Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tinea Corporis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544360/

  Tinea corporis, more commonly known as ringworm, is a superficial dermatophyte skin infection caused by fungi belonging to the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. […] The ability of dermatophytes to attach to the keratinized tissue of the skin forms the basis for dermatophytoses, also termed superficial fungal skin infections. […] The dermatophytes responsible for tinea corporis belong to the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum. […] Current evidence suggests that the control of dermatophytosis primarily depends on a cell-mediated immune response. […] Susceptibility to fungal infections varies among individuals, with familial and genetic predispositions potentially linked to specific defects in innate and adaptive immunity.

• #2 What Causes Ringworm and Fungal Nail Infections | Ringworm | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/ringworm/causes/index.html

  Ringworm is caused by fungi and not a worm. The scientific names for the most common fungi that cause ringworm are Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Fungal nail infections can occur if fungi get under the nail through small cracks in the nail or surrounding skin. […] Some more severe forms of ringworm are becoming more widespread in other parts of the world. These forms are resistant to antifungal medications, meaning they cannot be treated by the medicines that usually kill the fungus. Travelers to these areas are at increased risk.

• #3 Home remedies for ringworm: 11 natural treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320911

  Ringworm is a very common fungal infection that is not, despite its name, caused by a worm. It is caused by the fungus Tinea, which is highly contagious. […] Although there are no studies specifically examining the effects of garlic on ringworm, it may possess antifungal properties. […] Apple cider vinegar may possess some antifungal properties, which could help it to treat ringworm when a person applies it topically to the skin. […] Aloe vera contains antiseptic agents that may exhibit antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. […] Certain fatty acids found in coconut oil may possess antifungal properties. […] Some evidence suggests that grapefruit seed extract may also possess antifungal activity. […] A 2019 study suggests that turmeric may possess potent antifungal action.

• #4 PATHOGENESIS OF DERMATOPHYTOSES

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3132899/

  Dermatophytes can survive solely on outer cornified layers of the skin. The ability of certain fungi to adhere to particular host arises from numerous mechanisms and host factors, including the ability to adapt to the human body. Natural infection is acquired by the deposition of viable arthrospores or hyphae on the surface of the susceptible individual. After the inoculation in the host skin, suitable conditions favor the infection to progress through the stages of adherence and penetration. […] Dermatophytes are provided with an arsenal of proteases aimed at the digestion of the keratin network into assimilable oligopeptides or amino acids. Once established, the spores must germinate and penetrate the stratum corneum at a rate faster than desquamation. Penetration is accompanied by dermatophytes secreting multiple serine-subtilisins and metallo-endoproteases (fungalysins) formerly called keratinases that are found almost exclusively in the dermatophytes.

• #5 Cat Dermatophytosis – Ringworm Treatment & Symptoms | Academy EN

  https://vetfocus.royalcanin.com/en/scientific/dermatophytosis-in-cats

  Most fungi are opportunistic pathogens that invade the body if there is failure of the hosts innate immune defense system. […] Dermatophytes invade the superficial layers of skin, the hair shaft/follicle, and the claws, quickly infecting the host while bypassing the innate immune defenses by producing fungal proteases (e.g., fungalysins, lipases, ceramidase, adhesins) that promote penetration into the keratinous tissue. […] Arthrospores released from the skin, hair, and claws of infected cats into the environment form the infectious stage of the lifecycle. […] Fungal invasion is more likely to occur in animals with microtrauma to the skin (e.g., scratches from allergies, clipper blade trauma), ectoparasites, and increased humidity. […] The host immune response to the presence of dermatophytic hyphae and arthrospores, mediated by neutrophils, macrophages and cytokine release, eventually leads to spontaneous resolution of infection over a course of weeks to months; however, infection may persist in cats with a compromised immune system.

• #6 Tinea capitis (Ringworm, Tinea Tonsurans) – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/tinea-capitis-ringworm-tinea-tonsurans/

  Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection of the hair follicles and skin of the scalp caused by Trichophyton tonsurans and Microsporum. Trichophyton tonsurans is the most common cause of tinea capitis in the United States. […] Dermatophytes, which are keratinophilic fungi, are the causative agents. These are molds that live in the cornified layers of the skin and are capable of invading the outermost layer of skin, hair, and nails. From the area of inoculation, they grow concentrically, creating the typical ringworm appearance. The fungus can grow downward into the hair, and invades the keratin as it forms. It becomes visible on the surface two weeks after inoculation, when hairs become brittle and begin to break. […] Dermatophytes can invade hairs in a number of ways. The endothrix (Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum) leads to development of arthroconidia within the hair shaft. The ectothrix (Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton equinum and Trichophyton verrucosum) create arthroconidia on the outside of the hair shaft, destroying the cuticle of the hair. Ectothrix infection fluoresces green under a Wood lamp. […] Person-to-person transmission is the most common means of acquiring the infection. The dermatophytes also can live on combs, brushes, hats, and furniture for long periods of time.

• #7 Overview of Dermatophytoses (Ringworm, Tinea) – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/fungal-skin-infections/overview-of-dermatophytoses-ringworm-tinea

  Dermatophyte infections in humans are caused by the fungi Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. […] When they do cause an infection (resulting in ringworm or tinea), it is often because the affected area’s blood supply is poor or because the person’s immune system is suppressed (for example, by diabetes, cancer, or HIV infection). […] Unlike candidiasis, these fungal infections cannot infect internal organs or blood.

• #8 Superficial Mycoses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/tritzid/supermy.htm

  The fungi invade only the dead, cornified layers of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the resulting pathology is caused by the host’s reaction to the infecting fungus. The fungus alone has only a minimal capacity to damage skin directly. […] The fundamental pathogenic mechanisms of dermatophytosis involve two distinct phases: 1. Colonization 2. Host-parasite interaction. […] During colonization the surface of the tissue is infected with a fungal spore and invasion begins. The dermatophytes grow in typical filamentous form within the stratum corneum. […] The downward extension of these hyphae is restricted because certain micronutrients, principally iron, are not available below the stratum corneum. […] Lateral expansion of the microcolony within the stratum corneum continues for 10-35 days, during which time the infected skin appears to be either normal or only very slightly inflamed.

• #9 Superficial Mycoses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/tritzid/supermy.htm

  The dermatophytes do not produce diffusible irritants or toxins. After two-three weeks, the advancing border of the infection may become inflamed (ringworm lesions). […] During the colonization phase the host begins to respond immunologically by undergoing sensitization to soluble fungal antigens (trichophyton). […] The first detectable immune response is cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which is characterized in colonized skin as an intense inflammatory process and demonstrated at a trichophyton skin test site by a delayed or tuberculin-type reaction. […] The genesis and expression of CMI to dermatophytic antigen in an infection occurs between the 10th and 35th days and heralds the beginning of the second distinct period in pathogenesis, the host-parasite interaction phase. […] During the host-parasite interaction phase, CMI produces most of the pathology as an acute inflammatory type of dermatophytosis.

• #10 PATHOGENESIS OF DERMATOPHYTOSES

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3132899/

  The mechanism by which mucolytic enzymes, which help in penetration, also provide nutrition to the fungi is unknown. These dermatophytic keratinolytic proteases cannot act before disulfide bridges are reduced within the compact protein network constituting keratinized tissues. […] Fungal mannans in the dermatophyte cell wall have immuno-inhibitory effects and T. rubrum cell wall mannans (TRM) seem to be involved in an immunosuppression phenomenon, inhibiting lymphoproliferative response of mononuclear leukocytes in response to several antigens (dermatophytic or not) and mitogens. […] The efficient and protective response against dermatophytosis is a cell-mediated response of the DTH, characterized namely by the action of macrophages as effector cells, interferon- secretion from type 1 T-helper lymphocytes and by some key cytokines like interferon- (IFN-).

• #11 PATHOGENESIS OF DERMATOPHYTOSES

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3132899/

  However, the immune response that is raised, and especially the degree of inflammation, varies according to the dermatophyte species, the host species and the pathophysiological status of the host. […] Antibody formation does not seem to be protective. The dermatophyte antigen is thought to be processed by epidermal Langerhans cells and presented in local lymph nodes to T lymphocytes which proliferate, migrate to the infected site, and produce inflammation. […] Natural defenses against dermatophytes depend on immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. Several host factors like number and activity of sebaceous glands (due to inhibitory effect of sebum on dermatophytes) in a particular body region, breaks in the skin barrier, increased hydration and macerated skin can encourage dermatophyte invasion. […] Host factors that help limiting the infection to keratinized tissue include their preference for cooler skin temperatures than the normal body temperature, serum inhibitory factors (beta-globulins, ferritin and other metal chelators) binding to iron essential for growth of dermatophytes.

• #12 Tinea corporis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinea_corporis

  Tinea corporis is caused by a tiny fungus known as dermatophyte. These tiny organisms normally live on the superficial skin surface, and when the opportunity is right, they can induce a rash or infection. […] The disease can also be acquired by person-to-person transfer usually via direct skin contact with an infected individual. Animal-to-human transmission is also common. Ringworm commonly occurs on pets (dogs, cats) and the fungus can be acquired while petting or grooming an animal. […] The fungus can also be spread by touching inanimate objects like personal care products, bed linen, combs, athletic gear, or hair brushes contaminated by an affected person. […] Individuals at high risk of acquiring ringworm include those who live in crowded, humid conditions. […] Sweat excessively, as sweat can produce a humid wet environment where the pathogenic fungi can thrive. […] Participate in close contact sports like soccer, rugby, or wrestling. […] Have a weakened immune system (e.g., those infected with HIV or taking immunosuppressive drugs).

• #13 What Is Ringworm – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/what-is-ringworm/

  Ringworm infections are caused by dermatophytes, which are filamentous fungi that attack and eat the keratin tissue. […] These dermatophytes are divided into different classes; Trichophyton (affecting hair, feet and nails), Microsporum (affecting skin and nails) and Epidermophyton (affecting the skin). […] When their environment becomes damp and hot, the fungi can grow abnormally, causing an infection. […] A study from 2018, has shown that the management of ringworm has become an essential public health issue, because of the gap in the areas of pathophysiology and the management of the disease. […] It has also been shown that antimicrobial resistance to antifungal medication is increasing, meaning several medications are not effective or not killing the fungi and so it is continuing to grow, making it difficult to treat. […] However, some recent studies have shown a rise in antimicrobial resistance and some fungi becoming resistant to the medications. […] There are also gaps in the management and the pathophysiology of the condition that should be studied further.

• #14 Mechanism of Spontaneous Cure in Puberty of Ringworm of the Scalp – ADS

  https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946Sci…104..201R/abstract

  With onset of puberty, the sebaceous glands of the scalp start to secrete a sebum which contains, in higher concentration than before, low-boiling saturated fatty acids with selective fungistatic and fungicidal action on M. audouini. […] Highly active normal aliphatic monobasic acids having odd numbers of carbon atoms, including pelargonic acid, have been isolated from hair fat of adults. […] The „adult type” of hair fat does not kill the fungus spores within the hair but prevents infection of the new hair following the old infected hair in the process of shedding.

• #15 Superficial Mycoses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/tritzid/supermy.htm

  The immune inflammation which results extends in a spectrum from erythema and edema of the dermis and epidermis (spongiosis) to the formulation of vesicles and pustules. […] Cell-mediated immune damage to the skin is not entirely without benefit to the host. […] The inflammatory damage to the epidermis may internalize what began as an essentially extracorporal fungal colony. […] The net effect of damage to the skin from CMI is that lateral spread of the colony is abruptly halted and within one-two weeks the pathogen can no longer be recovered from the lesion. […] If CMI to dermatophyte antigen does not develop or is suppressed by immune regulation or modulation, the skin will not become sufficiently inflamed to reject the infection. […] Thus, there are two basic types of dermatophytic infection. The acute or inflammatory type of infection, which is associated with CMI to the fungus, generally heals spontaneously or responds nicely to treatment. […] The chronic or noninflammatory types of infection, which is associated with a failure to express CMI to the fungus at the site of infection, is relapsing and responds poorly to treatment.

• #16 Dermatophytosis – An Overview For Veterinary Technicians

  https://www.ksvdl.org/resources/news/diagnostic_insights_for_technicians/august2017/dermatophytosis.html

  Dermatophytosis is often a self-limiting disease with spontaneous resolution. […] However, medical therapy is typically warranted in order to successfully treat the animal and decrease the zoonotic potential of the disease. […] Treatment for dermatophytosis usually entails a multimodal approach and can include topical and/or systemic antifungal medications, environmental decontamination, and careful hair clipping. […] Dermatophytosis may be treated with a variety of topical and systemic antifungal medications. […] Treatment is typically recommended until at least two consecutive negative fungal cultures are obtained at 12-week intervals.

• #17 Superficial fungal infections

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/october/superficial-fungal-infections

  Superficial fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes in the Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton genera. Dermatophytes live on keratin, which is found in skin, hair and nails. […] Tinea corporis, commonly known as ringworm, refers to a dermatophyte infection on the skin of sites other than face, hands, feet or groin. […] Tinea incognito is a term for a tinea infection that has been misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated with a topical corticosteroid or other immunosuppressive agents. The clinical features may become masked with attenuated scale and erythema, as well as a less well-defined border. […] The mode of treatment depends on the extent and location of the tinea infection. General tips for the management of tinea infection are listed in Box 1. Systemic therapy with oral terbinafine and azoles is summarised in Table 3.

• #18 Ringworm – Randy Jacobs, M.D. – Dermatology

  https://randyjacobsmd.com/patient-education/ringworm/

  Tinea Manus is almost always associated with a pre-existing Tinea Pedis, or fungal infection of the feet. […] Majocchi’s granuloma is a dermatophyte infection that goes a bit deeper than usual. […] The fungal organism usually associated with Majocchi’s granuloma is Trichophyton rubrum. […] The initiating factor is thought to be physical trauma that leads either directly or indirectly to disruption of the follicle and to passive introduction of the organism deep into the skin, together with keratin and/or necrotic material into the dermis. […] Treatment of Tinea corporis can consist of topical antifungal creams or lotions or oral medications. […] For tinea cruris, non irritating topical creams or lotions may be indicated. […] Tinea cruris lesions may become complicated by secondary bacterial or other yeast or fungal infections, and recurrence is common. […] Onychomycosis usually requires longer term therapy with oral medications.

• #19 Ringworm: Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ringworm-signs-symptoms-complications-4163126

  Ringworm can be caused by around 40 different fungus types. When an infection is established, the fungus produces spores that get embedded in the skin. This allows the fungal colony to grow, causing an expanding rash. […] The fungi thrive on moist areas of skin, but certain types are more robust and can establish an infection on dry areas of skin. […] Ringworm is largely caused by two different families of fungi: Ascomycete fungi, including Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton types; Basidiomycete fungi, including Malassezia types. […] A type of skin abscess called a kerion can develop as a result of an immune reaction to the fungal infection. A kerion is a large, inflamed, pus-filled lump that most commonly develops on the scalp but can appear elsewhere on the body. […] Although rare, the fungi that cause ringworm can cause a deeper infection called Majocchi’s granuloma. This occurs when the fungus travels down hair follicles and infects the deeper skin layers, called the dermis.

• #20 Tinea Capitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1091351-overview

  Tinea capitis is caused by keratinophilic fungal species (dermatophytes) from the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum. […] From the site of inoculation, the fungal hyphae grow centrifugally in the stratum corneum. The fungus continues downward growth into the hair, invading keratin as it is formed. […] Ectothrix invasion is characterized by the development of arthroconidia on the exterior of the hair shaft. […] Endothrix hair invasion is characterized by the development of arthroconidia within the hair shaft only. […] It has been suggested that predilection of tinea capitis for children results from the presence of Malassezia furfur, which is part of normal flora, and from the fungistatic properties of fatty acids of short and medium chains in postpubertal sebum.

• #21 Tinea capitis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/tinea-capitis

  Tinea capitis is caused by dermatophytic fungi capable of invading keratinised tissue, such as the hair and nails. […] Following invasion of the keratinised stratum corneum of the scalp, the fungus grows downwards into the hair follicle and the hair shaft. It penetrates the hair cuticle and typically invades the hair shaft in one of three ways: […] Ectothrix infection: the dermatophyte grows within the hair follicle and covers the surface of the hair. Fungal spores are evident on the outside of the hair shaft and the cuticle is destroyed. […] Endothrix infection: the dermatophyte invades the hair shaft and grows within it. Fungal spores are retained inside the hair shaft, and the cuticle is not destroyed. […] Favus infection: a chronic dermatophyte infection caused by T. schoenleinii and characterised by clusters of hyphae at the base of the hairs, with air spaces in the hair shafts.

• #22 GUIDELINE for Dermatophytosis, ringworm in cats — ABCD cats & vets

  https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-dermatophytosis-ringworm-in-cats/

  Healthy skin acts as an effective barrier against fungal invasion. The increased rate of regeneration of epidermal cells in response to the dermatophyte with the consequent removal of fungus from the skin surface is another protective mechanism. As dermatophytes cannot penetrate healthy skin, many cats are merely passive carriers of the arthrospores or remain subclinically infected. […] The incubation period of ringworm caused by M. canis is 1 to 3 weeks. During this time, hyphae grow along the hair shafts through the stratum corneum to the follicles where they produce spores that form a thick layer around the hair shafts. As dermatophytes are susceptible to high temperatures, they cannot colonise deeper parts of the skin or the follicle itself. Therefore, the hair grows normally but breaks easily near the skin surface resulting in hair loss. Several metabolic products of the fungus may induce an inflammatory response in the skin and may be observed mainly around the infected area, forming sometimes ring-like lesions with central areas of healing and papules on the periphery (ringworm).

• #23 Why ringworm may be turning drug-resistant | Delhi News – Times of India

  https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/why-ringworm-may-be-turning-drug-resistant/articleshow/99073812.cms

  Ringworm, a common skin disease among Indians, is slowly turning resistant to drugs, making it difficult to cure. A recent study by the central government-run Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital has shown that the fungus that causes the disease has been undergoing mutation and growing stronger due to excessive use of an oral drug, itraconazole. […] „This is the first such study where we have explored the potential reasons behind the failure of drugs to treat ringworm. We found that there is mutations in enzymes of the fungus and it’s getting resistant to all drugs,” said Dr Kabir Sardana, professor of dermatology at RML Hospital and one of the authors of the study. […] „Itraconazole is the highest selling drug and also highly misused. If this drug gets resistant, nothing is left for the treatment of ringworm infection in India. This is the last oral drug that can be used for the treatment,” he added.

• #24 Why ringworm may be turning drug-resistant | Delhi News – Times of India

  https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/why-ringworm-may-be-turning-drug-resistant/articleshow/99073812.cms

  „It acts as a defence mechanism to remove the drug from its body. If this continues to happen repeatedly, slowly the action of the drug becomes non-functional.” […] „Even for treating ringworm, the drug is prescribed at 400mg for three-four months. The ideal dose is 100mg for four-six weeks. The fungus is getting the opportunity to evade the drug,” he said.

• #25 Ringworm (body) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ringworm-body/symptoms-causes/syc-20353780

  Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection caused by common mold-like parasites that live on the cells in the outer layer of your skin. […] Ringworm often spreads by direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or animal. […] You can contract ringworm by touching an animal with ringworm. […] It’s possible for ringworm to spread by contact with objects or surfaces that an infected person or animal has recently touched or rubbed against, such as clothing, towels, bedding and linens, combs, and brushes. […] In rare cases, ringworm can be spread to humans by contact with infected soil. Infection would most likely occur only from prolonged contact with highly infected soil.

• #26 Ringworm: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ringworm

  Ringworm is a fungal infection that causes a ring shape on the skin and other symptoms. Treatment may vary by the part of the body affected but typically involves oral or topical antifungals. […] Ringworm, also known as dermatophytosis, dermatophyte infection, or tinea, is a fungal skin infection. […] About 40 different species of fungus can cause ringworm. The most typical types include: Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton. […] Ringworm fungi are very contagious and can spread to humans in four ways: Human to human, Animal to human, Object to human, Soil to human. […] A doctor may diagnose ringworm after examining your skin and possibly using a black light to view the affected area. […] A doctor may prescribe topical or oral antifungals, depending on the severity of the ringworm infection and the part of the body it affects.

• #27 Ringworm – Randy Jacobs, M.D. – Dermatology

  https://randyjacobsmd.com/patient-education/ringworm/

  Ringworm is a fungal (dermatophyte) infection of the skin, hair, or nails. […] There are two main varieties of fungi causing dermatophyte infections: Trichophyton and Microsporum. […] Ringworm is caused by several different types of fungi (molds). […] People get it through contact with a person who has ringworm, or by using items such as clothes, towels, or hairbrushes that were used by someone with a ringworm infection. […] Sick or carrier animals can transmit fungi to people by direct or indirect (hair or dander) contact. […] Ringworm is easily diagnosed. A doctor can do some simple tests to determine whether a rash is caused by a fungus. […] Ringworm can show classic physical exam findings such as the erythematous scaled annular ring of the body or groin in tinea cruris, the dry fine scale covering the soles of the feet like a „moccasin shoe” in tinea rubrum, or the interdigital maceration and scaling found between the toes in athlete’s feet.

• #28 Ringworm in cats and dogs – VetVisuals® Shop

  https://vetvisuals.com/shop/shop/ringworm-in-cats-and-dogs/

  In this article you will receive a refresher on the infectious agent, its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment options. […] Understanding dermatophytosis is important as it is one of the most common infectious skin diseases and can spread to other animals as well as people. […] Infection occurs via direct contact between infective spores and a susceptible host. […] Incubation period are 1-4 weeks. […] Historically, there has been a concern about zoonotic infections via environmental contamination from infected pets, but confirmed reports of this are rare. […] In this article you will receive a refresher on the infectious agent, its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment options.

• #29 Ringworm in cats: diagnostic difficulties of dermatophytosis | Vets & Clinics

  https://vetsandclinics.com/en/ringworm-in-cats-diagnostic-difficulties-of-dermatophytosis

  Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection that affects the cats skin. Popularly known as ringworm, it is caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton spp., although Microsporum canis is the main causal agent of ringworm infections in cats. […] Dermatophytosis in cats is both highly contagious and extremely infectious. However, it is a treatable, curable and non-life-threatening disease. […] Ringworm in cats with a competent immune system is usually self-limiting and resolves itself. However, in more vulnerable cases, such as kittens, dermatophytosis can develop into a more widespread and prevalent problem. […] More specifically, the presentation of ringworm includes hair loss, erythema and flaking skin, with or without pruritus. […] Alopecia, erythema, excoriations and small crusts associated with folliculitis, with pruritus caused by Microsporum canis in a street cat.

• #30 Ringworm in cats: diagnostic difficulties of dermatophytosis | Vets & Clinics

  https://vetsandclinics.com/en/ringworm-in-cats-diagnostic-difficulties-of-dermatophytosis

  Alopecia with moderate erythema on the nasal bridge of a cat with dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis. […] As with other self-limiting diseases, and as mentioned above, each cats risk of developing ringworm is influenced by its health status. Kittens or very elderly cats, cats with debilitating comorbidities and even those with stress are more susceptible to contracting ringworm. […] Increased scratching due to pruritus or scratches, excess moisture after washing, particularly in animals with thick hair, and other poor hygienic practices that increase the risk of microtraumas are directly related to the increased risk of ringworm in cats. […] Grooming is a natural defence and cleaning mechanism; if cats cannot carry it out as normal because of conditions such as arthritis in senior cats or upper respiratory infections, then this may contribute to fungal infections.

• #31 Read-Only Case Details Reviewed: Oct 2010

  https://www.askjpc.org/vspo/show_page.php?id=dDNacEl0UWQ2OVhnRkFyMWEwN1AwQT09

  Normal skin is inhospitable to fungal growth due to low moisture, normal resident flora, antifungal substances (e.g. sebum contains fungistatic fatty acids), and constant renewal of the stratum corneum […] Transmission via direct contact with infected animals or indirect contact with infected environment or fomites (e.g. contaminated brushes); hair fragments with arthrospores are highly infectious for up to 18 months […] Dermatophytes, with rare exceptions, only colonize cornified tissue (hair shafts, inner root sheath, stratum corneum, claws/nails) and do not invade living tissue […] Skin trauma (e.g. microabrasions, maceration) facilitates fungal invasion dermatophytes hydrolyze surrounding keratin via keratinolytic/proteolytic enzymes, endoproteases, and exoproteases penetrate hair shaft grow downward until they reach the keratogenous zone (Adamsons fringe) of the hair bulb (cannot infect viable tissue) infection persists if downward growth of fungus is in equilibrium with keratin production and hairs become bittle/easily broken OR if not (e.g. hair enters telogen phase), fungus is sloughed and infection is cleared […] Can predispose to secondary bacterial infection.

• #32

  https://step1.medbullets.com/dermatology/112071/tinea-corporis

  infection of the epidermis […] occasionally spreads to the hair follicles […] mechanism of action […] azoles […] inhibit fungal cell membrane formation […] disrupts biosynthesis of ergosterol […] terbinafine […] blocks fungal cell wall production […] inhibits squalene epoxidase.

• #33 Ketoconazole topical (Nizoral, Xolegel, and others): Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing – WebMD

  https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-75147-1052/ketoconazole-topical/ketoconazole-cream-topical/details

  Topical ketoconazole is used to treat fungal skin conditions, such as ringworm, tinea versicolor, candidiasis, and seborrheic dermatitis. It stops fungi from growing. […] Topical ketoconazole is an antifungal medicine that stops the growth of the fungus causing the infection.

• #34 Superficial fungal infections

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2019/october/superficial-fungal-infections

  Oral therapy should be considered in the following scenarios: onychomycosis, tinea capitis, extensive tinea on the skin, failed topical treatment, immunocompromised patients. […] Griseofulvin for six to eight weeks is first-line therapy for tinea capitis caused by Microsporum infections. In contrast, griseofulvin is recommended as third-line therapy for tinea corporis because it is less effective than terbinafine and azoles for this indication. […] After therapy for onychomycosis, there may be a recurrence or reinfection rate of up to 25%. Patients should be advised to address modifiable risk factors for prevention of tinea infection.

• #35 Fenbendazole’s Efficacy Against Ringworm Examined – Fenben.pro

  https://fenben.pro/fenbendazoles-efficacy-against-ringworm-examined/

  Fenbendazole, a widely-used anthelmintic drug, exhibits potent antifungal properties through its unique mechanism of action. This benzimidazole compound primarily targets the cytoskeleton of fungal cells by binding to -tubulin, a crucial protein involved in microtubule formation. By disrupting microtubule assembly, fenbendazole effectively inhibits various cellular processes, including: […] Additionally, fenbendazole interferes with fungal metabolism by inhibiting key enzymes involved in glucose uptake and utilization. This dual-action approach not only prevents fungal growth but also compromises the structural integrity of existing fungal cells. The drug’s ability to penetrate the fungal cell wall and accumulate within the cytoplasm further enhances its efficacy against various fungal species, including those responsible for ringworm infections. Notably, fenbendazole’s selective toxicity towards fungal cells while sparing mammalian tissues contributes to its favorable safety profile in treating topical fungal infections.

• #36 Antifungal activity and mechanism of heat-transformed ginsenosides from notoginseng against Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes – RSC Advances (RSC Publishing)

  https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/ra/c6ra27542g

  Notoginseng, the root of Panax notoginseng, has been used to treat wounds and ulcers for several years in China. […] In this study, notoginseng saponin (NS) was heated in a reaction kettle to produce heat-transformed ginsenoside (HTS). […] HTS showed higher inhibitory activity than that of NS against Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with the lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 16 or 31.25 µg mL−1) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC, 125 or 250 µg mL−1). […] Moreover, the antifungal activity of HTS might be attributed to the damage of cell membrane and decrease of membrane potential, easily caused by less polar ginsenosides. […] Thus, the results indicated that HTS could be applied as antifungal agents to treat ringworm.

• #37 Home remedies for ringworm: 11 natural treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320911

  Ringworm is a very common fungal infection that is not, despite its name, caused by a worm. It is caused by the fungus Tinea, which is highly contagious. […] Although there are no studies specifically examining the effects of garlic on ringworm, it may possess antifungal properties. […] Apple cider vinegar may possess some antifungal properties, which could help it to treat ringworm when a person applies it topically to the skin. […] Aloe vera contains antiseptic agents that may exhibit antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. […] Certain fatty acids found in coconut oil may possess antifungal properties. […] Some evidence suggests that grapefruit seed extract may also possess antifungal activity. […] A 2019 study suggests that turmeric may possess potent antifungal action.

• #38 Home remedies for ringworm: 11 natural treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320911

  Evidence notes that tea tree oil may possess antimicrobial properties. […] Oregano oil derives from wild oregano (Origanum vulgare) and contains compounds that possess antifungal properties. […] Lemongrass essential oil may also possess some fungicidal properties. […] Although these natural treatments may possess antifungal properties, they may not be effective against ringworm. […] Preventing ringworm is easier than treating an established infection. […] The outlook for people with ringworm is generally positive. […] However, while home remedies may be effective against some fungal infections, not all remedies will work for all cases of ringworm. […] If symptoms do not resolve within 2 weeks, a doctor will recommend a stronger treatment that will likely cure the infection quickly.

• #39 Fungal & Actinomycetes Infections: Etiology, Pathology & Pathogenesis | Study.com

  https://study.com/academy/lesson/fungal-actinomycetes-infections-etiology-pathology-pathogenesis.html

  The pathogenesis, or step-by-step course of a fungal infection, varies based on the type of fungus and the health of the infected individual. […] Dermatophyte infections are contracted from various sources, including the environment, animals, other people, and soil. […] Some examples of etiological agents of dermatophyte infections include Tinea capitis, T. corporis (ringworm), T. cruris (jock itch), and T. pedis (athlete’s foot. […] They tend to cause more mild infections like jock itch and ringworm.

• #40 Dermatophytosis – An Overview For Veterinary Technicians

  https://www.ksvdl.org/resources/news/diagnostic_insights_for_technicians/august2017/dermatophytosis.html

  Dermatophytosis also known as ringworm is a contagious fungal disease that can be zoonotic and transmissible from animal to animal and to humans. […] The diagnosis of dermatophytosis is typically made by conventional techniques including trichography, fungal culture, and histopathology. […] Fungal culture is considered the most sensitive technique for the identification of dermatophytes. […] Positive fungal hyphae identification also enables the clinician to consider the likely source of the dermatophyte for subsequent control and protection of in-contact animals. […] Histopathology can help determine whether a fungal organism recovered in culture represents contamination, colonization or true infection. […] However, histopathology usually cannot identify the fungal genus and species, which are vital for specific diagnosis and treatment.

• #41

  https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=11377629&pid=99

  Ringworm, or dermatophytosis, is a fungal infection of the skin found in most species, including cats, dogs, large animals, and humans. In cats, the disease is most common in kittens and animals with weak immune systems. While the disease is not fatal, it causes significant cosmetic lesions and may be spread to humans, where it causes an itchy rash. Due to the highly contagious nature of the disease, rapid diagnosis is important. The gold standard of diagnosis is a fungal culture; while this is highly accurate it may take several weeks to attain results and requires facilities for handling potentially biohazardous materials. […] The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of dermatophyte PCR for diagnosis of ringworm infection and for confirming mycological cure when compared to fungal culture.

• #42

  https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=11377629&pid=99

  The results of this study suggest that there is good sensitivity and specificity for initial diagnosis of ringworm in cats, however, this may not be as accurate in confirming cure status. […] The conclusion of the authors is that PCR may be used for rapid detection of disease in cats at risk of dermatophytosis, and may be especially useful in ruling out infection. When confirming mycological cure, fungal culture should remain the standard of care.

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