Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Alcohol Hangover

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/

  Hangovers are a frequent, though unpleasant, experience among people who drink to intoxication. Despite the prevalence of hangovers, however, this condition is not well understood scientifically. Multiple possible contributors to the hangover state have been investigated, and researchers have produced evidence that alcohol can directly promote hangover symptoms through its effects on urine production, the gastrointestinal tract, blood sugar concentrations, sleep patterns, and biological rhythms. […] In addition, researchers postulate that effects related to alcohols absence after a drinking bout (i.e., withdrawal), alcohol metabolism, and other factors (e.g., biologically active, nonalcohol compounds in beverages; the use of other drugs; certain personality traits; and a family history of alcoholism) also may contribute to the hangover condition.

• #1 The Chemistry of a Hangover | Office for Science and Society – McGill University

  https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health/curing-hangover

  First off, lets examine why you may feel so gross the morning after a night of drinks. The culprits are acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. […] Acetaldehyde, a metabolite of ethanol (ie alcohol) is eventually excreted from the body as acetic acid. But before its conversion to acetic acid, acetaldehyde contributes to the symptoms of a hangover. We know that genetic factors play a role in the breakdown of alcohol, which is why hangover symptoms vary from person to person. […] There is more to the hangover, however, than just acetaldehyde. Dehydration plays an important role, as does hypoglycemia, which can happen due to alcohol causing sugar to be lost in the urine. But in all likelihood, the greatest contributor to the hangover is methanol, another fermentation product found in alcoholic beverages, luckily in small amounts because methanol is highly toxic. […] Confirmation about the critical role of methanol in hangovers comes from a study showing that treatment with 4-methylpyrazole, a drug that blocks the breakdown of methanol, can eliminate the symptoms.

• #1 Is It a Hangover? Fever, Nausea, and Pain After Alcohol – Heroes’ Mile Behavioral Hospital

  https://www.heroesmile.com/is-it-a-hangover-fever/

  As the body processes alcohol, the first byproduct is a chemical known as acetaldehyde. This chemical is estimated to be around 10 to 30 times as toxic as alcohol itself. Moreover, acetaldehyde has been found to cause symptoms such as sweating, skin flushing, nausea and vomiting, and takes longer to remove from the body than alcohol. […] Additionally, alcohol triggers the bodys natural immune system, in much the same way that an infection doesexcept that, instead of fighting disease, your immune system is fighting the alcohol you just consumed. Studies have shown that hangover symptoms are often accompanied by high levels of cytokines, proteins that the immune system uses to signal cells to fight a foreign infection. This can lead to headaches, nausea, exhaustion, and yeseven an alcohol fever.

• #1 Hangovers | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/hangovers

  For many people, a night of drinking can lead to a painful morning after and the dreaded effects of a hangover. What causes the typical symptoms of a hangover? A hangover refers to a set of symptoms that occur as a consequence of drinking too much. Typical symptoms include fatigue, weakness, thirst, headache, muscle aches, nausea, stomach pain, vertigo, sensitivity to light and sound, anxiety, irritability, sweating, and increased blood pressure. Alcohol is the main culprit in a hangover, but other components of alcoholic beverages might contribute to hangover symptoms or make a hangover worse. A number of factors can contribute to hangovers: Mild dehydration: Alcohol suppresses the release of vasopressin, a hormone produced by the brain that sends signals to the kidneys causing them to retain fluid. As a result, alcohol increases urination and excess loss of fluids. The mild dehydration that results likely contributes to hangover symptoms such as thirst, fatigue, and a headache. Gastrointestinal irritation: Alcohol directly irritates the lining of the stomach and increases acid release. This can lead to nausea and stomach discomfort. Inflammation: Alcohol increases inflammation in the body. Inflammation contributes to the malaise that people feel when they are sick, so it may play a role in hangover symptoms as well. Acetaldehyde exposure: Alcohol metabolism, primarily by the liver, creates the compound acetaldehyde, a toxic, short-lived byproduct, which contributes to inflammation in the liver, pancreas, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. Hangover symptoms peak when the blood alcohol concentration in the body returns to about zero. Hangovers can be both painful and dangerous. During a hangover, a person’s attention, decision-making, and muscle coordination can all be impaired. The only way to completely avoid a hangover is to not drink alcohol at all or to keep alcohol intake to a minimum. There is no cure for a hangover other than time. Although many remedies for alleviating hangovers are mentioned on the web and in social media, none have been scientifically proven to be effective. There is no magic potion for beating hangovers and only time can help. Ultimately, the only surefire remedy for a hangover is to avoid getting one by drinking in moderation or choosing not to drink.

• #1 What causes hangovers? (And what to do about them)

  https://science.drinklmnt.com/did-you-know/what-causes-hangovers

  What causes hangovers? (And what to do about them) […] The liver first detoxifies ethanol with three sets of enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, and catalase. […] The term detoxifies is a little misleading, though. In fact, ADH turns ethanol into another toxin, acetaldehyde, that’s more toxic than ethanol itself. […] Hangover is a catch-all term for the headaches, weakness, dry mouth, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and shakiness that may follow alcohol intoxication. The severity of the hangover depends on several factors. […] Most people think that alcohol causes hangovers. But that’s not technically true. […] Indirectly, sure. Drinking alcohol means headache, fatigue and nausea the next morning. But it’s not the ethanol itself that makes you feel like a drugged badger who just ate expired tuna salad.

• #1 Hangover symptoms: what happens to your body when you have a hangover – myDr.com.au

  https://mydr.com.au/addictions/hangovers-how-your-body-is-affected/

  Doctors believe that there are many things that contribute to these unpleasant symptoms, including dehydration and the way alcohol is processed (metabolised) in your body that is the way your liver breaks down alcohol. Inflammation also seems to play a role. […] But when you have had a lot of alcohol to drink, your liver may not convert the acetaldehyde as quickly as usual, and it may build up enough to contribute to the nausea, vomiting and sweating of a hangover. […] Alcohol can prevent your body from maintaining its usual tight control on blood sugar levels, causing a low blood sugar concentration. Low blood sugar is one of the main causes of fatigue and weakness that people experience as part of a hangover. […] Alcohol is a diuretic, meaning that it stimulates your body to increase urine production, depleting your body of fluid. This can cause dehydration if you have consumed a lot of alcohol. Symptoms of dehydration may include dry mouth, thirst, dizziness and headache.

• #1 Why Some People Have Worse Hangovers Than Others

  https://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/why-your-hangovers-are-worse-your-friends

  Hangovers (or veisalgia, if you want to get all medical) are caused by many different factors, including your body size and the quality of the liquor you’re drinking, says Zachary Abbott Ph.D., the founder of ZBiotics. […] That first step is responsible for getting you drunk and, depending on how much acetaldehyde sits in your system and for how long, it’s also responsible for making you feel like crap later, explains Abbott. […] However, different people carry different variations and amounts of those enzymes, notes the NIAAA which could be why your bestie feels normal after a night of heavy drinking while you’re ready to swear off of alcohol for life. „Some people are just naturally able to produce more or better quality of this enzyme,” says Abbott. „It’s not yet fully understood why. These are just human differences,” he adds. […] „One of the biggest misconceptions is that a hangover is just dehydration, but that’s far from the truth,” says Dr. Burke. „You also have inflammation and free radicals, destructive particles that harm cells and DNA, wreaking havoc,” he explains. […] A cure for hangovers? Toast to that!

• #1 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012

  A hangover is a group of unpleasant symptoms that can happen after drinking too much alcohol. […] Generally, the more alcohol you drink, the more likely you are to have a hangover the next day. […] Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people, while others may drink heavily and not have a hangover. […] Several issues may contribute to a hangover. For example: Alcohol causes the body to make more urine. You lose extra body liquid by urinating more than usual. This can lead to dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration include extra thirst, tiredness, headache, dizziness and lightheadedness. […] Alcohol triggers an inflammatory response from the immune system. The immune system may make certain substances linked to the body’s defense system. This commonly causes physical symptoms that make you feel as if you’re ill. Your symptoms also may include problems thinking clearly and remembering, poor appetite, and loss of interest in usual activities.

• #1 Hangover Symptoms: Causes, Remedies, & Treatment

  https://alcoholrehabhelp.org/addiction/effects/hangovers/

  An alcohol hangover is a consequence of drinking too many alcoholic beverages in a short period. Excessive drinking affects the body’s functions. […] Alcohol prevents the release of vasopressin hormone that regulates kidney function and retains bodily fluids. Drinking alcohol causes the kidneys to release more of these fluids than they should. […] Alcohol causes an inflammatory reaction in the body, affecting organs like the liver and brain. Regular excessive alcohol use and the resulting inflammation can damage these organs. […] Alcohol is acidic and irritates the stomach lining, causing it to produce more gastric acids. This contributes to stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting associated with hangovers. […] The body needs sugar to function, and alcohol causes its levels to fall. This drop can result in unpleasant experiences.

• #1 What Causes A Hangover? Symptoms, Duration, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/what-causes-a-hangover

  Alcohol is the obvious culprit behind a hangover. […] But it isn’t always the alcohol itself. Its diuretic or dehydrating effects actually cause most hangover symptoms. […] Chemicals called congeners can also cause more intense hangovers. […] Dehydration is one of the main causes of headaches, dizziness, and, of course, thirst. […] Alcohol intake affects your body’s electrolyte levels. Electrolyte imbalances may contribute to headaches, irritability, and weakness. […] Drinking alcohol may impair your immune system. A wide range of hangover symptoms, including nausea, decreased appetite, and inability to concentrate may be related to temporary changes in immune system function caused by alcohol. […] Low blood sugar is associated with fatigue, dizziness, and irritability. […] Congeners are associated with more severe hangovers.

• #1 What causes a hangover, and how can we get rid of it? – DW – 01/01/2024

  https://www.dw.com/en/what-causes-a-hangover-and-how-can-we-get-rid-of-it/a-67841235

  Dehydration: alcohol is a diuretic, meaning it increases urination. Alcohol supresses the release of vasopressin, a hormone that signals the kidneys to retain fluid. This loss of fluid leads to mild dehydration, contributing to headaches and fatigue. […] Headache: headaches are a staple of hangovers. One reason is the mild dehydration, which is caused by a minor shrinkage in your brain due to loss of water. This shrinkage pulls the brain away from the skull, dragging on nerves outside the brain that cause pain. […] Nausea: Alcohol irritates the stomach lining and increases stomach acid release, leading to nausea and stomach upset. […] Fatigue: Along with the late night, alcohol consumption causes fragmented and disrupted sleep, making you tired and irritable the following day. […] One reason could be your genes. Studies have shown that many people are less effective at metabolizing alcohol in the liver due to genetic variances.

• #1 11 Interesting Facts About Hangovers | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/36934-interesting-facts-hangovers-causes-prevention.html

  The body’s water content is to blame for a woman’s more potent hangover. […] „When a man and a woman who weigh exactly the same drink the same amount of alcohol, the woman will always have a higher blood alcohol content because there’s less water to dilute it,” Swift said. […] Inflammation adds to the complexity of a hangover’s causes. […] Alcohol releases inflammatory molecules from the liver, known as cytokines. […] „Cytokines are what make you feel achy and feverish when you have the flu,” Swift said.

• #1 Things We Don’t Know: What causes hangovers?

  https://blog.thingswedontknow.com/2016/03/what-causes-hangovers.html

  Joris Verster and the Alcohol Hangover Research Group report that electrolyte levels are pretty much the same in hungover people to those who havent had a drink at all, leaving the reason orange juice and bananas seem to help hangovers as a mystery. […] Although this theory holds water on the face of it, sugar does not appear to be the remedy either. […] Some scientists think that hangovers could be caused not by alcohol, but by you. That is, by your immune system kicking in to fight off the trespassing alcohol molecules – treating them as a disease. […] If so, anti-inflammatories like ibuprofen or immunosuppressants to prevent the release of cytokine could simply be the hangover cure.

• #1 Why we get hangovers | News | Chemistry World

  https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/why-we-get-hangovers/3007236.article

  Its thought that measures to boost ALDH activity may mitigate the effects of hangovers by reducing the availability of acetaldehyde. […] Although pyritinol reduced the number of hangover symptoms by around 50%, the mechanism for the effect couldn’t be explained. […] The results showed significant increases in cytokine concentrations during a hangover, but there were no significant differences in cytokine concentrations were found between hangover-sensitive participants and those claiming to be hangover-resistant.

• #1 Hangover: Symptoms, causes, treatments, and your questions answered.

  https://examine.com/conditions/hangover/?srsltid=AfmBOoryO5N2nyop-0WZRkhU_zf9idv8wlI93KigqFr3bfMi32_F-3uI

  Hangover (or alcohol hangover) refers to the negative physical and mental symptoms experienced after a single episode of alcohol consumption. Common hangover symptoms include cognitive impairments and mood alterations, and there appears to be no reliable hangover cure other than time. […] […] Hangover seems to be the result of the direct effects of alcohol (ethanol) on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are generated during the breakdown of alcohol. ROS elicit mitochondria damage and oxidative stress throughout the body and central nervous system (CNS). ROS also activate the immune system, initiating both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in the body and CNS. Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, tremor, and learning and memory deficits occur in the presence of elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, and higher levels of inflammation and ROS are associated with a greater hangover severity, directly implicating them in the pathology of hangover. […]

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-causes-a-hangover.aspx

  Alcohol increases acid production in the stomach, which irritates the stomach lining, as well as delays the stomach from emptying, which can cause stomach pain and vomiting. […] The tremors and sweating often experienced during a hangover are the result of alcohol withdrawal. […] Drinking too much alcohol can cause a low blood sugar level, which leads to weakness, light-headedness, tiredness, and a lack of co-ordination.

• #1 The Science of Hangovers – Eater

  https://www.eater.com/drinks/2015/12/31/10685644/hangover-cures-how-to-prevent-hungover

  A relative newcomer to the debate is the role of the immune system. A 2003 study found that people with hangovers have elevated cytokines—chemicals secreted by our immune system that work in cell signaling and help to fight off infections. High levels of cytokines have been associated with nausea, headaches, and fatigue and, in some studies, disrupted memory formation. […] While more studies are needed to pinpoint hangover causes, we do have biological explanations for some symptoms. […] It’s not surprising that a theory arose suggesting dehydration causes hangovers, but science disagrees. […] Dehydration may be related to your headache, though. […] Alcohol irritates your stomach lining and increases production of gastric acid, pancreatic and intestinal secretions. This can lead to nausea, stomach pain, and diarrhea.

• #1 What Are the Primary Causes of a Hangover?

  https://capsulyte.com/blogs/hangover-prevention/what-causes-a-hangover?srsltid=AfmBOopFwkgGqcmI6_rfRTL6nVcpiTB5sy1riUMCOzx93ttsPq241j4n

  Alcohol and dehydration are strongly associated since alcohol is a potent diuretic. […] When you drink alcohol, your body will produce less vasopressin, otherwise known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). […] Since alcohol is one of the most common gut irritants, drinking alcohol can often lead to all kinds of unpleasant symptoms of an irritated gut, such as nausea, stomachache, bloating, poor appetite, and abdominal pain. […] Although drinking alcohol may make you feel sleepy, drinking alcohol before going to bed can actually result in interrupted or shallow sleep, since alcohol disturbs your sleep architecture. […] You may not have realized, but hangover symptoms are actually minor alcohol withdrawal symptoms. […] Alcohol can cause damage to blood vessels in the gut, to which the immune system responds with inflammation.

• #1 What causes hangovers? (And what to do about them)

  https://science.drinklmnt.com/did-you-know/what-causes-hangovers

  Hangover symptoms, researchers believe, are at least partly caused by this toxic buildup. Acetaldehyde also triggers an immune response, causing the body to attack this chemical. Where there’s immune activity (or inflammation), symptoms soon follow. […] Alcohol consumption has a diuretic effect, meaning it increases fluid loss through urine. And when more fluids leave the body than enter it, that’s called dehydration. The symptoms of dehydration—headaches, lethargy, dry mouth and dizziness—align nicely with our list of hangover symptoms. […] Alcohol throws these levels off. […] In other words, electrolyte deficiencies provoked by drinking alcohol can cause hangover symptoms. […] Even small amounts of alcohol damage the gut, springing leaks in the delicate barrier separating your intestines from your body. This is called leaky gut. […] When the gut becomes leaky, particles slip into the bloodstream, and a confused immune system attacks. Now you have inflammation, which in turn creates digestive symptoms that exacerbate hangover symptoms.

• #1 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012

  Alcohol irritates the lining of the stomach. Alcohol can irritate your stomach. Alcohol also causes your stomach to make more acid. This can cause belly pain, nausea or vomiting. […] Alcohol can cause blood sugar levels to fall. If your blood sugar dips too low, you may feel extra tired, weak and shaky. You also may have mood changes and even seizures. […] Alcohol prevents restful sleep. You may feel sleepy, but alcohol keeps you from getting the kind of sleep that helps you feel rested. Alcohol also often causes you to awaken in the middle of the night or too early in the morning. Not getting good-quality sleep may leave you groggy and tired. […] Congeners are more likely to produce a hangover or make a hangover worse. But drinking too much alcohol of any color can still make you feel bad the next morning.

• #1 Alcohol Hangover

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/

  Alcohol may directly contribute to a hangover in several ways, including dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal disturbances, low blood sugar, and sleep and biological rhythm disturbances. […] Several alterations in the metabolic state of the liver and other organs occur in response to the presence of alcohol in the body and can result in low blood sugar levels (i.e., low glucose levels, or hypoglycemia). […] Alcohol-induced hypoglycemia generally occurs after binge drinking over several days in alcoholics who have not been eating. […] Alcohol interferes with other biological rhythms as well, and these effects persist into the hangover period. […] Alcohol intoxication results in vasodilatation, which may induce headaches. […] Several lines of evidence suggest that a hangover is a mild manifestation of the AW syndrome in non-alcohol-dependent drinkers.

• #1 Hangovers: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Remedies

  https://thenestledrecovery.com/rehab-blog/hangovers/

  The presence of congeners in darker alcoholic beverages worsens these effects. […] Alcohol consumption causes blood sugar levels to fall, leading to fatigue, mood disturbances, and general weakness. […] Alcohol also disrupts sleep quality and patterns, leading to fatigue and irritability due to inadequate rest. It interferes with the bodys glucose regulation, often causing hypoglycemia, which results in feelings of weakness, mood disturbances, and decreased concentration. […] The immune system responds to alcohol by releasing cytokines, which are inflammatory substances that enhance feelings of illness and discomfort. Collectively, these reactions contribute to the typical symptoms experienced during a hangover, affecting the bodys neurological, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems.

• #1 Hangover Symptoms: Causes, Remedies, & Treatment

  https://alcoholrehabhelp.org/addiction/effects/hangovers/

  Alcohol leads to disrupted and fragmented sleep. It leaves you feeling fatigued and without rest, a common hangover symptom. The lack of quality sleep may also contribute to memory loss, confusion, and trouble thinking. […] This toxic by-product of alcohol contributes to increased inflammation in various body parts. […] Withdrawal and frequent hangovers are signs of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). […] Hangovers are common, even among people who don’t have alcohol misuse problems. However, if you experience frequent hangovers, it could be a sign that an addiction is forming. […] Frequent hangovers may be a sign of an alcohol use disorder or addiction.

• #1 Hangovers – causes, symptoms and prevention

  https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/general-health-effects/hangovers-causes-symptoms-and-prevention

  Dehydration makes hangover symptoms worse. […] Alcohol makes you pee more frequently, which can lead to dehydration if this fluid is not replaced. […] Drinking alcohol disturbs your sleep, causing you to spend less time in the important Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep-stage meaning you wake feeling less refreshed. […] Alcohol causes hangovers. But your genes and choice of drink might play a part. […] Some drinks have more congeners than others for example red wine generally has more than white and there is some evidence these could make a hangover worse, for some people. […] But we do know for certain that the cause of a hangover is alcohol.

• #1 What Causes a Hangover? It’s More Than Just Overindulging – University Health News

  https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/general-health/what-causes-a-hangover-its-more-than-just-overindulging/

  Poor sleep. Its believed that a restless nights sleep can worsen a hangover. […] According to a study published in the journal Addiction, those who participated in a heavy night of drinking suffered from impaired focus, psychomotor skills, and short- and long-term memory. They also struggled with everyday tasks such as driving. […] A study by researchers from Brown University found that alcohol decreased sleep efficiency and rapid eye movement sleep, and increased wake time and next-day sleepiness. […] The same study found that those who are hungover have slower reaction times. […] As much as you wish it wouldnt, a hangover usually lasts for 18 hours after you stop drinking. So, if you drank until midnight, your hangover would last until 6 pm the next day, Richards explains.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-causes-a-hangover.aspx

  The experience of a hangover varies between individuals, but, generally it is characterized by headache, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and dehydration. […] The main reason people get hangovers is drinking too much alcohol. […] There are a number of reasons why drinking too much alcohol can lead to a hangover and some of these are described below. […] Alcoholic is a diuretic and the consumption of alcohol results in water being removed from the body via urination. […] Ethanol, the alcoholic present in alcoholic drinks, is a toxin that passes into the bloodstream and gets distributed around the body, causing damage and irritation to cells. […] An even more toxic chemical called acetaldehyde is formed when alcohol is broken down in the liver. […] Alcohol fermentation produces by-products called congeners.

• #1 The Science of Hangovers – Eater

  https://www.eater.com/drinks/2015/12/31/10685644/hangover-cures-how-to-prevent-hungover

  Sometimes it seems the misery of a hangover is a cosmic joke, a punishment for enjoying a night out. […] There is no consistent rhyme or reason as to who will wake up feeling like death warmed over. But some studies indicate that a blood alcohol content (BAC) of .1 seems to be the magic number. […] Despite the fact that hangovers are an incredibly common condition, affecting millions of people and responsible for billions of dollars in lost productivity and absenteeism each year, there is a notable lack of studies into their cause and treatment. So the truth is, we’re not quite sure what causes a hangover. But there are a few theories. In the liver, alcohol is broken down into toxic acetaldehyde. […] Another popular theory is cogeners. These compounds, produced during fermentation, exist to varying degrees in different types of alcohol. Dark alcohols high in cogeners (red wine, whiskey, tequila) are shown to increase the frequency and severity of hangovers, as compared to drinks with low cogener content (vodka, gin, rum).

• #1

  https://www.noworrieslab.com/en/blogs/articulos/que-causa-resacas?srsltid=AfmBOopJ5LECpKFJIboDpoblosB1TMFAiw5CtBc1TZLIzs4x9D8n435k

  There are many theories about what causes hangovers. […] The central part of an alcoholic beverage is ethyl alcohol, or ethanol. But there are other compounds in alcohol as well. They are called congeners, and experts suggest they may be the cause of hangovers. […] Typically, dark alcohol or darker colored beverages have higher levels of congeners than lighter colored alcoholic beverages. […] Congeners are a byproduct of this reaction. […] And according to several studies, as we have previously noted, alcoholic beverages with large amounts of congeners appear to increase the frequency and intensity of hangovers, because the body has difficulty breaking them down. […] Research shows that conspecifics may be responsible for hangovers, but they are not the only cause. […] However, congeners also influence the severity of the hangover.

• #1 The science behind hangovers — and what to do when you get one  |

  https://ideas.ted.com/the-science-behind-hangovers-and-what-to-do-when-you-get-one-david-nutt/

  Consuming high quantities of congeners chemical byproducts produced during fermentation and distillation processes is also thought to make hangovers worse. […] Methanol, a product of sugar fermentation, is thought to be a major contributor to the symptoms of hangover. […] When you drink alcohol, it stimulates GABA. […] When we drink, the imbalance between GABA and glutamate that is, too much GABA and too little glutamate has been shown in rodents to correlate with the intensity of withdrawal. […] The inflammatory response happens when your body is damaged, and although its part of the immune systems natural response, it can be destructive. […] Chronic inflammation is believed to be a significant factor in many long-term health conditions, from diabetes to cancer and liver cirrhosis.

• #1

  https://us.sentiaspirits.com/blogs/sentia-journal/hangover-horrors

  Hangovers are also fuelled by substances like acetaldehyde, acetones, histamines, and methanol by-products that turn up after your body has broken down all that booze you’ve been swimming in. Acetaldehyde is the most common by-product of alcohol metabolism, and it’s usually broken down further and eliminated from the body though some of us have genetic eccentricities that mean it stays around longer, making us feel pretty terrible. One of the nastier conjoiners is methanol, which breaks down into formaldehyde and formic acid, both highly toxic, contributing significantly to the hangover experience. […] Finally, all those poisonous conjoiners floating around trigger an inflammatory response in your body. This response, while natural, causes symptoms like nausea, headaches, and even emotional disturbances due to its impact on your gut, blood vessels, and brain function.

• #1 Science finally knows why red wine causes splitting headaches

  https://nypost.com/2024/12/22/lifestyle/science-finally-knows-why-red-wine-causes-splitting-headaches/

  Two scientists at the University of California, Davis, believe they discovered why cabernets, pinot noirs and other types of red wine cause such brutal hangovers. […] Waterhouse and Devi measured how quercetin slows down the process of the enzyme ALDH breaking down acetaldehyde, which is produced in the human body when breaking down alcohol. […] Quercetin glucuronide, according to the study, disrupts the bodys metabolism of alcohol and creates extra acetaldehyde to circulate which causes inflammation and headaches. […] The study also addressed whether sulfites, biogenic amines and tannins are among the causes of red wine hangovers. […] But according to Waterhouse and Devi, the amount of milligrams of sulfites in wine 20 milligrams in a single glass are unlikely to be enough to overwhelm the bodys sulfite oxidases.

• #1 Hangover – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover

  Ethanol has a dehydrating effect by causing increased urine production (diuresis), which could cause thirst, dry mouth, dizziness and may lead to an electrolyte imbalance. […] Studies show that alcohol hangover is associated with a decrease in blood glucose concentration (less than 70 mg/dl), but the relationship between blood glucose concentration and hangover severity is unclear. […] In current research, the significant relationship between immune factors and hangover severity is the most convincing among all factors so far studied. An imbalance of the immune system, in particular of cytokine metabolism has been identified as playing a role in the pathophysiology of the hangover state. […] Several factors which do not in themselves cause alcohol hangover are known to influence its severity. These factors include personality, genetics, health status, age, sex, associated activities during drinking such as smoking, the use of other drugs, physical activity such as dancing, as well as sleep quality and duration.

• #1 Hangover Symptoms, Remedies & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16627-hangover

  A hangover is when you have unpleasant physical and mental symptoms after drinking too much alcohol the previous night. […] Hangovers are very common in people who consume too much alcohol. In one study, researchers found that about 75% of people who drank excessively the night before reported hangover symptoms. The researchers concluded that 25% to 30% of people who drink may be resistant to hangovers. […] What causes a hangover? Alcohol causes hangovers but its not simple. Drinking affects your body in several ways: […] Dehydration: Alcohol is a diuretic. It causes you to pee more, so you lose a lot of fluid. […] Alcohol irritates the lining of your stomach and intestines. It slows the rate of digestion, increasing fatty substances in your liver, stomach and pancreas secretions. All these processes lead to an upset stomach and nausea.

• #1 What Causes Some People To Get Hangovers While Other People… Don’t?

  https://www.wellandgood.com/food/what-causes-hangovers

  As for why some people dont seem to get hangoversa lot of it comes down to genetics, says Shapiro. Theyre able to break down the byproducts, genetically and metabolically, so that it doesnt affect them the next day, she says. This is backed by research: In 2014, researchers looked at data from 4,000 people from Australias Twin Registry and found that genetic factors accounted for 45 percent of the difference in hangover frequency in women and 40 percent in men. […] The aforementioned study found that genetics only accounted for about half of the only reason why some people dont get hungover. There are some other things at play, too. Shapiro adds that alcohol is a diuretic, and that dehydration also plays a big role in your hangover. […] It could also be simple as my friend being smarter about his intake than I was. In a 2015 study presented at the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, researchers asked 789 Canadian students about their drinking habits and found that the ones who reported never getting hangovers simply drank less than their unluckier counterparts.

• #1 What causes a hangover, and how can we get rid of it? – DW – 01/01/2024

  https://www.dw.com/en/what-causes-a-hangover-and-how-can-we-get-rid-of-it/a-67841235

  The culprits are two enzymes important for breaking down ethanol: alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. […] In fact, about 45% of hangover severity is due to inherited variations in the genes that encode these enzymes. Genetic variations causing sensitivity to alcohol and hangovers are particularly common in people of Asian descent. […] Either they’re just better at pretending to be healthy, or their livers may be more effective at breaking down alcohol. […] Are there any scientifically proven hangover cures? Bad news: no, not really. […] The reason is that ethanol stays around in the stomach and intestines for a long time after consumption, from where it continues to be absorbed into the bloodstream. […] The intestine absorbs ethanol faster than the liver can metabolize it, meaning that taking a poo is an effective way of evacuating the ethanol in your intestines that has yet to be absorbed into the blood. […] The study suggests having a poo or two is an effective way to alleviate hangover symptoms and reduce the risk of liver damage.

• #1 Your Complete Guide to the Science of Hangovers

  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/your-complete-guide-to-the-science-of-hangovers-180948074/

  Some people (disproportionately those of East Asian descent) have a mutation in their gene for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase that makes it much more effective in converting alcohol into the toxic acetaldehyde. […] This is known to cause an immediate alcohol flush reaction (colloquially known as „Asian glow”), but might also play a role in hangovers the day after drinking. […] Because the ultimate cause of a hangover is, after all, alcohol, drinks that pack more alcohol into a smaller volume are naturally more likely to give you a hangover. […] Studies have shown that high-congener, darker-colored liquors like bourbon and whiskey lead to more severe hangovers than lighter-colored or clear liquors like vodka, which has none. […] One particular congener called methanol—found in highest levels in whiskey and red wine—has received a large amount of the blame, due to studies showing that it can linger in the body after all alcohol has been eliminated, perhaps accounting for the enduring effects of a hangover.

• #1 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012

  Issues that may make a hangover more likely or worse include: Drinking on an empty stomach. Having no food in your stomach speeds up how much and how fast alcohol enters the body. […] Using other drugs, such as nicotine, along with alcohol. Smoking along with drinking appears to raise the likelihood of a hangover. […] Not sleeping well or long enough after drinking. Some researchers believe that certain hangover symptoms are often due, at least in part, to how much sleep you get following a night of drinking. Poor-quality sleep and not getting enough sleep usually follow drinking alcohol. […] Drinking darker colored alcoholic beverages. Darker colored drinks often contain a high level of congeners and may be more likely to produce a hangover.

• #1 Hangover Symptoms: Causes, Remedies, & Treatment

  https://alcoholrehabhelp.org/addiction/effects/hangovers/

  Poor sleep habits before drinking, or the poor quality of sleep that occurs after drinking can contribute to increased hangover symptoms. […] Research shows that alcoholism has some genetic components. Gene variants can also affect how your body metabolizes alcohol and increase your hangover risk. […] Alcohol is the main cause of a hangover. However, certain substances can further increase your hangover risk or worsen it. […] Smoking cigarettes while drinking alcohol increases your risk of a hangover and can intensify symptoms. Studies show that cigarette smoke contains acetaldehyde, the same chemical your liver releases to process alcohol. […] Dark alcoholic drinks, such as whiskey, contain higher concentrations of congeners than lighter-colored beverages like beer. Drinking clear liquors such as vodka and gin is less likely to result in an alcohol hangover.

• #1 What exactly is a hangover?

  https://resetiv.com/blogs/news/two-day-hangover

  Most people will not experience a two day hangover as it is a rare situation. However, if your hangover symptoms are not gone at the end of one day then you are experiencing a two day hangover. […] Age – There is evidence to support the fact that as you age your body becomes less capable of breaking down and processing alcohol. […] Drinking on an empty stomach can lead to unpleasant hangover symptoms like nausea, vomiting, heartburn and indigestion. […] While it is certainly easier said than done, there is truth to the idea that if you break up your alcoholic beverages with glasses of water you can lessen the misery of your hangover. […] Research shows that certain types of booze can contribute to more harsh hangovers than others. […] If you don’t typically drink much but you have decided it is bottoms up for your best friends wedding, chances are you are going to feel the effects much more than someone who has a higher alcohol tolerance.

• #1 7 ways to cure your hangover – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/7-ways-to-cure-your-hangover

  Hangovers seem to be the body’s way of reminding us about the hazards of overindulgence. […] The causes are as varied as the symptoms. Alcohol is metabolized into acetaldehyde, a substance that’s toxic at high levels. However, concentrations rarely get that high, so that’s not the complete explanation. […] Drinking interferes with brain activity during sleep, so a hangover may be a form of sleep deprivation. Alcohol scrambles the hormones that regulate our biological clocks, which may be why a hangover can feel like jet lag, and vice versa. […] Hangovers begin after blood alcohol levels start to fall. In fact, according to some experts, the worst symptoms occur when levels reach zero. […] The key ingredient seems to be „drinking to intoxication”; how much you drank to get there is less important. […] Several studies suggest that light and moderate drinkers are more vulnerable to getting a hangover than heavy drinkers. […] Researchers say some people may end up with drinking problems because they drink in an effort to relieve hangover symptoms.

• #1 The science behind hangovers — and what to do when you get one  |

  https://ideas.ted.com/the-science-behind-hangovers-and-what-to-do-when-you-get-one-david-nutt/

  Alcohol also damages mitochondrial DNA, particularly in the liver. […] Alcohol suppresses glutamate activity in the brain, and after you stop drinking, your body tries to compensate for this by increasing glutamate production. […] This may also be linked to glutamate rebound, plus acetaldehyde dilates the blood vessels in our heads. […] Alcohol damages the stomach and intestine lining, so it can give you diarrhea and leave you feeling nauseated.

• #1 Hangover with Fever: Potential Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hangover-with-fever

  Its also plausible that the factors above could lead to the development of a fever with a hangover. […] Its been proposed that a hangover is the manifestation of mild alcohol withdrawal after a single episode of drinking. […] Its thought that changes to your immune system function are partially responsible for the symptoms of a hangover. […] Cytokines released after drinking alcohol called pro-inflammatory cytokines promote inflammation of your whole body. […] Its plausible that triggering your bodys inflammation response could also lead to a fever. […] Consuming alcohol impairs your immune function and can make you more susceptible to developing an infection. […] The results of this study suggest that its plausible that people who are more likely to have hangovers might also be more likely to develop viral or bacterial infections. […] Although its not a typical symptom, its plausible that a hangover could also be accompanied by a fever. […] Some reasons you may develop a fever, include changes to your immune system function, short-term alcohol withdrawal, increased susceptibility to infection.

• #1 Hangover – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover

  A hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects usually following the consumption of alcohol, such as wine, beer, and liquor. Hangovers can last for several hours or for more than 24 hours. Typical symptoms of a hangover may include headache, drowsiness, weakness, concentration problems, dry mouth, dizziness, fatigue, muscle ache, gastrointestinal distress (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), absence of hunger, light sensitivity, depression, sweating, hyper-excitability, high blood pressure, irritability, and anxiety. […] While the causes of a hangover are still poorly understood, several factors are known to be involved including acetaldehyde accumulation, changes in the immune system and glucose metabolism, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, increased cardiac output, vasodilation, sleep deprivation, and malnutrition. Beverage-specific effects of additives or by-products such as congeners in alcoholic beverages also play an important role.

• #2 Hangovers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hangovers/symptoms-causes/syc-20373012

  A hangover is a group of unpleasant symptoms that can happen after drinking too much alcohol. […] Generally, the more alcohol you drink, the more likely you are to have a hangover the next day. […] Hangovers are caused by drinking too much alcohol. A single alcoholic drink is enough to trigger a hangover for some people, while others may drink heavily and not have a hangover. […] Several issues may contribute to a hangover. For example: Alcohol causes the body to make more urine. You lose extra body liquid by urinating more than usual. This can lead to dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration include extra thirst, tiredness, headache, dizziness and lightheadedness. […] Alcohol triggers an inflammatory response from the immune system. The immune system may make certain substances linked to the body’s defense system. This commonly causes physical symptoms that make you feel as if you’re ill. Your symptoms also may include problems thinking clearly and remembering, poor appetite, and loss of interest in usual activities.

• #2 Why Does Drinking Give You a Hangover? | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/story/why-does-drinking-give-you-a-hangover

  While we seem to know a lot about alcoholic beverages and their consumption, scientific research on hangovers is surprisingly limited. The current working theories offer only partial explanations or have been contradicted by research. So we dont really know what causes hangovers, but we have some guesses. […] Drinking alcohol makes you dehydrated because ethanolalcohol in its purest formis a diuretic: it makes you pee. However, there is no correlation between vasopressin (a hormone associated with dehydration) and the severity of a hangover. So theres more to your hangover than just not having enough water in your system. […] The more you drink, the less NAD+ your body has left over to perform these basic metabolic tasks. […] This may be true: the fermentation process produces a by-product called congeners, and our bodies dont like them, since they contain chemicals that our bodies consider poisonous. […] The strongest theory at this time suggests that its not the alcohol that makes us feel hungover but rather what our bodies transform the alcohol into: acetaldehyde, a chemical that may be up to 30 times more toxic than alcohol.

• #2 What causes hangovers? (And what to do about them)

  https://science.drinklmnt.com/did-you-know/what-causes-hangovers

  Hangover symptoms, researchers believe, are at least partly caused by this toxic buildup. Acetaldehyde also triggers an immune response, causing the body to attack this chemical. Where there’s immune activity (or inflammation), symptoms soon follow. […] Alcohol consumption has a diuretic effect, meaning it increases fluid loss through urine. And when more fluids leave the body than enter it, that’s called dehydration. The symptoms of dehydration—headaches, lethargy, dry mouth and dizziness—align nicely with our list of hangover symptoms. […] Alcohol throws these levels off. […] In other words, electrolyte deficiencies provoked by drinking alcohol can cause hangover symptoms. […] Even small amounts of alcohol damage the gut, springing leaks in the delicate barrier separating your intestines from your body. This is called leaky gut. […] When the gut becomes leaky, particles slip into the bloodstream, and a confused immune system attacks. Now you have inflammation, which in turn creates digestive symptoms that exacerbate hangover symptoms.

• #2 What causes a hangover, and how can we get rid of it? – DW – 01/01/2024

  https://www.dw.com/en/what-causes-a-hangover-and-how-can-we-get-rid-of-it/a-67841235

  Dehydration: alcohol is a diuretic, meaning it increases urination. Alcohol supresses the release of vasopressin, a hormone that signals the kidneys to retain fluid. This loss of fluid leads to mild dehydration, contributing to headaches and fatigue. […] Headache: headaches are a staple of hangovers. One reason is the mild dehydration, which is caused by a minor shrinkage in your brain due to loss of water. This shrinkage pulls the brain away from the skull, dragging on nerves outside the brain that cause pain. […] Nausea: Alcohol irritates the stomach lining and increases stomach acid release, leading to nausea and stomach upset. […] Fatigue: Along with the late night, alcohol consumption causes fragmented and disrupted sleep, making you tired and irritable the following day. […] One reason could be your genes. Studies have shown that many people are less effective at metabolizing alcohol in the liver due to genetic variances.

• #2 Understanding Hangovers: Causes and Solutions | Instadrip

  https://www.instadrip.com/blog-post/most-common-causes-of-hangovers

  Hangovers are the result of a combination of factors including genetics, size, type consumption of alcohol and much more. […] While the exact causes of hangovers are not entirely understood, several factors contribute to the iconic post night out symptoms. […] Dehydration is a major contributor to many hangover symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, and dizziness. […] As a consequence of dehydration, there can be an imbalance in electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and magnesium. […] Acetaldehyde is responsible for some of the unpleasant effects of alcohol, including nausea, vomiting, and a general feeling of being unwell. […] Alcohol consumption can lead to inflammation in the body, which can affect various systems and contribute to hangover symptoms like headaches and fatigue. […] Alcohol can cause blood vessels to expand, which might contribute to headaches and even migraines in some individuals. […] Congeners can contribute to hangover symptoms and make them even worse. […] Factors such as genetics, the type and amount of alcohol consumed, personal health, hydration, and overall tolerance to alcohol can influence the severity of hangover symptoms.

• #2 Compound Interest: What causes hangovers? A biochemical mystery

  https://www.compoundchem.com/2016/01/01/hangover/

  Its generally thought that congeners can have a significant effect on the severity of a hangover, though they still dont explain all of the symptoms. […] More recent research is now suggesting that our immune systems may also have a part to play in a hangovers genesis. […] Changes in hangover severity have been significantly correlated with the increased levels of some of these cytokines.

• #2 Hangover Cures: Effective Home Remedies (Supported by Science)

  https://www.webmd.com/balance/hangover-cure

  Though other chemicals in your drink or drinks of choice contribute to your hangover, alcohol is the primary culprit. […] Alcohol causes your immune system to release cytokines, which are proteins that help control inflammation in your body. Those cytokines appear to trigger many hangover symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, nausea, and more. […] Part of your immune response to drinking alcohol, inflammation may cause some of your hangover symptoms, such as feeling generally unwell. […] Alcohol disrupts communication between your brain and your kidneys. So, instead of retaining fluids the way you normally would, you have to pee more. That fluid loss leads to mild dehydration, which brings on symptoms like thirst, fatigue, and headache, which are common with hangovers. […] Alcohol makes your stomach produce more acid. It also prevents your stomach from emptying normally. The result: stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.

• #2 Hangover – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangover

  Hangovers are usually caused by alcohol consumption, but other components of alcoholic beverages might contribute to hangover symptoms or make a hangover worse. For example, congeners are compounds, other than ethyl alcohol, that are produced during fermentation. These substances contribute to the taste and smell of alcoholic beverages. Darker spirits, such as bourbon, which tend to have higher levels of congeners than clear spirits, could worsen hangover symptoms for some people. […] Several pathophysiological changes may give rise to the alcohol hangover including increased levels of acetaldehyde, hormonal alterations of the cytokine pathways and decrease of the availability of glucose. Additional associated phenomena are dehydration, metabolic acidosis, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, increased cardiac output, vasodilation, sleep deprivation and insufficient eating.

• #2 The Science of Hangovers – Eater

  https://www.eater.com/drinks/2015/12/31/10685644/hangover-cures-how-to-prevent-hungover

  A relative newcomer to the debate is the role of the immune system. A 2003 study found that people with hangovers have elevated cytokines—chemicals secreted by our immune system that work in cell signaling and help to fight off infections. High levels of cytokines have been associated with nausea, headaches, and fatigue and, in some studies, disrupted memory formation. […] While more studies are needed to pinpoint hangover causes, we do have biological explanations for some symptoms. […] It’s not surprising that a theory arose suggesting dehydration causes hangovers, but science disagrees. […] Dehydration may be related to your headache, though. […] Alcohol irritates your stomach lining and increases production of gastric acid, pancreatic and intestinal secretions. This can lead to nausea, stomach pain, and diarrhea.

• #2 What Causes a Hangover? It’s More Than Just Overindulging – University Health News

  https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/general-health/what-causes-a-hangover-its-more-than-just-overindulging/

  Some risk factors make people more susceptible to a hangover. These include: […] Ethnicity. East Asians carry a mutated gene that speeds the rate at which their livers produce acetaldehyde. Thats why they tend to flush more when they drink and experience more nausea than Caucasians. […] Drinking on an empty stomach. Turns out you really do need food in your belly before you drink. The body speeds its absorption of alcohol when theres nothing else to digest. […] Drinking darker liquor. As mentioned earlier, darker liquor contains higher amounts of congeners, which can lead to a worsened hangover. […] Having an alcoholic in the family. Close family members who suffer from alcoholism could indicate a genetic problem that can impact your bodys ability to process alcohol. […] Smoking. Inhaling nicotine while drinking appears to increase your risk of a hangover.

• #2 Alcohol Hangover

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/

  Alcohol undergoes a two-step process in its metabolism. […] Because of the similarity between the acetaldehyde reaction and a hangover, some investigators have suggested that acetaldehyde causes hangovers. […] Factors other than alcohol also may contribute to a hangover. […] Congeners may contribute to a beverages intoxicating effects and to a subsequent hangover. […] Certain people develop headaches soon after drinking red wine but not after drinking white wine or vodka. […] Some evidence exists that increased hangover symptoms occur more often in people possessing certain personality traits, such as neuroticism, anger, and defensiveness. […] Research has shown that a history of alcoholism in a persons family (i.e., a positive family history) is associated with a decreased sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of alcohol and a greater risk for developing alcoholism.

• #2 Alcohol Hangover

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6761819/

  Hangover symptoms have been attributed to several causes, including the direct physiological effects of alcohol on the brain and other organs; the effects of the removal of alcohol from these organs after alcohol exposure (i.e., withdrawal); the physiological effects of compounds produced as a result of alcohols metabolism (i.e., metabolites), especially acetaldehyde; and nonalcohol factors, such as the toxic effects of other biologically active chemicals (i.e., congeners) in the beverage, behaviors associated with the alcohol-drinking bout (e.g., other drug use, restricted food intake, and disruption of normal sleep time), and certain personal characteristics (e.g., temperament, personality, and family history of alcoholism). […] Although current evidence suggests that more than one factor most likely contributes to the overall hangover state, the following sections address each of the postulated causes in turn.

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