Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #2 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  High-altitude recreation has become increasingly popular, causing increased risks of AMS, which affects more than 25% of people who ascend to 3500 m (11,500 ft) and more than 50% of those who ascend above 6000 m (19,700 ft). […] The likelihood of developing altitude sickness varies with each individual and ascent. Each ascent has variables, including ascent speed, altitude, atmospheric pressure, high-altitude sleep, time spent at a high altitude, exertion, temperature, pre-acclimatization, residence altitude, history of high-altitude illness, and history of pre-existing illnesses and drugs. […] Due to the previously mentioned confounding variables, as well as differences in the study design and bias, the exact incidence of high-altitude disease has been difficult to determine. […] The incidence and severity of high-altitude disease increase with the altitude and ascent rate; both factors affect the level of hypoxic stress.

• #3 Altitude illnesses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38902312/

  Millions of people visit high-altitude regions annually and more than 80 million live permanently above 2,500 m. Acute high-altitude exposure can trigger high-altitude illnesses (HAIs), including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE). Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) can affect high-altitude resident populations worldwide. The prevalence of acute HAIs varies according to acclimatization status, rate of ascent and individual susceptibility. […] Future research should focus on more objective diagnostic tools to enable prompt treatment, improved identification of individual susceptibilities and effective acclimatization and prevention options.

• #4 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #5 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #6 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #7 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #8 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #9 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  The incidence rate of AMS in the general population, at around 2500 m (8202 ft) altitude, is reported to be 20–25%, increasing to 40–50% in trekkers and climbers near a 4000-m (13,123 ft) altitude. […] The incidence rate of HACE in the general population at an altitude of about 2500 m (8202 ft) is reported to be less than 0.01%, but increases to 1–2% in trekkers, climbers, and soldiers near a 4000-m altitude. […] The rate of HAPE incidence also increases with the altitude and ascent rate, ranging from 0.01–0.1% in the general population at 2500 m (8202 ft) to 2–6% in trekkers and mountaineers at 4000 m (13,123 ft).

• #10 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #11 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  Traveling to Tibet implies a risk for developing acute mountain sickness (AMS), and the size of this problem is likely increasing due to the rising number of tourists. […] The prevalence of AMS was 36.7 % (95 % CI: 34.6-38.7 %) and was not dependent on tourists’ country of origin. […] AMS is commonly experienced by tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet, and often affects their activities. […] The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AMS and to identify the determinants for developing AMS in an adult population of ordinary tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet China. […] A total of 808 (36.7 %, CI: 34.6-38.7 %) subjects reached the standard of AMS with headache and a total LLS ≥4. […] Tourists who reported to not be in a good health condition, to have no pre-exposure at high altitude in the preceding three months, to be younger than 55 years of age, to be a non-smoker and to have ascended to high altitude by air were at increased risk of experiencing AMS.

• #12 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  The incidence rate of AMS in the general population, at around 2500 m (8202 ft) altitude, is reported to be 20–25%, increasing to 40–50% in trekkers and climbers near a 4000-m (13,123 ft) altitude. […] The incidence rate of HACE in the general population at an altitude of about 2500 m (8202 ft) is reported to be less than 0.01%, but increases to 1–2% in trekkers, climbers, and soldiers near a 4000-m altitude. […] The rate of HAPE incidence also increases with the altitude and ascent rate, ranging from 0.01–0.1% in the general population at 2500 m (8202 ft) to 2–6% in trekkers and mountaineers at 4000 m (13,123 ft).

• #13 A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to High Altitude (4380 m) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644

  Each year, thousands of pilgrims travel to the Janai Purnima festival in Gosainkunda, Nepal (4380 m), ascending rapidly and often without the aid of pharmaceutical prophylaxis. […] The incidence of AMS was 34.0%. AMS was more common in females than in males (RR=1.57; 95% CI=1.23, 2.00), and the AMS incidence was greater in subjects 35 years compared to subjects 35 years (RR=1.63; 95% CI=1.36, 1.95). […] The incidence of AMS upon reaching 4380 m was 34% in a large population of Nepalese pilgrims. Sex, age, and ascent rate were significant factors in the development of AMS, and traditional Nepalese remedies were ineffective in the prevention of AMS. […] The severity and incidence of AMS increased with age. […] As expected, pilgrims who ascended to Gosainkunda from below 3000 m in one day were more likely to develop AMS than those who ascended in two days, which is likely a result of insufficient time to acclimatize.

• #14 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #15 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  High-altitude recreation has become increasingly popular, causing increased risks of AMS, which affects more than 25% of people who ascend to 3500 m (11,500 ft) and more than 50% of those who ascend above 6000 m (19,700 ft). […] The likelihood of developing altitude sickness varies with each individual and ascent. Each ascent has variables, including ascent speed, altitude, atmospheric pressure, high-altitude sleep, time spent at a high altitude, exertion, temperature, pre-acclimatization, residence altitude, history of high-altitude illness, and history of pre-existing illnesses and drugs. […] Due to the previously mentioned confounding variables, as well as differences in the study design and bias, the exact incidence of high-altitude disease has been difficult to determine. […] The incidence and severity of high-altitude disease increase with the altitude and ascent rate; both factors affect the level of hypoxic stress.

• #16 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #17 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness

  Altitude illness common with rapid ascent to moderate altitude (8,000 to 11,500 feet); most serious cases occur at very high altitude (11,500 to 18,000 feet). […] Children risk developing altitude illness when travelling to high locations with their families. […] Children have the same or lower incidence of altitude illness as adults. […] The rapid ascent profile associated with air travel to high-altitude locations results in higher AMS rates. Among skiers who fly or drive to resorts in the western United States, AMS frequency is approximately 25%. […] HACE is extremely rare in children primarily occurring after prolonged stays at very high altitudes; a place most children should not be. […] HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #18 High-altitude headache and acute mountain sickness | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-high-altitude-headache-acute-mountain-sickness-S2173580814001321

  Headache is the most common complication associated with exposure to high altitude, and can appear as an isolated high-altitude headache (HAH) or in conjunction with acute mountain sickness (AMS). […] HAH occurs in 80% of all individuals at altitudes higher than 3000m. […] It is estimated that at least 25% of non-acclimated individuals exposed to altitudes of 1859 to 2750m experience high-altitude headache. At altitudes above 3000m, 80% of individuals will have HAH and almost 100% will experience headache at 4500m or higher. […] Rapid ascent to a high altitude is the main risk factor. […] Known risk factors for HAH are listed in Table 2. […] The incidence of AMS is approximately 45% to 95%, depending on the series. It is estimated that almost 50% of trekkers ascending above 5000m experience acute mountain sickness. […] High-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) is the most severe form of AMS. It may occur above 2500m and should therefore be considered in differential diagnosis of HAH. HACE is a potentially highly severe encephalopathy that may affect 0.5% to 1% of all individuals suffering from AMS.

• #19 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  The incidence rate of AMS in the general population, at around 2500 m (8202 ft) altitude, is reported to be 20–25%, increasing to 40–50% in trekkers and climbers near a 4000-m (13,123 ft) altitude. […] The incidence rate of HACE in the general population at an altitude of about 2500 m (8202 ft) is reported to be less than 0.01%, but increases to 1–2% in trekkers, climbers, and soldiers near a 4000-m altitude. […] The rate of HAPE incidence also increases with the altitude and ascent rate, ranging from 0.01–0.1% in the general population at 2500 m (8202 ft) to 2–6% in trekkers and mountaineers at 4000 m (13,123 ft).

• #20 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  The incidence rate of AMS in the general population, at around 2500 m (8202 ft) altitude, is reported to be 20–25%, increasing to 40–50% in trekkers and climbers near a 4000-m (13,123 ft) altitude. […] The incidence rate of HACE in the general population at an altitude of about 2500 m (8202 ft) is reported to be less than 0.01%, but increases to 1–2% in trekkers, climbers, and soldiers near a 4000-m altitude. […] The rate of HAPE incidence also increases with the altitude and ascent rate, ranging from 0.01–0.1% in the general population at 2500 m (8202 ft) to 2–6% in trekkers and mountaineers at 4000 m (13,123 ft).

• #21 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #22 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #23 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness

  Altitude illness common with rapid ascent to moderate altitude (8,000 to 11,500 feet); most serious cases occur at very high altitude (11,500 to 18,000 feet). […] Children risk developing altitude illness when travelling to high locations with their families. […] Children have the same or lower incidence of altitude illness as adults. […] The rapid ascent profile associated with air travel to high-altitude locations results in higher AMS rates. Among skiers who fly or drive to resorts in the western United States, AMS frequency is approximately 25%. […] HACE is extremely rare in children primarily occurring after prolonged stays at very high altitudes; a place most children should not be. […] HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #24 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #25 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #26 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  The incidence rate of AMS in the general population, at around 2500 m (8202 ft) altitude, is reported to be 20–25%, increasing to 40–50% in trekkers and climbers near a 4000-m (13,123 ft) altitude. […] The incidence rate of HACE in the general population at an altitude of about 2500 m (8202 ft) is reported to be less than 0.01%, but increases to 1–2% in trekkers, climbers, and soldiers near a 4000-m altitude. […] The rate of HAPE incidence also increases with the altitude and ascent rate, ranging from 0.01–0.1% in the general population at 2500 m (8202 ft) to 2–6% in trekkers and mountaineers at 4000 m (13,123 ft).

• #27 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #28 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  The incidence rate of AMS in the general population, at around 2500 m (8202 ft) altitude, is reported to be 20–25%, increasing to 40–50% in trekkers and climbers near a 4000-m (13,123 ft) altitude. […] The incidence rate of HACE in the general population at an altitude of about 2500 m (8202 ft) is reported to be less than 0.01%, but increases to 1–2% in trekkers, climbers, and soldiers near a 4000-m altitude. […] The rate of HAPE incidence also increases with the altitude and ascent rate, ranging from 0.01–0.1% in the general population at 2500 m (8202 ft) to 2–6% in trekkers and mountaineers at 4000 m (13,123 ft).

• #29 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #30 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #31 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #32 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness?q=Sepsis

  HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #33 High-altitude pulmonary edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema

  Rates of HAPE differs depending on altitude and speed of ascent. In general, there is about a 0.2 to 6 percent incidence at 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), and about 2 to 15 percent at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). […] It has been reported that about 1 in 10,000 skiers who travel to moderate altitudes in Colorado develop HAPE; one study reported 150 cases over 39 months at a Colorado resort located at 2,928 metres (9,606 ft). […] About 1 in 50 climbers who ascended Denali [6,194 metres or 20,322 feet] developed pulmonary edema, and as high as 6% of climbers ascending rapidly in the Alps [4,559 metres or 14,957 feet]. […] In climbers who had previously developed HAPE, re-attack rate was up to 60% with ascent to 4,559 metres (14,957 ft) in a 36-hour time period, though this risk was significantly reduced with slower ascent rates. […] It is believed that up to 50% of people suffer from subclinical HAPE with mild edema to the lungs but no clinical impairment.

• #34 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #35 High-altitude pulmonary edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema

  Rates of HAPE differs depending on altitude and speed of ascent. In general, there is about a 0.2 to 6 percent incidence at 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), and about 2 to 15 percent at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). […] It has been reported that about 1 in 10,000 skiers who travel to moderate altitudes in Colorado develop HAPE; one study reported 150 cases over 39 months at a Colorado resort located at 2,928 metres (9,606 ft). […] About 1 in 50 climbers who ascended Denali [6,194 metres or 20,322 feet] developed pulmonary edema, and as high as 6% of climbers ascending rapidly in the Alps [4,559 metres or 14,957 feet]. […] In climbers who had previously developed HAPE, re-attack rate was up to 60% with ascent to 4,559 metres (14,957 ft) in a 36-hour time period, though this risk was significantly reduced with slower ascent rates. […] It is believed that up to 50% of people suffer from subclinical HAPE with mild edema to the lungs but no clinical impairment.

• #36 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #37 Altitude Sickness: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15111-altitude-sickness

  Altitude sickness is common among people who arent acclimated, meaning theyre not used to breathing at high altitudes. AMS is rare below 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) above sea level. Almost everyone who ascends quickly to 11,000 feet (3,352 meters) will develop AMS. […] Altitude sickness can become deadly if AMS turns into HAPE or HACE. HAPE can be deadly within 12 hours. HACE can be deadly within 24 hours. Thats why recognizing altitude sickness of any kind is critical to preventing severe complications. […] The outlook for altitude sickness depends on the severity, how you react to the symptoms and how you respond to treatment. If you ignore symptoms and keep ascending, youll likely experience worsening symptoms. Ascend too quickly, and youre more likely to develop dangerous complications.

• #38 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  High-altitude recreation has become increasingly popular, causing increased risks of AMS, which affects more than 25% of people who ascend to 3500 m (11,500 ft) and more than 50% of those who ascend above 6000 m (19,700 ft). […] The likelihood of developing altitude sickness varies with each individual and ascent. Each ascent has variables, including ascent speed, altitude, atmospheric pressure, high-altitude sleep, time spent at a high altitude, exertion, temperature, pre-acclimatization, residence altitude, history of high-altitude illness, and history of pre-existing illnesses and drugs. […] Due to the previously mentioned confounding variables, as well as differences in the study design and bias, the exact incidence of high-altitude disease has been difficult to determine. […] The incidence and severity of high-altitude disease increase with the altitude and ascent rate; both factors affect the level of hypoxic stress.

• #39 The Pharmacist’s Role in the Treatment and Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-pharmacists-role-in-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-acute-mountain-sickness

  Major risk factors associated with the development of AMS include rate of ascent, final elevation reached, sleeping elevation, and individual susceptibility. AMS affects both genders and all ages, although the incidence may be slightly lower in males and anyone aged 50 years or more. Other risk factors include vigorous exercise prior to acclimatization, a history of AMS, and permanent residence at elevations lower than 900 m. […] As more people travel to higher elevations, the incidence of high-altitude illness (HAI) is also rising. HAI is a term used to describe three distinct syndromes including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). AMS is the most common, with the reported incidence varying from 25% to 85% worldwide depending on elevation and rate of ascent.

• #40 High-altitude headache and acute mountain sickness | Neurología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-high-altitude-headache-acute-mountain-sickness-S2173580814001321

  Headache is the most common complication associated with exposure to high altitude, and can appear as an isolated high-altitude headache (HAH) or in conjunction with acute mountain sickness (AMS). […] HAH occurs in 80% of all individuals at altitudes higher than 3000m. […] It is estimated that at least 25% of non-acclimated individuals exposed to altitudes of 1859 to 2750m experience high-altitude headache. At altitudes above 3000m, 80% of individuals will have HAH and almost 100% will experience headache at 4500m or higher. […] Rapid ascent to a high altitude is the main risk factor. […] Known risk factors for HAH are listed in Table 2. […] The incidence of AMS is approximately 45% to 95%, depending on the series. It is estimated that almost 50% of trekkers ascending above 5000m experience acute mountain sickness. […] High-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) is the most severe form of AMS. It may occur above 2500m and should therefore be considered in differential diagnosis of HAH. HACE is a potentially highly severe encephalopathy that may affect 0.5% to 1% of all individuals suffering from AMS.

• #41 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #42 Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291060

  On the day of ascent, the prevalence of AMS assessed by the LLS and AMS-C score was 5.8 and 3.9% at 2850 m, 2.1 and 3.1% at 3050 m, 14.8 and 10.1% at 3650 m, and 21.9 and 15% at 4559 m, respectively. […] A history of AMS, higher altitude, lower degree of pre-acclimatization, and younger age were identified as risk factors for developing AMS. […] AMS is common at altitudes 3650 m and better knowledge about AMS and HACE was not associated with less AMS in mountaineers with on average little knowledge. […] This study performed in four alpine huts located between 2850 and 4559 m shows that a history of AMS, higher altitude, a low degree of pre-acclimatization, younger age and speed of ascent to be clearly and consistently associated with risk for developing AMS, whereas associations for sex and pre-existing knowledge about AMS and HACE appeared indistinct.

• #43 The Pharmacist’s Role in the Treatment and Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-pharmacists-role-in-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-acute-mountain-sickness

  Major risk factors associated with the development of AMS include rate of ascent, final elevation reached, sleeping elevation, and individual susceptibility. AMS affects both genders and all ages, although the incidence may be slightly lower in males and anyone aged 50 years or more. Other risk factors include vigorous exercise prior to acclimatization, a history of AMS, and permanent residence at elevations lower than 900 m. […] As more people travel to higher elevations, the incidence of high-altitude illness (HAI) is also rising. HAI is a term used to describe three distinct syndromes including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). AMS is the most common, with the reported incidence varying from 25% to 85% worldwide depending on elevation and rate of ascent.

• #44 The Pharmacist’s Role in the Treatment and Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-pharmacists-role-in-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-acute-mountain-sickness

  Major risk factors associated with the development of AMS include rate of ascent, final elevation reached, sleeping elevation, and individual susceptibility. AMS affects both genders and all ages, although the incidence may be slightly lower in males and anyone aged 50 years or more. Other risk factors include vigorous exercise prior to acclimatization, a history of AMS, and permanent residence at elevations lower than 900 m. […] As more people travel to higher elevations, the incidence of high-altitude illness (HAI) is also rising. HAI is a term used to describe three distinct syndromes including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). AMS is the most common, with the reported incidence varying from 25% to 85% worldwide depending on elevation and rate of ascent.

• #45 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #46 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness

  Altitude illness common with rapid ascent to moderate altitude (8,000 to 11,500 feet); most serious cases occur at very high altitude (11,500 to 18,000 feet). […] Children risk developing altitude illness when travelling to high locations with their families. […] Children have the same or lower incidence of altitude illness as adults. […] The rapid ascent profile associated with air travel to high-altitude locations results in higher AMS rates. Among skiers who fly or drive to resorts in the western United States, AMS frequency is approximately 25%. […] HACE is extremely rare in children primarily occurring after prolonged stays at very high altitudes; a place most children should not be. […] HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #47 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #48 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #49 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #50 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #51 A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to High Altitude (4380 m) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644

  Each year, thousands of pilgrims travel to the Janai Purnima festival in Gosainkunda, Nepal (4380 m), ascending rapidly and often without the aid of pharmaceutical prophylaxis. […] The incidence of AMS was 34.0%. AMS was more common in females than in males (RR=1.57; 95% CI=1.23, 2.00), and the AMS incidence was greater in subjects 35 years compared to subjects 35 years (RR=1.63; 95% CI=1.36, 1.95). […] The incidence of AMS upon reaching 4380 m was 34% in a large population of Nepalese pilgrims. Sex, age, and ascent rate were significant factors in the development of AMS, and traditional Nepalese remedies were ineffective in the prevention of AMS. […] The severity and incidence of AMS increased with age. […] As expected, pilgrims who ascended to Gosainkunda from below 3000 m in one day were more likely to develop AMS than those who ascended in two days, which is likely a result of insufficient time to acclimatize.

• #52 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  Traveling to Tibet implies a risk for developing acute mountain sickness (AMS), and the size of this problem is likely increasing due to the rising number of tourists. […] The prevalence of AMS was 36.7 % (95 % CI: 34.6-38.7 %) and was not dependent on tourists’ country of origin. […] AMS is commonly experienced by tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet, and often affects their activities. […] The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AMS and to identify the determinants for developing AMS in an adult population of ordinary tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet China. […] A total of 808 (36.7 %, CI: 34.6-38.7 %) subjects reached the standard of AMS with headache and a total LLS ≥4. […] Tourists who reported to not be in a good health condition, to have no pre-exposure at high altitude in the preceding three months, to be younger than 55 years of age, to be a non-smoker and to have ascended to high altitude by air were at increased risk of experiencing AMS.

• #53 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness

  Altitude illness common with rapid ascent to moderate altitude (8,000 to 11,500 feet); most serious cases occur at very high altitude (11,500 to 18,000 feet). […] Children risk developing altitude illness when travelling to high locations with their families. […] Children have the same or lower incidence of altitude illness as adults. […] The rapid ascent profile associated with air travel to high-altitude locations results in higher AMS rates. Among skiers who fly or drive to resorts in the western United States, AMS frequency is approximately 25%. […] HACE is extremely rare in children primarily occurring after prolonged stays at very high altitudes; a place most children should not be. […] HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #54 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #55 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #56 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #57 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #58 Sex-based differences in the prevalence of acute mountain sickness: a meta-analysis | Military Medical Research | Full Text

  https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-019-0228-3

  Eighteen eligible prospective studies were included. A total of 7669 participants (2639 [34.4%] women) were tested. The results showed that there was a statistically significant higher prevalence rate of AMS in women than in men (RR=1.24, 95%CI 1.091.41), regardless of age or race. […] The results showed that there was no evidence of significant publication bias in the combined studies on the basis of Eggers test (bias coefficient=1.48, P=0.052) and Beggs test (P=0.130). […] According to this study, the statistically significant finding emerging from this study was that women have a higher prevalence of AMS. […] The results showed that the prevalence of AMS is approximately 1.24 times greater in women than in men, regardless of age or race, however, we could not exclude studies where patients were on acetazolamide. […] Our analysis provided a direction for future studies of the relationship of sex and the risk of AMS, such as the pathological mechanism and prevention research.

• #59 A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to High Altitude (4380 m) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644

  Each year, thousands of pilgrims travel to the Janai Purnima festival in Gosainkunda, Nepal (4380 m), ascending rapidly and often without the aid of pharmaceutical prophylaxis. […] The incidence of AMS was 34.0%. AMS was more common in females than in males (RR=1.57; 95% CI=1.23, 2.00), and the AMS incidence was greater in subjects 35 years compared to subjects 35 years (RR=1.63; 95% CI=1.36, 1.95). […] The incidence of AMS upon reaching 4380 m was 34% in a large population of Nepalese pilgrims. Sex, age, and ascent rate were significant factors in the development of AMS, and traditional Nepalese remedies were ineffective in the prevention of AMS. […] The severity and incidence of AMS increased with age. […] As expected, pilgrims who ascended to Gosainkunda from below 3000 m in one day were more likely to develop AMS than those who ascended in two days, which is likely a result of insufficient time to acclimatize.

• #60 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300716-overview

  The incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) ranges from an estimated 0.01% to 15.5%. In Colorado, the incidence of HAPE is 1 per 10,000 skiers and up to 1 per 100 climbers at more than 4,270 m (14,010 ft). […] The risk of HAPE rises with increased altitude and faster ascent. At 4500 m, the incidence is 0.6% to 6%; at 5500 m, the incidence is 2% to 15%. […] Climbers with a previous history of HAPE, who ascent rapidly above 4,500 m (14,764 ft) have up to a 60% chance of illness recurrence. […] In a study on Mount Everest trekkers, the incidence of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) was about 1.6%. […] Men and women are equally susceptible to acute mountain sickness, but women may be less likely to develop high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The typical patient with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a young person who is otherwise physically fit. HAPE is rare in infants and small children.

• #61 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #62 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #63 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #64 High-Altitude Illnesses – OpenAnesthesia

  https://www.openanesthesia.org/keywords/high-altitude-illnesses/

  AMS affects approximately 25% of individuals ascending to 2500-3000 meters and up to 50% of those who ascend above 4000 meters. Risk factors include rapid ascent, poor acclimatization, physical exertion at altitude, and individual susceptibility. Of note, pre-ascent physical conditioning does not decrease risk. […] HACE, a severe progression of AMS, occurs in approximately 1% to 2% of individuals ascending to 4000 meters and is rare below 2500 meters. Less than 1% of cases of AMS progress to HACE. HACE shares the same risk factors as AMS. […] HAPE has an incidence of 0.01-0.1% at 2500 meters, increasing to 26% when ascending to 4000 meters. Risk increases with rapid ascent, male sex, cold exposure, cardiopulmonary disease, and reentry to high altitude after time at lower elevations. […] CMS affects long-term residents above 3000 meters, with prevalence ranging from 1.2% in Tibetans to 33.7% in Andean populations, suggesting a genetic influence on disease development.

• #65 Anirban Mahapatra- Read all stories from Anirban Mahapatra | Hindustan Times

  https://www.hindustantimes.com/author/anirban-mahapatra-101640774047900

  Scientifically Speaking | Unlocking the mysteries of high-altitude survival. The Sherpas resistance to altitude sickness is rooted in evolution, from a mutation in the EPAS1 gene to their body’s ability to process glucose for energy. […] Sherpas have lived in Nepal for over 500 years, migrating from Tibet to eastern Nepal. Over time, they have developed remarkable adaptations that allow them to thrive where others struggle.

• #66 Altitude sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness

  Tourists and mountain climbers are two groups of people who typically contract altitude sickness. Risk levels depend on age, gender, normal level of exercise, physical health, home elevation, genetics, and speed of ascension. […] Individuals with anemia, substance abuse disorders, and medical problems involving the lungs, heart, or nervous system are at greater risk of developing altitude sickness. […] Elevation sickness is a common workplace illness in mining operations in the Chilean Andes where workers dwelling in the lowlands have to perform work at the mines and associated facilities several thousand meters higher up.

• #67 High altitude illness | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/high-altitude-illness-1?embed_domain=staging.radpair.com&lang=us

  High altitude illness typically develops in hikers and mountain climbers with rapid high altitude ascension. […] High altitude illness describes a group of syndromes which can occur due to rapid ascent to high altitudes (2500 m) without sufficient acclimatisation.

• #68 Altitude sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness

  Tourists and mountain climbers are two groups of people who typically contract altitude sickness. Risk levels depend on age, gender, normal level of exercise, physical health, home elevation, genetics, and speed of ascension. […] Individuals with anemia, substance abuse disorders, and medical problems involving the lungs, heart, or nervous system are at greater risk of developing altitude sickness. […] Elevation sickness is a common workplace illness in mining operations in the Chilean Andes where workers dwelling in the lowlands have to perform work at the mines and associated facilities several thousand meters higher up.

• #69 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness

  Altitude illness common with rapid ascent to moderate altitude (8,000 to 11,500 feet); most serious cases occur at very high altitude (11,500 to 18,000 feet). […] Children risk developing altitude illness when travelling to high locations with their families. […] Children have the same or lower incidence of altitude illness as adults. […] The rapid ascent profile associated with air travel to high-altitude locations results in higher AMS rates. Among skiers who fly or drive to resorts in the western United States, AMS frequency is approximately 25%. […] HACE is extremely rare in children primarily occurring after prolonged stays at very high altitudes; a place most children should not be. […] HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #70 Altitude sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness

  Tourists and mountain climbers are two groups of people who typically contract altitude sickness. Risk levels depend on age, gender, normal level of exercise, physical health, home elevation, genetics, and speed of ascension. […] Individuals with anemia, substance abuse disorders, and medical problems involving the lungs, heart, or nervous system are at greater risk of developing altitude sickness. […] Elevation sickness is a common workplace illness in mining operations in the Chilean Andes where workers dwelling in the lowlands have to perform work at the mines and associated facilities several thousand meters higher up.

• #71 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  The incidence rate of AMS in the general population, at around 2500 m (8202 ft) altitude, is reported to be 20–25%, increasing to 40–50% in trekkers and climbers near a 4000-m (13,123 ft) altitude. […] The incidence rate of HACE in the general population at an altitude of about 2500 m (8202 ft) is reported to be less than 0.01%, but increases to 1–2% in trekkers, climbers, and soldiers near a 4000-m altitude. […] The rate of HAPE incidence also increases with the altitude and ascent rate, ranging from 0.01–0.1% in the general population at 2500 m (8202 ft) to 2–6% in trekkers and mountaineers at 4000 m (13,123 ft).

• #72 A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to High Altitude (4380 m) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644

  Each year, thousands of pilgrims travel to the Janai Purnima festival in Gosainkunda, Nepal (4380 m), ascending rapidly and often without the aid of pharmaceutical prophylaxis. […] The incidence of AMS was 34.0%. AMS was more common in females than in males (RR=1.57; 95% CI=1.23, 2.00), and the AMS incidence was greater in subjects 35 years compared to subjects 35 years (RR=1.63; 95% CI=1.36, 1.95). […] The incidence of AMS upon reaching 4380 m was 34% in a large population of Nepalese pilgrims. Sex, age, and ascent rate were significant factors in the development of AMS, and traditional Nepalese remedies were ineffective in the prevention of AMS. […] The severity and incidence of AMS increased with age. […] As expected, pilgrims who ascended to Gosainkunda from below 3000 m in one day were more likely to develop AMS than those who ascended in two days, which is likely a result of insufficient time to acclimatize.

• #73 A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to High Altitude (4380 m) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644

  The use of traditional AMS preventatives (i.e., garlic and mountain pepper) was associated with a higher incidence of AMS relative to those who did not consume these foods with the purpose of preventing AMS. […] Family history was not a significant risk factor for AMS in this population, but signs of familial aggregation were still evident. […] In a large prospective study of Nepalese pilgrims, we observed an AMS incidence (34.0%) after a rapid ascent from 1950 m to 4380 m. Females and older pilgrims were more likely to develop AMS than male and younger pilgrims, and ascent rate was a risk factor for AMS.

• #74 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  Traveling to Tibet implies a risk for developing acute mountain sickness (AMS), and the size of this problem is likely increasing due to the rising number of tourists. […] The prevalence of AMS was 36.7 % (95 % CI: 34.6-38.7 %) and was not dependent on tourists’ country of origin. […] AMS is commonly experienced by tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet, and often affects their activities. […] The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AMS and to identify the determinants for developing AMS in an adult population of ordinary tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet China. […] A total of 808 (36.7 %, CI: 34.6-38.7 %) subjects reached the standard of AMS with headache and a total LLS ≥4. […] Tourists who reported to not be in a good health condition, to have no pre-exposure at high altitude in the preceding three months, to be younger than 55 years of age, to be a non-smoker and to have ascended to high altitude by air were at increased risk of experiencing AMS.

• #75 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #76 Altitude sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness

  Tourists and mountain climbers are two groups of people who typically contract altitude sickness. Risk levels depend on age, gender, normal level of exercise, physical health, home elevation, genetics, and speed of ascension. […] Individuals with anemia, substance abuse disorders, and medical problems involving the lungs, heart, or nervous system are at greater risk of developing altitude sickness. […] Elevation sickness is a common workplace illness in mining operations in the Chilean Andes where workers dwelling in the lowlands have to perform work at the mines and associated facilities several thousand meters higher up.

• #77 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #78 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #79 Altitude sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness

  Tourists and mountain climbers are two groups of people who typically contract altitude sickness. Risk levels depend on age, gender, normal level of exercise, physical health, home elevation, genetics, and speed of ascension. […] Individuals with anemia, substance abuse disorders, and medical problems involving the lungs, heart, or nervous system are at greater risk of developing altitude sickness. […] Elevation sickness is a common workplace illness in mining operations in the Chilean Andes where workers dwelling in the lowlands have to perform work at the mines and associated facilities several thousand meters higher up.

• #80 Altitude sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_sickness

  Tourists and mountain climbers are two groups of people who typically contract altitude sickness. Risk levels depend on age, gender, normal level of exercise, physical health, home elevation, genetics, and speed of ascension. […] Individuals with anemia, substance abuse disorders, and medical problems involving the lungs, heart, or nervous system are at greater risk of developing altitude sickness. […] Elevation sickness is a common workplace illness in mining operations in the Chilean Andes where workers dwelling in the lowlands have to perform work at the mines and associated facilities several thousand meters higher up.

• #81 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness?q=Sepsis

  HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #82 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #83 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #84 Travel advice and advisories for China

  https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china

  Altitude sickness may occur at high altitudes. […] Know the symptoms of acute altitude sickness, which can be fatal. […] Tibet, Qinghai, western Sichuan and parts of Xinjiang are situated at altitudes exceeding 3,000 metres.

• #85 Altitude sickness epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Altitude_sickness_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of altitude sickness is approximately 53,000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The prevalence of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 9000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 2850 m, 13000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 3050 m, 34000 per individuals of people at 3650 m, 53,000 per 100,000 individuals of people at 4559 m. […] The mortality rate of altitude sickness is approximately as following: 289 per 100,000 individuals in men below 300 m of altitude, 242 per 100,000 individuals in men at altitudes above 1500 m, 104 per 100,000 individuals in women at below 300 m of altitude, 74 per 100,000 individuals in women at altitude 1500 to 1960 m. […] Patients of all age groups may develop altitude sickness. […] The incidence of altitude sickness increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 26-45 years. […] There is no racial predilection to altitude sickness. […] Female are more commonly affected by altitude sickness than male. […] The majority of altitude sickness cases are reported in Kilimanjaro, Everest region of Nepal.

• #86 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #87 Travel advice and advisories for China

  https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china

  Altitude sickness may occur at high altitudes. […] Know the symptoms of acute altitude sickness, which can be fatal. […] Tibet, Qinghai, western Sichuan and parts of Xinjiang are situated at altitudes exceeding 3,000 metres.

• #88 Altitude Illness – Cerebral Syndromes: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview

  The incidence of AMS varies depending on the rate of ascent and the maximum altitude reached. In moderate altitude (2,000-3,500 m) ski resorts, the incidence ranges from 10-40%. Rapid ascent to approximately 4,000 m has been associated with incidences of 60-70%. […] Travelers flying to a high altitude destination such as Lhasa, Tibet (3,810 m; 12,500 ft) or La Paz, Bolivia (4,062 m; 13,327 ft) can expect an AMS incidence of 25-35%. In those who hike above 4,000 m (and so ascend at a moderate pace), 25-50% will suffer from AMS. HACE is estimated to occur in about 1% or less of persons traveling above 4,000 m and in 1-3% of those with AMS. […] No race predilection exists. […] No significant difference based on gender exists. The incidence of AMS is not markedly affected by menstrual cycle phase and does not differ in pregnant women versus nonpregnant women. […] Age has a small effect in adults; younger adults are slightly more susceptible. […] Children have similar occurrence rates of altitude cerebral syndromes to those of adults.

• #89 Travel advice and advisories for China

  https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/china

  Altitude sickness may occur at high altitudes. […] Know the symptoms of acute altitude sickness, which can be fatal. […] Tibet, Qinghai, western Sichuan and parts of Xinjiang are situated at altitudes exceeding 3,000 metres.

• #90 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness

  Altitude illness common with rapid ascent to moderate altitude (8,000 to 11,500 feet); most serious cases occur at very high altitude (11,500 to 18,000 feet). […] Children risk developing altitude illness when travelling to high locations with their families. […] Children have the same or lower incidence of altitude illness as adults. […] The rapid ascent profile associated with air travel to high-altitude locations results in higher AMS rates. Among skiers who fly or drive to resorts in the western United States, AMS frequency is approximately 25%. […] HACE is extremely rare in children primarily occurring after prolonged stays at very high altitudes; a place most children should not be. […] HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #91 High-altitude pulmonary edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema

  Rates of HAPE differs depending on altitude and speed of ascent. In general, there is about a 0.2 to 6 percent incidence at 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), and about 2 to 15 percent at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). […] It has been reported that about 1 in 10,000 skiers who travel to moderate altitudes in Colorado develop HAPE; one study reported 150 cases over 39 months at a Colorado resort located at 2,928 metres (9,606 ft). […] About 1 in 50 climbers who ascended Denali [6,194 metres or 20,322 feet] developed pulmonary edema, and as high as 6% of climbers ascending rapidly in the Alps [4,559 metres or 14,957 feet]. […] In climbers who had previously developed HAPE, re-attack rate was up to 60% with ascent to 4,559 metres (14,957 ft) in a 36-hour time period, though this risk was significantly reduced with slower ascent rates. […] It is believed that up to 50% of people suffer from subclinical HAPE with mild edema to the lungs but no clinical impairment.

• #92 High-altitude pulmonary edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema

  Rates of HAPE differs depending on altitude and speed of ascent. In general, there is about a 0.2 to 6 percent incidence at 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), and about 2 to 15 percent at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). […] It has been reported that about 1 in 10,000 skiers who travel to moderate altitudes in Colorado develop HAPE; one study reported 150 cases over 39 months at a Colorado resort located at 2,928 metres (9,606 ft). […] About 1 in 50 climbers who ascended Denali [6,194 metres or 20,322 feet] developed pulmonary edema, and as high as 6% of climbers ascending rapidly in the Alps [4,559 metres or 14,957 feet]. […] In climbers who had previously developed HAPE, re-attack rate was up to 60% with ascent to 4,559 metres (14,957 ft) in a 36-hour time period, though this risk was significantly reduced with slower ascent rates. […] It is believed that up to 50% of people suffer from subclinical HAPE with mild edema to the lungs but no clinical impairment.

• #93 A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to High Altitude (4380 m) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644

  Each year, thousands of pilgrims travel to the Janai Purnima festival in Gosainkunda, Nepal (4380 m), ascending rapidly and often without the aid of pharmaceutical prophylaxis. […] The incidence of AMS was 34.0%. AMS was more common in females than in males (RR=1.57; 95% CI=1.23, 2.00), and the AMS incidence was greater in subjects 35 years compared to subjects 35 years (RR=1.63; 95% CI=1.36, 1.95). […] The incidence of AMS upon reaching 4380 m was 34% in a large population of Nepalese pilgrims. Sex, age, and ascent rate were significant factors in the development of AMS, and traditional Nepalese remedies were ineffective in the prevention of AMS. […] The severity and incidence of AMS increased with age. […] As expected, pilgrims who ascended to Gosainkunda from below 3000 m in one day were more likely to develop AMS than those who ascended in two days, which is likely a result of insufficient time to acclimatize.

• #94 PM Oli expresses grief over demise of leader Pradeep Nepal – The Himalayan Times – Nepal’s No.1 English Daily Newspaper | Nepal News, Latest Politics, Business, World, Sports, Entertainment, Travel, Life Style News

  https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/pm-oli-expresses-grief-over-demise-of-leader-pradeep-nepal

  Eleven tourists died of altitude sickness in Mustang over the past year.

• #95 Altitude illnesses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38902312/

  Millions of people visit high-altitude regions annually and more than 80 million live permanently above 2,500 m. Acute high-altitude exposure can trigger high-altitude illnesses (HAIs), including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE). Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) can affect high-altitude resident populations worldwide. The prevalence of acute HAIs varies according to acclimatization status, rate of ascent and individual susceptibility. […] Future research should focus on more objective diagnostic tools to enable prompt treatment, improved identification of individual susceptibilities and effective acclimatization and prevention options.

• #96 Top Published Expert Doctors for Altitude Sickness

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Altitude_Sickness?physician=physician

  528 top medical experts on Altitude Sickness across 39 countries and 26 U.S. states, including 410 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 113 including 1 Active, 75 Completed, 17 Recruiting.

• #97 Top Published Expert Doctors for Altitude Sickness

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Altitude_Sickness?physician=physician

  528 top medical experts on Altitude Sickness across 39 countries and 26 U.S. states, including 410 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 113 including 1 Active, 75 Completed, 17 Recruiting.

• #98 Top Published Expert Doctors for Altitude Sickness

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Altitude_Sickness?physician=physician

  528 top medical experts on Altitude Sickness across 39 countries and 26 U.S. states, including 410 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 113 including 1 Active, 75 Completed, 17 Recruiting.

• #99 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  Altitude sickness emerged as a human concern thousands of years ago, and not just out of thin air. Even with years of studying the symptoms and impact on the body, it still affects many people who ascend to altitudes above 8,000 feet. […] The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine and the University of New Mexico are creating a predictive tool to transform the way altitude-related health illnesses are managed and prevented during military operational exercises. […] Acute mountain sickness may cause an individual to have headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and severe fatigue due to the lower air pressure and decreased availability of oxygen in the environment at higher altitudes. […] AMS affects everything a person does. You cant run, think and even breathing is difficult. It also jeopardizes physical and mental performance, Beidleman said.

• #100 Altitude illnesses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38902312/

  Millions of people visit high-altitude regions annually and more than 80 million live permanently above 2,500 m. Acute high-altitude exposure can trigger high-altitude illnesses (HAIs), including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE). Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) can affect high-altitude resident populations worldwide. The prevalence of acute HAIs varies according to acclimatization status, rate of ascent and individual susceptibility. […] Future research should focus on more objective diagnostic tools to enable prompt treatment, improved identification of individual susceptibilities and effective acclimatization and prevention options.

• #101 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  With this algorithm, leaders can see who may be at high risk early in the altitude exposure and possibly prevent injuries and casualties that could occur later in the exposure. […] Hypoxia monitoring can help detect future altitude sickness and therefore allow early intervention so that Soldiers can complete a successful mission. […] One goal of this research is to replace the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire with a diagnostic blood or urine test, given that Soldiers typically underreport their symptoms. […] Another mission in this research is to collect these biomarkers at sea level, prior to deployment, to assess whether an individual has a high likelihood of getting sick at altitude. […] In addition to using this tool to predict AMS, it could potentially be used to mitigate life-threatening events such as high-altitude pulmonary edema fluid in lungs and cerebral edema fluid in brain that can develop at high altitude by providing alerts prior to such events from occurring. […] Acute mountain sickness can be a debilitating condition. With this tool, Warfighters will be able to make better informed decisions before the onset of more severe symptoms.

• #102 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  With this algorithm, leaders can see who may be at high risk early in the altitude exposure and possibly prevent injuries and casualties that could occur later in the exposure. […] Hypoxia monitoring can help detect future altitude sickness and therefore allow early intervention so that Soldiers can complete a successful mission. […] One goal of this research is to replace the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire with a diagnostic blood or urine test, given that Soldiers typically underreport their symptoms. […] Another mission in this research is to collect these biomarkers at sea level, prior to deployment, to assess whether an individual has a high likelihood of getting sick at altitude. […] In addition to using this tool to predict AMS, it could potentially be used to mitigate life-threatening events such as high-altitude pulmonary edema fluid in lungs and cerebral edema fluid in brain that can develop at high altitude by providing alerts prior to such events from occurring. […] Acute mountain sickness can be a debilitating condition. With this tool, Warfighters will be able to make better informed decisions before the onset of more severe symptoms.

• #103 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  High-altitude recreation has become increasingly popular, causing increased risks of AMS, which affects more than 25% of people who ascend to 3500 m (11,500 ft) and more than 50% of those who ascend above 6000 m (19,700 ft). […] The likelihood of developing altitude sickness varies with each individual and ascent. Each ascent has variables, including ascent speed, altitude, atmospheric pressure, high-altitude sleep, time spent at a high altitude, exertion, temperature, pre-acclimatization, residence altitude, history of high-altitude illness, and history of pre-existing illnesses and drugs. […] Due to the previously mentioned confounding variables, as well as differences in the study design and bias, the exact incidence of high-altitude disease has been difficult to determine. […] The incidence and severity of high-altitude disease increase with the altitude and ascent rate; both factors affect the level of hypoxic stress.

• #104 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  Traveling to Tibet implies a risk for developing acute mountain sickness (AMS), and the size of this problem is likely increasing due to the rising number of tourists. […] The prevalence of AMS was 36.7 % (95 % CI: 34.6-38.7 %) and was not dependent on tourists’ country of origin. […] AMS is commonly experienced by tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet, and often affects their activities. […] The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AMS and to identify the determinants for developing AMS in an adult population of ordinary tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet China. […] A total of 808 (36.7 %, CI: 34.6-38.7 %) subjects reached the standard of AMS with headache and a total LLS ≥4. […] Tourists who reported to not be in a good health condition, to have no pre-exposure at high altitude in the preceding three months, to be younger than 55 years of age, to be a non-smoker and to have ascended to high altitude by air were at increased risk of experiencing AMS.

• #105 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  High-altitude recreation has become increasingly popular, causing increased risks of AMS, which affects more than 25% of people who ascend to 3500 m (11,500 ft) and more than 50% of those who ascend above 6000 m (19,700 ft). […] The likelihood of developing altitude sickness varies with each individual and ascent. Each ascent has variables, including ascent speed, altitude, atmospheric pressure, high-altitude sleep, time spent at a high altitude, exertion, temperature, pre-acclimatization, residence altitude, history of high-altitude illness, and history of pre-existing illnesses and drugs. […] Due to the previously mentioned confounding variables, as well as differences in the study design and bias, the exact incidence of high-altitude disease has been difficult to determine. […] The incidence and severity of high-altitude disease increase with the altitude and ascent rate; both factors affect the level of hypoxic stress.

• #106 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  Traveling to Tibet implies a risk for developing acute mountain sickness (AMS), and the size of this problem is likely increasing due to the rising number of tourists. […] The prevalence of AMS was 36.7 % (95 % CI: 34.6-38.7 %) and was not dependent on tourists’ country of origin. […] AMS is commonly experienced by tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet, and often affects their activities. […] The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AMS and to identify the determinants for developing AMS in an adult population of ordinary tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet China. […] A total of 808 (36.7 %, CI: 34.6-38.7 %) subjects reached the standard of AMS with headache and a total LLS ≥4. […] Tourists who reported to not be in a good health condition, to have no pre-exposure at high altitude in the preceding three months, to be younger than 55 years of age, to be a non-smoker and to have ascended to high altitude by air were at increased risk of experiencing AMS.

• #107 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  Altitude sickness emerged as a human concern thousands of years ago, and not just out of thin air. Even with years of studying the symptoms and impact on the body, it still affects many people who ascend to altitudes above 8,000 feet. […] The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine and the University of New Mexico are creating a predictive tool to transform the way altitude-related health illnesses are managed and prevented during military operational exercises. […] Acute mountain sickness may cause an individual to have headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and severe fatigue due to the lower air pressure and decreased availability of oxygen in the environment at higher altitudes. […] AMS affects everything a person does. You cant run, think and even breathing is difficult. It also jeopardizes physical and mental performance, Beidleman said.

• #108 Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291060

  The prevalence of AMS assessed by both scores was 6% at 2850 m and 3050 m and increased to 10-15% at 3650 m and 15-25% at 4559 m depending on the scoring system and the time of assessment. […] The present study shows that AMS is frequently experienced at altitudes of 3650 m and above. Compared to a study that was performed at the same locations about 30 years ago, less mountaineers developed altitude-related symptoms typical of AMS.

• #109 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  Traveling to Tibet implies a risk for developing acute mountain sickness (AMS), and the size of this problem is likely increasing due to the rising number of tourists. […] The prevalence of AMS was 36.7 % (95 % CI: 34.6-38.7 %) and was not dependent on tourists’ country of origin. […] AMS is commonly experienced by tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet, and often affects their activities. […] The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AMS and to identify the determinants for developing AMS in an adult population of ordinary tourists visiting Lhasa Tibet China. […] A total of 808 (36.7 %, CI: 34.6-38.7 %) subjects reached the standard of AMS with headache and a total LLS ≥4. […] Tourists who reported to not be in a good health condition, to have no pre-exposure at high altitude in the preceding three months, to be younger than 55 years of age, to be a non-smoker and to have ascended to high altitude by air were at increased risk of experiencing AMS.

• #110 High-Altitude Travel and Altitude Illness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/high-elevation-travel-and-altitude-illness

  Healthcare professionals should provide international travelers visiting high altitudes with guidance on gradual acclimatization and medications to prevent altitude illness. […] Altitude illness can develop before the acute acclimatization process is complete, but not afterward. […] Any unacclimatized traveler proceeding to a sleeping altitude of 2,450 m (8,000 ft) and sometimes lower is at risk for altitude illness. […] In addition, travelers who have successfully adjusted to an altitude are at risk when moving to higher sleeping altitudes, especially if the altitude gain is 600-900 m (2,000-3,000 ft). […] The goal for the traveler might not be to avoid all symptoms of altitude illness but to have no more than mild illness, thereby avoiding itinerary changes or the need for medical assistance or evacuation.

• #111 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  Altitude sickness emerged as a human concern thousands of years ago, and not just out of thin air. Even with years of studying the symptoms and impact on the body, it still affects many people who ascend to altitudes above 8,000 feet. […] The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine and the University of New Mexico are creating a predictive tool to transform the way altitude-related health illnesses are managed and prevented during military operational exercises. […] Acute mountain sickness may cause an individual to have headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and severe fatigue due to the lower air pressure and decreased availability of oxygen in the environment at higher altitudes. […] AMS affects everything a person does. You cant run, think and even breathing is difficult. It also jeopardizes physical and mental performance, Beidleman said.

• #112 High-Altitude Travel and Altitude Illness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/high-elevation-travel-and-altitude-illness

  Healthcare professionals should provide international travelers visiting high altitudes with guidance on gradual acclimatization and medications to prevent altitude illness. […] Altitude illness can develop before the acute acclimatization process is complete, but not afterward. […] Any unacclimatized traveler proceeding to a sleeping altitude of 2,450 m (8,000 ft) and sometimes lower is at risk for altitude illness. […] In addition, travelers who have successfully adjusted to an altitude are at risk when moving to higher sleeping altitudes, especially if the altitude gain is 600-900 m (2,000-3,000 ft). […] The goal for the traveler might not be to avoid all symptoms of altitude illness but to have no more than mild illness, thereby avoiding itinerary changes or the need for medical assistance or evacuation.

• #113 High-Altitude Travel and Altitude Illness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/high-elevation-travel-and-altitude-illness

  A common travel medicine question is whether to recommend acetazolamide for travelers when gradual or staged acclimatization is not feasible. […] With rates of altitude illness approaching 50% in these situations, a low threshold for chemoprophylaxis is advised. […] Even on standard acclimatization schedules, the prevalence of altitude illness can approach 30% at higher elevations. […] The main point of instructing travelers about altitude illness is not to eliminate the possibility of mild illness but to prevent severe illness, need for evacuation, or death.

• #114 High-Altitude Travel and Altitude Illness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/high-elevation-travel-and-altitude-illness

  A common travel medicine question is whether to recommend acetazolamide for travelers when gradual or staged acclimatization is not feasible. […] With rates of altitude illness approaching 50% in these situations, a low threshold for chemoprophylaxis is advised. […] Even on standard acclimatization schedules, the prevalence of altitude illness can approach 30% at higher elevations. […] The main point of instructing travelers about altitude illness is not to eliminate the possibility of mild illness but to prevent severe illness, need for evacuation, or death.

• #115 The Pharmacist’s Role in the Treatment and Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/the-pharmacists-role-in-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-acute-mountain-sickness

  Awareness of AMS among pharmacists has become increasingly important. While pharmacists at higher elevations may see patients suffering from AMS and need to be familiar with appropriate treatment, pharmacists at lower altitudes must also be knowledgeable regarding AMS because patients may seek their advice prior to traveling.

• #116 High-Altitude Travel and Altitude Illness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/high-elevation-travel-and-altitude-illness

  A common travel medicine question is whether to recommend acetazolamide for travelers when gradual or staged acclimatization is not feasible. […] With rates of altitude illness approaching 50% in these situations, a low threshold for chemoprophylaxis is advised. […] Even on standard acclimatization schedules, the prevalence of altitude illness can approach 30% at higher elevations. […] The main point of instructing travelers about altitude illness is not to eliminate the possibility of mild illness but to prevent severe illness, need for evacuation, or death.

• #117 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  AMS and AMS-related symptoms in tourists travelling to Lhasa are common, and tourists often need to reduce their activities during the first days of their stay. Symptoms typically start within the first 12 h after arriving. […] Age was inversely related to AMS, while country of origin, gender and reports of suffering from a chronic disease did not seem to be predictors of AMS.

• #118 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  Altitude sickness emerged as a human concern thousands of years ago, and not just out of thin air. Even with years of studying the symptoms and impact on the body, it still affects many people who ascend to altitudes above 8,000 feet. […] The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine and the University of New Mexico are creating a predictive tool to transform the way altitude-related health illnesses are managed and prevented during military operational exercises. […] Acute mountain sickness may cause an individual to have headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and severe fatigue due to the lower air pressure and decreased availability of oxygen in the environment at higher altitudes. […] AMS affects everything a person does. You cant run, think and even breathing is difficult. It also jeopardizes physical and mental performance, Beidleman said.

• #119 Acute mountain sickness among tourists visiting the high-altitude city of Lhasa at 3658 m above sea level: a cross-sectional study | Archives of Public Health | Full Text

  https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-016-0134-z

  AMS and AMS-related symptoms in tourists travelling to Lhasa are common, and tourists often need to reduce their activities during the first days of their stay. Symptoms typically start within the first 12 h after arriving. […] Age was inversely related to AMS, while country of origin, gender and reports of suffering from a chronic disease did not seem to be predictors of AMS.

• #120 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  Altitude sickness emerged as a human concern thousands of years ago, and not just out of thin air. Even with years of studying the symptoms and impact on the body, it still affects many people who ascend to altitudes above 8,000 feet. […] The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine and the University of New Mexico are creating a predictive tool to transform the way altitude-related health illnesses are managed and prevented during military operational exercises. […] Acute mountain sickness may cause an individual to have headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and severe fatigue due to the lower air pressure and decreased availability of oxygen in the environment at higher altitudes. […] AMS affects everything a person does. You cant run, think and even breathing is difficult. It also jeopardizes physical and mental performance, Beidleman said.

• #121 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  Altitude sickness emerged as a human concern thousands of years ago, and not just out of thin air. Even with years of studying the symptoms and impact on the body, it still affects many people who ascend to altitudes above 8,000 feet. […] The U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine and the University of New Mexico are creating a predictive tool to transform the way altitude-related health illnesses are managed and prevented during military operational exercises. […] Acute mountain sickness may cause an individual to have headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and severe fatigue due to the lower air pressure and decreased availability of oxygen in the environment at higher altitudes. […] AMS affects everything a person does. You cant run, think and even breathing is difficult. It also jeopardizes physical and mental performance, Beidleman said.

• #122 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  With this algorithm, leaders can see who may be at high risk early in the altitude exposure and possibly prevent injuries and casualties that could occur later in the exposure. […] Hypoxia monitoring can help detect future altitude sickness and therefore allow early intervention so that Soldiers can complete a successful mission. […] One goal of this research is to replace the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire with a diagnostic blood or urine test, given that Soldiers typically underreport their symptoms. […] Another mission in this research is to collect these biomarkers at sea level, prior to deployment, to assess whether an individual has a high likelihood of getting sick at altitude. […] In addition to using this tool to predict AMS, it could potentially be used to mitigate life-threatening events such as high-altitude pulmonary edema fluid in lungs and cerebral edema fluid in brain that can develop at high altitude by providing alerts prior to such events from occurring. […] Acute mountain sickness can be a debilitating condition. With this tool, Warfighters will be able to make better informed decisions before the onset of more severe symptoms.

• #123 (DOC) Seminar: Dysbarism & Acclimatization to High Altitude

  https://www.academia.edu/18738474/Seminar_Dysbarism_and_Acclimatization_to_High_Altitude

  This seminar examined dysbarism and acclimatization to high altitude. […] Various pathological changes and altitude illness associated with High altitude illness were examined, such as; Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) etc. […] The increasing number of individuals travelling to high altitude for work or adventure tourism is a public health issue. […] Acute mountain sickness represents the most common illness, which is usually benign but can rapidly progress to the more severe and potentially fatal forms of high-altitude cerebral edema and high-altitude pulmonary edema. […] The susceptibility of an individual to high-altitude syndromes is variable but generally reproducible.

• #124 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  High-altitude recreation has become increasingly popular, causing increased risks of AMS, which affects more than 25% of people who ascend to 3500 m (11,500 ft) and more than 50% of those who ascend above 6000 m (19,700 ft). […] The likelihood of developing altitude sickness varies with each individual and ascent. Each ascent has variables, including ascent speed, altitude, atmospheric pressure, high-altitude sleep, time spent at a high altitude, exertion, temperature, pre-acclimatization, residence altitude, history of high-altitude illness, and history of pre-existing illnesses and drugs. […] Due to the previously mentioned confounding variables, as well as differences in the study design and bias, the exact incidence of high-altitude disease has been difficult to determine. […] The incidence and severity of high-altitude disease increase with the altitude and ascent rate; both factors affect the level of hypoxic stress.

• #125 Altitude illnesses – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38902312/

  Millions of people visit high-altitude regions annually and more than 80 million live permanently above 2,500 m. Acute high-altitude exposure can trigger high-altitude illnesses (HAIs), including acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE) and high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE). Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) can affect high-altitude resident populations worldwide. The prevalence of acute HAIs varies according to acclimatization status, rate of ascent and individual susceptibility. […] Future research should focus on more objective diagnostic tools to enable prompt treatment, improved identification of individual susceptibilities and effective acclimatization and prevention options.

• #126 Pathophysiology and Therapy of High-Altitude Sickness: Practical Approach in Emergency and Critical Care

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/14/3937

  High-altitude recreation has become increasingly popular, causing increased risks of AMS, which affects more than 25% of people who ascend to 3500 m (11,500 ft) and more than 50% of those who ascend above 6000 m (19,700 ft). […] The likelihood of developing altitude sickness varies with each individual and ascent. Each ascent has variables, including ascent speed, altitude, atmospheric pressure, high-altitude sleep, time spent at a high altitude, exertion, temperature, pre-acclimatization, residence altitude, history of high-altitude illness, and history of pre-existing illnesses and drugs. […] Due to the previously mentioned confounding variables, as well as differences in the study design and bias, the exact incidence of high-altitude disease has been difficult to determine. […] The incidence and severity of high-altitude disease increase with the altitude and ascent rate; both factors affect the level of hypoxic stress.

• #127 Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291060

  On the day of ascent, the prevalence of AMS assessed by the LLS and AMS-C score was 5.8 and 3.9% at 2850 m, 2.1 and 3.1% at 3050 m, 14.8 and 10.1% at 3650 m, and 21.9 and 15% at 4559 m, respectively. […] A history of AMS, higher altitude, lower degree of pre-acclimatization, and younger age were identified as risk factors for developing AMS. […] AMS is common at altitudes 3650 m and better knowledge about AMS and HACE was not associated with less AMS in mountaineers with on average little knowledge. […] This study performed in four alpine huts located between 2850 and 4559 m shows that a history of AMS, higher altitude, a low degree of pre-acclimatization, younger age and speed of ascent to be clearly and consistently associated with risk for developing AMS, whereas associations for sex and pre-existing knowledge about AMS and HACE appeared indistinct.

• #128 Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291060

  The prevalence of AMS assessed by both scores was 6% at 2850 m and 3050 m and increased to 10-15% at 3650 m and 15-25% at 4559 m depending on the scoring system and the time of assessment. […] The present study shows that AMS is frequently experienced at altitudes of 3650 m and above. Compared to a study that was performed at the same locations about 30 years ago, less mountaineers developed altitude-related symptoms typical of AMS.

• #129 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  With this algorithm, leaders can see who may be at high risk early in the altitude exposure and possibly prevent injuries and casualties that could occur later in the exposure. […] Hypoxia monitoring can help detect future altitude sickness and therefore allow early intervention so that Soldiers can complete a successful mission. […] One goal of this research is to replace the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire with a diagnostic blood or urine test, given that Soldiers typically underreport their symptoms. […] Another mission in this research is to collect these biomarkers at sea level, prior to deployment, to assess whether an individual has a high likelihood of getting sick at altitude. […] In addition to using this tool to predict AMS, it could potentially be used to mitigate life-threatening events such as high-altitude pulmonary edema fluid in lungs and cerebral edema fluid in brain that can develop at high altitude by providing alerts prior to such events from occurring. […] Acute mountain sickness can be a debilitating condition. With this tool, Warfighters will be able to make better informed decisions before the onset of more severe symptoms.

• #130 ‘Altitude Sickness’ Might Actually Be Two Different Diseases

  https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/altitude-sickness-might-actually-be-two-different-diseases-15431626/

  As you get higher and higher in elevation, some percentage of people start to feel dizzy and get headaches. It’s not uncommon—something like 20 percent of people in the United States who travel to the mountains in the west report getting altitude sickness. […] Researchers discovered this by applying network theory to medicine, analyzing the correlations between symptoms from a sample of 300 people traveling to high altitudes. […] It’s becoming more common in medicine to use network theory to tease apart the associations between symptoms, diseases and causes. Networks can be applied to epidemiology and pharmacology, for instance, indicating where diseases will spread and how drugs interact in the body. […] When it comes to altitude sickness, the network framework can help doctors reconsider what was once common knowledge.

• #131 High-Altitude Travel and Altitude Illness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/high-elevation-travel-and-altitude-illness

  Healthcare professionals should provide international travelers visiting high altitudes with guidance on gradual acclimatization and medications to prevent altitude illness. […] Altitude illness can develop before the acute acclimatization process is complete, but not afterward. […] Any unacclimatized traveler proceeding to a sleeping altitude of 2,450 m (8,000 ft) and sometimes lower is at risk for altitude illness. […] In addition, travelers who have successfully adjusted to an altitude are at risk when moving to higher sleeping altitudes, especially if the altitude gain is 600-900 m (2,000-3,000 ft). […] The goal for the traveler might not be to avoid all symptoms of altitude illness but to have no more than mild illness, thereby avoiding itinerary changes or the need for medical assistance or evacuation.

• #132 ALTITUDE ILLNESS.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/altitude-illnesspptx/265883987

  AMS is the benign form of altitude illness, whereas HACE and HAPE are life-threatening. […] Altitude illness is likely to occur above 2500 m but has been documented even at 1500-2500 m. […] In the Mount Everest region of Nepal, ~50% of trekkers who walk to altitudes 4000 m over 5 days develop AMS, as do 84% of people who fly directly to 3860 m. […] The incidences of HACE and HAPE are much lower than that of AMS, with estimates in the range of 0.14%. […] Hypobaric hypoxia is the main trigger for altitude illness. […] In established AMS, raised intracranial pressure, increased sympathetic activity, relative hypoventilation, fluid retention and redistribution, and impaired gas exchange have all been well noted; exact mechanisms underlying AMS and HACE are unknown. […] Gradual ascent, with adequate time for acclimatization, is the best method for the prevention of altitude illness.

• #133 ALTITUDE ILLNESS.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/altitude-illnesspptx/265883987

  AMS is the benign form of altitude illness, whereas HACE and HAPE are life-threatening. […] Altitude illness is likely to occur above 2500 m but has been documented even at 1500-2500 m. […] In the Mount Everest region of Nepal, ~50% of trekkers who walk to altitudes 4000 m over 5 days develop AMS, as do 84% of people who fly directly to 3860 m. […] The incidences of HACE and HAPE are much lower than that of AMS, with estimates in the range of 0.14%. […] Hypobaric hypoxia is the main trigger for altitude illness. […] In established AMS, raised intracranial pressure, increased sympathetic activity, relative hypoventilation, fluid retention and redistribution, and impaired gas exchange have all been well noted; exact mechanisms underlying AMS and HACE are unknown. […] Gradual ascent, with adequate time for acclimatization, is the best method for the prevention of altitude illness.

• #134 Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291060

  On the day of ascent, the prevalence of AMS assessed by the LLS and AMS-C score was 5.8 and 3.9% at 2850 m, 2.1 and 3.1% at 3050 m, 14.8 and 10.1% at 3650 m, and 21.9 and 15% at 4559 m, respectively. […] A history of AMS, higher altitude, lower degree of pre-acclimatization, and younger age were identified as risk factors for developing AMS. […] AMS is common at altitudes 3650 m and better knowledge about AMS and HACE was not associated with less AMS in mountaineers with on average little knowledge. […] This study performed in four alpine huts located between 2850 and 4559 m shows that a history of AMS, higher altitude, a low degree of pre-acclimatization, younger age and speed of ascent to be clearly and consistently associated with risk for developing AMS, whereas associations for sex and pre-existing knowledge about AMS and HACE appeared indistinct.

• #135 Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291060

  On the day of ascent, the prevalence of AMS assessed by the LLS and AMS-C score was 5.8 and 3.9% at 2850 m, 2.1 and 3.1% at 3050 m, 14.8 and 10.1% at 3650 m, and 21.9 and 15% at 4559 m, respectively. […] A history of AMS, higher altitude, lower degree of pre-acclimatization, and younger age were identified as risk factors for developing AMS. […] AMS is common at altitudes 3650 m and better knowledge about AMS and HACE was not associated with less AMS in mountaineers with on average little knowledge. […] This study performed in four alpine huts located between 2850 and 4559 m shows that a history of AMS, higher altitude, a low degree of pre-acclimatization, younger age and speed of ascent to be clearly and consistently associated with risk for developing AMS, whereas associations for sex and pre-existing knowledge about AMS and HACE appeared indistinct.

• #136 Prevalence and knowledge about acute mountain sickness in the Western Alps | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0291060

  On the day of ascent, the prevalence of AMS assessed by the LLS and AMS-C score was 5.8 and 3.9% at 2850 m, 2.1 and 3.1% at 3050 m, 14.8 and 10.1% at 3650 m, and 21.9 and 15% at 4559 m, respectively. […] A history of AMS, higher altitude, lower degree of pre-acclimatization, and younger age were identified as risk factors for developing AMS. […] AMS is common at altitudes 3650 m and better knowledge about AMS and HACE was not associated with less AMS in mountaineers with on average little knowledge. […] This study performed in four alpine huts located between 2850 and 4559 m shows that a history of AMS, higher altitude, a low degree of pre-acclimatization, younger age and speed of ascent to be clearly and consistently associated with risk for developing AMS, whereas associations for sex and pre-existing knowledge about AMS and HACE appeared indistinct.

• #137 ALTITUDE ILLNESS.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/altitude-illnesspptx/265883987

  Acetazolamide is the drug of choice for AMS prevention. […] HAPE develops within 24 days after arrival at high altitude. […] A rapid rate of ascent, a history of HAPE, respiratory tract infections, cold environmental temperatures are risk factors for HAPE. […] Sustained-release nifedipine (30 mg), given once or twice daily, prevents HAPE in people who must ascend rapidly or who have a history of HAPE.

• #138 High-Altitude Travel and Altitude Illness | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/environmental-hazards-risks/high-elevation-travel-and-altitude-illness

  A common travel medicine question is whether to recommend acetazolamide for travelers when gradual or staged acclimatization is not feasible. […] With rates of altitude illness approaching 50% in these situations, a low threshold for chemoprophylaxis is advised. […] Even on standard acclimatization schedules, the prevalence of altitude illness can approach 30% at higher elevations. […] The main point of instructing travelers about altitude illness is not to eliminate the possibility of mild illness but to prevent severe illness, need for evacuation, or death.

• #139 ALTITUDE ILLNESS.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/altitude-illnesspptx/265883987

  Acetazolamide is the drug of choice for AMS prevention. […] HAPE develops within 24 days after arrival at high altitude. […] A rapid rate of ascent, a history of HAPE, respiratory tract infections, cold environmental temperatures are risk factors for HAPE. […] Sustained-release nifedipine (30 mg), given once or twice daily, prevents HAPE in people who must ascend rapidly or who have a history of HAPE.

• #140 A Prospective Epidemiological Study of Acute Mountain Sickness in Nepalese Pilgrims Ascending to High Altitude (4380 m) | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075644

  The use of traditional AMS preventatives (i.e., garlic and mountain pepper) was associated with a higher incidence of AMS relative to those who did not consume these foods with the purpose of preventing AMS. […] Family history was not a significant risk factor for AMS in this population, but signs of familial aggregation were still evident. […] In a large prospective study of Nepalese pilgrims, we observed an AMS incidence (34.0%) after a rapid ascent from 1950 m to 4380 m. Females and older pilgrims were more likely to develop AMS than male and younger pilgrims, and ascent rate was a risk factor for AMS.

• #141 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #142 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #143 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness?q=Sepsis

  HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #144 Acute Mountain Sickness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430716/

  The incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness increases with increasing altitude. While Acute Mountain Sickness is very uncommon under 2500 m, the percentage of non-acclimated travelers affected at 3000 m approaches 75%. Any travelers with prior episodes of Acute Mountain Sickness are at greater risk than those who have tolerated similar trips in the past. […] Pre-existing diseases can increase Acute Mountain Sickness risk by magnifying the effects of the hypoxia. The most common conditions in this category include anemia, with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, due to the reduced degree of oxygenation occurring in the lungs. […] Given the suspected severity of the underlying process, careful pre-trip measures should include: screening to characterize the severity of the disease, additional treatment of the underlying condition, a lower threshold altitude to begin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of hypoxia, enhanced preparation for treatment during the trip, and recommendations to modify the itinerary.

• #145 Altitude Illness | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617259/all/Altitude_Illness

  Altitude illness common with rapid ascent to moderate altitude (8,000 to 11,500 feet); most serious cases occur at very high altitude (11,500 to 18,000 feet). […] Children risk developing altitude illness when travelling to high locations with their families. […] Children have the same or lower incidence of altitude illness as adults. […] The rapid ascent profile associated with air travel to high-altitude locations results in higher AMS rates. Among skiers who fly or drive to resorts in the western United States, AMS frequency is approximately 25%. […] HACE is extremely rare in children primarily occurring after prolonged stays at very high altitudes; a place most children should not be. […] HAPE frequency in children is 1% with primary ascent, but reentry HAPE may occur in 617% of children who are permanent altitude residents. A concurrent viral illness increases risk. […] In most cases, altitude illness can be prevented by employing proper precautions and/or instituting early treatment before any serious illness occurs.

• #146 High altitude illness – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/562

  High-altitude illness (HAI) encompasses acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). These diseases typically occur in lowland residents following an ascent to high altitude. […] New symptoms at altitude should be assumed to be those of a high-altitude illness until proven otherwise. […] HAI encompasses acute mountain sickness, HAPE, and HACE. These diseases typically occur in lowland residents following an ascent to high altitude. […] Risk factors include high altitude, rapid ascent, low-altitude residence, history of previous altitude illness, younger age, exertion, poor awareness of high-altitude illness prior to travel, and existing medical condition.

• #147 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  With this algorithm, leaders can see who may be at high risk early in the altitude exposure and possibly prevent injuries and casualties that could occur later in the exposure. […] Hypoxia monitoring can help detect future altitude sickness and therefore allow early intervention so that Soldiers can complete a successful mission. […] One goal of this research is to replace the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire with a diagnostic blood or urine test, given that Soldiers typically underreport their symptoms. […] Another mission in this research is to collect these biomarkers at sea level, prior to deployment, to assess whether an individual has a high likelihood of getting sick at altitude. […] In addition to using this tool to predict AMS, it could potentially be used to mitigate life-threatening events such as high-altitude pulmonary edema fluid in lungs and cerebral edema fluid in brain that can develop at high altitude by providing alerts prior to such events from occurring. […] Acute mountain sickness can be a debilitating condition. With this tool, Warfighters will be able to make better informed decisions before the onset of more severe symptoms.

• #148 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  With this algorithm, leaders can see who may be at high risk early in the altitude exposure and possibly prevent injuries and casualties that could occur later in the exposure. […] Hypoxia monitoring can help detect future altitude sickness and therefore allow early intervention so that Soldiers can complete a successful mission. […] One goal of this research is to replace the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire with a diagnostic blood or urine test, given that Soldiers typically underreport their symptoms. […] Another mission in this research is to collect these biomarkers at sea level, prior to deployment, to assess whether an individual has a high likelihood of getting sick at altitude. […] In addition to using this tool to predict AMS, it could potentially be used to mitigate life-threatening events such as high-altitude pulmonary edema fluid in lungs and cerebral edema fluid in brain that can develop at high altitude by providing alerts prior to such events from occurring. […] Acute mountain sickness can be a debilitating condition. With this tool, Warfighters will be able to make better informed decisions before the onset of more severe symptoms.

• #149 A next-generation acute mountain sickness prevention tool that aims to help Soldiers and Civilians | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/279896/a_next_generation_acute_mountain_sickness_prevention_tool_that_aims_to_help_soldiers_and_civilians

  With this algorithm, leaders can see who may be at high risk early in the altitude exposure and possibly prevent injuries and casualties that could occur later in the exposure. […] Hypoxia monitoring can help detect future altitude sickness and therefore allow early intervention so that Soldiers can complete a successful mission. […] One goal of this research is to replace the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire with a diagnostic blood or urine test, given that Soldiers typically underreport their symptoms. […] Another mission in this research is to collect these biomarkers at sea level, prior to deployment, to assess whether an individual has a high likelihood of getting sick at altitude. […] In addition to using this tool to predict AMS, it could potentially be used to mitigate life-threatening events such as high-altitude pulmonary edema fluid in lungs and cerebral edema fluid in brain that can develop at high altitude by providing alerts prior to such events from occurring. […] Acute mountain sickness can be a debilitating condition. With this tool, Warfighters will be able to make better informed decisions before the onset of more severe symptoms.

• #150 ALTITUDE ILLNESS.pptx

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/altitude-illnesspptx/265883987

  AMS is the benign form of altitude illness, whereas HACE and HAPE are life-threatening. […] Altitude illness is likely to occur above 2500 m but has been documented even at 1500-2500 m. […] In the Mount Everest region of Nepal, ~50% of trekkers who walk to altitudes 4000 m over 5 days develop AMS, as do 84% of people who fly directly to 3860 m. […] The incidences of HACE and HAPE are much lower than that of AMS, with estimates in the range of 0.14%. […] Hypobaric hypoxia is the main trigger for altitude illness. […] In established AMS, raised intracranial pressure, increased sympathetic activity, relative hypoventilation, fluid retention and redistribution, and impaired gas exchange have all been well noted; exact mechanisms underlying AMS and HACE are unknown. […] Gradual ascent, with adequate time for acclimatization, is the best method for the prevention of altitude illness.

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