Choroba whipple’a
Etiologia i przyczyny

Choroba Whipple’a jest rzadką, układową infekcją wywołaną przez Gram-dodatnią bakterię Tropheryma whipplei, która atakuje głównie błonę śluzową jelita cienkiego, prowadząc do uszkodzenia kosmków jelitowych i zespołu złego wchłaniania. Diagnostyka opiera się na wykryciu PAS-dodatnich inkluzji w makrofagach biopsji jelita cienkiego oraz potwierdzeniu obecności DNA bakterii metodą PCR genu 16S rRNA. Choroba dotyka głównie osoby rasy białej w wieku 65-84 lat, z przewagą mężczyzn, a czynniki ryzyka obejmują ekspozycję na glebę i zwierzęta gospodarskie oraz defekty odporności komórkowej, w tym mutacje genu IRF4 i obecność antygenu HLA-B27. T. whipplei jest powszechnie obecna w środowisku, jednak choroba rozwija się u mniej niż 1 na 1 milion osób, co wskazuje na istotną rolę predyspozycji immunogenetycznych i zaburzeń odpowiedzi immunologicznej, zwłaszcza defektów funkcji limfocytów T CD4+ i makrofagów.

Etiologia choroby Whipple’a

Choroba Whipple’a jest rzadką, układową chorobą zakaźną wywołaną przez Gram-dodatnią bakterię o nazwie Tropheryma whipplei (dawniej T. whippelii). Bakteria ta została zidentyfikowana w 1991 roku, a szczegółowo opisana w 1992 roku dzięki zastosowaniu nowej techniki identyfikacji mikroorganizmów opartej na sekwencjonowaniu DNA kodującego ich 16S rybosomalny RNA.12 Chociaż już w 1907 roku George Hoyt Whipple podejrzewał czynnik zakaźny jako przyczynę choroby, skuteczne leczenie antybiotykami nie zostało odnotowane aż do 1952 roku.3

T. whipplei jest laseczką Gram-dodatnią, dodatnią w barwieniu PAS (kwas nadjodowy Schiffa), ale ujemną w barwieniu na kwaśność. Bakteria ta atakuje przede wszystkim błonę śluzową jelita cienkiego, tworząc małe owrzodzenia (zmiany) w ścianie jelita i uszkadzając drobne, włoskowate wypustki (kosmki), które wyściełają jelito cienkie.45 Uszkodzenie kosmków jelitowych prowadzi do zaburzeń wchłaniania tłuszczów i innych składników odżywczych, co skutkuje zespołem złego wchłaniania.67

Pochodzenie i występowanie bakterii

T. whipplei wydaje się być organizmem powszechnie występującym w środowisku, szczególnie w glebie, ściekach i wodzie.89 Bakteria ta została wykryta w próbkach gleby, ścieków, wody oraz w kale i ślinie zdrowych osób.1011 Badania wykazały, że do 48% populacji ogólnej w Europie i nawet 72% w Senegalu posiada przeciwciała przeciwko T. whipplei, co wskazuje na powszechne narażenie na tę bakterię.12

DNA bakterii T. whipplei wykryto w Europie w 1,5-4% próbek kału od bezobjawowych osób z populacji ogólnej, w porównaniu do 12-25% próbek pobranych od pracowników oczyszczalni ścieków, osób zakażonych HIV i osób bezdomnych, co wskazuje, że te grupy mają wyższe ryzyko rozwoju choroby Whipple’a przy ekspozycji na bakterię.13 Pomimo powszechnego występowania bakterii, choroba Whipple’a jest niezwykle rzadka, dotykając mniej niż 1 na 1 milion osób.14

Drogi transmisji

Dokładny sposób przenoszenia T. whipplei nie jest w pełni poznany. Uważa się, że bakteria może być przenoszona drogą pokarmową.1516 Niektórzy badacze sugerują, że bakteria wnika do organizmu przez układ pokarmowy, prawdopodobnie przez spożywanie zanieczyszczonej żywności lub wody.1718

Nie ma dowodów na przenoszenie choroby z osoby na osobę, ani na występowanie ognisk epidemicznych.19 Chociaż istnieją ograniczone dowody sugerujące, że choroba może być przenoszona między sąsiadami i w obrębie rodzin, transmisja nie jest w pełni zrozumiała.20 Człowiek jest jedynym znanym gospodarzem dla tej bakterii.2122

Czynniki predysponujące do rozwoju choroby Whipple’a

Defekty immunologiczne

Pomimo powszechności bakterii T. whipplei w środowisku, tylko niewielki odsetek osób rozwija chorobę Whipple’a. Sugeruje to, że specyficzne defekty w układzie odpornościowym mogą predysponować do rozwoju choroby po ekspozycji na bakterię.2324

Chorzy na chorobę Whipple’a często mają subtelne defekty odporności komórkowej, które predysponują do zakażenia T. whipplei.25 Badania wykazały, że pacjenci z chorobą Whipple’a mają zmienioną odpowiedź zapalną, upośledzającą funkcję makrofagów i normalną odpowiedź limfocytów T.26 Choroba Whipple’a wiąże się z defektami w limfocytach T CD4+, które są niezbędne do obrony gospodarza i regulacji immunologicznej.27

Guérin i współpracownicy zaobserwowali, że choroba Whipple’a dotyka tylko niewielką liczbę osób zakażonych T. whipplei (0,01%) i stwierdzili dużą częstotliwość bezobjawowego nosicielstwa.28 Trotta i współpracownicy zaobserwowali, że pacjenci z chorobą Whipple’a nie wykazują obwodowego białka szoku cieplnego 70 i jego kofaktora GrpE, co dowodzi, że osoby z chorobą Whipple’a nie wywołują skutecznej odpowiedzi na T. whipplei, aby kontrolować rozprzestrzenianie się bakterii.29

Bakteria otacza się błoną biologiczną lub powłoką białkową, która prawdopodobnie zawiera tkanki gospodarza, co pozwala jej na inwazję tkanek bez wykrycia przez układ odpornościowy.30 Organizm ten jest pobierany przez makrofagi, które można obserwować w barwieniu PAS.31

Predyspozycje genetyczne

Istnieją silne dowody na genetyczną predyspozycję do rozwoju choroby Whipple’a. Badania wykazały związek między występowaniem choroby a obecnością antygenu HLA-B27, którego częstość jest 2-3 razy wyższa wśród osób dotkniętych chorobą w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej.3233

Badania genetyczne zidentyfikowały również związek choroby Whipple’a z allelem HLA-DRB1*13 i DQB1*06.3435 Ponadto, odkryto mutację w genie IRF4, który koduje ważne białko w układzie odpornościowym, u pacjentów z chorobą Whipple’a. Mutacja ta powoduje, że białko IRF4 staje się niefunkcjonalne, co czyni pacjentów podatnymi na zakażenie T. whipplei.3637

Badanie rodziny francuskiej, w której występowała choroba Whipple’a, wykazało, że wszyscy pacjenci z chorobą, a także bezobjawowi nosiciele bakterii, posiadali wariant genu IRF4, który różnił się jednym aminokwasem (tryptofan zamiast argininy).38 Deficyt IRF4 może powodować chorobę Whipple’a poprzez haploinsuficjencję, z zależną od wieku niepełną penetracją.39

Występowanie choroby w grupach rodzinnych sugeruje komponent immunogenetyczny.40 Możliwy defekt immunologiczny może być specyficzny dla T. whipplei, ponieważ choroba nie wiąże się z istotnie zwiększonym ryzykiem innych zakażeń.41

Czynniki ryzyka demograficzne i zawodowe

Choroba Whipple’a dotyka przede wszystkim osoby rasy białej, w średnim wieku, z przewagą mężczyzn.4243 Badania wskazują, że choroba najczęściej występuje u osób w wieku 65-84 lat.44

Zwiększone ryzyko zachorowania obserwuje się u osób, których praca wiąże się z ekspozycją na glebę lub zwierzęta gospodarskie, takich jak rolnicy i pracownicy budowlani pracujący na zewnątrz.4546 Choroba jest częstsza u rolników i osób mających kontakt z glebą i zwierzętami gospodarskimi, co sugeruje, że zakażenie jest nabywane z tych źródeł.4748

Dodatkowymi czynnikami ryzyka są osłabiony układ odpornościowy, co może wynikać z choroby wpływającej na układ odpornościowy lub przyjmowania leków immunosupresyjnych.4950

Mechanizmy patogenetyczne choroby Whipple’a

Interakcje z układem odpornościowym

Patogeneza choroby Whipple’a nie jest w pełni poznana, ale istnieją wystarczające dowody, aby sądzić, że odporność gospodarza odgrywa ważną rolę.51 Choroba Whipple’a jest prawdopodobnie wynikiem zaburzeń odpowiedzi gospodarza na bakterię T. whipplei.52

Bakteria T. whipplei ma tropizm do komórek mieloidalnych.53 Infekuje makrofagi, powodując wydzielanie interleukiny (IL)-16, apoptozę makrofagów i utratę potencjału błony mitochondrialnej.54 Organizmy charakterystycznie gromadzą się w makrofagach w błonie śluzowej dwunastnicy.55

Uważa się, że defekty w monocytach/makrofagach odgrywają ważną rolę patofizjologiczną w chorobie Whipple’a i mogą prowadzić do niezdolności zakażonej osoby do eliminacji tych bakterii.56 Unikanie odpowiedzi immunologicznej i interakcje z gospodarzem są istotne w patogenezie choroby Whipple’a.57

U pacjentów z chorobą Whipple’a obserwuje się defektywną funkcję limfocytów T (limfocytów T pomocniczych/komórek TH1), co może być ważnym czynnikiem predysponującym do choroby.58 Antygen HLA-B27 odgrywa rolę patogenną, ograniczając immunologiczną detekcję organizmu.59

Skutki kliniczne zakażenia

Bakteria T. whipplei zakaża przede wszystkim błonę śluzową jelita cienkiego, ale może rozprzestrzeniać się do wielu innych narządów, w tym serca, płuc, mózgu, stawów i oczu.6061 Zakażenie jelita cienkiego prowadzi do uszkodzenia kosmków jelitowych i zaburzeń wchłaniania składników odżywczych.6263

Kliniczne objawy choroby Whipple’a są wynikiem infiltracji tkanek przez patogen i związanej z tym odpowiedzi zapalnej.64 W klasycznej postaci jelitowej choroby Whipple’a, bakterie i komórki zapalne naciekają błonę śluzową jelita cienkiego i węzły chłonne krezkowe, powodując zespół złego wchłaniania z wynikającą z tego utratą masy ciała, biegunką i bólem brzucha, a rzadziej krwawieniem z przewodu pokarmowego.65

Zakażenie może również prowadzić do niedożywienia i niedoborów witamin rozpuszczalnych w tłuszczach.66 Powikłania nieleczonej choroby Whipple’a wynikają głównie z niedoborów żywieniowych, ponieważ zakażenie zaburza proces wchłaniania w jelicie cienkim.67

Zajęcie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego w chorobie Whipple’a wiąże się ze złym rokowaniem i bez leczenia jest nieodwracalnie śmiertelne.68 Choroba Whipple’a może powodować leukoencefalopatię, która może rozwijać się miesiącami lub latami.69 Zgłaszano również przypadki objawów podobnych do udaru związanych z zapaleniem naczyń mózgowych w wyniku krwiopochodnego rozprzestrzeniania się zakażenia T. whipplei, a także nawracającego udaru zatorowego wtórnego do zapalenia wsierdzia wywołanego przez T. whipplei.70

Rozpoznanie i leczenie choroby Whipple’a

Diagnostyka

Rozpoznanie choroby Whipple’a opiera się na badaniu histopatologicznym biopsji z jelita cienkiego i analizie PCR genu 16S rRNA dla T. whipplei.71 Diagnoza jest stawiana histopatologicznie poprzez wykrycie PAS-dodatnich inkluzji w histiocytach/makrofagach w blaszce właściwej z biopsji błony śluzowej jelita cienkiego, ale także innych tkanek, takich jak płyn stawowy, węzły chłonne, płyn mózgowo-rdzeniowy i zastawki serca.72

Bezpośrednia wizualizacja żywych lub martwych bakterii jest możliwa za pomocą mikroskopii elektronowej, jednak nie jest dostępna w wielu ośrodkach i obecnie rzadko potrzebna, gdy dostępne stało się badanie 16S rRNA.73

Ważne jest, aby wiedzieć, że T. whipplei szybko staje się niewykrywalna po rozpoczęciu terapii, co może prowadzić do fałszywie ujemnych wyników, ponieważ wielu pacjentów otrzymuje antybiotyki przed poddaniem się szeroko zakrojonym badaniom diagnostycznym w kierunku tej choroby.74

Leczenie

Podstawą leczenia choroby Whipple’a jest antybiotykoterapia.75 Zazwyczaj konieczne są długie kursy leczenia, aby zapobiec nawrotom.76

Leczenie choroby Whipple’a z zapaleniem wsierdzia obejmuje penicylinę G (2 miliony jednostek międzynarodowych dożylnie co 4 godziny) lub ceftriakson (2 g dożylnie raz dziennie) przez 4 tygodnie, a następnie TMP-SMX 160 mg/800 mg dwa razy dziennie przez 1 rok.77

Najczęściej stosowane leczenie obejmuje 2-tygodniowe podawanie dożylne cefalosporyn, a następnie doustne podawanie sulfonamidów przez 1-2 lata.78

Choroba Whipple’a jest uleczalna przy odpowiednim leczeniu.79 Nieleczona, choroba może być śmiertelna.80 Bez odpowiedniego leczenia antybiotykami choroba niezmiennie kończy się rozsiewem i potencjalnie może być śmiertelna.81

Rokowanie

Choroba Whipple’a jest postępującą i wyniszczającą chorobą, jeśli pozostaje niezdiagnozowana i nieleczona.82 Rokowanie w nieleczonej chorobie Whipple’a jest niepomyślne.83

Szczególnie zajęcie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego w chorobie Whipple’a wiąże się ze złym rokowaniem i bez leczenia jest nieodwracalnie śmiertelne.84

Stosowanie leków immunosupresyjnych w leczeniu dolegliwości stawowych (gdy choroba jest czasami błędnie diagnozowana jako seronegatywna choroba reumatyczna) może przyspieszyć wystąpienie choroby jelitowej lub innej choroby układowej.85

Choroba Whipple’a błędnie zdiagnozowana jako zapalna choroba reumatoidalna była opisywana w licznych badaniach, ale żaden z takich przypadków nie wydaje się prowadzić do śmiertelnego wyniku.86

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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Whipple’s disease – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/whipples-disease
    Whipple’s disease is caused by T. whipplei, a gram-positive bacillus related to Actinomycetes. […] An infectious etiology was suspected as early as Whipple’s initial report; however, successful treatment with antibiotics was not reported until 1952. […] The etiologic agent was identified in 1991. The cause is now known to be Tropheryma whipplei (from the Greek „trophe,” nourishment, and „eryma,” barrier, in reference to the nutrient malabsorption characteristic of the disease), a discovery made upon application of a new technique for identifying microbes based upon the DNA sequence encoding their 16S ribosomal RNA. […] Whipple suspected an infectious agent in 1907 when he noted the numerous „rod-shaped organisms” within the submucosa and macrophages of the index patient. […] Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed identification of a unique bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA in the intestinal and lymphatic tissue of 5 patients with Whipple’s disease that was absent in 10 control patients.
  • #2 Whipple’s disease: the great masquerader—a high level of suspicion is the key to diagnosis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01664-1
    Whipple’s disease is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the small intestine, but several organs can simultaneously be involved. The disease is caused by a gram-positive bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. […] Whipples disease (WD) is an infectious disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] An infectious etiology was first discovered in 1961 by electron microscopy. […] The bacterium has been isolated in water, indicating that a non-fecal pathway of infection is presumed. […] A genetic predisposition is often required to develop the disease, especially in CD11b-circulating lymphocytes which play a vital role in activating macrophages that phagocyte T. whipplei. […] A link exists between the presence of HLA-B27 and the disease course. […] The diagnosis is based on histopathological examination of biopsies from the small bowel and PCR analysis of the 16S rRNA gene for T. whipplei.
  • #3 Whipple’s disease – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/whipples-disease
    Whipple’s disease is caused by T. whipplei, a gram-positive bacillus related to Actinomycetes. […] An infectious etiology was suspected as early as Whipple’s initial report; however, successful treatment with antibiotics was not reported until 1952. […] The etiologic agent was identified in 1991. The cause is now known to be Tropheryma whipplei (from the Greek „trophe,” nourishment, and „eryma,” barrier, in reference to the nutrient malabsorption characteristic of the disease), a discovery made upon application of a new technique for identifying microbes based upon the DNA sequence encoding their 16S ribosomal RNA. […] Whipple suspected an infectious agent in 1907 when he noted the numerous „rod-shaped organisms” within the submucosa and macrophages of the index patient. […] Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed identification of a unique bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA in the intestinal and lymphatic tissue of 5 patients with Whipple’s disease that was absent in 10 control patients.
  • #4 Whipple’s disease | Altru Health System
    https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/whipples-disease
    Whipple disease is caused by a type of bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. The bacteria affect the mucosal lining of your small intestine first, forming small sores (lesions) within the wall of the intestine. The bacteria also damage the fine, hairlike projections (villi) that line the small intestine. […] Not much is known about the bacteria. Although they seem readily present in the environment, scientists don’t know where they come from or how they’re spread to humans. Not everyone who carries the bacteria develops the disease. Some researchers believe that people with the disease may have a genetic defect in their immune system response that makes them more likely to become sick when exposed to the bacteria. […] Whipple disease is extremely uncommon, affecting fewer than 1 in 1 million people.
  • #5 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei causes Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease is caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii. […] Tropheryma whipplei was described in 1992. […] It is a gram-positive bacillus, periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS), and acid-fast negative. […] The organism seems to be soil-dwelling which explains the increased prevalence in farmers. […] The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear, but there is enough evidence to believe that host immunity plays an important role. […] Host factors play an important pathogenic role as suggested by the two to threefold increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 antigen among affected individuals. […] The organism is ingested by macrophages which can be observed PAS. […] The malabsorption seen is due to disruption of the normal villus function.
  • #6 Whipple’s Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/whipples-disease
    Whipples disease is caused by Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei) bacteria, which prevents the body from absorbing fats and other nutrients. […] Infection with the T. whipplei bacteria is the one and only known cause of Whipples. The bacteria cause internal sores to develop and body tissues to thicken. […] In people predisposed to Whipples disease, the immune response to the bacteria is muted, increasing their risk of developing the illness.
  • #7 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei causes Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease is caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii. […] Tropheryma whipplei was described in 1992. […] It is a gram-positive bacillus, periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS), and acid-fast negative. […] The organism seems to be soil-dwelling which explains the increased prevalence in farmers. […] The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear, but there is enough evidence to believe that host immunity plays an important role. […] Host factors play an important pathogenic role as suggested by the two to threefold increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 antigen among affected individuals. […] The organism is ingested by macrophages which can be observed PAS. […] The malabsorption seen is due to disruption of the normal villus function.
  • #8 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei causes Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease is caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii. […] Tropheryma whipplei was described in 1992. […] It is a gram-positive bacillus, periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS), and acid-fast negative. […] The organism seems to be soil-dwelling which explains the increased prevalence in farmers. […] The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear, but there is enough evidence to believe that host immunity plays an important role. […] Host factors play an important pathogenic role as suggested by the two to threefold increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 antigen among affected individuals. […] The organism is ingested by macrophages which can be observed PAS. […] The malabsorption seen is due to disruption of the normal villus function.
  • #9 Whipple’s disease: the great masquerader—a high level of suspicion is the key to diagnosis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01664-1
    Whipple’s disease is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the small intestine, but several organs can simultaneously be involved. The disease is caused by a gram-positive bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. […] Whipples disease (WD) is an infectious disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] An infectious etiology was first discovered in 1961 by electron microscopy. […] The bacterium has been isolated in water, indicating that a non-fecal pathway of infection is presumed. […] A genetic predisposition is often required to develop the disease, especially in CD11b-circulating lymphocytes which play a vital role in activating macrophages that phagocyte T. whipplei. […] A link exists between the presence of HLA-B27 and the disease course. […] The diagnosis is based on histopathological examination of biopsies from the small bowel and PCR analysis of the 16S rRNA gene for T. whipplei.
  • #10 Whipple disease
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/whipple-disease
    The cause of Whipple disease is the ubiquitous bacterium Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei), a gram positive rod. T. whipplei is widespread; it has been detected in soil, sewage water, and faecal material. It is an intracellular bacterium that infects macrophages causing secretion of interleukin (IL)-16, macrophage apoptosis, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The organisms characteristically accumulate in macrophages in the duodenal mucosa. It is spread via the faecal-oral route. […] Specific defects in the immune system may allow T. whipplei to disseminate widely throughout the body and cause disease.
  • #11 What Is Whipple Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/whipples-disease/guide/
    Whipple disease is caused by the bacteria Tropheryma whipplei. Scientists dont know exactly how people get infected with T. whipplei, but this bacteria seems to be common in soil and water. Not surprisingly, many reports of Whipple disease occur in individuals who work in the agricultural or construction sector and whose jobs require them to have frequent contact with soil. […] While Whipple disease is rare, the T. whipplei bacteria is more common than previously believed. Research shows up to 48 percent of the general population in Europe carries antibodies against T. whipplei, and the number is even higher in Senegal 72 percent. (A high presence of the bacteria in African and Asian populations is particularly noteworthy given the fact that Whipple disease is less common in those groups compared with Caucasian populations.)
  • #12 What Is Whipple Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/whipples-disease/guide/
    Whipple disease is caused by the bacteria Tropheryma whipplei. Scientists dont know exactly how people get infected with T. whipplei, but this bacteria seems to be common in soil and water. Not surprisingly, many reports of Whipple disease occur in individuals who work in the agricultural or construction sector and whose jobs require them to have frequent contact with soil. […] While Whipple disease is rare, the T. whipplei bacteria is more common than previously believed. Research shows up to 48 percent of the general population in Europe carries antibodies against T. whipplei, and the number is even higher in Senegal 72 percent. (A high presence of the bacteria in African and Asian populations is particularly noteworthy given the fact that Whipple disease is less common in those groups compared with Caucasian populations.)
  • #13 What Is Whipple Disease? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/whipples-disease/guide/
    Data also suggests T. whipplei has been detected in Europe in 1.5 to 4 percent of fecal samples from asymptomatic people in the general population compared with as many as 12 to 25 percent of samples taken from sewage workers, people infected with HIV, and those experiencing homelessness, indicating that these groups have a higher risk of developing Whipple disease when exposed to the bacteria. In other words, it appears that not everyone who carries T. whipplei develops Whipple disease. Some researchers believe that certain people may have a genetic susceptibility that makes them more likely to become sick when theyre exposed to the bacteria.
  • #14 Whipple’s disease | Altru Health System
    https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/whipples-disease
    Whipple disease is caused by a type of bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. The bacteria affect the mucosal lining of your small intestine first, forming small sores (lesions) within the wall of the intestine. The bacteria also damage the fine, hairlike projections (villi) that line the small intestine. […] Not much is known about the bacteria. Although they seem readily present in the environment, scientists don’t know where they come from or how they’re spread to humans. Not everyone who carries the bacteria develops the disease. Some researchers believe that people with the disease may have a genetic defect in their immune system response that makes them more likely to become sick when exposed to the bacteria. […] Whipple disease is extremely uncommon, affecting fewer than 1 in 1 million people.
  • #15 Whipple’s Disease: Symptoms and Causes | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/whipples-disease
    Whipple hypothesised that the condition was due to an infectious agent, but this was only fully identified in 1992. […] It is now thought to be due to infection with the actinomycete Tropheryma whipplei, combined with defective cell-mediated immunity. […] It is probably acquired as an enteric infection as this organism is commonly found in sewage effluent. […] Whipple’s disease is more common in: […] Family clusters (suggesting an immunogenetic component). […] HLA-B27 antigen; HLA-DRB1*13 and DQB1*06 alleles.
  • #16 Understanding Whipple’s Disease: Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis
    https://tap.health/whipples-disease-symptoms/
    Whipple disease, a rare and serious infection, is caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] While the exact transmission route remains unclear, its believed to be linked to ingestion of contaminated food or water, potentially more prevalent in regions with less stringent sanitation practices, including many Indian and tropical countries. […] Several factors may increase an individuals susceptibility to T. whipplei infection. […] Malnutrition and poor sanitation, common challenges in many tropical and developing regions, potentially contribute to a higher risk of infection. […] The bacterium T. whipplei is believed to be transmitted through the oral route, possibly through contaminated food or water.
  • #17 UNDERSTANDING WHIPPLE’S DISEASE: TRANSMISSION, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS | Mya Care
    https://myacare.com/blog/understanding-whipples-disease-transmission-symptoms-and-treatment-options
    Whipple’s disease is caused by the actinobacterium Tropheryma Whipplei. […] Experts assume that the bacteria enter the body through the mouth before reaching the small intestine, where they can cause an infection. […] Diseased individuals have an altered inflammatory response, impairing macrophage function and the ordinary T-cell response. […] Host factors, including the HLA-B27 antigen, play a pathogenic role by limiting immune detection of the organism. […] The organism surrounds itself with a biofilm or protein coat, which researchers theorize possibly contains the host’s tissues, allowing it to invade tissues without detection. […] The bacteria can cause damage to the lining of the small intestine and disruption of the villi, leading to malabsorption of nutrients. […] Risk factors for Whipple’s Disease include age, gender, occupation, weakened immune system, and genetics. […] Whipple’s disease is not contagious, yet there is limited evidence to suggest it is transmissible between neighbors and within families. […] It is not fully understood how Whipple’s disease is transmitted.
  • #18 Whipple’s Disease: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments • Yesil Health
    https://yesilhealth.com/your-health/whipples-disease-understanding-symptoms-causes-and-treatments/
    Whipples Disease is a rare but serious bacterial infection that primarily affects the gastrointestinal system. It is caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei, which is typically found in soil and water. Understanding the causes of Whipples Disease is crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment. […] The exact mechanism of how Tropheryma whipplei leads to Whipples Disease is not entirely understood. However, it is believed that the bacteria enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract. Once ingested, they can invade the intestinal lining and spread to other organs, including the heart, brain, and joints. This systemic spread is what makes Whipples Disease particularly concerning. […] While the bacterium is commonly found in the environment, the specific sources of infection are still being studied. Some potential sources include: Contaminated food and water: Consuming food or water contaminated with Tropheryma whipplei may lead to infection. Environmental exposure: The bacteria are present in soil and may be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces. Genetic predisposition: Some individuals may have a genetic susceptibility that makes them more prone to developing the disease after exposure.
  • #19 Whipple’s disease | EBSCO Research Starters
    https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/whipples-disease
    Whipple’s disease is a rare and chronic systemic infection caused by the gram-positive actinomycete bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] The bacterium T. whipplei is found ubiquitously in the general environment. However, its source and transmission is not well established. […] Humans are the only known host. The reservoir of T. whipplei, the transmission mechanisms, and the significance of asymptomatic carriers remain to be established. Fecal-oral transmission has been suggested, and there has been no evidence of person-to-person transmission or of epidemic outbreaks.
  • #20 UNDERSTANDING WHIPPLE’S DISEASE: TRANSMISSION, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS | Mya Care
    https://myacare.com/blog/understanding-whipples-disease-transmission-symptoms-and-treatment-options
    Whipple’s disease is caused by the actinobacterium Tropheryma Whipplei. […] Experts assume that the bacteria enter the body through the mouth before reaching the small intestine, where they can cause an infection. […] Diseased individuals have an altered inflammatory response, impairing macrophage function and the ordinary T-cell response. […] Host factors, including the HLA-B27 antigen, play a pathogenic role by limiting immune detection of the organism. […] The organism surrounds itself with a biofilm or protein coat, which researchers theorize possibly contains the host’s tissues, allowing it to invade tissues without detection. […] The bacteria can cause damage to the lining of the small intestine and disruption of the villi, leading to malabsorption of nutrients. […] Risk factors for Whipple’s Disease include age, gender, occupation, weakened immune system, and genetics. […] Whipple’s disease is not contagious, yet there is limited evidence to suggest it is transmissible between neighbors and within families. […] It is not fully understood how Whipple’s disease is transmitted.
  • #21 Whipple’s disease | EBSCO Research Starters
    https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/whipples-disease
    Whipple’s disease is a rare and chronic systemic infection caused by the gram-positive actinomycete bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] The bacterium T. whipplei is found ubiquitously in the general environment. However, its source and transmission is not well established. […] Humans are the only known host. The reservoir of T. whipplei, the transmission mechanisms, and the significance of asymptomatic carriers remain to be established. Fecal-oral transmission has been suggested, and there has been no evidence of person-to-person transmission or of epidemic outbreaks.
  • #22 Whipple’s disease pathophysiology – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Whipple%27s_disease_pathophysiology
    Whipples disease is a rare systemic disease. Therefore, some aspects of pathogenesis have remained unclear. Tropheryma whipplei is usually transmitted through oral route to human hosts. There is no known causative genetic factor for Whipple’s disease. However, genetic and immunologic factors play important roles in clinical manifestation of Tropheryma whipplei infection. Individuals with positive HLA-B27 and defective cellular immunity including AIDS are at risk for Whipple’s disease. Impaired macrophage function and cellular immunity are the main factors in replication of the bacteria and disease expansion to every tissue. […] It is believed that human being is the only host for this bacterium. […] Several studies suggested that the defective cellular immunity and humoral immunity may lead to the proliferation of the bacteria and clinical manifestation of the Whipple’s disease.
  • #23 Whipple’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease
    Whipple’s disease is a rare systemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] The disease is common in farmers and those exposed to soil and animals, suggesting that the infection is acquired from these sources. […] Several lines of evidence suggest that some defect inherited or acquired in immunity is required for it to become pathogenic. […] The possible immunological defect may be specific for T. whipplei, since the disease is not associated with a substantially increased risk of other infections.
  • #24 Whipple Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183350-overview
    Whipple disease is a systemic disease most likely caused by a gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei (formerly T whippelii). […] Whipple disease is believed to be due to a disordered host response to the bacterium T whipplei. […] Data that suggest that T whipplei DNA may be found in patients who are asymptomatic. […] This suggests that Whipple disease is a manifestation of an abnormal host response to a microorganism that may occur frequently in humans (perhaps in a similar manner to that observed with Helicobacter pylori). […] To date, Koch’s postulates have not been fulfilled completely (infection of an animal model and isolation of the organism from the animal). However, T whipplei bacteria have been grown successfully in HEL (a human fibroblast line) cells.
  • #25 Whipple Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/whipple-disease
    Whipple disease is a rare systemic illness caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] Affected patients may have subtle defects of cell-mediated immunity that predispose to infection with T. whipplei. […] Infection by the bacteria T. whipplei affects many organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. […] Small-bowel mucosal involvement causes malabsorption. […] Suspect Whipple disease in middle-aged or older White individuals who have arthritis and abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, or other symptoms of malabsorption.
  • #26 UNDERSTANDING WHIPPLE’S DISEASE: TRANSMISSION, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS | Mya Care
    https://myacare.com/blog/understanding-whipples-disease-transmission-symptoms-and-treatment-options
    Whipple’s disease is caused by the actinobacterium Tropheryma Whipplei. […] Experts assume that the bacteria enter the body through the mouth before reaching the small intestine, where they can cause an infection. […] Diseased individuals have an altered inflammatory response, impairing macrophage function and the ordinary T-cell response. […] Host factors, including the HLA-B27 antigen, play a pathogenic role by limiting immune detection of the organism. […] The organism surrounds itself with a biofilm or protein coat, which researchers theorize possibly contains the host’s tissues, allowing it to invade tissues without detection. […] The bacteria can cause damage to the lining of the small intestine and disruption of the villi, leading to malabsorption of nutrients. […] Risk factors for Whipple’s Disease include age, gender, occupation, weakened immune system, and genetics. […] Whipple’s disease is not contagious, yet there is limited evidence to suggest it is transmissible between neighbors and within families. […] It is not fully understood how Whipple’s disease is transmitted.
  • #27 Whipple disease | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/whipple-disease
    Gurin and associates observed that Whipple disease only affects a small number of individuals infected with T whipplei (0.01%) and found a large frequency of asymptomatic carriage. […] An idiosyncratic immune defect has been postulated as predisposing individuals to Whipple disease, possibly involving HLA-DRBI*13 and HLA-DQBI*06. […] CD4+ T cells are essential for host defence and immune regulation. Five families have been reported with autosomal recessive CD4 deficiency with refractory Whipple disease, implying that CD4 is essential for protective immunity for Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease may cause a leukoencephalopathy, which may take months or years to develop.
  • #28 Whipple disease | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/whipple-disease
    Gurin and associates observed that Whipple disease only affects a small number of individuals infected with T whipplei (0.01%) and found a large frequency of asymptomatic carriage. […] An idiosyncratic immune defect has been postulated as predisposing individuals to Whipple disease, possibly involving HLA-DRBI*13 and HLA-DQBI*06. […] CD4+ T cells are essential for host defence and immune regulation. Five families have been reported with autosomal recessive CD4 deficiency with refractory Whipple disease, implying that CD4 is essential for protective immunity for Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease may cause a leukoencephalopathy, which may take months or years to develop.
  • #29 Whipple disease | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/whipple-disease
    Whipple disease is a treatable, multisystem disease caused by infection with Tropheryma whipplei. […] Whipple disease is caused by Tropheryma whipplei (T whipplei) and was first described in 1907. […] Whipple disease of the brain is rare. It may occur in the context of a systemic illness with gastrointestinal or rheumatological features, or as a primary central nervous system infection. […] The first isolation of T whipplei from the CSF of two patients in 2003 showed that viable bacteria may survive in the central nervous system after prolonged antibiotic therapy. […] Trotta and colleagues observed that patients with Whipple disease lacked peripheral heat shock protein 70 and its cofactor GrpE, showing that people with Whipple disease do not elicit an effective response to T whipplei to control bacterial spread.
  • #30 UNDERSTANDING WHIPPLE’S DISEASE: TRANSMISSION, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS | Mya Care
    https://myacare.com/blog/understanding-whipples-disease-transmission-symptoms-and-treatment-options
    Whipple’s disease is caused by the actinobacterium Tropheryma Whipplei. […] Experts assume that the bacteria enter the body through the mouth before reaching the small intestine, where they can cause an infection. […] Diseased individuals have an altered inflammatory response, impairing macrophage function and the ordinary T-cell response. […] Host factors, including the HLA-B27 antigen, play a pathogenic role by limiting immune detection of the organism. […] The organism surrounds itself with a biofilm or protein coat, which researchers theorize possibly contains the host’s tissues, allowing it to invade tissues without detection. […] The bacteria can cause damage to the lining of the small intestine and disruption of the villi, leading to malabsorption of nutrients. […] Risk factors for Whipple’s Disease include age, gender, occupation, weakened immune system, and genetics. […] Whipple’s disease is not contagious, yet there is limited evidence to suggest it is transmissible between neighbors and within families. […] It is not fully understood how Whipple’s disease is transmitted.
  • #31 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei causes Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease is caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii. […] Tropheryma whipplei was described in 1992. […] It is a gram-positive bacillus, periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS), and acid-fast negative. […] The organism seems to be soil-dwelling which explains the increased prevalence in farmers. […] The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear, but there is enough evidence to believe that host immunity plays an important role. […] Host factors play an important pathogenic role as suggested by the two to threefold increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 antigen among affected individuals. […] The organism is ingested by macrophages which can be observed PAS. […] The malabsorption seen is due to disruption of the normal villus function.
  • #32 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei causes Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease is caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii. […] Tropheryma whipplei was described in 1992. […] It is a gram-positive bacillus, periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS), and acid-fast negative. […] The organism seems to be soil-dwelling which explains the increased prevalence in farmers. […] The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear, but there is enough evidence to believe that host immunity plays an important role. […] Host factors play an important pathogenic role as suggested by the two to threefold increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 antigen among affected individuals. […] The organism is ingested by macrophages which can be observed PAS. […] The malabsorption seen is due to disruption of the normal villus function.
  • #33 Whipple’s Disease: Symptoms and Causes | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/whipples-disease
    Whipple hypothesised that the condition was due to an infectious agent, but this was only fully identified in 1992. […] It is now thought to be due to infection with the actinomycete Tropheryma whipplei, combined with defective cell-mediated immunity. […] It is probably acquired as an enteric infection as this organism is commonly found in sewage effluent. […] Whipple’s disease is more common in: […] Family clusters (suggesting an immunogenetic component). […] HLA-B27 antigen; HLA-DRB1*13 and DQB1*06 alleles.
  • #34 Whipple’s Disease: Symptoms and Causes | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/whipples-disease
    Whipple hypothesised that the condition was due to an infectious agent, but this was only fully identified in 1992. […] It is now thought to be due to infection with the actinomycete Tropheryma whipplei, combined with defective cell-mediated immunity. […] It is probably acquired as an enteric infection as this organism is commonly found in sewage effluent. […] Whipple’s disease is more common in: […] Family clusters (suggesting an immunogenetic component). […] HLA-B27 antigen; HLA-DRB1*13 and DQB1*06 alleles.
  • #35 Whipple disease | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/whipple-disease
    Gurin and associates observed that Whipple disease only affects a small number of individuals infected with T whipplei (0.01%) and found a large frequency of asymptomatic carriage. […] An idiosyncratic immune defect has been postulated as predisposing individuals to Whipple disease, possibly involving HLA-DRBI*13 and HLA-DQBI*06. […] CD4+ T cells are essential for host defence and immune regulation. Five families have been reported with autosomal recessive CD4 deficiency with refractory Whipple disease, implying that CD4 is essential for protective immunity for Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease may cause a leukoencephalopathy, which may take months or years to develop.
  • #36 Discovery of a first genetic cause of Whipple’s disease – Inserm Newsroom
    https://presse.inserm.fr/en/discovery-of-a-first-genetic-cause-of-whipples-disease/58235/
    A Franco-American team involving researchers from Inserm, Universit Paris-Descartes and doctors grouped in the Institute Imagine the hospital Necker-Enfants Malades AP-HP and Rockefeller University New York discovered a genetic cause of Whipples disease, chronic intestinal pathology. […] The disease is caused by Tropheryma whipplei, a bacterium that many of us encounter in our life (up to 50% of the members of some populations are carriers), but which affects a very small portion of individuals: only a subject on a million developing the symptoms of the disease. […] The researcher Antoine Guerin, first author of the scientific paper on this discovery, studied a French family with 5 healthy carriers and 4 members affected by the disease. These four patients are carriers of a mutation of the IRF4 gene, which codes for the production of a protein having a key role in immunity, and rendered non-functional by mutation. Dysfunction of this gene makes these patients vulnerable to infection with T. whipplei.
  • #37 Immunodeficiency: Back from the brink of obscurity | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/36649
    A mutation in a transcription factor makes people susceptible to Trophyrema whippelii, the bacterium that causes a rare condition called Whipple’s disease. […] Gurin et al. who are based in institutions in France, Qatar, the United States, and Australia evaluated 26 members of a French family: four people had Whipples disease; five were carriers of the bacterium but did not have the disease; 13 were healthy non-carriers; and four were healthy individuals whose carrier status was unknown. […] Elegant genomic studies and bioinformatics analyses identified a new variant of IRF4 (the gene for an immune transcription factor) in all those with the disease; in all the carriers; in two of the healthy non-carriers; and in one whose carrier status was unknown. […] Molecular investigations revealed that the rare variant differed by one amino acid (a tryptophan in place of an arginine).
  • #38 Immunodeficiency: Back from the brink of obscurity | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/36649
    A mutation in a transcription factor makes people susceptible to Trophyrema whippelii, the bacterium that causes a rare condition called Whipple’s disease. […] Gurin et al. who are based in institutions in France, Qatar, the United States, and Australia evaluated 26 members of a French family: four people had Whipples disease; five were carriers of the bacterium but did not have the disease; 13 were healthy non-carriers; and four were healthy individuals whose carrier status was unknown. […] Elegant genomic studies and bioinformatics analyses identified a new variant of IRF4 (the gene for an immune transcription factor) in all those with the disease; in all the carriers; in two of the healthy non-carriers; and in one whose carrier status was unknown. […] Molecular investigations revealed that the rare variant differed by one amino acid (a tryptophan in place of an arginine).
  • #39 Immunodeficiency: Back from the brink of obscurity | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/36649
    Instead, Gurin et al. presumed the susceptibility occurs because people must need working protein from both versions of this gene to be protected against the bacteria. This phenomenon is referred to as haploinsufficiency. […] AD IRF4 deficiency can underlie WD by haploinsufficiency, with age-dependent incomplete penetrance.
  • #40 Whipple’s Disease: Symptoms and Causes | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/whipples-disease
    Whipple hypothesised that the condition was due to an infectious agent, but this was only fully identified in 1992. […] It is now thought to be due to infection with the actinomycete Tropheryma whipplei, combined with defective cell-mediated immunity. […] It is probably acquired as an enteric infection as this organism is commonly found in sewage effluent. […] Whipple’s disease is more common in: […] Family clusters (suggesting an immunogenetic component). […] HLA-B27 antigen; HLA-DRB1*13 and DQB1*06 alleles.
  • #41 Whipple’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease
    Whipple’s disease is a rare systemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] The disease is common in farmers and those exposed to soil and animals, suggesting that the infection is acquired from these sources. […] Several lines of evidence suggest that some defect inherited or acquired in immunity is required for it to become pathogenic. […] The possible immunological defect may be specific for T. whipplei, since the disease is not associated with a substantially increased risk of other infections.
  • #42 Whipple Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/whipple-disease
    Whipple disease is a rare systemic illness caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] Affected patients may have subtle defects of cell-mediated immunity that predispose to infection with T. whipplei. […] Infection by the bacteria T. whipplei affects many organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. […] Small-bowel mucosal involvement causes malabsorption. […] Suspect Whipple disease in middle-aged or older White individuals who have arthritis and abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, or other symptoms of malabsorption.
  • #43 Whipple disease – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/whipple-disease
    Whipple disease is caused by infection with bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. The disorder mainly affects white men of middle-age. […] Whipple disease is rare. Risk factors are not known.
  • #44 Whipple’s Disease: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5958-whipples-disease
    Whipples disease is a rare disease caused by Tropheryma whipplei bacteria. […] Experts know that a type of bacteria often found in dirt causes Whipples disease. Anyone who encounters the bacteria could be at risk of infection. But Whipples disease is rare, and its not clear why more people dont develop the disease after exposure. […] Research suggests the following factors may increase your risk of developing the disease: Age: Whipples disease appears to affect people ages 65-84. Exposure to soil or livestock: Research suggests people whose work exposes them to soil or livestock have an increased risk of developing Whipples disease. Genetic mutation (change): Theres a connection between Whipples disease and the gene that makes the IFR4. This protein plays a role in developing B cells, T cells and other immune cells. Likewise, theres an association between the disease and a mutation in the human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) gene. Weak immune system: This can happen if you have a disease that affects your immune system or you take immunosuppressants.
  • #45 Whipple’s Disease: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5958-whipples-disease
    Whipples disease is a rare disease caused by Tropheryma whipplei bacteria. […] Experts know that a type of bacteria often found in dirt causes Whipples disease. Anyone who encounters the bacteria could be at risk of infection. But Whipples disease is rare, and its not clear why more people dont develop the disease after exposure. […] Research suggests the following factors may increase your risk of developing the disease: Age: Whipples disease appears to affect people ages 65-84. Exposure to soil or livestock: Research suggests people whose work exposes them to soil or livestock have an increased risk of developing Whipples disease. Genetic mutation (change): Theres a connection between Whipples disease and the gene that makes the IFR4. This protein plays a role in developing B cells, T cells and other immune cells. Likewise, theres an association between the disease and a mutation in the human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) gene. Weak immune system: This can happen if you have a disease that affects your immune system or you take immunosuppressants.
  • #46 What Is Whipple’s Disease and Why Should You Care?
    https://my.klarity.health/whipples-disease/
    Whipple’s disease is a granulomatous infectious disorder that is uncommon, chronic, multi-systemic, and caused by the bacterium known as Tropheryma whipplei. […] It has been difficult to identify risk factors for Whipples disease due to the lack of information on the bacteria that are responsible for causing the disease. […] According to the most recent reports, it would appear to have a more significant impact on: Men in the age range of 40-60 years old, People who can trace their roots to both Europe and North America, Outdoor workers who frequently encounter sewage and wastewater, such as farmers and construction workers who work outdoors.
  • #47 Whipple’s disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease
    Whipple’s disease is a rare systemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] The disease is common in farmers and those exposed to soil and animals, suggesting that the infection is acquired from these sources. […] Several lines of evidence suggest that some defect inherited or acquired in immunity is required for it to become pathogenic. […] The possible immunological defect may be specific for T. whipplei, since the disease is not associated with a substantially increased risk of other infections.
  • #48 Whipple disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/whipple-disease?lang=us
    Whipple disease is a rare infectious multisystem disorder caused by the Actinomycetota Tropheryma whipplei. […] The disease is more common in farmers and those who work with soil and livestock. […] A suspected diagnosis of Whipple disease can be confirmed by showing periodic acid-Schiff-positive granular foamy macrophages from sampled tissue, such as the small bowel or a peripheral lymph node. […] The small bowel (intestinal lipodystrophy) is a classical location although the disease can affect a multitude of other organ systems with or without small bowel involvement. […] CNS involvement with Whipple disease carries a poor prognosis and is invariably fatal without treatment.
  • #49 Whipple’s Disease: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5958-whipples-disease
    Whipples disease is a rare disease caused by Tropheryma whipplei bacteria. […] Experts know that a type of bacteria often found in dirt causes Whipples disease. Anyone who encounters the bacteria could be at risk of infection. But Whipples disease is rare, and its not clear why more people dont develop the disease after exposure. […] Research suggests the following factors may increase your risk of developing the disease: Age: Whipples disease appears to affect people ages 65-84. Exposure to soil or livestock: Research suggests people whose work exposes them to soil or livestock have an increased risk of developing Whipples disease. Genetic mutation (change): Theres a connection between Whipples disease and the gene that makes the IFR4. This protein plays a role in developing B cells, T cells and other immune cells. Likewise, theres an association between the disease and a mutation in the human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) gene. Weak immune system: This can happen if you have a disease that affects your immune system or you take immunosuppressants.
  • #50 Whipple disease: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost
    https://www.lybrate.com/topic/whipple-disease
    Whipple disease is a rare infectious bacterial illness caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] Whipple disease is caused by a bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. […] Risk factors include a weakened immune system from certain medications or conditions, and exposure to contaminated food or water.
  • #51 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei causes Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease is caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii. […] Tropheryma whipplei was described in 1992. […] It is a gram-positive bacillus, periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS), and acid-fast negative. […] The organism seems to be soil-dwelling which explains the increased prevalence in farmers. […] The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear, but there is enough evidence to believe that host immunity plays an important role. […] Host factors play an important pathogenic role as suggested by the two to threefold increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 antigen among affected individuals. […] The organism is ingested by macrophages which can be observed PAS. […] The malabsorption seen is due to disruption of the normal villus function.
  • #52 Whipple Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183350-overview
    Whipple disease is a systemic disease most likely caused by a gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei (formerly T whippelii). […] Whipple disease is believed to be due to a disordered host response to the bacterium T whipplei. […] Data that suggest that T whipplei DNA may be found in patients who are asymptomatic. […] This suggests that Whipple disease is a manifestation of an abnormal host response to a microorganism that may occur frequently in humans (perhaps in a similar manner to that observed with Helicobacter pylori). […] To date, Koch’s postulates have not been fulfilled completely (infection of an animal model and isolation of the organism from the animal). However, T whipplei bacteria have been grown successfully in HEL (a human fibroblast line) cells.
  • #53 Whipple’s disease-Diarrhea with Dementia – Creative Med Doses
    https://creativemeddoses.com/topics-list/whipples-disease-diarrhea-with-dementia/
    Whipples disease is a chronic infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei. […] The defective T-lymphocyte (Helper T cells/TH1 cells) function may be an important predisposing factor for the disease. […] T. whipplei has a tropism for myeloid cells. […] Malabsorption of nutrients is responsible for weight loss and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
  • #54 Whipple disease
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/whipple-disease
    The cause of Whipple disease is the ubiquitous bacterium Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei), a gram positive rod. T. whipplei is widespread; it has been detected in soil, sewage water, and faecal material. It is an intracellular bacterium that infects macrophages causing secretion of interleukin (IL)-16, macrophage apoptosis, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The organisms characteristically accumulate in macrophages in the duodenal mucosa. It is spread via the faecal-oral route. […] Specific defects in the immune system may allow T. whipplei to disseminate widely throughout the body and cause disease.
  • #55 Whipple disease
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/whipple-disease
    The cause of Whipple disease is the ubiquitous bacterium Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei), a gram positive rod. T. whipplei is widespread; it has been detected in soil, sewage water, and faecal material. It is an intracellular bacterium that infects macrophages causing secretion of interleukin (IL)-16, macrophage apoptosis, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The organisms characteristically accumulate in macrophages in the duodenal mucosa. It is spread via the faecal-oral route. […] Specific defects in the immune system may allow T. whipplei to disseminate widely throughout the body and cause disease.
  • #56 Connecting the Dots: The Many Systemic Manifestations of Whipple Disease – Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2012/connecting-the-dots-the-many-systemic-manifestations-of-whipple-disease/
    WD is caused by the rod-shaped bacteria T. whipplei. […] Whipple disease is a rare, chronic, multisystemic bacterial infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei, a member of the diverse family of actinomycetes usually found in soil. […] Although the mode of transmission is uncertain, these findings are consistent with a common environmental exposure and underlying genetic susceptibility. […] Immune evasion and host interaction are important in the pathogenesis of Whipple disease. […] The combination of these findings strongly suggests that underlying defects in monocyte/macrophage function play an important pathophysiologic role in Whipple disease and that defects in host defenses may lead to the inability of the infected individual to eliminate these bacteria. […] There have been reports of stroke-like symptoms related to cerebral vasculitis from hematogenous spread of T. whipplei infection as well as recurrent embolic CVA secondary to T. whipplei endocarditis. […] One of these mechanisms may have been the underlying etiology of this patient’s recent stroke.
  • #57 Connecting the Dots: The Many Systemic Manifestations of Whipple Disease – Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2012/connecting-the-dots-the-many-systemic-manifestations-of-whipple-disease/
    WD is caused by the rod-shaped bacteria T. whipplei. […] Whipple disease is a rare, chronic, multisystemic bacterial infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei, a member of the diverse family of actinomycetes usually found in soil. […] Although the mode of transmission is uncertain, these findings are consistent with a common environmental exposure and underlying genetic susceptibility. […] Immune evasion and host interaction are important in the pathogenesis of Whipple disease. […] The combination of these findings strongly suggests that underlying defects in monocyte/macrophage function play an important pathophysiologic role in Whipple disease and that defects in host defenses may lead to the inability of the infected individual to eliminate these bacteria. […] There have been reports of stroke-like symptoms related to cerebral vasculitis from hematogenous spread of T. whipplei infection as well as recurrent embolic CVA secondary to T. whipplei endocarditis. […] One of these mechanisms may have been the underlying etiology of this patient’s recent stroke.
  • #58 Whipple’s disease-Diarrhea with Dementia – Creative Med Doses
    https://creativemeddoses.com/topics-list/whipples-disease-diarrhea-with-dementia/
    Whipples disease is a chronic infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei. […] The defective T-lymphocyte (Helper T cells/TH1 cells) function may be an important predisposing factor for the disease. […] T. whipplei has a tropism for myeloid cells. […] Malabsorption of nutrients is responsible for weight loss and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
  • #59 UNDERSTANDING WHIPPLE’S DISEASE: TRANSMISSION, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS | Mya Care
    https://myacare.com/blog/understanding-whipples-disease-transmission-symptoms-and-treatment-options
    Whipple’s disease is caused by the actinobacterium Tropheryma Whipplei. […] Experts assume that the bacteria enter the body through the mouth before reaching the small intestine, where they can cause an infection. […] Diseased individuals have an altered inflammatory response, impairing macrophage function and the ordinary T-cell response. […] Host factors, including the HLA-B27 antigen, play a pathogenic role by limiting immune detection of the organism. […] The organism surrounds itself with a biofilm or protein coat, which researchers theorize possibly contains the host’s tissues, allowing it to invade tissues without detection. […] The bacteria can cause damage to the lining of the small intestine and disruption of the villi, leading to malabsorption of nutrients. […] Risk factors for Whipple’s Disease include age, gender, occupation, weakened immune system, and genetics. […] Whipple’s disease is not contagious, yet there is limited evidence to suggest it is transmissible between neighbors and within families. […] It is not fully understood how Whipple’s disease is transmitted.
  • #60 Whipple disease: Symptoms, causes, and diagnosis
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/188228
    Whipple disease is a rare infectious bacterial disease. […] A bacterial organism called Tropheryma Whipplei (T. Whipplei) causes Whipple disease by severely infecting the lining of the small intestine. […] This infection can then spread to the heart, lung, brain, joints, and eyes. […] Individuals most likely to contract the disease are those with decreased ability to break down proteins and particles.
  • #61 Whipple Disease – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/malabsorption/whipple-disease
    Whipple disease is the result of a rare bacterial infection that damages the lining of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption, and may involve other organs of the body. […] This disease is caused by a bacterial infection. […] Whipple disease is caused by an infection with the organism Tropheryma whipplei. The infection almost always affects the small intestine but can affect other organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain, joints, and eyes.
  • #62 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The gram-positive bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei causes Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease is caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Tropheryma whippelii. […] Tropheryma whipplei was described in 1992. […] It is a gram-positive bacillus, periodic acid-Schiff-positive (PAS), and acid-fast negative. […] The organism seems to be soil-dwelling which explains the increased prevalence in farmers. […] The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear, but there is enough evidence to believe that host immunity plays an important role. […] Host factors play an important pathogenic role as suggested by the two to threefold increase in the frequency of HLA-B27 antigen among affected individuals. […] The organism is ingested by macrophages which can be observed PAS. […] The malabsorption seen is due to disruption of the normal villus function.
  • #63 Whipple Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/whipple-disease
    Whipple disease is a rare systemic illness caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] Affected patients may have subtle defects of cell-mediated immunity that predispose to infection with T. whipplei. […] Infection by the bacteria T. whipplei affects many organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. […] Small-bowel mucosal involvement causes malabsorption. […] Suspect Whipple disease in middle-aged or older White individuals who have arthritis and abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, or other symptoms of malabsorption.
  • #64 Whipple’s disease – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis
    https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Gastroenterology/Whipple%27s_disease/
    Whipple’s disease is a rare systemic infection caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei that affects the gastrointestinal system and may also have extraintestinal manifestations such as chest pain, congestive heart failure, pericarditis, lymphadenopathy, and skin hyperpigmentation. […] Whipple disease, caused by bacterium Tropheryma whipplei, is a rare systemic disorder primarily involving the small intestine. […] Whipple’s disease is a rare infectious disease caused by bacteria, Tropheryma whipplei. […] Tropheryma whipplei is the cause of Whipple disease. […] The basic pathophysiologic characteristic of Whipple’s disease is considered to be associated with the infiltration of the tissues by the pathogen and the associated inflammatory response. […] T. whipplei was first thought to be an uncommon bacterium that caused a rare disease.
  • #65 An unusual presentation of Whipples disease: adenopathies, polyarthralgia and dermatomyositis-like symptoms
    https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001113
    The definitive diagnosis is established in PAS-positive histologic findings along with positive PCR. […] WD can affect almost any organ system and is accordingly classified between classic systemic disease and localized or extraintestinal disease. […] The clinical signs include arthralgia, weight loss, diarrhea and abdominal pain, although the clinical manifestations can vary widely. […] In classic intestinal WD, bacterial and inflammatory cells infiltrate small intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, inducing malabsorption with resultant weight loss, diarrhea and abdominal pain and rarely gastrointestinal bleeding. […] The use of immunosuppressive drugs for articular treatment (the illness being sometimes misdiagnosed as seronegative rheumatic disease) may accelerate the onset of intestinal or other systemic illness.
  • #66 Whipple’s Disease – Wake Gastroenterology
    https://wakegastro.com/patient-info/patient-education/whipples-disease/
    Whipple’s disease is caused by bacteria named Tropheryma whippelii. […] Whipple’s disease can usually be cured. […] Untreated, the disease may be fatal. […] The disease causes weight loss, incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates or fats, and malfunctions of the immune system, and it may affect the heart, lungs, brain, and eyes.
  • #67 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The diagnosis of Whipple disease is made by a biopsy of the intestine and identification of the organism. […] It is important to know that T. whippelii quickly becomes negative after the initiation of therapy, which may lead to false negatives since many patients receive antibiotics before undergoing extensive diagnostic testing for this condition. […] The mainstay of treatment for Whipple disease is antibiotic therapy. […] Long courses are usually necessary to prevent relapse. […] Whipple disease is a progressively debilitating disease if it gets undiagnosed and untreated. […] Complications from untreated Whipple disease are mainly due to nutritional deficiencies as it interferes with the absorption process of the small intestine.
  • #68 Whipple disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/whipple-disease?lang=us
    Whipple disease is a rare infectious multisystem disorder caused by the Actinomycetota Tropheryma whipplei. […] The disease is more common in farmers and those who work with soil and livestock. […] A suspected diagnosis of Whipple disease can be confirmed by showing periodic acid-Schiff-positive granular foamy macrophages from sampled tissue, such as the small bowel or a peripheral lymph node. […] The small bowel (intestinal lipodystrophy) is a classical location although the disease can affect a multitude of other organ systems with or without small bowel involvement. […] CNS involvement with Whipple disease carries a poor prognosis and is invariably fatal without treatment.
  • #69 Whipple disease | MedLink Neurology
    https://www.medlink.com/articles/whipple-disease
    Gurin and associates observed that Whipple disease only affects a small number of individuals infected with T whipplei (0.01%) and found a large frequency of asymptomatic carriage. […] An idiosyncratic immune defect has been postulated as predisposing individuals to Whipple disease, possibly involving HLA-DRBI*13 and HLA-DQBI*06. […] CD4+ T cells are essential for host defence and immune regulation. Five families have been reported with autosomal recessive CD4 deficiency with refractory Whipple disease, implying that CD4 is essential for protective immunity for Whipple disease. […] Whipple disease may cause a leukoencephalopathy, which may take months or years to develop.
  • #70 Connecting the Dots: The Many Systemic Manifestations of Whipple Disease – Gastroenterology & Hepatology
    https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/january-2012/connecting-the-dots-the-many-systemic-manifestations-of-whipple-disease/
    WD is caused by the rod-shaped bacteria T. whipplei. […] Whipple disease is a rare, chronic, multisystemic bacterial infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei, a member of the diverse family of actinomycetes usually found in soil. […] Although the mode of transmission is uncertain, these findings are consistent with a common environmental exposure and underlying genetic susceptibility. […] Immune evasion and host interaction are important in the pathogenesis of Whipple disease. […] The combination of these findings strongly suggests that underlying defects in monocyte/macrophage function play an important pathophysiologic role in Whipple disease and that defects in host defenses may lead to the inability of the infected individual to eliminate these bacteria. […] There have been reports of stroke-like symptoms related to cerebral vasculitis from hematogenous spread of T. whipplei infection as well as recurrent embolic CVA secondary to T. whipplei endocarditis. […] One of these mechanisms may have been the underlying etiology of this patient’s recent stroke.
  • #71 Whipple’s disease: the great masquerader—a high level of suspicion is the key to diagnosis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01664-1
    Whipple’s disease is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the small intestine, but several organs can simultaneously be involved. The disease is caused by a gram-positive bacterium called Tropheryma whipplei. […] Whipples disease (WD) is an infectious disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. […] An infectious etiology was first discovered in 1961 by electron microscopy. […] The bacterium has been isolated in water, indicating that a non-fecal pathway of infection is presumed. […] A genetic predisposition is often required to develop the disease, especially in CD11b-circulating lymphocytes which play a vital role in activating macrophages that phagocyte T. whipplei. […] A link exists between the presence of HLA-B27 and the disease course. […] The diagnosis is based on histopathological examination of biopsies from the small bowel and PCR analysis of the 16S rRNA gene for T. whipplei.
  • #72 Whipple’s disease: the great masquerader—a high level of suspicion is the key to diagnosis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01664-1
    The diagnosis of WD is therefore made histopathologically with the detection of PAS-positive inclusions in histiocytes/macrophages in the lamina propria from small intestinal mucosal biopsies, but also other tissues such as articular fluid, lymph nodes, CSF and, heart valves. […] Direct visualization of living or dead bacteria is possible with electron microscopy, however, not available in many centers and, nowadays rarely needed when 16sRNA testing has become available. […] The treatment for WD with endocarditis is penicillin G (2 million IU IV every 4 h) or ceftriaxone (2 g IV once daily) for 4 weeks, followed by TMP-SMX 160 mg/800 mg twice a day for 1 year. […] WD has a dismal prognosis if left untreated.
  • #73 Whipple’s disease: the great masquerader—a high level of suspicion is the key to diagnosis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01664-1
    The diagnosis of WD is therefore made histopathologically with the detection of PAS-positive inclusions in histiocytes/macrophages in the lamina propria from small intestinal mucosal biopsies, but also other tissues such as articular fluid, lymph nodes, CSF and, heart valves. […] Direct visualization of living or dead bacteria is possible with electron microscopy, however, not available in many centers and, nowadays rarely needed when 16sRNA testing has become available. […] The treatment for WD with endocarditis is penicillin G (2 million IU IV every 4 h) or ceftriaxone (2 g IV once daily) for 4 weeks, followed by TMP-SMX 160 mg/800 mg twice a day for 1 year. […] WD has a dismal prognosis if left untreated.
  • #74 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The diagnosis of Whipple disease is made by a biopsy of the intestine and identification of the organism. […] It is important to know that T. whippelii quickly becomes negative after the initiation of therapy, which may lead to false negatives since many patients receive antibiotics before undergoing extensive diagnostic testing for this condition. […] The mainstay of treatment for Whipple disease is antibiotic therapy. […] Long courses are usually necessary to prevent relapse. […] Whipple disease is a progressively debilitating disease if it gets undiagnosed and untreated. […] Complications from untreated Whipple disease are mainly due to nutritional deficiencies as it interferes with the absorption process of the small intestine.
  • #75 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The diagnosis of Whipple disease is made by a biopsy of the intestine and identification of the organism. […] It is important to know that T. whippelii quickly becomes negative after the initiation of therapy, which may lead to false negatives since many patients receive antibiotics before undergoing extensive diagnostic testing for this condition. […] The mainstay of treatment for Whipple disease is antibiotic therapy. […] Long courses are usually necessary to prevent relapse. […] Whipple disease is a progressively debilitating disease if it gets undiagnosed and untreated. […] Complications from untreated Whipple disease are mainly due to nutritional deficiencies as it interferes with the absorption process of the small intestine.
  • #76 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The diagnosis of Whipple disease is made by a biopsy of the intestine and identification of the organism. […] It is important to know that T. whippelii quickly becomes negative after the initiation of therapy, which may lead to false negatives since many patients receive antibiotics before undergoing extensive diagnostic testing for this condition. […] The mainstay of treatment for Whipple disease is antibiotic therapy. […] Long courses are usually necessary to prevent relapse. […] Whipple disease is a progressively debilitating disease if it gets undiagnosed and untreated. […] Complications from untreated Whipple disease are mainly due to nutritional deficiencies as it interferes with the absorption process of the small intestine.
  • #77 Whipple’s disease: the great masquerader—a high level of suspicion is the key to diagnosis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01664-1
    The diagnosis of WD is therefore made histopathologically with the detection of PAS-positive inclusions in histiocytes/macrophages in the lamina propria from small intestinal mucosal biopsies, but also other tissues such as articular fluid, lymph nodes, CSF and, heart valves. […] Direct visualization of living or dead bacteria is possible with electron microscopy, however, not available in many centers and, nowadays rarely needed when 16sRNA testing has become available. […] The treatment for WD with endocarditis is penicillin G (2 million IU IV every 4 h) or ceftriaxone (2 g IV once daily) for 4 weeks, followed by TMP-SMX 160 mg/800 mg twice a day for 1 year. […] WD has a dismal prognosis if left untreated.
  • #78 An unusual presentation of Whipples disease: adenopathies, polyarthralgia and dermatomyositis-like symptoms
    https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001113
    The most frequently used treatment included a 2-week intravenously cephalosporins followed by oral sulfonamides for 12 years. […] Without proper antibiotic treatment, the disease invariably culminates in dissemination and is potentially fatal. […] WD is a rare systemic infection with T. whipplei, which is still a challenge to diagnose as its clinical manifestations are not specific, resembling many other systemic diseases and may manifest late during the course of the disease. […] WD should be taken into account because of its wide variety of clinical manifestations and because of its potential fatal outcome in the absence of treatment.
  • #79 Whipple’s Disease – Wake Gastroenterology
    https://wakegastro.com/patient-info/patient-education/whipples-disease/
    Whipple’s disease is caused by bacteria named Tropheryma whippelii. […] Whipple’s disease can usually be cured. […] Untreated, the disease may be fatal. […] The disease causes weight loss, incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates or fats, and malfunctions of the immune system, and it may affect the heart, lungs, brain, and eyes.
  • #80 Whipple’s Disease – Wake Gastroenterology
    https://wakegastro.com/patient-info/patient-education/whipples-disease/
    Whipple’s disease is caused by bacteria named Tropheryma whippelii. […] Whipple’s disease can usually be cured. […] Untreated, the disease may be fatal. […] The disease causes weight loss, incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates or fats, and malfunctions of the immune system, and it may affect the heart, lungs, brain, and eyes.
  • #81 An unusual presentation of Whipples disease: adenopathies, polyarthralgia and dermatomyositis-like symptoms
    https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001113
    The most frequently used treatment included a 2-week intravenously cephalosporins followed by oral sulfonamides for 12 years. […] Without proper antibiotic treatment, the disease invariably culminates in dissemination and is potentially fatal. […] WD is a rare systemic infection with T. whipplei, which is still a challenge to diagnose as its clinical manifestations are not specific, resembling many other systemic diseases and may manifest late during the course of the disease. […] WD should be taken into account because of its wide variety of clinical manifestations and because of its potential fatal outcome in the absence of treatment.
  • #82 Whipple Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441937/
    The diagnosis of Whipple disease is made by a biopsy of the intestine and identification of the organism. […] It is important to know that T. whippelii quickly becomes negative after the initiation of therapy, which may lead to false negatives since many patients receive antibiotics before undergoing extensive diagnostic testing for this condition. […] The mainstay of treatment for Whipple disease is antibiotic therapy. […] Long courses are usually necessary to prevent relapse. […] Whipple disease is a progressively debilitating disease if it gets undiagnosed and untreated. […] Complications from untreated Whipple disease are mainly due to nutritional deficiencies as it interferes with the absorption process of the small intestine.
  • #83 Whipple’s disease: the great masquerader—a high level of suspicion is the key to diagnosis | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text
    https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01664-1
    The diagnosis of WD is therefore made histopathologically with the detection of PAS-positive inclusions in histiocytes/macrophages in the lamina propria from small intestinal mucosal biopsies, but also other tissues such as articular fluid, lymph nodes, CSF and, heart valves. […] Direct visualization of living or dead bacteria is possible with electron microscopy, however, not available in many centers and, nowadays rarely needed when 16sRNA testing has become available. […] The treatment for WD with endocarditis is penicillin G (2 million IU IV every 4 h) or ceftriaxone (2 g IV once daily) for 4 weeks, followed by TMP-SMX 160 mg/800 mg twice a day for 1 year. […] WD has a dismal prognosis if left untreated.
  • #84 Whipple disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/whipple-disease?lang=us
    Whipple disease is a rare infectious multisystem disorder caused by the Actinomycetota Tropheryma whipplei. […] The disease is more common in farmers and those who work with soil and livestock. […] A suspected diagnosis of Whipple disease can be confirmed by showing periodic acid-Schiff-positive granular foamy macrophages from sampled tissue, such as the small bowel or a peripheral lymph node. […] The small bowel (intestinal lipodystrophy) is a classical location although the disease can affect a multitude of other organ systems with or without small bowel involvement. […] CNS involvement with Whipple disease carries a poor prognosis and is invariably fatal without treatment.
  • #85 An unusual presentation of Whipples disease: adenopathies, polyarthralgia and dermatomyositis-like symptoms
    https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001113
    The definitive diagnosis is established in PAS-positive histologic findings along with positive PCR. […] WD can affect almost any organ system and is accordingly classified between classic systemic disease and localized or extraintestinal disease. […] The clinical signs include arthralgia, weight loss, diarrhea and abdominal pain, although the clinical manifestations can vary widely. […] In classic intestinal WD, bacterial and inflammatory cells infiltrate small intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes, inducing malabsorption with resultant weight loss, diarrhea and abdominal pain and rarely gastrointestinal bleeding. […] The use of immunosuppressive drugs for articular treatment (the illness being sometimes misdiagnosed as seronegative rheumatic disease) may accelerate the onset of intestinal or other systemic illness.
  • #86 SciELO Brazil – Whipple’s disease: a fatal mimic Whipple’s disease: a fatal mimic
    https://www.scielo.br/j/acrep/a/rdgGFSd8mWMHffytDSBjFHK/
    WD disease misdiagnosed as inflammatory rheumatoid disease has been reported in numerous studies, but none such cases appear to have led to a fatal outcome. […] Clearly there is no specific symptomatology for WD and its clinical overlap with inflammatory rheumatoid disease poses a challenge for a timely diagnosis by our clinical colleagues. […] Several research findings support an immunogenetic predisposition to full-fledged manifestation of WD: namely, colonization by T. whipplei does not lead to disease in all individuals. […] This case report highlights the challenge of diagnosing a rare disease with an atypical clinical presentation, but may help serve as a reminder to consider unusual infections in patients with a similar constellation of symptoms.