73

Regularna aktywność fizyczna przyczynia się do lepszego zdrowia metabolicznego, co może ułatwiać efektywne przetwarzanie alkoholu. Ćwiczenia poprawiają również krążenie, co może także pomóc w wypłukiwaniu aldehydu octowego – toksycznego związku chemicznego uwalnianego podczas metabolizmu alkoholu, który znacząco przyczynia się do objawów kaca.74

Ponadto, ćwiczenia mają dobrze udokumentowane właściwości przeciwzapalne, ponieważ stymulują produkcję cytokin przeciwzapalnych. Oznacza to, że osoby regularnie ćwiczące mogą doświadczać mniejszego dyskomfortu związanego ze stanem zapalnym podczas kaca.75

Wnioski

Patogeneza kaca jest złożonym procesem, w którym uczestniczy wiele mechanizmów. Główne czynniki przyczyniające się do objawów kaca to metabolizm alkoholu i jego toksyczne metabolity, stres oksydacyjny, odpowiedź zapalna organizmu, zaburzenia równowagi wodno-elektrolitowej, zaburzenia metabolizmu glukozy, zaburzenia snu i rytmów biologicznych, a także rola kongenerów.7677

Dalsze badania nad patogenezą kaca są konieczne, aby lepiej zrozumieć mechanizmy leżące u podstaw tego stanu i opracować skuteczne strategie zapobiegawcze i terapeutyczne. Aktualne podejścia terapeutyczne, w tym suplementacja przeciwutleniaczami, dihydromyricetyna (DHM) i ekstrakty ziołowe, wymagają dalszych badań w celu oceny ich skuteczności.7879

Warto zauważyć, że najskuteczniejszym sposobem zapobiegania objawom kaca pozostaje abstynencja lub umiarkowane spożycie alkoholu. Niemniej jednak, postęp w zrozumieniu patogenezy kaca może prowadzić do opracowania skuteczniejszych strategii łagodzenia objawów dla tych, którzy doświadczają kaca.8081

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/
    Hangovers are a frequent, though unpleasant, experience among people who drink to intoxication. Despite the prevalence of hangovers, however, this condition is not well understood scientifically. Multiple possible contributors to the hangover state have been investigated, and researchers have produced evidence that alcohol can directly promote hangover symptoms through its effects on urine production, the gastrointestinal tract, blood sugar concentrations, sleep patterns, and biological rhythms. […] In addition, researchers postulate that effects related to alcohols absence after a drinking bout (i.e., withdrawal), alcohol metabolism, and other factors (e.g., biologically active, nonalcohol compounds in beverages; the use of other drugs; certain personality traits; and a family history of alcoholism) also may contribute to the hangover condition.
  • #2 Hangover Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Treatment
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iasar/international-archives-of-substance-abuse-and-rehabilitation-iasar-3-009.php?jid=iasar
    To discuss the state of art of pathogenesis and treatment of Hangover Syndrome (HS). […] It was shown, that there is a significant gap in the understanding of pathogenesis of HS, which hamper the elaboration of means of metabolic correction of this condition. The actual task of future research is the detailed investigation of pathogenic mechanisms of HS. This will allow elaborating the comprehensive medicine for HS treatment targeting all links of its pathogenesis. […] Despite the significant damage to health and large economic losses associated with HS, the pathogenesis of this condition is not well understood. At the same time, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HS is necessary for the development of means for the prevention and treatment of this condition. Presumptive mechanisms of HS pathogenesis are: Alcohol-induced metabolic and endocrine disorders, oxidative stress, inflammation, disturbances in water-electrolyte balance and acid-base balance.
  • #3 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7692803/
    The limited number of available studies that examined the pathology of alcohol hangover focused on biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol as potentially important determinants of hangover severity. […] The current body of evidence suggests a direct relationship between blood ethanol concentration and hangover severity, whereas this association is not significant for acetaldehyde. The rate of alcohol metabolism seems to be an important determinant of hangover severity. That is, fast elimination of ethanol is associated with experiencing less severe hangovers. […] With slower ethanol metabolism, more ethanol is able to reach the brain and elicit hangover symptoms. Hangover severity was also significantly associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress. More oxidative stress in the first hours after alcohol consumption was associated with less severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant negative correlation was found between hangover severity and malondialdehyde).
  • #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/The-Science-Behind-Hangovers.aspx
    Everyone understands that excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is not good for our health, despite this, most people across the world consume it. […] The science and mechanisms behind hangovers are actively being investigated, however, we can say with certainty that a hangover is, among other things, the result of suppression of the immune system by significant amounts of alcohol. […] A product of alcoholic metabolism, which is more toxic than alcohol itself, acetaldehyde is formed when alcohol in the liver is broken down by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase. […] Acetaldehyde is attacked by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and glutathione, which consists of a large amount of cysteine. […] In the liver, ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH) is oxidized to acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), which is then converted to acetic acid (CH3COOH), which is further processed in a process known as the „citric acid cycle” or the Krebs cycle, turns into carbon dioxide and water.
  • #5 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3421
    The limited number of available studies that examined the pathology of alcohol hangover focused on biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol as potentially important determinants of hangover severity. […] The current body of evidence suggests a direct relationship between blood ethanol concentration and hangover severity, whereas this association is not significant for acetaldehyde. […] The rate of alcohol metabolism seems to be an important determinant of hangover severity. […] An explanation for this observation may be the fact that ethanol—in contrast to acetaldehyde—is capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier. […] With slower ethanol metabolism, more ethanol is able to reach the brain and elicit hangover symptoms. […] Hangover severity was also significantly associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress.
  • #6 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7692803/
    The limited number of available studies that examined the pathology of alcohol hangover focused on biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol as potentially important determinants of hangover severity. […] The current body of evidence suggests a direct relationship between blood ethanol concentration and hangover severity, whereas this association is not significant for acetaldehyde. The rate of alcohol metabolism seems to be an important determinant of hangover severity. That is, fast elimination of ethanol is associated with experiencing less severe hangovers. […] With slower ethanol metabolism, more ethanol is able to reach the brain and elicit hangover symptoms. Hangover severity was also significantly associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress. More oxidative stress in the first hours after alcohol consumption was associated with less severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant negative correlation was found between hangover severity and malondialdehyde).
  • #7 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3421
    More oxidative stress in the first hours after alcohol consumption was associated with less severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant negative correlation was found between hangover severity and malondialdehyde). […] On the contrary, more oxidative stress at a later stage after alcohol consumption was associated with having more severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant positive correlation was found between hangover severity and 8-isoprostane). […] In conclusion, assessment of biomarkers of alcohol metabolism suggests that fast elimination of ethanol is associated with experiencing less severe hangovers. […] Given this, it is important to investigate the capability of peripheral ethanol and acetaldehyde to enter the brain and exert central effects, including a hangover. […] Theoretically small amounts of acetaldehyde may enter the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), where no BBB exists.
  • #8 Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/
    Acetaldehyde is a chemically reactive substance that binds to proteins and other biologically important compounds. At higher concentrations, it causes toxic effects, such as a rapid pulse, sweating, skin flushing, nausea, and vomiting. […] Because of the similarity between the acetaldehyde reaction and a hangover, some investigators have suggested that acetaldehyde causes hangovers. Although free acetaldehyde is not present in the blood after BACs reach zero, the toxic effects of acetaldehyde produced during alcohol metabolism may persist into the hangover period. […] Factors other than alcohol also may contribute to a hangover. These factors include congeners, the use of other drugs, and personal influences such as certain personality traits and family history for alcoholism.
  • #9 Hangover – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover
    Acetaldehyde, the first by-product of ethanol, is between 10 and 30 times more toxic than alcohol itself and can remain at an elevated plateau for many hours after initial ethanol consumption. […] An imbalance of the immune system, in particular of cytokine metabolism has been identified as playing a role in the pathophysiology of the hangover state.
  • #10 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3421
    The limited number of available studies that examined the pathology of alcohol hangover focused on biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol as potentially important determinants of hangover severity. […] The current body of evidence suggests a direct relationship between blood ethanol concentration and hangover severity, whereas this association is not significant for acetaldehyde. […] The rate of alcohol metabolism seems to be an important determinant of hangover severity. […] An explanation for this observation may be the fact that ethanol—in contrast to acetaldehyde—is capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier. […] With slower ethanol metabolism, more ethanol is able to reach the brain and elicit hangover symptoms. […] Hangover severity was also significantly associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress.
  • #11 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3421
    The limited number of available studies that examined the pathology of alcohol hangover focused on biomarkers of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response to alcohol as potentially important determinants of hangover severity. […] The current body of evidence suggests a direct relationship between blood ethanol concentration and hangover severity, whereas this association is not significant for acetaldehyde. […] The rate of alcohol metabolism seems to be an important determinant of hangover severity. […] An explanation for this observation may be the fact that ethanol—in contrast to acetaldehyde—is capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier. […] With slower ethanol metabolism, more ethanol is able to reach the brain and elicit hangover symptoms. […] Hangover severity was also significantly associated with biomarkers of oxidative stress.
  • #12 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3421
    More oxidative stress in the first hours after alcohol consumption was associated with less severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant negative correlation was found between hangover severity and malondialdehyde). […] On the contrary, more oxidative stress at a later stage after alcohol consumption was associated with having more severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant positive correlation was found between hangover severity and 8-isoprostane). […] In conclusion, assessment of biomarkers of alcohol metabolism suggests that fast elimination of ethanol is associated with experiencing less severe hangovers. […] Given this, it is important to investigate the capability of peripheral ethanol and acetaldehyde to enter the brain and exert central effects, including a hangover. […] Theoretically small amounts of acetaldehyde may enter the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), where no BBB exists.
  • #13 The Role of Alcohol Metabolism in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7692803/
    On the contrary, more oxidative stress at a later stage after alcohol consumption was associated with having more severe next-day hangovers (i.e., a significant positive correlation was found between hangover severity and 8-isoprostane). […] In conclusion, assessment of biomarkers of alcohol metabolism suggests that fast elimination of ethanol is associated with experiencing less severe hangovers. […] Given this, it is important to investigate the capability of peripheral ethanol and acetaldehyde to enter the brain and exert central effects, including a hangover. […] Theoretically small amounts of acetaldehyde may enter the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), where no BBB exists. However, under normal drinking circumstances, most acetaldehyde is metabolized systemically (i.e., before it reaches these areas), meaning negligible amounts of acetaldehyde will enter the brain via this pathway.
  • #14 The Inflammatory Response to Alcohol Consumption and Its Role in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/7/2081
    The significant positive correlation between hangover severity and 8-isoprostane at 12 h after alcohol consumption suggests that more oxidative stress, experienced at a later stage after alcohol consumption, is associated with having more severe hangovers. […] Taken together, the timing of the observed assessments suggests that initial slow elimination of ethanol in the first hours after drinking results in more ethanol present in the second half of the night and the next morning, which will elicit more oxidative stress and a stronger inflammatory response. Together, these processes result in having more severe next-morning hangovers.
  • #15 Glutathione’s Role in Liver Metabolism and Hangover Symptom Relief: Dysregulation of Protein S-Glutathionylation and Antioxidant Enzymes
    https://www.biomolther.org/journal/view.html?uid=1585&vmd=Full&
    Glutathiones Role in Liver Metabolism and Hangover Symptom Relief: Dysregulation of Protein S-Glutathionylation and Antioxidant Enzymes […] Hangovers from alcohol consumption cause symptoms like headaches, nausea, and fatigue, disrupting daily activities and overall well-being. Over time, they can also lead to inflammation and oxidative stress. […] The study aims to investigate the impact of glutathione or its enriched yeast extract, which is recognized for its antioxidant characteristics, on alcohol metabolism and alleviating hangovers in a rat model exposed to binge drinking. […] In this study, glutathione and its enriched yeast extract controlled hangover behaviour patterns, including locomotor activity. Additionally, it enhanced the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) following ethanol ingestion (3 g/kg).
  • #16 Glutathione’s Role in Liver Metabolism and Hangover Symptom Relief: Dysregulation of Protein S-Glutathionylation and Antioxidant Enzymes
    https://www.biomolther.org/journal/view.html?uid=1585&vmd=Full&
    Chronic alcohol consumption activates the microsomal ethanol oxidation system (MEOS), involving cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). This shift leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and depletes glutathione (GSH), a crucial antioxidant in hepatocytes. […] Excessive ROS generation causes cellular damage, triggers inflammation, and promotes apoptosis, contributing to alcoholic liver disease. […] Alcohol toxicity is further amplified by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which cause oxidative stress, damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. […] The bodys defense against oxidative stress relies on antioxidant mechanisms governed by nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). […] This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant properties of GSH and GSH-enriched yeast extract in mitigating hangover symptoms and alcohol-induced liver damage through both in vitro and in vivo.
  • #17 The Inflammatory Response to Alcohol Consumption and Its Role in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/7/2081
    An increasing number of studies are focusing on the inflammatory response to alcohol as a potentially important determinant of hangover severity. […] Hangover severity was significantly and positively correlated with blood concentrations of biomarkers of the inflammatory response to alcohol, in particular, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP). […] The timing of the assessments suggests initial slow elimination of ethanol in the first hours after alcohol consumption. As a consequence, more ethanol is present in the second half of the night and the next morning, which will elicit more oxidative stress and a more profound inflammatory response. Together, these processes result in more severe hangovers. […] A possible role of the immune system in the pathology of alcohol hangover was first hypothesized in the 1980s.
  • #18 The Inflammatory Response to Alcohol Consumption and Its Role in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/7/2081
    It took 20 years for other studies to confirm that alcohol consumption is accompanied by an immune response, and that elevated levels of cytokines in blood and saliva may be related to the presence and severity of the alcohol hangover. […] The alcohol hangover refers to the combination of negative mental and physical symptoms, which can be experienced after a single episode of alcohol consumption, starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero. […] Alcohol consumption significantly increased PGE2 and TXB2 concentrations (the placebo condition). Administering tolfenamic acid partly counteracted the observed increments. […] The findings suggest that the alcohol hangover is mediated by an inflammatory response, as they observed significant correlations between blood C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and hangover severity.
  • #19 What Happens to Your Body During a Hangover? – Hanley Foundation
    https://hanleyfoundation.org/addiction-treatment/what-happens-to-your-body-during-a-hangover/
    Ever wondered what is happening to your body during a hangover? The effects extend beyond discomfort, potentially impacting your health more than you realize. […] Alcohol consumption affects the body in various direct ways, influencing everything from sleep patterns to blood sugar levels and gastrointestinal health. […] Also, drinking excessively can trigger an immune response, releasing cytokines, affecting memory and concentration, and causing symptoms like nausea, headache, chills, and tiredness. This inflammatory response is comparable to an infection. […] The principal causes are dehydration and the liver’s metabolism of alcohol. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) converts alcohol to acetaldehyde, a toxic chemical that is then converted into non-toxic acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase. However, prolonged drinking can cause acetaldehyde accumulation due to delayed conversion, resulting in symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sweating. Inflammation can exacerbate these consequences. Understanding these mechanisms explains why moderation and hydration are so important in dealing with the consequences of alcohol intake.
  • #20 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012
    Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people, while others may drink heavily and not have a hangover. […] Several issues may contribute to a hangover. For example: Alcohol causes the body to make more urine. You lose extra body liquid by urinating more than usual. This can lead to dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration include extra thirst, tiredness, headache, dizziness and lightheadedness. […] Alcohol triggers an inflammatory response from the immune system. The immune system may make certain substances linked to the body’s defense system. This commonly causes physical symptoms that make you feel as if you’re ill. Your symptoms also may include problems thinking clearly and remembering, poor appetite, and loss of interest in usual activities.
  • #21 Why we get hangovers | News | Chemistry World
    https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/why-we-get-hangovers/3007236.article
    Hangovers are known to affect a group of small proteins called cytokines, which influence intercellular communication and interaction. […] The results showed significant increases in cytokine concentrations during a hangover, but there were no significant differences in cytokine concentrations were found between hangover-sensitive participants and those claiming to be hangover-resistant.
  • #22 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012
    Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people, while others may drink heavily and not have a hangover. […] Several issues may contribute to a hangover. For example: Alcohol causes the body to make more urine. You lose extra body liquid by urinating more than usual. This can lead to dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration include extra thirst, tiredness, headache, dizziness and lightheadedness. […] Alcohol triggers an inflammatory response from the immune system. The immune system may make certain substances linked to the body’s defense system. This commonly causes physical symptoms that make you feel as if you’re ill. Your symptoms also may include problems thinking clearly and remembering, poor appetite, and loss of interest in usual activities.
  • #23 Chemistry of a Hangover — Alcohol and its Consequences Part 3 – ChemistryViews
    https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1080019/Chemistry_of_a_Hangover__Alcohol_and_its_Consequences_Part_3/
    One part of the secret associated with the hangover derives from the fact that the syndrome itself is poorly defined in terms of physiological measurement. Consequently there are no objective bases for evaluating the seriousness of the condition, because subjectively the symptoms are perceived differently, with a very wide range of variation. In what follows, possible biochemical sources of some of these symptoms are considered. […] To begin with, alcohol has a diuretic effect, which is to say that it causes an increase in the production and excretion of urine. Ethanol decreases release of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin from the posterior pituitary, which reduces reabsorption of water in the kidneys, so more urine is excreted. Vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea also increase the loss of fluids and electrolytes, leading to dryness of the mouth, thirst, and dizziness, all typical hangover symptoms. This corresponds to clinical experience showing that water intake during a period of hangover can relieve these particular symptoms.
  • #24 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012
    Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people, while others may drink heavily and not have a hangover. […] Several issues may contribute to a hangover. For example: Alcohol causes the body to make more urine. You lose extra body liquid by urinating more than usual. This can lead to dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration include extra thirst, tiredness, headache, dizziness and lightheadedness. […] Alcohol triggers an inflammatory response from the immune system. The immune system may make certain substances linked to the body’s defense system. This commonly causes physical symptoms that make you feel as if you’re ill. Your symptoms also may include problems thinking clearly and remembering, poor appetite, and loss of interest in usual activities.
  • #25 Chemistry of a Hangover — Alcohol and its Consequences Part 3 – ChemistryViews
    https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1080019/Chemistry_of_a_Hangover__Alcohol_and_its_Consequences_Part_3/
    One part of the secret associated with the hangover derives from the fact that the syndrome itself is poorly defined in terms of physiological measurement. Consequently there are no objective bases for evaluating the seriousness of the condition, because subjectively the symptoms are perceived differently, with a very wide range of variation. In what follows, possible biochemical sources of some of these symptoms are considered. […] To begin with, alcohol has a diuretic effect, which is to say that it causes an increase in the production and excretion of urine. Ethanol decreases release of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin from the posterior pituitary, which reduces reabsorption of water in the kidneys, so more urine is excreted. Vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea also increase the loss of fluids and electrolytes, leading to dryness of the mouth, thirst, and dizziness, all typical hangover symptoms. This corresponds to clinical experience showing that water intake during a period of hangover can relieve these particular symptoms.
  • #26 Learn the Science Behind a Hangover – 61Five Health & Wellness
    https://61five.com/science-of-a-hangover/
    The inability to retain water causing severe dehydration […] The increased release of glucose, sodium, and potassium […] The inability to rid your body of harmful alcohol toxins.
  • #27 Hangover Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Treatment
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iasar/international-archives-of-substance-abuse-and-rehabilitation-iasar-3-009.php?jid=iasar
    To discuss the state of art of pathogenesis and treatment of Hangover Syndrome (HS). […] It was shown, that there is a significant gap in the understanding of pathogenesis of HS, which hamper the elaboration of means of metabolic correction of this condition. The actual task of future research is the detailed investigation of pathogenic mechanisms of HS. This will allow elaborating the comprehensive medicine for HS treatment targeting all links of its pathogenesis. […] Despite the significant damage to health and large economic losses associated with HS, the pathogenesis of this condition is not well understood. At the same time, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HS is necessary for the development of means for the prevention and treatment of this condition. Presumptive mechanisms of HS pathogenesis are: Alcohol-induced metabolic and endocrine disorders, oxidative stress, inflammation, disturbances in water-electrolyte balance and acid-base balance.
  • #28 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012
    Alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach. Alcohol can irritate your stomach. Alcohol also causes your stomach to make more acid. This can cause belly pain, nausea or vomiting. […] Alcohol can cause blood sugar levels to fall. If your blood sugar dips too low, you may feel extra tired, weak and shaky. You also may have mood changes and even seizures. […] Alcohol prevents restful sleep. You may feel sleepy, but alcohol keeps you from getting the kind of sleep that helps you feel rested. Alcohol also often causes you to awaken in the middle of the night or too early in the morning. Not getting good-quality sleep may leave you groggy and tired.
  • #29 Katerkopfschmerz: Alkohol, Hangover und zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen – Schmerzklinik Kiel
    https://schmerzklinik.de/en/hangover-hangover-and-time-delayed-alcohol-induced-headaches-2/
    Alkohol scheint auch die Verfügbarkeit von Glukose durch einen insulinvermittelten Mechanismus zu hemmen. […] Zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen bedingen einen Anstieg der Herzfrequenz, der linksventrikulären Leistung sowie des Blutdrucks. […] Die Reduktion der elektrischen Aktivität im Elektroenzephalogramm kann noch 16 Stunden nach der Normalisierung der Blutalkoholspiegel aufgedeckt werden. […] In einer Studie wurde ein spezielles Hangover-Gen aufgedeckt. […] Die Schwere von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen ist mit einem erhöhten Risiko für eine Alkoholabhängigkeit, Depressionen und anderen psychischen Störungen korreliert. […] Rauchen an Tagen mit erhöhtem Alkoholkonsum führt zu einer erhöhten Intensität und Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen.
  • #30 Chemistry of a Hangover — Alcohol and its Consequences Part 3 – ChemistryViews
    https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1080019/Chemistry_of_a_Hangover__Alcohol_and_its_Consequences_Part_3/
    A drop in the NAD+/NADH ratio has far-reaching consequences for metabolism in general. It leads to an accumulation of lactic acid (acidosis), and lowered production of glucose (gluconeogenesis), i.e., the glucose concentration in the blood declines. Overall, the resulting hypoglycemia causes general bodily weakness as well as mood changes; also typical hangover symptoms. […] Alcoholic beverages with low alcohol content (e.g., aperitifs) stimulate the production of stomach acid. Hard drinks with greater than 20 vol % alcohol irritate the stomach lining, leading to inflammation (gastritis). Moreover, pancreatic secretion is stimulated, and intestinal activity increased. These effects taken together can contribute to the stomach and abdominal pains, nausea, and vomiting typical of a hangover.
  • #31 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012
    Alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach. Alcohol can irritate your stomach. Alcohol also causes your stomach to make more acid. This can cause belly pain, nausea or vomiting. […] Alcohol can cause blood sugar levels to fall. If your blood sugar dips too low, you may feel extra tired, weak and shaky. You also may have mood changes and even seizures. […] Alcohol prevents restful sleep. You may feel sleepy, but alcohol keeps you from getting the kind of sleep that helps you feel rested. Alcohol also often causes you to awaken in the middle of the night or too early in the morning. Not getting good-quality sleep may leave you groggy and tired.
  • #32 Chemistry of a Hangover — Alcohol and its Consequences Part 3 – ChemistryViews
    https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1080019/Chemistry_of_a_Hangover__Alcohol_and_its_Consequences_Part_3/
    Although alcohol has a sedative effect, and causes one to become sleepy, sleep that follows inebriation tends to be of short duration, and offers little restorative value. The 24-hour rhythm of body temperature is also affected, since ones temperature is reduced during the period of inebriation and increased in a hangover. Moreover, overall hormone production by the pituitary gland is altered, so ones day-night rhythm becomes discombobulated, and a hangover might even be viewed as analogous to jet lag. […] Alcohol causes expansion of the blood vessels, and this can cause a headache. Alcohol also influences the production and effectiveness of numerous compounds in the central nervous system, including neurotransmitters, histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandins. All this could also contribute to headaches, although the true direct source of the relationship between alcohol consumption and headaches remains in doubt.
  • #33 Chemistry of a Hangover — Alcohol and its Consequences Part 3 – ChemistryViews
    https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1080019/Chemistry_of_a_Hangover__Alcohol_and_its_Consequences_Part_3/
    Although alcohol has a sedative effect, and causes one to become sleepy, sleep that follows inebriation tends to be of short duration, and offers little restorative value. The 24-hour rhythm of body temperature is also affected, since ones temperature is reduced during the period of inebriation and increased in a hangover. Moreover, overall hormone production by the pituitary gland is altered, so ones day-night rhythm becomes discombobulated, and a hangover might even be viewed as analogous to jet lag. […] Alcohol causes expansion of the blood vessels, and this can cause a headache. Alcohol also influences the production and effectiveness of numerous compounds in the central nervous system, including neurotransmitters, histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandins. All this could also contribute to headaches, although the true direct source of the relationship between alcohol consumption and headaches remains in doubt.
  • #34 Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/
    Acetaldehyde is a chemically reactive substance that binds to proteins and other biologically important compounds. At higher concentrations, it causes toxic effects, such as a rapid pulse, sweating, skin flushing, nausea, and vomiting. […] Because of the similarity between the acetaldehyde reaction and a hangover, some investigators have suggested that acetaldehyde causes hangovers. Although free acetaldehyde is not present in the blood after BACs reach zero, the toxic effects of acetaldehyde produced during alcohol metabolism may persist into the hangover period. […] Factors other than alcohol also may contribute to a hangover. These factors include congeners, the use of other drugs, and personal influences such as certain personality traits and family history for alcoholism.
  • #35 Hangovers: Symptoms & Hangover Relief Explained | Monument
    https://joinmonument.com/resources/hangover-symptoms-prevention-relief/
    Mixing drugs and alcohol can make a hangover substantially worse. This is because other drugs introduce additional toxins that can worsen dehydration, increase inflammation, and further slow down the bodys process for regaining its natural homeostasis. […] Another factor that can impact hangover symptoms is how hydrated or dehydrated you are while drinking. Often, when people are out for a night on the town, they forget to drink water. This is especially problematic because alcohol is a diuretic, making you need to urinate more. As a result, it can increase your level of dehydration. If you are dehydrated, symptoms of a hangover, like fatigue and headaches, are likely to be dramatically worse. […] Congeners is a technical term for the other chemical substances that get produced during the alcohol fermentation and distillation process besides ethanol. Congeners are what give alcohol products their distinct taste.
  • #36 Chemistry of a Hangover — Alcohol and its Consequences Part 3 – ChemistryViews
    https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1080019/Chemistry_of_a_Hangover__Alcohol_and_its_Consequences_Part_3/
    Beer, wine, and spirits are not pure ethanol/water mixtures, but instead contain depending on the method of production thousands of other compounds. In a classic study, G. K. S. Pawan from Middlesex Hospital, London, UK, investigated various drinks in terms of their tendency to produce a hangover. Twenty healthy, male volunteers (no alcoholics) got drunk at weekly intervals successively on red wine, white wine, rum, whiskey, gin, vodka, brandy, or straight alcohol (20 vol % in water). The amount consumed was always measured such that each subject reached a blood-alcohol content of 1.7 in other words, complete intoxication. After eight weeks, each participant had experienced and survived a fully intoxicated state from each type of drink, and was able to evaluate the severity of the resulting hangover symptoms. It turned out that there was a definite relationship between the intensity of the hangover and the beverage: brandy produced the most severe hangover, followed (in descending order) by red wine, rum, whiskey, white wine, and gin. Vodka and pure alcohol were tolerated the best.
  • #37 Chemistry of a Hangover — Alcohol and its Consequences Part 3 – ChemistryViews
    https://www.chemistryviews.org/details/ezine/1080019/Chemistry_of_a_Hangover__Alcohol_and_its_Consequences_Part_3/
    It is well known that higher alcohols present in relatively high concentration in beer, wine, and spirits all can cause hangover symptoms. The fraction boiling above 95 C (ethanol b.p. = 78 C) is designated as fusel oil. This may be shown to contain up to 50 different components, where the chief constituents are isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol), propanol, and above all, the pair of isoamylalkohols: 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. The latter two form from the amino acids isoleucine and leucine by protein degradation during fermentation. […] Methanol is the most toxic of the aliphatic alcohols, and the one of greatest toxicological interest. Its oxidation leads to formaldehyde and formic acid. Typical symptoms of methanol poisoning are visual disorders (e.g., the impression of a snowstorm), which can lead to blindness and even death. In the case of serious poisoning, one can actually smell formaldehyde on the subjects exhaled breath.
  • #38
    https://sentiaspirits.com/blogs/sentia-club-blog/hangovers-the-science-the-horrors-and-the-avoidance-techniques
    Hangovers begin to rear their ugly head approximately ten hours after your blood alcohol level peaks. […] As alcohol impacts numerous systems in your body, including the brain, the complexity of hangovers is evident in the 47 recorded symptoms ranging from sleep disturbances and dehydration to more severe effects like anxiety and impaired cognitive functions. […] This unpleasant condition is down to something known as the glutamate rebound effect. […] Hangovers are also fuelled by substances like acetaldehyde, acetones, histamines, and methanol by-products that turn up after your body has broken down all that booze you’ve been swimming in. […] One of the nastier conjoiners is methanol, which breaks down into formaldehyde and formic acid, both highly toxic, contributing significantly to the hangover experience.
  • #39 Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/
    Alcohol intoxication results in vasodilatation, which may induce headaches. Alcohol has effects on several neurotransmitters and hormones that are implicated in the pathogenesis of headaches, including histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandins. […] Several lines of evidence suggest that a hangover is a mild manifestation of the AW syndrome in non-alcohol-dependent drinkers. First, the signs and symptoms of hangover and mild AW overlap considerably. […] Second, Begleiter and colleagues present evidence that the hangover condition is actually a state of central nervous system excitation, despite the perceived sedation and malaise. […] Third, the observation that alcohol readministration alleviates the unpleasantness of both AW syndrome and hangovers suggests that the two experiences share a common process.
  • #40 Alcohol Hangover
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/
    Alcohol intoxication results in vasodilatation, which may induce headaches. Alcohol has effects on several neurotransmitters and hormones that are implicated in the pathogenesis of headaches, including histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandins. […] Several lines of evidence suggest that a hangover is a mild manifestation of the AW syndrome in non-alcohol-dependent drinkers. First, the signs and symptoms of hangover and mild AW overlap considerably. […] Second, Begleiter and colleagues present evidence that the hangover condition is actually a state of central nervous system excitation, despite the perceived sedation and malaise. […] Third, the observation that alcohol readministration alleviates the unpleasantness of both AW syndrome and hangovers suggests that the two experiences share a common process.
  • #41 Hair of the Dog: Can Drinking Alcohol Cure Your Hangover?
    https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/hair-of-the-dog
    Hair of the dog refers to curing a hangover by drinking more alcohol. While this method may provide temporary relief, drinking more alcohol may actually worsen your hangover. […] The theory behind the hair of the dog hangover remedy is that if you drink more alcohol, your blood alcohol levels will rise and you will no longer experience hangover symptoms. However, when you eventually stop drinking and blood alcohol levels return to zero, the hangover will return. […] While the hair of the dog hangover remedy may have some merit, it also adds more alcohol to your body that will eventually need to be metabolized. So while your hangover might be delayed, it will not be prevented entirely. […] Drinking more alcohol to cure a hangover may lead to an even worse hangover when you stop. […] Drinking more alcohol to reduce a hangover is not recommended, as it may lead to an even worse hangover and increase your risk of alcohol abuse.
  • #42 Research | The launch mechanism of hangover and DHM | FixU Drink
    https://fixudrink.com/fixu-drink/research
    Hangover is an unpleasant after state of inebriation, and its strength is proportional to the level of intoxication preceding it. Hangovers are basically caused by alcohol remnants in the body, an irritated, stressed, and intoxicated nervous system, and a dried body and lowered blood sugar levels. When alcohol leaves the body, the nervous system seeks to rebalance itself, causing various hangover symptoms. […] Alcohol paralyses nerve cells e.g. by reinforcing the inhibition of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the most powerful neurotransmitter inhibiting the nerve cells in the brain and overall nervous system. Our bodies seek to balance themselves, so our brains develop a tolerance in order to end the effects of any substance that modifies/inhibits/upsets normal functioning. When the tolerance grows, nerve cells work faster, and the brain is overloaded as alcohol leaves the body. Withdrawal symptoms are at their worst when almost all of the alcohol has left the body.
  • #43 Research | The launch mechanism of hangover and DHM | FixU Drink
    https://fixudrink.com/fixu-drink/research
    Hangover is an unpleasant after state of inebriation, and its strength is proportional to the level of intoxication preceding it. Hangovers are basically caused by alcohol remnants in the body, an irritated, stressed, and intoxicated nervous system, and a dried body and lowered blood sugar levels. When alcohol leaves the body, the nervous system seeks to rebalance itself, causing various hangover symptoms. […] Alcohol paralyses nerve cells e.g. by reinforcing the inhibition of gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the most powerful neurotransmitter inhibiting the nerve cells in the brain and overall nervous system. Our bodies seek to balance themselves, so our brains develop a tolerance in order to end the effects of any substance that modifies/inhibits/upsets normal functioning. When the tolerance grows, nerve cells work faster, and the brain is overloaded as alcohol leaves the body. Withdrawal symptoms are at their worst when almost all of the alcohol has left the body.
  • #44
    https://us.sentiaspirits.com/blogs/sentia-journal/hangover-horrors
    Hangovers begin to rear their ugly head approximately ten hours after your blood alcohol level peaks. […] As alcohol impacts numerous systems in your body, including the brain, the complexity of hangovers is evident in the 47 recorded symptoms ranging from sleep disturbances and dehydration to more severe effects like anxiety and impaired cognitive functions. […] This unpleasant condition is down to something known as the glutamate rebound effect. […] Alcohols effects are wearing off and all those glutamate receptors are waking up, ready to fire. The carnage of the night before is now amplified by glutamate working overtime. […] One of the many villains in the hangover saga are congeners. […] Acetaldehyde is the most common by-product of alcohol metabolism, and its usually broken down further and eliminated from the bodythough some of us have genetic eccentricities that mean it stays around longer, making us feel pretty terrible.
  • #45 Biology of a Hangover: Glutamine Rebound – How Hangovers Work | HowStuffWorks
    https://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/drugs-alcohol/hangover5.htm
    After a night of alcohol consumption, a drinker won’t sleep as soundly as normal because the body is rebounding from alcohol’s depressive effect on the system. […] Severe glutamine rebound during a hangover also may be responsible for tremors, anxiety, restlessness and increased blood pressure. […] Alcohol also promotes secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, eventually causing the nerves to send a message to the brain that the stomach’s contents are hurting the body and must be expelled through vomiting. This mechanism can actually lessen hangover symptoms in the long run because vomiting gets rid of the alcohol in the stomach and reduces the number of toxins the body has to deal with. The stomach’s irritation may also be a factor in some of the other unpleasant symptoms of a hangover, such as diarrhea and lack of appetite.
  • #46 Bad hangovers? Why genetics, personality and coping mechanisms can make a difference
    https://theconversation.com/bad-hangovers-why-genetics-personality-and-coping-mechanisms-can-make-a-difference-196308
    Some research suggests that people with a variation of the gene ALDH2 report experiencing more severe hangovers. […] However, the ALDH2 gene variant limits the breakdown of acetaldehyde, leading to a greater buildup of the chemical compound thus greater hangover symptoms. […] Age and sex can also influence the way in which a hangover is experienced. […] Interestingly, the authors also reported differences in hangover severity between men and women. […] Certain psychological traits may be linked to how a hangover is experienced including anxiety, depression, stress levels and even personality. […] Anxiety, depression and stress are all also linked with more severe hangovers. […] Pain catastrophising refers to the extent to which a person emphasises the negative experience of pain.
  • #47 Why you can blame your genes for that bad hangover
    https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/1216/1342678-hangovers-alcohol-genes-personality-traits-coping-mechanisms/
    Even if you drink the same amount, it’s likely your hangover will be different from your friends. […] Researchers are now starting to explore the many biological and psychological mechanisms that could influence our experience during hangovers. […] Some research suggests that people with a variation of the gene ALDH2 report experiencing more severe hangovers. […] Age and sex can also influence the way in which a hangover is experienced. […] Certain psychological traits may be linked to how a hangover is experienced including anxiety, depression, stress levels and even personality. […] Anxiety, depression and stress are all also linked with more severe hangovers. […] Research shows that people with high scores of pain catastrophising report more severe hangovers suggesting that they’re focusing on their negative symptoms and possibly amplifying them.
  • #48 Bad hangovers? Why genetics, personality and coping mechanisms can make a difference
    https://theconversation.com/bad-hangovers-why-genetics-personality-and-coping-mechanisms-can-make-a-difference-196308
    Some research suggests that people with a variation of the gene ALDH2 report experiencing more severe hangovers. […] However, the ALDH2 gene variant limits the breakdown of acetaldehyde, leading to a greater buildup of the chemical compound thus greater hangover symptoms. […] Age and sex can also influence the way in which a hangover is experienced. […] Interestingly, the authors also reported differences in hangover severity between men and women. […] Certain psychological traits may be linked to how a hangover is experienced including anxiety, depression, stress levels and even personality. […] Anxiety, depression and stress are all also linked with more severe hangovers. […] Pain catastrophising refers to the extent to which a person emphasises the negative experience of pain.
  • #49 Why you can blame your genes for that bad hangover
    https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/1216/1342678-hangovers-alcohol-genes-personality-traits-coping-mechanisms/
    Even if you drink the same amount, it’s likely your hangover will be different from your friends. […] Researchers are now starting to explore the many biological and psychological mechanisms that could influence our experience during hangovers. […] Some research suggests that people with a variation of the gene ALDH2 report experiencing more severe hangovers. […] Age and sex can also influence the way in which a hangover is experienced. […] Certain psychological traits may be linked to how a hangover is experienced including anxiety, depression, stress levels and even personality. […] Anxiety, depression and stress are all also linked with more severe hangovers. […] Research shows that people with high scores of pain catastrophising report more severe hangovers suggesting that they’re focusing on their negative symptoms and possibly amplifying them.
  • #50 Bad hangovers? Why genetics, personality and coping mechanisms can make a difference
    https://theconversation.com/bad-hangovers-why-genetics-personality-and-coping-mechanisms-can-make-a-difference-196308
    Some research suggests that people with a variation of the gene ALDH2 report experiencing more severe hangovers. […] However, the ALDH2 gene variant limits the breakdown of acetaldehyde, leading to a greater buildup of the chemical compound thus greater hangover symptoms. […] Age and sex can also influence the way in which a hangover is experienced. […] Interestingly, the authors also reported differences in hangover severity between men and women. […] Certain psychological traits may be linked to how a hangover is experienced including anxiety, depression, stress levels and even personality. […] Anxiety, depression and stress are all also linked with more severe hangovers. […] Pain catastrophising refers to the extent to which a person emphasises the negative experience of pain.
  • #51 Why you can blame your genes for that bad hangover
    https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/1216/1342678-hangovers-alcohol-genes-personality-traits-coping-mechanisms/
    Even if you drink the same amount, it’s likely your hangover will be different from your friends. […] Researchers are now starting to explore the many biological and psychological mechanisms that could influence our experience during hangovers. […] Some research suggests that people with a variation of the gene ALDH2 report experiencing more severe hangovers. […] Age and sex can also influence the way in which a hangover is experienced. […] Certain psychological traits may be linked to how a hangover is experienced including anxiety, depression, stress levels and even personality. […] Anxiety, depression and stress are all also linked with more severe hangovers. […] Research shows that people with high scores of pain catastrophising report more severe hangovers suggesting that they’re focusing on their negative symptoms and possibly amplifying them.
  • #52 Bad hangovers? Why genetics, personality and coping mechanisms can make a difference
    https://theconversation.com/bad-hangovers-why-genetics-personality-and-coping-mechanisms-can-make-a-difference-196308
    Research shows that people with high scores of pain catastrophising report more severe hangovers suggesting that theyre focusing on their negative symptoms and possibly amplifying them. […] Emotion regulation is another key psychological mechanism that helps us to deal with difficult situations by effectively managing and responding to emotional experiences. […] Although researchers may have identified a few natural compounds which may alleviate overall hangover symptoms, further research is still needed to determine whether these should be recommended for treatment.
  • #53 Why you can blame your genes for that bad hangover
    https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/1216/1342678-hangovers-alcohol-genes-personality-traits-coping-mechanisms/
    Emotion regulation is another key psychological mechanism that helps us to deal with difficult situations by effectively managing and responding to emotional experiences. […] Although researchers may have identified a few natural compounds which may alleviate overall hangover symptoms, further research is still needed to determine whether these should be recommended for treatment.
  • #54
    https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.001112.php
    The variation in the immune system in regard of cytokine metabolism has been recognized as playing a vital role in pathophysiology of the state of hangover. Mainly the symptoms of the hangover nausea, headache and fatigue have been put forward to be arbitrated by variations in the immune system. […] The aggregation of the acetaldehyde granted by the ALDH enzyme in few people is due to genetic variations. […] The tranquilizing effect of the alcohol induces onset of sleep and the disturbing effect of alcohol on sleep during the hangover state results in fatigue. […] The rate of effectiveness of functions of the brain declines during hangover accompanied by dizziness, nausea and anxiety. […] The certain representative symptoms of withdrawal like the failure to concentrate, decrease in appetite and lack of interest in normal day to day tasks are the result of alcohols stimulation of inflammatory response to the immune system.
  • #55 Alcohol hangover- its effects on human body: Review
    https://www.pulsus.com/scholarly-articles/alcohol-hangover-its-effects-on-human-body-review-4404.html
    Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase produced during alcohol metabolism is chemically reactive substance that binds with proteins and other biologically important compounds. […] Alcohol has sedative effects that can promote sleep onset, the fatigue experienced during a hangover results from alcohols disruptive effects on sleep. […] Alcohol intoxication also interferes with circadian nighttime secretion of growth hormone which is important for bone growth and protein synthesis. […] The alcohol stimulates an inflammatory response to the immune system, which causes a lot of the characteristic signs of a hangover: the inability to concentrate, decreased appetite, and loss of interest in usual activities. […] The memory retrieval processes are significantly impaired during alcohol hangover. […] Alcohol can disrupt the sympathetic nervous system which among other things control the construction and dilation of the blood vessels in response to stress, temperature, exertion, etc.
  • #56 Katerkopfschmerz: Alkohol, Hangover und zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen – Schmerzklinik Kiel
    https://schmerzklinik.de/en/hangover-hangover-and-time-delayed-alcohol-induced-headaches-2/
    Alkohol scheint auch die Verfügbarkeit von Glukose durch einen insulinvermittelten Mechanismus zu hemmen. […] Zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen bedingen einen Anstieg der Herzfrequenz, der linksventrikulären Leistung sowie des Blutdrucks. […] Die Reduktion der elektrischen Aktivität im Elektroenzephalogramm kann noch 16 Stunden nach der Normalisierung der Blutalkoholspiegel aufgedeckt werden. […] In einer Studie wurde ein spezielles Hangover-Gen aufgedeckt. […] Die Schwere von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen ist mit einem erhöhten Risiko für eine Alkoholabhängigkeit, Depressionen und anderen psychischen Störungen korreliert. […] Rauchen an Tagen mit erhöhtem Alkoholkonsum führt zu einer erhöhten Intensität und Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen.
  • #57 Alkohol, Kater, Hangover und zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen – Schmerzklinik Kiel
    https://schmerzklinik.de/en/hangover-hangover-and-time-delayed-alcohol-induced-headaches/
    Alkohol scheint auch die Verfügbarkeit von Glukose durch einen insulinvermittelten Mechanismus zu hemmen. […] Zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen bedingen einen Anstieg der Herzfrequenz, der linksventrikulären Leistung sowie des Blutdrucks. […] Die Reduktion der elektrischen Aktivität im Elektroenzephalogramm kann noch 16 Stunden nach der Normalisierung der Blutalkoholspiegel aufgedeckt werden. […] In einer Studie wurde ein spezielles Hangover-Gen aufgedeckt. […] Die Schwere von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen ist mit einem erhöhten Risiko für eine Alkoholabhängigkeit, Depressionen und anderen psychischen Störungen korreliert. […] Rauchen an Tagen mit erhöhtem Alkoholkonsum führt zu einer erhöhten Intensität und Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen.
  • #58
    https://bicyt.conicet.gov.ar/fichas/produccion/12229963
    Ethanol induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in brain cortex. […] Acetaldehyde, the byproduct of ethanol metabolism, was postulated as a primary contributor to AH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly at brain cortex synapses. […] Results showed that reducing acetaldehyde levels significantly restored mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, and coupling efficiency compared to the AH group (p0.05). […] These findings underscore acetaldehyde as a key factor in the development of AH and demonstrate NAC’s potential to counteract AH pathology representing a promising strategy for mitigating its harmful effects.
  • #59 Katerkopfschmerz: Alkohol, Hangover und zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen – Schmerzklinik Kiel
    https://schmerzklinik.de/en/hangover-hangover-and-time-delayed-alcohol-induced-headaches-2/
    Tierexperimentell konnte gezeigt werden, dass während des zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzes eine mitochondriale Dysfunktion im Kleinhirn von Mäusen besteht und die überdauernden Effekte von Alkohol mitbedingen kann, obwohl im Blut kein Alkohol mehr nachgewiesen werden kann. […] Sowohl Migräne als auch Clusterkopfschmerzen können durch Alkohol getriggert werden. […] Die genaue Analyse der Symptome von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen sowie der Faktoren, die diese bedingen und modulieren, ist lückenhaft. […] Eine Alkoholdosis von 1,5 bis 1,75 g/kg Körpergewicht, die innerhalb von 4-6 Stunden aufgenommen wird, bedingt in der Regel zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen. […] Faktoren, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit für zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen erhöhen, schließen Mangel von Nahrungsaufnahme, reduzierte Schlafqualität und Schlafmenge, erhöhte körperliche Aktivität, Wassermangel und reduzierten körperlichen Allgemeinzustand ein.
  • #60 Alkohol, Kater, Hangover und zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen – Schmerzklinik Kiel
    https://schmerzklinik.de/en/hangover-hangover-and-time-delayed-alcohol-induced-headaches/
    Tierexperimentell konnte gezeigt werden, dass während des zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzes eine mitochondriale Dysfunktion im Kleinhirn von Mäusen besteht und die überdauernden Effekte von Alkohol mitbedingen kann, obwohl im Blut kein Alkohol mehr nachgewiesen werden kann. […] Sowohl Migräne als auch Clusterkopfschmerzen können durch Alkohol getriggert werden. […] Die genaue Analyse der Symptome von zeitverzögerten alkoholinduzierten Kopfschmerzen sowie der Faktoren, die diese bedingen und modulieren, ist lückenhaft. […] Eine Alkoholdosis von 1,5 bis 1,75 g/kg Körpergewicht, die innerhalb von 4-6 Stunden aufgenommen wird, bedingt in der Regel zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen. […] Faktoren, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit für zeitverzögerte alkoholinduzierte Kopfschmerzen erhöhen, schließen Mangel von Nahrungsaufnahme, reduzierte Schlafqualität und Schlafmenge, erhöhte körperliche Aktivität, Wassermangel und reduzierten körperlichen Allgemeinzustand ein.
  • #61
    https://bicyt.conicet.gov.ar/fichas/produccion/12229963
    Ethanol induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in brain cortex. […] Acetaldehyde, the byproduct of ethanol metabolism, was postulated as a primary contributor to AH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly at brain cortex synapses. […] Results showed that reducing acetaldehyde levels significantly restored mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, and coupling efficiency compared to the AH group (p0.05). […] These findings underscore acetaldehyde as a key factor in the development of AH and demonstrate NAC’s potential to counteract AH pathology representing a promising strategy for mitigating its harmful effects.
  • #62 Hangover Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Treatment
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iasar/international-archives-of-substance-abuse-and-rehabilitation-iasar-3-009.php?jid=iasar
    The target of most of the currently proposed treatments for HS is any one of the pathogenic mechanisms of HS. The effectiveness of most of the available drugs has not been confirmed by clinical trials. Therefore, an urgent task for further research is a detailed study of the pathogenic mechanisms of HS, which will make it possible to develop a comprehensive treatment for HS that affects all links of its pathogenesis.
  • #63 The use of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of hangover: a randomized trial | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92676-0
    Hangovers resulting from alcohol intoxication can lead to adverse effects ranging from generalized discomfort and work-related absenteeism to emergency department visits from patients seeking symptomatic care. […] The pathophysiologic effects on the human body are numerous and still not completely understood. Ethanol and its metabolites have been found to cause issues with the natural physiologic equilibrium of the human body causing many well-known hangover symptoms. […] It is theorized from animal studies that various antioxidants (glutathione, its precursor cysteine, some vitamins) may alleviate some of the oxidative stress by decreasing the formation of toxic protein adducts in the liver. […] Since N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor to L-glutathione, it has the potential to decrease oxidative stress on the liver during ethanol degradation as a glutathione donor.
  • #64 The use of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of hangover: a randomized trial | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92676-0
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using oral capsules of NAC in an attempt to provide the liver with the necessary coenzymes to decrease oxidative stress on the liver and diminish the unwanted effects of a hangover. […] Although no difference was found in the general hangover scale scores, the study was suggestive of a gender difference with females having improved hangover symptoms after NAC use. The exact mechanism or reason for this difference is unknown. […] There was also suggestive differences in some specific hangover symptoms, specifically alleviation of nausea and weakness.
  • #65 Noted hangover remedy DHM has added benefit of protecting the liver
    https://today.usc.edu/hangover-remedy-dhm-liver-protection-usc-study/
    DHM helps the body to metabolize alcohol faster, but how does it work? We found it activates a cascade of mechanisms that erase alcohol from the body very quickly, said Jing Liang, a research professor of clinical pharmacy and the corresponding author of the study. […] In total, these findings support the utility of DHM as a dietary supplement to reduce ethanol-induced liver injury via changes in lipid metabolism, enhancement of ethanol metabolism and suppressing inflammation responses to promote liver health, the study said. This line of research suggests that DHM acts on multiple pathways to promote liver health and counteract ethanol injury. […] We now know what [DHM] is doing and how its doing it mechanically, activating a cascade of energy-regulating mechanisms that speed metabolism of ethanol and its byproducts, said Joshua Silva, a doctoral student at the USC School of Pharmacy and study co-author.
  • #66 Research | The launch mechanism of hangover and DHM | FixU Drink
    https://fixudrink.com/fixu-drink/research
    FixU is not based on the alleviation of the acute symptoms of a hangover, but the product is rather based on a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying hangovers, which allows it to affect the causes of a hangover before the body enters the critical state that we call a hangover. […] In short: FixU affects the causes of hangovers before they are transformed into concrete symptoms, i.e. a hangover. […] DHM (dihydromyricetin) is a fully plant-based compound extracted from the Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia Dulcis). […] In addition to several other purposes, the bark has been used to prevent the intoxicating and withdrawal-causing effects of alcohol. […] The flavonoid DHM has also been found to prevent alcohol from affecting the GABA receptors in the brain. […] DHM has been scientifically proven to assist in the fixing of this state of intoxication. It has been shown to increase the amounts of alcohol-breaking enzymes ADH and ALDH in the liver, causing the breakdown of alcohol to speed up. The toxins generated by the burning of the alcohol are then removed from the body with boosted metabolism. In short, DHM improves your natural ability to break down alcohol.
  • #67 Research | The launch mechanism of hangover and DHM | FixU Drink
    https://fixudrink.com/fixu-drink/research
    FixU is not based on the alleviation of the acute symptoms of a hangover, but the product is rather based on a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying hangovers, which allows it to affect the causes of a hangover before the body enters the critical state that we call a hangover. […] In short: FixU affects the causes of hangovers before they are transformed into concrete symptoms, i.e. a hangover. […] DHM (dihydromyricetin) is a fully plant-based compound extracted from the Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia Dulcis). […] In addition to several other purposes, the bark has been used to prevent the intoxicating and withdrawal-causing effects of alcohol. […] The flavonoid DHM has also been found to prevent alcohol from affecting the GABA receptors in the brain. […] DHM has been scientifically proven to assist in the fixing of this state of intoxication. It has been shown to increase the amounts of alcohol-breaking enzymes ADH and ALDH in the liver, causing the breakdown of alcohol to speed up. The toxins generated by the burning of the alcohol are then removed from the body with boosted metabolism. In short, DHM improves your natural ability to break down alcohol.
  • #68
    https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2011/05/27/the-hangover-pathophysiology-and-treatment-of-an-alcohol-induced-hangover/
    Perhaps understanding the effect of alcohol consumption on the immune system will elucidate the underlying cause of the hangover. A number of studies have shown that following a night of heavy drinking there is an upregulation of cytokines and prostaglandins. […] Most importantly, the serum levels of these inflammatory markers were directly related to the degree of hangover symptoms. […] While the exact biological basis of a hangover may remain somewhat of a mystery, there is good evidence that certain factors exacerbate hangover symptoms. […] Simply put, darker liquors generally cause worse hangover symptoms. It is thought that this is due to so-called congeners, byproducts of the fermentation process related to the different casks and grains used. […] The one bright spot? Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) extract has been shown to decrease the inflammation associated with hangovers and the subsequent incidence of nausea, dry mouth, and anorexia. […] As you may have suspected, however, the most important factor in preventing a hangover remains abstinence or moderation.
  • #69 Medicinal Material set – Hangover – CEI Medical
    https://www.ceitek.com/food_supplement/hangover.html
    Arrowroot is good at anti-free radical. It can reduce the concentration of ethanol in our blood, and the increment of blood viscosity because of red blood cells aggregating, which is due to the formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation caused by alcohol, can reduce hangover thereby. […] Schisandra has been used in the treatment of various hepatitis for a long time, with an efficacy of up to about 80%, and no toxicity and obvious side effects have been found. Schisandra contains more than 30 kinds of lignin which help maintains the GSH concentration in our liver to help the execution of anti-oxidant enzymes, can protect the liver from chemical damage. And increases GSH reeducates activity, which in turn helps the liver to detoxify. […] The triterpenoids are considered to be the most important active ingredients of Antrodia camphorata, it can effectively reduce the AST and ALT values caused by alcohol induced liver injury and delay the liver cell fibrosis induced by CCl4. By effectively inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species in cells, it can reduce the free radical content and anti-inflammatory effects in the body.
  • #70 Drinking party season is upon us! What drinks are effective in prevent
    https://yamamotoyama.co.jp/en/blogs/column/reading239?srsltid=AfmBOopMa2BZWxDXYYX6HdUeT4aPW_PCRQp2t0VUTrCbiTPC35UjemdR
    The cause of a hangover is a substance called acetaldehyde, which is produced during the breakdown of alcohol. […] Alcohol is broken down in the liver and first becomes a substance called acetaldehyde. […] However, if you drink too much alcohol, your liver cannot keep up with the breakdown of the alcohol, and the acetaldehyde that is being broken down accumulates, resulting in a hangover. […] First, the caffeine contained in green tea activates the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), which helps break down alcohol in the liver. […] Caffeine activates this function, preventing acetaldehyde from accumulating in the body and preventing hangovers. […] In other words, drinking green tea can reduce the concentration of acetaldehyde, the substance that causes hangovers, and prevent hangovers.
  • #71 Drinking party season is upon us! What drinks are effective in prevent
    https://yamamotoyama.co.jp/en/blogs/column/reading239?srsltid=AfmBOopMa2BZWxDXYYX6HdUeT4aPW_PCRQp2t0VUTrCbiTPC35UjemdR
    In addition, catechins, which are abundant in green tea, are thought to protect the stomach lining and suppress the absorption of alcohol. […] For these reasons, drinking green tea before drinking alcohol can help prevent hangovers by slowing down the absorption of alcohol and preventing the rise in blood alcohol concentration. […] Additionally, green tea has a diuretic effect, helping to flush excess fluid and alcohol from the body. […] The fatigue and swelling you feel when you have a hangover is caused in part by excess fluid retention in the body, but drinking green tea can help alleviate these symptoms. […] In this way, green tea can be expected to have the effect of preventing a hangover. […] However, no matter how good a drink is, it’s important not to drink too much. Drinking too much alcohol can lead to excess acetaldehyde building up in the body, which can cause a hangover.
  • #72 Regular exercise could reduce the severity of hangovers – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/regular-exercise-could-reduce-the-severity-of-hangovers-heres-how-241147
    While the study only established a correlation between exercise and reduced hangover severity, several mechanisms may help explain why physical activity could mitigate hangover symptoms. […] But exercise triggers the release of endorphins hormones produced by the brain which serve as natural painkillers. Regular exercise may even elevate your baseline endorphin levels. This could potentially lead to a lower perception of pain and discomfort during a hangover. […] But regular exercise is linked to better sleep patterns by helping to regulate the circadian rhythm. Overall, physical activity can improve sleep duration, sleep quality and reduce the number of times you wake up during the night. This may in turn help you get a better nights sleep after drinking which could improve your overall recovery from a hangover.
  • #73 Regular exercise could reduce the severity of hangovers – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/regular-exercise-could-reduce-the-severity-of-hangovers-heres-how-241147
    While the study only established a correlation between exercise and reduced hangover severity, several mechanisms may help explain why physical activity could mitigate hangover symptoms. […] But exercise triggers the release of endorphins hormones produced by the brain which serve as natural painkillers. Regular exercise may even elevate your baseline endorphin levels. This could potentially lead to a lower perception of pain and discomfort during a hangover. […] But regular exercise is linked to better sleep patterns by helping to regulate the circadian rhythm. Overall, physical activity can improve sleep duration, sleep quality and reduce the number of times you wake up during the night. This may in turn help you get a better nights sleep after drinking which could improve your overall recovery from a hangover.
  • #74 Regular exercise could reduce the severity of hangovers – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/regular-exercise-could-reduce-the-severity-of-hangovers-heres-how-241147
    Regular physical activity contributes to better metabolic health, which may facilitate the efficient processing of alcohol. […] Exercise also improves circulation, which may also aid in flushing out acetaldehyde. This is a toxic chemical released by alcohol when the body metabolises it. Acetaldehyde significantly contributes to hangover symptoms. […] But exercise has well-documented anti-inflammatory properties as it stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This means regular exercisers could experience less inflammation-related discomfort during hangovers. […] Its important to clarify that while exercise might help make hangovers more bearable, its not a cure. The most effective way to prevent a hangover is to drink in moderation or avoid it altogether. But for those who choose to indulge, integrating regular physical activity into your lifestyle might just make hangovers a little less debilitating. […] While this recent studys findings shouldnt be seen as providing an excuse to overindulge, it does highlight the ways that exercise equips the body to better handle the aftermath of a night of drinking potentially making those rough mornings a bit more manageable.
  • #75 Regular exercise could reduce the severity of hangovers – here’s how
    https://theconversation.com/regular-exercise-could-reduce-the-severity-of-hangovers-heres-how-241147
    Regular physical activity contributes to better metabolic health, which may facilitate the efficient processing of alcohol. […] Exercise also improves circulation, which may also aid in flushing out acetaldehyde. This is a toxic chemical released by alcohol when the body metabolises it. Acetaldehyde significantly contributes to hangover symptoms. […] But exercise has well-documented anti-inflammatory properties as it stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This means regular exercisers could experience less inflammation-related discomfort during hangovers. […] Its important to clarify that while exercise might help make hangovers more bearable, its not a cure. The most effective way to prevent a hangover is to drink in moderation or avoid it altogether. But for those who choose to indulge, integrating regular physical activity into your lifestyle might just make hangovers a little less debilitating. […] While this recent studys findings shouldnt be seen as providing an excuse to overindulge, it does highlight the ways that exercise equips the body to better handle the aftermath of a night of drinking potentially making those rough mornings a bit more manageable.
  • #76 Hangover Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Treatment
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iasar/international-archives-of-substance-abuse-and-rehabilitation-iasar-3-009.php?jid=iasar
    To discuss the state of art of pathogenesis and treatment of Hangover Syndrome (HS). […] It was shown, that there is a significant gap in the understanding of pathogenesis of HS, which hamper the elaboration of means of metabolic correction of this condition. The actual task of future research is the detailed investigation of pathogenic mechanisms of HS. This will allow elaborating the comprehensive medicine for HS treatment targeting all links of its pathogenesis. […] Despite the significant damage to health and large economic losses associated with HS, the pathogenesis of this condition is not well understood. At the same time, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HS is necessary for the development of means for the prevention and treatment of this condition. Presumptive mechanisms of HS pathogenesis are: Alcohol-induced metabolic and endocrine disorders, oxidative stress, inflammation, disturbances in water-electrolyte balance and acid-base balance.
  • #77 The Inflammatory Response to Alcohol Consumption and Its Role in the Pathology of Alcohol Hangover
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/7/2081
    It took 20 years for other studies to confirm that alcohol consumption is accompanied by an immune response, and that elevated levels of cytokines in blood and saliva may be related to the presence and severity of the alcohol hangover. […] The alcohol hangover refers to the combination of negative mental and physical symptoms, which can be experienced after a single episode of alcohol consumption, starting when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) approaches zero. […] Alcohol consumption significantly increased PGE2 and TXB2 concentrations (the placebo condition). Administering tolfenamic acid partly counteracted the observed increments. […] The findings suggest that the alcohol hangover is mediated by an inflammatory response, as they observed significant correlations between blood C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration and hangover severity.
  • #78 Hangover Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Treatment
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iasar/international-archives-of-substance-abuse-and-rehabilitation-iasar-3-009.php?jid=iasar
    The target of most of the currently proposed treatments for HS is any one of the pathogenic mechanisms of HS. The effectiveness of most of the available drugs has not been confirmed by clinical trials. Therefore, an urgent task for further research is a detailed study of the pathogenic mechanisms of HS, which will make it possible to develop a comprehensive treatment for HS that affects all links of its pathogenesis.
  • #79 Bad hangovers? Why genetics, personality and coping mechanisms can make a difference
    https://theconversation.com/bad-hangovers-why-genetics-personality-and-coping-mechanisms-can-make-a-difference-196308
    Research shows that people with high scores of pain catastrophising report more severe hangovers suggesting that theyre focusing on their negative symptoms and possibly amplifying them. […] Emotion regulation is another key psychological mechanism that helps us to deal with difficult situations by effectively managing and responding to emotional experiences. […] Although researchers may have identified a few natural compounds which may alleviate overall hangover symptoms, further research is still needed to determine whether these should be recommended for treatment.
  • #80
    https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2011/05/27/the-hangover-pathophysiology-and-treatment-of-an-alcohol-induced-hangover/
    Perhaps understanding the effect of alcohol consumption on the immune system will elucidate the underlying cause of the hangover. A number of studies have shown that following a night of heavy drinking there is an upregulation of cytokines and prostaglandins. […] Most importantly, the serum levels of these inflammatory markers were directly related to the degree of hangover symptoms. […] While the exact biological basis of a hangover may remain somewhat of a mystery, there is good evidence that certain factors exacerbate hangover symptoms. […] Simply put, darker liquors generally cause worse hangover symptoms. It is thought that this is due to so-called congeners, byproducts of the fermentation process related to the different casks and grains used. […] The one bright spot? Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) extract has been shown to decrease the inflammation associated with hangovers and the subsequent incidence of nausea, dry mouth, and anorexia. […] As you may have suspected, however, the most important factor in preventing a hangover remains abstinence or moderation.
  • #81 Can You Prevent Your Next Hangover By Using Cheers (Thrive+)? | Office for Science and Society – McGill University
    https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-quackery/can-you-prevent-your-next-hangover-using-thrive
    DHM is reported as having poor structural stability: indeed, it degrades when exposed to the enzymes produced by your pancreas, to light, and importantly, to pepsin, one of the chief enzymes made by your stomach to digest food. […] Because the quality of the evidence with regards to Thrive+ and its main ingredient, dihydromyricetin, is so poor, I’m in no position to state with assurance whether the product works or not. […] The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol-induced hangovers is thus to practise abstinence or moderation.