Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Retinal diseases – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-diseases/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355827

  A scleral buckle used to treat retinal detachment […] A scleral buckle is sometimes used in the management of retinal detachment. […] The main goals of treatment are to stop or slow disease progression and preserve, improve or restore your vision. […] Treatment of retinal disease may be complex and sometimes urgent. Options include: […] Laser surgery can repair a retinal tear or hole. […] Your eye doctor may use a technique called scatter laser photocoagulation to shrink irregular new blood vessels that are bleeding or threatening to bleed into the eye. […] In this process, called cryopexy (KRY-o-pek-see), your surgeon applies a freezing probe to the outside wall of the eye to treat a retinal tear. […] This technique, called pneumatic retinopexy (RET-ih-no-pek-see), is used to help repair certain types of retinal detachment.

• #2 Retinal problems: Types, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/retinal-problems

  Retinal disorders are conditions that affect any part of the retina. Some can mildly affect a persons vision, while others may lead to blindness. However, it may be possible to prevent most retinal disorders if an eye doctor identifies the condition early and provides appropriate treatment. […] It is important for people to receive treatment for a retinal tear, as it may result in retinal detachment. This is a more serious condition that affects vision. […] Retinal detachment is a medical emergency that, without treatment, may lead to permanent vision loss. […] Treatment for retinal disorders varies depending on the type and extent of the condition. Options may range from medications and vitamins to injections, surgery, and laser treatments. […] The goals of treatment will be to preserve and restore vision or to prevent and slow down the damage in the retina.

• #3 Retinal Diseases Treatment in East Stroudsburg, PA

  https://www.poconoeye.com/our-services/retinal-diseases/

  Discover cutting-edge care for retinal diseases right here in East Stroudsburg, PA, at Pocono Eye Associates. […] Whether youre dealing with macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or other retinal conditions, were here to offer personalized treatment plans tailored to your unique needs. […] Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to preserving and enhancing vision, making regular eye exams essential for maintaining eye health and catching retinal diseases in their early stages. […] The management and treatment of retinal diseases typically depend on the specific condition and its severity. In many cases, early intervention can slow disease progression and improve outcomes. Retina disease treatment options range from lifestyle modifications and medication to advanced surgical procedures.

• #4 Retinal diseases – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-diseases/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355827

  This surgery, called scleral (SKLAIR-ul) buckling, is used to repair a retinal detachment. […] In this procedure, called vitrectomy (vih-TREK-tuh-me), your surgeon removes the gel-like fluid that fills the inside of your eye, called the vitreous. […] Your eye doctor may suggest injecting medicine into the vitreous in the eye. […] People who have severe vision loss or blindness owing to certain inherited retinal disease may need surgery.

• #5 Retinal Diseases: Overview and Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24853-retinal-diseases

  Treatment depends on the type of retinal disease you have. Depending on the condition, treatment can stop the disease or slow down how quickly it gets worse. Therapy options include surgical procedures, laser treatments and injections of medicines into or around your eyes. […] Vitrectomy is a surgical procedure to treat the following types of retinal disease: Retinal detachments, Macular pucker (epiretinal membrane), Macular hole, Eye injuries, including foreign objects in your eye, Eye infections. […] Injections of medicine into the vitreous treat the following retinal conditions: Wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Advanced diabetic retinopathy, Macular edema from various causes, Eye infections, Inflammatory eye diseases. […] Lasers treat: Blood vessels that have grown where they shouldnt be, Retinal tears, Central serous retinopathy, Macular edema.

• #6 Retinal Diseases — EyeCare 20/20

  https://eyecare2020.org/retinal-diseases/

  If you have been diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa, your doctor will monitor your condition using a series of specialized tests. […] Many retina problems, if detected early, can be reversed. […] If you have diabetes, are obese, or suffer from another health condition that can contribute to the risk of developing a retinal disorder, it is essential that you proactively control your condition. […] Laser surgery may be utilized to repair a retinal tear as well as shrink abnormal or leaking blood vessels. This can help prevent future vision loss. […] Injecting medication into the eye may be an effective solution for patients with wet macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. This treatment can prevent new blood vessels from forming. […] Vitrectomy is a procedure during which the vitreous, or gel-like fluid within the eye, is removed and replaced with a saline solution so that the doctor can remove scar tissue or make repairs. This procedure is often performed to treat several conditions including macular hole, diabetic retinopathy, macular pucker, and retinal detachment. […] Scleral buckling is a common treatment for retinal detachment in which silicone material is used to relieve some of the tension on the retina. This treatment is often combined with other treatments such as laser surgery.

• #7 Retinal Diseases: Overview and Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24853-retinal-diseases

  Other treatments for retinal detachment include: Scleral buckle surgery, Cryoplexy, Pneumatic retinopexy. […] Other treatments for retinal conditions include: Antibacterial, antifungal or antiviral drugs for severe infections, Cold laser to treat central serous retinopathy and other retinal disorders. […] The complications or side effects of the treatment for retinal conditions depend on many factors, such as the type of treatment, your general health and the condition you have. […] In general, surgical risks may include: Infection, Scarring, Dry eyes, Blurred vision, High or low pressure in your eye, Decreased vision, High eye pressure, Bleeding. […] Recovery times depend on the type of treatment you have and the retinal disease you have. […] In some cases, damaged retinas can heal or be repaired. Some conditions dont have cures. Its best to discuss your individual situation with your provider. […] All retinal diseases arent alike. Its important to have a good understanding of your particular condition and to pay attention to any changes in your vision. Early diagnosis and treatment usually provide the best results.

• #8 Effective Treatments for Retinal Diseases – Specialty Vision

  https://specialty.vision/article/effective-treatments-for-retinal-diseases-2/

  In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology, laser photocoagulation was shown to be highly effective in treating diabetic retinopathy, with significant reductions in vision loss. The study highlighted advancements in laser technology that have improved precision and reduced side effects. […] Cryopexy is a treatment that involves applying a freezing probe to the outside wall of the eye to address a retinal tear. This method creates a controlled freeze that later forms a scar to keep the retina securely attached to the eye wall. […] Pneumatic retinopexy offers a less invasive alternative for those who are appropriate candidates, making it an attractive option for patients who wish to continue with everyday activities as soon as possible. Its effectiveness is a testament to the modern advances in retinal care and the ability of our Retina Specialists to tailor treatments to individual cases.

• #9 Effective Treatments for Retinal Diseases – Specialty Vision

  https://specialty.vision/article/effective-treatments-for-retinal-diseases-2/

  Retinal diseases can severely impact your vision, but modern treatments offer hope. Our experienced Retina Specialists utilize advanced techniques tailored to your needs for optimal care and outcomes. […] The treatments for retinal diseases are as varied as the conditions themselves. When managing retinal diseases, the primary aim is to halt or reduce further damage while preserving or even restoring sight whenever possible. With the advancement of modern techniques, many treatment options have proven to be both effective and safe, offering hope and improved outcomes for patients. […] Lasers have truly revolutionized the approach to treating retinal issues. By using a focused beam, small burns are created on the retina which act to weld the tissue together, reducing the risk of a full detachment in cases of retinal tears or holes. This outpatient procedure has the benefit of being relatively quick and is highly effective when performed as soon as a problem is identified.

• #10 Retinal Diseases – Optometrists.org

  https://www.optometrists.org/general-practice-optometry/guide-to-eye-conditions/guide-to-retinal-diseases/retinal-diseases/

  Retinal diseases cause damage to any part of the retina. Untreated retinal diseases can lead to severe vision loss and even blindness. With early detection, some retinal diseases can be treated, while others can be controlled or slowed down to preserve, or even restore vision. […] Retinal tears are typically treated with laser surgery or freezing treatments called cryotherapy. […] A retinal detachment may be treated through laser treatments, surgery, or freezing treatments (cryotherapy) to repair any tears in the retina and to reattach the retina to the back of the eye. […] Treatment of diabetic retinopathy includes anti-VEGF injections and/or laser surgery. […] Treatment of this condition generally involves a surgical procedure called a vitrectomy. […] Central retinal vein occlusion is typically treated with anti-VEGF injections which are used to reduce new abnormal blood vessel growth and retinal swelling. Anti-VEGF drugs include bevacizumab (Avastin), ranibizumab (Lucentis), and aflibercept (Eylea). […] Branch retinal vein occlusion is typically treated with anti-VEGF injections and/or laser surgery. […] If this complication occurs, scatter laser photocoagulation therapy is used to stop abnormal blood vessel growth.

• #11

  http://www.phsa.ca/our-services/programs-services/provincial-retinal-disease-treatment

  Provincial Retinal Diseases Treatment Program provides drug treatment therapy for B.C. patients diagnosed with wet age-related macular degeneration, diabetic macular edema and retinal vein occlusion. […] The Provincial Retinal Diseases Treatment Program (PRDTP) was established in June 2009 to plan, coordinate, monitor, evaluate and fund retinal disease treatments. […] The standard of care for the treatment of retinal diseases is anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs. These medications have been shown to help prevent vision loss and/or blindness, particularly in seniors. […] Through the provincial program, B.C. patients have access to anti-VEGF drugs when they have been diagnosed with one of the following three conditions: Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO).

• #12

  http://www.phsa.ca/our-services/programs-services/provincial-retinal-disease-treatment

  B.C. patients who have been diagnosed with one of the above conditions have access to the following anti-VEGF drugs: bevacizumab (Avastin), ranibizumab (Lucentis), aflibercept (Eylea). […] This program also provides coverage for verteporfin (Visudyne) with photodynamic therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD).

• #13 New frontiers of retinal therapeutic intervention: a critical analysis of novel approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9045775/

  Anti-VEGF therapy not only prevents vision loss but also restores or improves vision in many cases. […] Aflibercept and especially brolucizumab offer longer drug durability, and an injection interval of every 2-3 months after serial loading doses is possible in many eyes. […] The port delivery system with ranibizumab (PDS; Genentech/Roche) is a small refillable eye implant that continuously delivers ranibizumab into the eye. […] The Phase III trial of PDS with ranibizumab in nAMD patients showed that 242 of 246 patients (98.4%) in the PDS cohort did not receive any supplemental treatment or injection before the first refill or exchange (fixed at every 6 months), indicating PDS with ranibizumab could reach the target duration. […] Gene therapy in nAMD has also been studied as an approach to reduce the burden of anti-VEGF injections.

• #14 Retinal diseases: causes and up-to-date treatment methods

  https://medconsonline.com/en/blog/modern-treatments-for-retinal-diseases

  One of the most significant breakthroughs was the creation of anti-VEGF drugs. They are monoclonal antibodies that block the action of VEGF by preventing it from binding to receptors on blood vessel cells. Thus, these medications stop newly formed blood vessels from growing and developing, which helps to lessen retinal swelling and improve retinal function. […] Anti-VEGF drugs show high efficacy in treating this dangerous disorder. According to studies, more than 50% of patients who received aflibercept and ranibizumab injections saw better vision, so these drugs are considered the gold standard for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. […] Vabysmo (faricimab) is an innovative bispecific antibody used to treat wet AMD, diabetic macular oedema and macular oedema due to retinal vein occlusion.

• #15 Retinal diseases: causes and up-to-date treatment methods

  https://medconsonline.com/en/blog/modern-treatments-for-retinal-diseases

  The main difference between Vabysmo and other drugs of this group is its dual mechanism of action. It simultaneously blocks two factors that play a key role in the development of retinal diseases, i.e. VEGF and Ang-2. […] With the advent of anti-VEGF therapy, patients suffering from retinal diseases now have a chance to preserve their ability to see and improve their quality of life. Modern drugs such as ranibizumab, aflibercept and brolucizumab have proven effective in controlling disease progression and restoring visual function. […] Despite the high cost of treatment and the need for regular injections, the use of medications that inhibit epithelial growth has been a revolutionary step in the treatment of retinopathies, changing the prognosis for many patients.

• #16 Retinal Conditions: Diagnosis, Management, Treatment

  https://visioneyeinstitute.com.au/services/retinal-conditions/

  These injections are also called intravitreal injections. They are administered in the clinic or day surgery. The eye is numbed with a local anaesthetic to stop any pain. Ongoing treatment is often necessary for many of the disorders. […] Anti-VEGF drugs block the protein and the corresponding abnormal blood vessel growth – they are given as eye injections. These drugs are used in the treatment of macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. […] Steroid injections work mainly by reducing inflammation caused by many retinal conditions, particularly those causing macular oedema (including diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion and postoperative macular oedema). […] Pneumatic retinopexy: A gas bubble is injected into the eye and stops fluid from passing through the hole or tear in the retina, allowing it to reattach.

• #17 Advanced Retinal Treatments – Garrett Eye Center

  https://www.garretteye.com/advanced-retinal-treatments/

  Avastin is now used off-label to treat eye diseases. It blocks the growth and leakage of fluid from abnormal blood vessels in the retina. […] Eylea also treats diabetic eye disease and other retinal issues. Blocks VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), slowing abnormal blood vessel growth. […] Syfovre is a complement inhibitor that slows the growth of GA lesions, preserving vision and reducing significant vision loss and blindness. […] Iluvien is a sustained release implant that delivers corticosteroids to manage diabetic retinopathy.

• #18 Effective Treatments for Retinal Diseases – Specialty Vision

  https://specialty.vision/article/effective-treatments-for-retinal-diseases-2/

  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a specialized approach, particularly in the treatment of wet macular degeneration. This two-step procedure starts with an injection of a light-sensitive drug into the bloodstream, which naturally collects in the abnormal blood vessels of the retina. A low-energy laser is then applied, activating the drug and targeting the problematic vessels without causing undue harm to the surrounding tissue. […] For those suffering from severe vision loss due to inherited retinal diseases, a retinal prosthesis might be considered. In this cutting-edge procedure, a tiny electrode chip is implanted into the retina. This chip works in conjunction with visual input captured by a small camera mounted on special eyeglasses, transmitting signals to the brain that help create visual perceptions.

• #19 Retinal Conditions: Diagnosis, Management, Treatment

  https://visioneyeinstitute.com.au/services/retinal-conditions/

  Cryo–buckle surgery. A band of solid silicone rubber is stitched to the surface of the white of the eye (sclera) under the conjunctiva (transparent layer covering the sclera), where it can’t be seen. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration. A light-sensitive medicine is injected into the bloodstream, and a laser light shone into the eye, activating the medicine and causing it to create blood clots that block abnormal blood vessels.

• #20 Current trends in gene therapy for retinal diseases (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2021.10948

  The eye is considered an effective target for genetic therapy, as it has a privileged immune status, it is easily accessed for medication delivery and it is affected by a number of inherited disorders. In particular, the retina is considered for gene therapy due to the fact that it can be visualized with ease, it does not have lymphatic vessels, nor a direct blood network for the outer layers and its cells do not divide after birth, and thus transgene expression is not affected. […] Over the past two decades, major improvements in surgical techniques necessary for the delivery of modified genes to the retinal tissue have been achieved, thus contributing to the development of novel and revolutionary therapeutic strategies. […] Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases aims to replace a defective gene that is causing the illness with a normal one, delivered either in vivo or ex vivo, through cultured cells. The eye is an effective target for in vivo delivery, aided by viral vectors, as it is an immuno-privileged organ.

• #21 Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Diseases | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/eye-care/inherited-retinal-diseases

  Inherited retinal diseases are a group of rare, progressive eye conditions that often occur early in life and can lead to permanent blindness. Gene therapy with a drug called Luxturna can now halt or even reverse vision loss for some inherited retinal diseases. Duke is one of 15 centers in the U.S. to provide this treatment. […] Gene therapy is a new and promising treatment for some people with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. […] Luxturna Injection Ocular gene therapy is performed in an operating room under anesthesia. An eye surgeon removes the clear gel inside the eye and injects a drug called Luxturna under the retina. It contains a healthy copy of the RPE65 gene. This one-time treatment restores the retina’s ability to respond to light, usually beginning a month after the injection.

• #22 Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Diseases | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/eye-care/inherited-retinal-diseases

  One of a Handful of Centers to Offer Ocular Gene Therapy Luxturna, the only FDA-approved gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases, can only be administered at ocular gene therapy treatment centers where retinal specialists, genetic counselors, pharmacists, and nurses have specialized training and experience caring for patients with inherited retinal diseases. Duke is one of the select centers in the U.S. able to offer ocular gene therapy.

• #23 Inherited Retinal Diseases

  https://patienteducation.asgct.org/disease-treatments/inherited-retinal-diseases

  Inherited retinal disorders (IRDs) are disorders that affect the retina, the part of the eye that sees light, leading to severe vision loss or blindness. […] Learn why gene therapy has strong potential to slow or stop the progression of these diseases, and helping save vision. […] LUXTURNA is an FDA-approved gene therapy for the treatment of adults with an inherited retinal disorder affecting the RPE65 gene. […] Gene therapy aims to target the underlying cause of disease, the gene variant for an IRD. The treatment aims to be given one time, compared to other treatments for retinal disease that need to be given more frequently. […] Gene therapy is a strong option for IRDs, since most of them are caused by genetic variants or changes. The treatment being given directly into the eye allows more efficient delivery to the target tissues and lowers potential exposure to other body systems. […] This makes it more likely to provide therapeutic benefits to slow or stop the progression of the disorder.

• #24 Inherited Retinal Diseases

  https://patienteducation.asgct.org/disease-treatments/inherited-retinal-diseases

  FDA-approved Luxturna is the first approved gene therapy for an inherited retinal disorder in the U.S. It is also approved for use in Europe. Luxturna delivers a working copy of the RPE65 gene into the eye. […] There are gene therapy approaches for various IRDs that are currently in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Clinical trials are a required part of the research process that aims to understand the way a drug or treatment will interact with the human body and whether it is safe and effective. […] Participating in a trial may offer many potential benefits compared to not receiving any form of intervention for a fatal disease. Gene therapy aims to be a one-time treatment with lasting positive effects that slow or stop disease progression for a lifetime. However, there is no guarantee.

• #25 Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-024-05016-x

  Retinal degenerative disorders (RDDs) cause vision loss by damaging retinal neurons and photoreceptors, affecting individuals of all ages. Cell-based therapy has emerged as an effective approach for the treatment of RDDs with promising results. This meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy in treating age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and Stargardt macular degeneration (SMD) as the most prevalent RDDs. […] Cell therapy for AMD showed significant improvement in LogMAR (p0.05). Also, cell therapy decreased the LogMAR score in SMD and RP (p0.01 and p0.0001, respectively). […] The findings of the study highlight that the application of cell therapy can enhance the visual acuity in AMD, SMD, and RP. […] The application of stem cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising approach in the treatment of retinal degeneration, owing to its remarkable attributes such as self-renewal, multi-directional differentiation, neuroprotection, and immuno-regulation.

• #26 Cell Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Progress and Prospects

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/10/1299

  Cell-based therapies have emerged as one of the potential solutions to address the complex challenges of retinal degeneration, offering the potential to replace or repair damaged retinal tissues, thereby restoring vision or at least halting further degeneration. […] Current therapeutic modalities for RP include supplementation with Vitamin A and E, which may slow progression in some cases. […] Although we have yet to develop a treatment that can restore vision for those suffering from end-stage geographic atrophy due to severe dry AMD or end-stage RP, ongoing research into cell therapy offers hope and will be discussed in detail in the next section. […] The goal of stem cell treatments is to repair or preserve injured retinal ganglion cells while regaining the function of the optic nerve.

• #27 Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-024-05016-x

  Various types of stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), are presently under investigation in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials for retinal degenerative diseases (RDDs) such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), inherited retinal dystrophies, and retinal vascular disorders. […] Overall, 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis, through which 140 eyes underwent the cell therapy intervention for AMD. The random-effect three-level meta-analysis demonstrated that cell therapy decreased the LogMAR score compared to baseline (g= 0.47, 95% CI= 0.91 to 0.03, p=0.04). […] Overall, 7 studies with 40 eyes entered the meta-analysis for cell therapy in SMD. Through random-effect Three-level meta-analysis, it was observed that cell therapy significantly reduced the LogMAR score (g= 0.36, 95% CI= 0.610.01, p0.01).

• #28 Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text

  https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-024-05016-x

  A significant improvement was achieved by cell therapy based on the three-level random-effect meta-analysis results (g= 0.33, 95% CI= 0.48 to 0.17, p0.0001). […] Our results align with prior studies providing evidence that cell transplantation is a potentially effective and safe treatment option for individuals diagnosed with RP or SMD. […] In summary, stem cell therapy has also been seen to be a potential treatment modality for retinal degeneration disorders, enhancing the visual acuity of those affected.

• #29 Cell Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Progress and Prospects

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/10/1299

  The potential of photoreceptor cells derived from different human iPSC sources, including blood, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes, has been investigated in numerous research studies. […] The integration of gene therapy and biomaterials shows promising advances in cell transplantation and retinal degeneration treatment. […] Gene therapy, specifically CRISPR-Cas9, enhances hESC survival by reducing cell immunogenicity and eliminating the need for immunosuppression. […] The use of scaffold technology plays two major roles in cell therapy. […] The future of 3D bioprinting and its possibility to be used for therapeutic development provides an exciting area to develop further. […] Despite the progress, several barriers remain in translating these therapies into clinical practice. […] Challenges such as immune rejection, ensuring long-term survival and integration of transplanted cells, and the need for scalable and standardized manufacturing processes are critical areas that must be addressed. […] For future research, we recommend a focused effort on overcoming these barriers to clinical translation.

• #30 New frontiers of retinal therapeutic intervention: a critical analysis of novel approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9045775/

  A second nAMD-based gene therapy, ADVM-022, is comprised of an AAV.7m8 vector that produces aflibercept protein and can be delivered as a single intravitreal injection. […] Overall, faricimab appears to be non-inferior to existing anti-VEGF-based treatments, such as aflibercept, but is also associated with a longer injection-free interval as approximately half of the patients that received faricimab were able to defer injection to every 16 weeks. […] The use of autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cells in the treatment of non-neovascular AMD was also reported in three cases. However, severe vision loss after intravitreal injection of adipose tissue-derived stem cells was observed. […] The Argus II is the most widely used device with many peer-reviewed publications. Although an acceptable rate of the adverse event has been reported in IRIS V2 or EPI-RET 3, the studies of long-term safety or effectiveness are limited or underpowered.

• #31 Macular Degeneration: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration

  Macular degeneration is primarily an age-related retinal condition. There are treatments, but there isn’t a cure. […] Starting treatments early can slow the progression of the disease and make symptoms less severe. Even with successful treatments, symptoms often return. Depending on the disease type, treatments include nutritional supplements, medications, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and laser therapy. […] The Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS and AREDS2) found that a combination of vitamins and minerals might slow the progression of dry AMD. […] There are drugs that treat but don’t cure wet AMD. They include anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections. […] During photodynamic therapy (PDT), your eye care specialist uses a combination of an injectable light-sensitive drug and a laser to destroy extra blood vessels in your eye.

• #32 Retinitis Pigmentosa Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1227488-treatment

  DHA is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant. […] Studies have shown a correlation of ERG amplitudes with patients’ erythrocyte-DHA concentration. Others studies reported trends of less ERG change in patients with higher levels of DHA. Nutritional intake of omega-3 fatty acids may affect the rate of decline of visual acuity (see Diet), although further clinical trials must be done to determine DHA benefit. […] Lutein and zeaxanthin are macular pigments that the body cannot make but instead come from dietary sources. Lutein is thought to protect the macula from oxidative damage, and oral supplementation has been shown to increase the macular pigment. […] Oral valproic acid (VPA) initially was found show benefit in small clinical studies; however, a recent randomized prospective trial enrolled 90 ADRP patients and gave them oral VPA 500 mg to 1000 mg daily for 12 months or placebo. The patients who received VPA had worse outcomes in terms of visual fields than the placebo group. Therefore at this time we do not recommend VPA use for patients outside of clinical trials.

• #33 Retinitis Pigmentosa Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1227488-treatment

  Calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem, are medications commonly used in cardiac disease. Calcium channel blockers have shown some benefit in some animal models of RP, but they have been ineffective in other models. No current recommendations exist regarding the use of calcium channel blockers in patients with RP. […] Cataract surgery can often be beneficial in the later stages of RP. […] Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been shown to slow retinal degeneration in a number of animal models. […] Cell-based therapies /transplantation have been studied for many years for the treatment of retinal disease. […] Many clinical trials have already had encouraging results. […] Artificial vision for patients without any vision has only recently become a reality after years of research and investment.

• #34 Transforming Eye Disease Treatment: The Remarkable Impact Of Retinal Clinical Trials – InFocus Clinical

  https://www.infocusclinical.com/transforming-eye-disease-treatment-the-remarkable-impact-of-retinal-clinical-trials/

  Retinal clinical trials are becoming the bedrock for new treatment modalities. […] Retinal clinical trials are at the forefront of medical innovation, serving as testing grounds for next-generation therapies that hold the promise of transforming eye care as we know it. […] One of the most exciting advancements is in the field of gene therapy, which aims to correct or replace faulty genes responsible for certain retinal conditions. This form of treatment offers the possibility of a long-lasting solution, perhaps even a cure, for hereditary retinal diseases. […] Stem cells offer another avenue for revolutionary treatments. By replacing damaged retinal cells with healthy ones, stem cell therapies have the potential to restore lost vision, a feat previously thought to be unattainable. […] Advanced drug delivery systems, like nanoparticles or implants, aim to overcome these barriers, ensuring that medications reach their intended destination in the most efficient way possible.

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-023-00862-2

  Optogenetics involves transforming viable retinal cells, specifically ganglion cells, into artificial photoreceptors. […] Retinal prostheses are implantable electronic devices that are designed to stimulate sensation of vision by processing incoming light and transmitting the information in the form of electrical impulses to the remaining inner retinal layers for visual function. […] Treating IRDs has historically posed significant challenges, with limited available methods to halt progression or reverse the pathology. […] However, significant progress has been made in gene therapy using viral vector-based gene augmentation, exemplified by voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna), which provides hope for patients with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) having RPE65 mutation. […] Gene therapy is emerging as a promising approach for inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), with ongoing trials reaching advanced stages.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40123-023-00862-2

  Holistic therapeutic approaches: beyond gene therapy, innovative strategies such as retinal cell replacement, neuroprotection, pharmacology, and optogenetics offer avenues for vision restoration. […] Gene therapy breakthrough: the success of Luxturna exemplifies the transformative potential of gene therapy, demonstrating promising outcomes for patients with Leber congenital amaurosis and pioneering the role of viral vector-based treatments. […] Neuroprotective strategies, a mutation-independent modality, aim to target common stress pathways of the cells (photoreceptors or ganglion cells) and enhance the photoreceptor survival, irrespective of whether they target a primary causative or secondary/contributory pathologic process or the stage of the disease. […] Numerous pharmacological therapies have been studied to target these proteins and enzymes to restore or prevent progression in IRDs.

• #37 Gene Therapy for Inherited and Rare Retinal Disease | Retinal Physician

  https://retinalphysician.com/issues/2020/special-edition/gene-therapy-for-inherited-and-rare-retinal-disease/

  The basic concept of gene therapy for inherited retinal disease (IRD) is simple: replace a defective gene with a normal copy to treat disease. […] Recently, greater focus has been placed on using gene therapy to treat ocular disease in vivo largely due to the success of voretigene neparvovec-rzyl (Luxturna; Spark Therapeutics) for the treatment of RPE65-associated retinal dystrophy. […] In 2017, the FDA approved the first in vivo gene therapy for a genetic disease when it approved Luxturna for RPE65-associated retinal dystrophy. […] Current gene therapy strategies involve gene augmentation, which works by supplying a functional gene product. […] One strategy would be delivery of RNAi or microRNAs, which act to silence expression of genes. […] Gene editing technology using the CRISPR/CAS9 system would also be well suited to correcting dominant gain-of-function mutations.

• #38 Gene Therapies for Retinal Diseases Head to Clinical Trials | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/gene-therapies-for-retinal-diseases-head-to-clinical-trials-28223

  The most common existing treatment for retinal diseases is blocking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). […] Trials showed that the treatment greatly reduced the need for injections of anti-VEGF antibodies. […] For example, a recent Phase 1/2 trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that CRISPR-Cas9based gene editing is safe and effective for treating severe early-onset retinal degeneration caused by a mutation in CEP290. […] Voretigene neparvovec (LUXTURNA) is a groundbreaking gene therapy approved for the treatment of vision loss due to inherited retinal dystrophy caused by biallelic RPE65 gene mutations, a condition that often leads to blindness.

• #39 Macular Degeneration: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration

  During this treatment, your provider will use a laser to seal and destroy the leaking blood vessels. […] Treatments for wet AMD carry some risk of complications, including eye infection, retinal detachment, structural eye damage, faster onset of cataracts, and severe vision loss. […] Your eye care provider can offer treatments that may help preserve vision.

• #40 Understanding Symptoms and Treatments for Retinal Disease

  https://floridaeye.org/eye-health/understanding-retinal-diseases/

  Recovery times can vary widely depending on the type of treatment and the specific retinal disease. For instance, if you have a gas bubble in your eye following surgery, it may take several weeks for the bubble to dissipate. Other treatments, like injections into the eye, typically require minimal recovery time. […] In certain instances, damaged retinas can heal or be repaired. However, it is worth noting that certain conditions may not have established cures. It is advisable to consult with your healthcare provider to understand the options best suited to your unique circumstances.

• #41 Retinal Disorders FAQs | Ophthalmic Consultants, NY

  https://ophthalmicconsultants.com/retinal-specialist/retinal-diseases-faqs/

  Experience, Knowledge & Technology to Diagnose and Treat Retinal Disorders & Diseases. […] Age-related macular degeneration, also known as AMD, is a disease that affects the retina. […] Unfortunately, there is no cure for AMD. […] Treatment for the dry form of AMD, which is the most common, may include specially formulated supplements. Wet AMD can be treated with injections, laser, surgery, and photodynamic therapy. […] It is important to learn about the disease and work with a retina specialist who will put a treatment plan in place. They have the training and experience to treat all medical and surgical aspects of AMD. […] If you’re experiencing blurred vision, floaters, flashes of light, or have been diagnosed with diabetes, it is important to call us immediately to schedule an appointment. Receiving prompt treatment can be critical to your sight. […] New treatment for patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

• #42 Retinal Diseases — EyeCare 20/20

  https://eyecare2020.org/retinal-diseases/

  If you have diabetes, you are at a higher risk for serious eye conditions, like diabetic retinopathy. We offer several treatments for diabetic retinopathy, including injection therapy, laser therapy using the state-of-the-art MicroPulse laser, and advanced microsurgical procedures. […] With early diagnosis and treatment we can slow or even halt the breakdown of your retina. Nutrition supplements and dietary changes are the most common treatments, although laser therapy and injection therapy can be very effective options for wet AMD. […] Although attaining a healthier blood pressure is the best treatment, our doctors may diagnose medications to aid in the management of the condition. […] Our doctors will remove the vitreous from your eye and replace it with a gas bubble, which will push the macula back into the proper position.

• #43 Know everything about Retina Diseases and Vitro-Retinal treatments!

  https://duggaleyehospital.com/retina-diseases-and-vitro-retinal-treatments/

  Laser therapy is a standard method of treating retinal diseases, including macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. The laser can assist in killing aberrant tissue, shrinking swollen areas, and sealing up blood vessel leaks. […] To cure retinal disorders, surgery may occasionally be required. For instance, retinal detachment necessitates urgent surgical repair to prevent irreversible visual loss. […] During a vitrectomy, the eyes vitreous humour is surgically removed and replaced with a clear solution. Retinal detachments and other severe retinal diseases are frequently treated with it. […] A retina specialist or ophthalmologist should be consulted for an accurate diagnosis and treatment strategy.

• #44 Retinal Diseases: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/retinal-diseases

  Treatment depends on which disease you have. For example, doctors sometimes treat age-related macular degeneration with: anti-VEGF injections into the affected eye, photodynamic therapy, a therapy that uses medications that take effect when exposed to lasers. […] Retinal tears and detachment often require surgical repair. […] Retinoblastoma is treated with six standard treatments including: cryotherapy, radiation therapy, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue, surgery. […] Diabetic retinopathy is primarily treated with: laser treatment, injections, surgery to remove blood and scar tissue. […] Your outlook is best when retinal diseases are treated early.

• #45 Retinal Disease – Kremer Eye CenterKremer Eye Center

  https://oomc.com/kremer/treatment-options/retinal-disease/

  Retinal disease can be diagnosed during a routine eye exam, and confirmed through a variety of in patient tests at any of our centers. […] There are many out-patient procedure options for treating retinal disease or a detached retina that can be addressed in many of our locations. They include the following: […] A retinal surgeon stiches a silicone material to the outside of the eye when theres a retinal detachment, which buckles the sclera and causes a decrease in the circumference of the eye and re-attaches the retina. […] A surgeon removes or replaces vitreous gel from the eye through the pars plana. This procedure can be performed in conjunction with other surgeries. […] A surgeon will perform pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) or scleral buckling to treat a complex retinal detachment. An injection of gas may also be necessary, along with a laser to seal the retinal tears, and the vitreous cavity may then be filled with a medical gas or silicone oil to help with healing.

• #46 Inherited Retinal Disorders | Duke Department Of Ophthalmology

  https://dukeeyecenter.duke.edu/patient-care/inherited-retinal-disorders

  Inherited retinal diseases are a group of rare, progressive eye conditions that often occur early in life and can lead to permanent blindness. Gene therapy with a drug called Luxturna can now halt or even reverse vision loss for some inherited retinal diseases. Duke is one of 15 centers in the U.S. to provide this treatment. Our team, which includes inherited retinal disease specialists, genetic counselors, retinal surgeons, and others accurately diagnose inherited retinal diseases and determine if treatment is appropriate for you or your child. […] Gene therapy is a new and promising treatment for some people with retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. To qualify, you or your child must have two copies of a mutated gene called RPE65 and enough functioning cells left in the retina for the treatment to be effective. Adults and children over one year old can receive the treatment.

• #47 Inherited Retinal Disorders | Duke Department Of Ophthalmology

  https://dukeeyecenter.duke.edu/patient-care/inherited-retinal-disorders

  Ocular gene therapy is performed in an operating room under anesthesia. An eye surgeon removes the clear gel inside the eye and injects a drug called Luxturna under the retina. It contains a healthy copy of the RPE65 gene. This one-time treatment restores the retina’s ability to respond to light, usually beginning a month after the injection. Six days following the first injection, the second eye is treated. […] Ocular gene therapy is an out-patient procedure, meaning you or your child can go home the same day. After the procedure, the eye will be covered with a patch for 24 to 48 hours. […] Genetic testing is essential for accurately diagnosing your disease and determining if treatment is possible.

• #48 Retinal diseases – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-diseases/symptoms-causes/syc-20355825

  Macular degeneration. In macular degeneration, the center of the retina begins to deteriorate. This causes symptoms such as blurred central vision or a blind spot in the center of the visual field. There are two types wet macular degeneration and dry macular degeneration. Many people will first have the dry form, which can progress to the wet form in one or both eyes. […] Retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited degenerative disease. It slowly affects the retina and causes loss of night and side vision.

• #49 Retinitis Pigmentosa Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1227488-treatment

  As noted previously, there are over 70 genetic mutations that can cause various types of RP. Only recently, gene therapy has proven to successfully treat some forms of RP and currently has many active clinical trials, with the hope to replace the defective protein by using DNA vector (eg, adenovirus, lentivirus). […] These prospective clinical trials were proven to successfully treat patients with the RPE65 mutation. This has led to an FDA-approved treatment for these patients. […] There is no proven therapy to help prevent the progressive degeneration found in RP; however gene therapy has shown the greatest promise, and anti-oxidative supplements seem to slow the rate. Hopefully future studies will show cell therapy or new medications can slow or reverse the progression.

• #50 Retinal diseases // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/retinal-diseases

  Treatment is available for some retinal diseases. Depending on your condition, treatment goals may be to stop or slow the disease. This may help preserve, improve or restore your vision. Untreated, some retinal diseases can cause severe vision loss or blindness. […] The main goals of treatment are to stop or slow disease progression and preserve, improve or restore your vision. In many cases, damage that has already happened can’t be reversed, making early detection important. Your eye doctor will work with you to decide on the best treatment. […] Treatment of retinal disease may be complex and sometimes urgent. Options include: […] Laser surgery can repair a retinal tear or hole. Your surgeon uses a laser to heat small pinpoints on the retina. This creates scarring that usually binds the retina to the underlying tissue. Immediate laser treatment of a new retinal tear can decrease the chance of it causing a retinal detachment.

• #51 Retinal diseases: Advances in treatment – Miranza

  https://miranza.es/en/eye-wellness-blog/retinal-diseases-advances-in-treatment-miranza/

  Advances in science are radically transforming the treatment of eye diseases. One of the most significant areas of this evolution is the development of a new generation of drugs for the retina. These medicines, designed specifically to address retinal conditions, are marking a turning point in patient treatment. […] Retina drugs offer a significant change in the way in which we treat diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic macular oedema. With promising results, these medicines have improved the eyesight and quality of life of a great many people. […] Dr Maximino Abraldes highlights the fact that, thanks to these advances, there is a new horizon in the treatment of patients with retinal disorders and diseases previously considered untreatable can now be handled more effectively.

• #52 Retinal diseases: causes and up-to-date treatment methods

  https://medconsonline.com/en/blog/modern-treatments-for-retinal-diseases

  Retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion are among the most common causes of vision problems and blindness worldwide. […] Modern methods of diagnostics and therapy make it possible to detect and effectively combat these problems in time. Nevertheless, many people turn to doctors too late or are too late to receive information about available treatment options. […] In recent years, significant progress has been made in improving the treatment of retinal diseases. One of the key advances is anti-VEGF therapy, an innovative approach that helps slow or stop the progression of dangerous conditions, and in some cases even improve vision. […] The role of VEGF in all these processes makes it an important target in the treatment of retinal diseases. By controlling the level of endothelial growth factor, it is possible to prevent the formation of redundant vessels and reduce the risk of visual impairment.

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