Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease | Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/about/index.html

  HFMD is caused by viruses. A person infected with one of these viruses is contagious. This means they can pass the virus easily to other people. […] HFMD is very contagious and usually causes fever, mouth sores, and skin rash. It is common in children under 5 years old, but anyone can get it.

• #2 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431082/

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that usually affects infants and children but can also affect adults. […] The cause of HFMD is coxsackievirus A type 16 in most cases, but many other strains of coxsackieviruses and Enteroviruses can also cause the infection. […] HFMD is a viral exanthem, and the coxsackievirus of the Enterovirus family most commonly causes it. Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71 are the serotypes most commonly implicated as causative agents. […] Coxsackievirus A6 has recently emerged as another cause of HFMD in the USA and worldwide. […] Coxsackievirus A10 has been implicated in severe disease. […] Coxsackievirus A4 to A7, A9, B1 to B3, and B5 have also been less commonly associated with HFMD.

• #3 Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease (HFMD): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11129-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a very contagious illness caused by a virus. […] Viruses belonging to the coxsackievirus and enterovirus families cause hand, foot and mouth disease. […] The disease gets its name from the blister-like rash that forms on your child’s hands and feet and painful sores that develop in their mouth. […] Because several viruses can cause the disease, it’s possible to get HFMD multiple times.

• #4 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353035

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most commonly caused by a coxsackievirus. […] The most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is infection from coxsackievirus 16. This coxsackievirus belongs to a group of viruses called nonpolio enteroviruses. Other types of enteroviruses also may cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease. […] Most people get the coxsackievirus infection and hand-foot-and-mouth disease through the mouth. The illness spreads by person-to-person contact with an infected person’s: Nose secretions or throat discharge, Saliva, Fluid from blisters, Stool, Respiratory droplets sprayed into the air after a cough or sneeze.

• #5 HFMD: Causes and How It Spreads | Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/causes/index.html

  HFMD is caused by several enteroviruses and spreads easily from person to person. […] HFMD is caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus family: […] Coxsackievirus A16 is typically the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. Other coxsackieviruses can also cause the illness. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can also cause HFMD and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) has been associated with cases and outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Although rare, EV-A71 has been associated with more severe diseases such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #6 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. […] It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Humans are the only carrier for hand-foot-and-mouth disease-causing viruses. […] The disease is spread by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can cause severe disease manifestations with atypical lesions such as vesicles, bullae, and scabs on the trunk, extremities, and face. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). […] However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. […] Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #7 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD): A Comprehensive Guide

  https://www.webmd.com/children/hand-foot-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is not the same as foot-and-mouth disease, which comes from a different virus and affects only animals. HFMD is most commonly caused by coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71. […] The viruses that usually cause HFMD belong to a group of non-polio enteroviruses. Some include: Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). An infection from this virus is the most common cause of HFMD in the U.S. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). This virus is a common cause of HFMD worldwide, including outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. EV-A71 has been associated with more serious diseases such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #8 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218402-overview

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness that presents as a vesicular eruption in the mouth, but it also can involve the hands, feet, buttocks, and/or genitalia. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is common and potentially but infrequently fatal in children younger than 5 years. Coxsackievirus A type 16 (CVA16) is the etiologic agent involved in most cases of HFMD, but the illness also is associated with coxsackievirus A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, and B5 strains. Coxsackievirus A6 may have become the commonest enterovirus in seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children in France and Finland. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) has caused outbreaks of HFMD with associated neurologic involvement in the western Pacific region and Southeast Asia. […] Coxsackievirus A type 16 (CV A16) is the etiologic agent involved in most cases of HFMD, but the illness is also associated with coxsackievirus A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, and B5 strains.

• #9 HFMD: Causes and How It Spreads | Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/causes/index.html

  HFMD is caused by several enteroviruses and spreads easily from person to person. […] HFMD is caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus family: […] Coxsackievirus A16 is typically the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. Other coxsackieviruses can also cause the illness. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can also cause HFMD and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) has been associated with cases and outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Although rare, EV-A71 has been associated with more severe diseases such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #10 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431082/

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that usually affects infants and children but can also affect adults. […] The cause of HFMD is coxsackievirus A type 16 in most cases, but many other strains of coxsackieviruses and Enteroviruses can also cause the infection. […] HFMD is a viral exanthem, and the coxsackievirus of the Enterovirus family most commonly causes it. Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71 are the serotypes most commonly implicated as causative agents. […] Coxsackievirus A6 has recently emerged as another cause of HFMD in the USA and worldwide. […] Coxsackievirus A10 has been implicated in severe disease. […] Coxsackievirus A4 to A7, A9, B1 to B3, and B5 have also been less commonly associated with HFMD.

• #11 HFMD: Causes and How It Spreads | Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/causes/index.html

  HFMD is caused by several enteroviruses and spreads easily from person to person. […] HFMD is caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus family: […] Coxsackievirus A16 is typically the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. Other coxsackieviruses can also cause the illness. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can also cause HFMD and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) has been associated with cases and outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Although rare, EV-A71 has been associated with more severe diseases such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #12 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218402-overview

  Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) has also caused outbreaks of HFMD with associated neurologic involvement in the western Pacific region and Southeast Asia. […] The virus can be isolated and identified via culture and immunoassay from cutaneous lesions, mucosal lesions, or stool samples; oral specimens have the highest isolation rate. […] PCR and microarray technology are among the various ways of identifying the causative virus. […] There is no antiviral agent specific for the etiologic agents of HFMD.

• #13 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431082/

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that usually affects infants and children but can also affect adults. […] The cause of HFMD is coxsackievirus A type 16 in most cases, but many other strains of coxsackieviruses and Enteroviruses can also cause the infection. […] HFMD is a viral exanthem, and the coxsackievirus of the Enterovirus family most commonly causes it. Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71 are the serotypes most commonly implicated as causative agents. […] Coxsackievirus A6 has recently emerged as another cause of HFMD in the USA and worldwide. […] Coxsackievirus A10 has been implicated in severe disease. […] Coxsackievirus A4 to A7, A9, B1 to B3, and B5 have also been less commonly associated with HFMD.

• #14 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218402-overview

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness that presents as a vesicular eruption in the mouth, but it also can involve the hands, feet, buttocks, and/or genitalia. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is common and potentially but infrequently fatal in children younger than 5 years. Coxsackievirus A type 16 (CVA16) is the etiologic agent involved in most cases of HFMD, but the illness also is associated with coxsackievirus A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, and B5 strains. Coxsackievirus A6 may have become the commonest enterovirus in seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children in France and Finland. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) has caused outbreaks of HFMD with associated neurologic involvement in the western Pacific region and Southeast Asia. […] Coxsackievirus A type 16 (CV A16) is the etiologic agent involved in most cases of HFMD, but the illness is also associated with coxsackievirus A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, and B5 strains.

• #15 NC DPH: Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease

  https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/hfmd/sbc.html

  Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common, communicable viral disease that generally affects young children under age 5, causing painful mouth sores, fever and skin rashes. Adults and older children can also get the disease. […] HFMD is a viral infection that causes fever, mouth sores, and a skin rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash may also appear on the knees, elbows, buttocks or genital area. […] HFMD is not the same as foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which is a disease of cattle, sheep and swine. They are caused by different viruses. People cannot get the animal disease, and animals do not get the human disease. […] HFMD spreads from person-to-person through contact with saliva, sputum, fluid in blisters, or stool. […] Infected persons are most contagious during the first week of illness, but can still pass the virus for weeks after symptoms have gone away. […] There is no specific treatment for HMFD. Almost all children with HFMD recover on their own.

• #16 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD): A Comprehensive Guide

  https://www.webmd.com/children/hand-foot-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is not the same as foot-and-mouth disease, which comes from a different virus and affects only animals. HFMD is most commonly caused by coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71. […] The viruses that usually cause HFMD belong to a group of non-polio enteroviruses. Some include: Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). An infection from this virus is the most common cause of HFMD in the U.S. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). This virus is a common cause of HFMD worldwide, including outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. EV-A71 has been associated with more serious diseases such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #17 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353035

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most commonly caused by a coxsackievirus. […] The most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is infection from coxsackievirus 16. This coxsackievirus belongs to a group of viruses called nonpolio enteroviruses. Other types of enteroviruses also may cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease. […] Most people get the coxsackievirus infection and hand-foot-and-mouth disease through the mouth. The illness spreads by person-to-person contact with an infected person’s: Nose secretions or throat discharge, Saliva, Fluid from blisters, Stool, Respiratory droplets sprayed into the air after a cough or sneeze.

• #18 HFMD: Causes and How It Spreads | Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/causes/index.html

  HFMD is caused by several enteroviruses and spreads easily from person to person. […] HFMD is caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus family: […] Coxsackievirus A16 is typically the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. Other coxsackieviruses can also cause the illness. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can also cause HFMD and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) has been associated with cases and outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Although rare, EV-A71 has been associated with more severe diseases such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #19 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hand-foot-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious infection. Its caused by viruses from the Enterovirus genus, most commonly the coxsackievirus. […] HFMD is often caused by a strain of coxsackievirus, most commonly coxsackievirus A16. The coxsackievirus is part of a group of viruses called enteroviruses. In some cases, other types of enteroviruses can cause HFMD. […] Viruses can be easily spread from person to person. You or your child may get HFMD through contact with a persons saliva, fluid from blisters, feces, respiratory droplets that are sprayed into the air after coughing or sneezing. […] HFMD can also be transmitted through direct contact with unwashed hands or a surface containing traces of the virus.

• #20 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease.page

  Hand, foot and mouth disease is a viral infection most commonly caused by a strain of Coxsackie virus, but also caused by a strain of Enterovirus. […] Hand, foot and mouth disease is spread by nose and throat discharges or the stool of infected people. […] Prior infection with the virus may give you some immunity, but you can still get a second episode of the infection.

• #21 Hand-foot-mouth disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000965.htm

  Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is most commonly caused by a virus called coxsackievirus A16. […] The virus can spread from person-to-person through tiny, air droplets that are released when the sick person sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose. […] You can catch hand-foot-mouth disease if: A person with the infection sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose near you. […] You touch stools or fluid from the blisters of an infected person. […] The virus is most easily spread the first week a person has the disease.

• #22 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353035

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most commonly caused by a coxsackievirus. […] The most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is infection from coxsackievirus 16. This coxsackievirus belongs to a group of viruses called nonpolio enteroviruses. Other types of enteroviruses also may cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease. […] Most people get the coxsackievirus infection and hand-foot-and-mouth disease through the mouth. The illness spreads by person-to-person contact with an infected person’s: Nose secretions or throat discharge, Saliva, Fluid from blisters, Stool, Respiratory droplets sprayed into the air after a cough or sneeze.

• #23 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hand-foot-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious infection. Its caused by viruses from the Enterovirus genus, most commonly the coxsackievirus. […] HFMD is often caused by a strain of coxsackievirus, most commonly coxsackievirus A16. The coxsackievirus is part of a group of viruses called enteroviruses. In some cases, other types of enteroviruses can cause HFMD. […] Viruses can be easily spread from person to person. You or your child may get HFMD through contact with a persons saliva, fluid from blisters, feces, respiratory droplets that are sprayed into the air after coughing or sneezing. […] HFMD can also be transmitted through direct contact with unwashed hands or a surface containing traces of the virus.

• #24 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31573162/

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is transmitted by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact.

• #25 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hfm.html

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area. The coxsackievirus causes most HFM infections. […] HFM is contagious and easily spreads through contact with unwashed hands, feces (poop), saliva (spit), mucus from the nose, or fluid from the blisters. […] There’s no cure for HFM and no vaccine to prevent it, but your doctor can recommend home care to make your child more comfortable during recovery.

• #26 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353035

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is most commonly caused by a coxsackievirus. […] The most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease is infection from coxsackievirus 16. This coxsackievirus belongs to a group of viruses called nonpolio enteroviruses. Other types of enteroviruses also may cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease. […] Most people get the coxsackievirus infection and hand-foot-and-mouth disease through the mouth. The illness spreads by person-to-person contact with an infected person’s: Nose secretions or throat discharge, Saliva, Fluid from blisters, Stool, Respiratory droplets sprayed into the air after a cough or sneeze.

• #27 Understanding Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/understanding-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-hfmd

  HFMD is most often caused by the coxsackievirus A16. It can also be caused by other viruses in the same family as coxsackievirus. […] HFMD is spread in one of these ways: Breathing infected air. The virus can enter the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. […] Contact with contaminated items. Some things may have traces of stool from an infected person. This can occur when an infected person doesn’t wash their hands after having a bowel movement or changing a diaper. […] Contact with fluid from the blisters. The blisters are part of the rash. This type of transmission is rare.

• #28 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/enteroviruses/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is an enterovirus infection (such as coxsackieviruses) that causes fever and a rash on the hands, feet, and mouth, most often in young children. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by various enteroviruses and is usually spread by coming into contact with contaminated objects, surfaces, or air droplets. […] This disease can be caused by many different enteroviruses, such as coxsackieviruses, and is most common among young children. […] People become infected when they come into contact with any of the following: An infected person with open skin lesions, Droplets spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, Feces, such as changing diapers of an infected person, then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth before washing hands, Contaminated objects and surfaces, such as doorknobs, then touching the eyes, mouth, or nose before washing hands.

• #29 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease – IUP

  https://www.iup.edu/healthservice/hot-topics/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease.html

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral infection caused by a strain of Coxsackie virus which is common in children but can occur in adults. […] The virus that causes HFMD can be found in an infected person’s: Nose and throat secretions (saliva, sputum, or nasal mucus), Blister fluid, Feces (stool). […] An infected person may spread the virus that cause HFMD to another person through: Close personal contact, The air (through sneezing or coughing), Contact with feces (stool), Contact with contaminated objects and surfaces.

• #30 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/hand-foot-mouth-disease/

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by a virus called an enterovirus. […] The virus spreads easily through coughing and sneezing. It can also spread through contact with infected stool or blister fluid. This can happen while changing diapers or by touching an object that a child with blisters or sores touched. Often the disease breaks out within a community. […] It usually takes 3 to 6 days for a person to get symptoms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease after being exposed to the virus. This is called the incubation period.

• #31 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Everything Parents Should Know

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-everything-parents-should-know

  Hand, foot and mouth is caused by a group of viruses, referred to as enteroviruses. The most common cause is the Coxsackie A16 virus, but other strains of Coxsackie virus, as well as other enteroviruses, can cause the illness. […] Since there are different strains of the virus, its possible to get the virus more than once, even in the same season, Dr. Oelberg says. […] The virus that causes hand, foot and mouth is found in: Saliva, Nasal secretions, Feces, Fluid in blisters. […] Hand, foot and mouth is contagious and spreads easily through families and daycares. […] It also usually takes three to six days after exposure to the virus before your child starts showing symptoms. […] Children are usually considered contagious two days before the rash appears and until two days after the rash goes away, Dr. Oelberg says. […] Since this is a viral illness, antibiotics wont help. The good thing is your bodys immune system responds to the virus and fights it off without any help.

• #32 Hand, foot and mouth disease

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/hand_foot_and_mouth_disease_coxsackie_virus/

  Hand, foot and mouth disease is an infection caused by a virus. […] Hand, foot and mouth disease is a viral infection caused by the Coxsackie virus. […] There is no vaccine to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease. […] While hand, foot and mouth disease is most common in pre-schoolers, anyone can become infected. […] Your child can get hand, foot and mouth disease more than once. This is because there are different types of hand, foot and mouth disease viruses, and each can cause a new infection. […] Hand, foot and mouth disease is contagious for up to a month after symptoms first show, but it spreads most easily in the first week of infection.

• #33 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Coxsackie Virus A16) | California Childcare Health Program

  https://cchp.ucsf.edu/resources/illness-sheets/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-coxsackie-virus-a16

  Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease is a common illness caused by a viruses such as coxsackievirus. […] The virus that causes Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease spreads easily in children. It spreads: […] Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease most commonly spreads during the first week of the infection. […] The virus can be in the stool for weeks to months after the symptoms have ended.

• #34 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Everything Parents Should Know

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-everything-parents-should-know

  Hand, foot and mouth is caused by a group of viruses, referred to as enteroviruses. The most common cause is the Coxsackie A16 virus, but other strains of Coxsackie virus, as well as other enteroviruses, can cause the illness. […] Since there are different strains of the virus, its possible to get the virus more than once, even in the same season, Dr. Oelberg says. […] The virus that causes hand, foot and mouth is found in: Saliva, Nasal secretions, Feces, Fluid in blisters. […] Hand, foot and mouth is contagious and spreads easily through families and daycares. […] It also usually takes three to six days after exposure to the virus before your child starts showing symptoms. […] Children are usually considered contagious two days before the rash appears and until two days after the rash goes away, Dr. Oelberg says. […] Since this is a viral illness, antibiotics wont help. The good thing is your bodys immune system responds to the virus and fights it off without any help.

• #35 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/symptoms/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood ailment that can also affect adults. A group of viruses called enteroviruses is the primary causative agent. They thrive in the digestive system and can be easily transmitted through close contact or exposure to contaminated surfaces. […] The leading causative agent for HFMD is a group of enteroviruses, particularly the Coxsackie virus. These viruses thrive in the digestive system and spread through close contact with an infected individual or exposure to contaminated surfaces. […] The risk factors for contracting hand, foot, and mouth infections include: Age: Children under 5 are most susceptible to the illness, as their immune systems are still developing. Proximity to infected individuals: Close contact with someone with the disease, such as in a daycare or school setting, increases the risk of transmission. Poor hygiene: Failure to practice good hand-washing and sanitisation habits can facilitate the spread of the virus. Weakened immune system: People with compromised immunity, such as those with underlying medical conditions, may be more vulnerable to the illness.

• #36 NC DPH: Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease

  https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/hfmd/sbc.html

  Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a common, communicable viral disease that generally affects young children under age 5, causing painful mouth sores, fever and skin rashes. Adults and older children can also get the disease. […] HFMD is a viral infection that causes fever, mouth sores, and a skin rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The rash may also appear on the knees, elbows, buttocks or genital area. […] HFMD is not the same as foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which is a disease of cattle, sheep and swine. They are caused by different viruses. People cannot get the animal disease, and animals do not get the human disease. […] HFMD spreads from person-to-person through contact with saliva, sputum, fluid in blisters, or stool. […] Infected persons are most contagious during the first week of illness, but can still pass the virus for weeks after symptoms have gone away. […] There is no specific treatment for HMFD. Almost all children with HFMD recover on their own.

• #37 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD): Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/hand-foot-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common illness caused by a virus. […] Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral infection that is common in children under 5 years old. […] HFMD is contagious and spreads easily from person to person.

• #38 Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease: Symptoms & Causes – FOKP

  https://www.indiancrestpeds.com/skin/hand-foot-mouth-disease-symptoms-and-causes/

  Hand, Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a contagious viral infection commonly affecting young children, especially those under five years old. Caused by viruses in the Enterovirus group, HFMD typically spreads in childcare settings, play areas, and schools. […] Hand, Foot Mouth Disease is primarily caused by the coxsackievirus A16, though other strains of enteroviruses can also lead to infection. The disease spreads through direct contact with an infected child’s saliva, nasal secretions, blister fluid, or feces. […] HFMD is highly contagious, particularly during the first week of infection, and can easily spread in crowded environments where children are in close contact.

• #39 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/symptoms/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood ailment that can also affect adults. A group of viruses called enteroviruses is the primary causative agent. They thrive in the digestive system and can be easily transmitted through close contact or exposure to contaminated surfaces. […] The leading causative agent for HFMD is a group of enteroviruses, particularly the Coxsackie virus. These viruses thrive in the digestive system and spread through close contact with an infected individual or exposure to contaminated surfaces. […] The risk factors for contracting hand, foot, and mouth infections include: Age: Children under 5 are most susceptible to the illness, as their immune systems are still developing. Proximity to infected individuals: Close contact with someone with the disease, such as in a daycare or school setting, increases the risk of transmission. Poor hygiene: Failure to practice good hand-washing and sanitisation habits can facilitate the spread of the virus. Weakened immune system: People with compromised immunity, such as those with underlying medical conditions, may be more vulnerable to the illness.

• #40 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Kids: Symptoms & Treatment | BASS Medical Group

  https://www.bassmedicalgroup.com/blog-post/what-is-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is caused by a group of viruses, most often coxsackievirus A16. […] It spreads through: Saliva, mucus, and nasal discharge, Blister fluid or contact with stool, Coughing, sneezing, or shared toys. […] Young children are especially susceptible because they frequently touch their faces, share toys, and dont always practice good hand hygiene.

• #41 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/symptoms/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood ailment that can also affect adults. A group of viruses called enteroviruses is the primary causative agent. They thrive in the digestive system and can be easily transmitted through close contact or exposure to contaminated surfaces. […] The leading causative agent for HFMD is a group of enteroviruses, particularly the Coxsackie virus. These viruses thrive in the digestive system and spread through close contact with an infected individual or exposure to contaminated surfaces. […] The risk factors for contracting hand, foot, and mouth infections include: Age: Children under 5 are most susceptible to the illness, as their immune systems are still developing. Proximity to infected individuals: Close contact with someone with the disease, such as in a daycare or school setting, increases the risk of transmission. Poor hygiene: Failure to practice good hand-washing and sanitisation habits can facilitate the spread of the virus. Weakened immune system: People with compromised immunity, such as those with underlying medical conditions, may be more vulnerable to the illness.

• #42 Understanding Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Montreal Children’s Hospital

  https://montrealchildrenshospital.ca/health-info/understanding-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is usually caused by a Coxsackievirus A16, which belongs to the Enterovirus family. Other members of the Enterovirus family may also cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease. […] The Enterovirus family includes over 90 different types of viruses that cause frequent illness in infants and children. […] Most outbreaks occur during the summer and fall. […] As there are over 90 types, similar symptoms may occur more than once, Dr. Quach explains.

• #43 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease | Symptoms and Causes – Pure Medical

  https://pure-medical.co.uk/childrens-health/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 are the viruses that usually cause the mouth condition hand, foot, and mouth disease. […] The condition can affect anyone, although it is more common in children under the age of five. In the summer and fall, it has a tendency to spread quickly.

• #44 Hand, foot, and mouth disease in adults: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-in-adults

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a contagious viral illness most common in infants and young children. However, adults can also develop the illness if exposed to the virus. […] Enteroviruses cause HFMD. According to the CDC, the viruses that most commonly cause the illness include: […] Coxsackievirus A16: This virus is the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. […] Coxsackievirus A6: People who contract this virus may experience more severe symptoms. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71): This virus is the most common cause of HFMD in East and Southeast Asia.

• #45 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) – National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases

  https://nccid.ca/debrief/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/

  Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus belonging to Enteroviruses including certain coxsackieviruses A16 (CA16), A6 (CA6) and Enterovirus 71 (EV71). […] These viruses are a member of the picornaviruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family which includes non-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. […] Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD and usually causes less severe infection, while Coxsackievirus A6 rare and causes more severe infection. […] Enterovirus EV-A71 is a rarer cause of HFMD but is considered the most severe neurotoxic enterovirus and has been associated with severe outbreaks in Asia. […] HFMD was first reported in New Zealand in 1957. Outbreaks associated with EV71 infection have been reported throughout the world since the early 1970s. […] Humans are the only reservoir of the enterovirus family that causes HFMD. […] The virus can be passed to other people though contact with respiratory droplets, nose and throat secretions, saliva, fluid from the blisters, and from feces. […] The viruses that cause HFMD can be found worldwide.

• #46 What to Do if Your Child Has Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/news/health-tip/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-what-you-need-know

  Its important to be on the lookout for hand, foot and mouth disease, a common childhood illness most often seen in the summer and fall. […] The coxsackie virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease is mainly spread through saliva and stool. […] Like most childhood viruses, it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when kids with hand, foot and mouth disease are no longer contagious.

• #47 Understanding Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Montreal Children’s Hospital

  https://montrealchildrenshospital.ca/health-info/understanding-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is usually caused by a Coxsackievirus A16, which belongs to the Enterovirus family. Other members of the Enterovirus family may also cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease. […] The Enterovirus family includes over 90 different types of viruses that cause frequent illness in infants and children. […] Most outbreaks occur during the summer and fall. […] As there are over 90 types, similar symptoms may occur more than once, Dr. Quach explains.

• #48 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. […] It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Humans are the only carrier for hand-foot-and-mouth disease-causing viruses. […] The disease is spread by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can cause severe disease manifestations with atypical lesions such as vesicles, bullae, and scabs on the trunk, extremities, and face. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). […] However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. […] Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #49 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. […] It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Humans are the only carrier for hand-foot-and-mouth disease-causing viruses. […] The disease is spread by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can cause severe disease manifestations with atypical lesions such as vesicles, bullae, and scabs on the trunk, extremities, and face. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). […] However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. […] Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #50 Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common, mild viral illness of humans. […] In the U.S., it is most commonly caused by a coxsackievirus, which is part of a larger group of viruses called enteroviruses. […] HFMD is moderately contagious and is spread from person to person by direct contact with nose and throat secretions (such as saliva, sputum or nasal mucus), fluid from blisters, and stool (feces) of the infected person. […] Infection results in immunity to the specific virus that caused HFMD. A second case of HFMD may occur following infection with a different type of enterovirus.

• #51 Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: Overview

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hand-foot-mouth-overview

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious disease caused by a virus. […] While one of several viruses can cause it, the signs are usually the same: […] In the United States, HFMD tends to be mild. […] When HFMD clears, the person who had it develops an immunity to the virus that caused the disease. […] Because several viruses can cause HFMD, some people get HFMD again from a different virus.

• #52 Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease (HFMD): Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11129-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a very contagious illness caused by a virus. […] Viruses belonging to the coxsackievirus and enterovirus families cause hand, foot and mouth disease. […] The disease gets its name from the blister-like rash that forms on your child’s hands and feet and painful sores that develop in their mouth. […] Because several viruses can cause the disease, it’s possible to get HFMD multiple times.

• #53 Understanding hand, foot and mouth disease: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/understanding-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-causes-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is caused by an enterovirus, most often a coxsackievirus. […] An enterovirus is a type of virus that typically lives in a person’s digestive tract, which includes the mouth, throat, intestines, and rectum. […] After HFMD goes away, the child or adult who had it develops an immunity to the virus that caused it. However, because several different viruses can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, you can get it again from a different enterovirus.

• #54 What doctors wish patients knew about hand, foot and mouth disease | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common infection that causes sores in and around the mouth, said Dr. Yen, noting that the sores and rash are often in a characteristic pattern on the hands, feet and even the buttocks, hence the name hand, foot and mouth disease. […] As for what causes it, like many other common infections in children, hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by viruses, Dr. Yen explained. That is why antibiotics are not usually effective at treating this illness. […] The most common viruses causing this particular infection are called coxsackie viruses, which are part of a larger family of viruses called enteroviruses, he said. […] Unfortunately, with hand, foot and mouth disease, you dont develop immunity since this is a family of viruses that can cause this, Dr. Yen said. So, because there are various types of viruses that can cause these symptoms, just getting it once does not mean that youre fully immune.

• #55 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (Coxsackie viral infection)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hand_foot_mouth/fact_sheet.htm

  Hand, foot and mouth disease is a viral infection caused by a strain of Coxsackie virus. […] The virus is spread by direct contact with nose and throat discharges, blisters and feces of infected people. […] Specific immunity can occur, but a second episode is possible from a different strain of Coxsackie virus. […] The illness is typically mild, complications are rare. More serious infections have been seen recently with a certain strain of Coxsackie viral infection in Indonesia. […] There is no specific treatment. Treatment is aimed at fever control and maintaining good oral hydration.

• #56 Hand, foot and mouth disease: children | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/hand-foot-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by different viruses but most often by enterovirus. […] Because hand, foot and mouth disease can be caused by different viruses, children can get hand, foot and mouth disease more than once.

• #57

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/infections/Pages/Hand-Foot-and-Mouth-Disease.aspx

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common, contagious illness caused by different viruses. […] The virus causing hand, foot, and mouth disease is usually spread through person-to-person contact in different ways. […] A child can have repeat infections with the same type of virus or different viruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease.

• #58 Hand, foot, and mouth disease in adults: Symptoms and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-in-adults

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a contagious viral illness most common in infants and young children. However, adults can also develop the illness if exposed to the virus. […] Enteroviruses cause HFMD. According to the CDC, the viruses that most commonly cause the illness include: […] Coxsackievirus A16: This virus is the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. […] Coxsackievirus A6: People who contract this virus may experience more severe symptoms. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71): This virus is the most common cause of HFMD in East and Southeast Asia.

• #59 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/infectious-disease/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-647344.html

  Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a very common viral infection that predominantly affects children under the age of 5, but it can also strike adults. […] In the United States, coxsackie A6 virus is the most common cause of typical HFMD, while coxsackie A16 virus is the most common cause of atypical HFMD/eczema coxsackium. Many adults may not be immune to coxsackie A16, so young children can transmit it to their parents/caregivers in certain instances.

• #60 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/infectious-disease/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-647344.html

  Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a very common viral infection that predominantly affects children under the age of 5, but it can also strike adults. […] In the United States, coxsackie A6 virus is the most common cause of typical HFMD, while coxsackie A16 virus is the most common cause of atypical HFMD/eczema coxsackium. Many adults may not be immune to coxsackie A16, so young children can transmit it to their parents/caregivers in certain instances.

• #61

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/handfootmouth.aspx

  Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common but highly contagious infection in children caused by enteroviruses, including coxsackieviruses. […] The viruses that cause hand, foot and mouth disease are common and particularly affect children. […] Hand foot and mouth disease can spread easily and quickly within households, particularly among children. […] There is no clear evidence of risk to unborn babies from hand, foot and mouth disease. However, infected mothers (and siblings) can pass the infection onto newborn babies who rarely can have severe disease.

• #62 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses. The enteroviruses called coxsackie virus A16 and enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) are the most common causes of HFMD. […] A pregnant woman who is infected may show mild or no signs of illness. If she is infected just before her delivery, the infection can be transmitted to the newborn resulting in only a mild illness in the baby. Rarely, multiple-organ infections occur.

• #63 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses. The enteroviruses called coxsackie virus A16 and enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) are the most common causes of HFMD. […] A pregnant woman who is infected may show mild or no signs of illness. If she is infected just before her delivery, the infection can be transmitted to the newborn resulting in only a mild illness in the baby. Rarely, multiple-organ infections occur.

• #64 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. […] It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Humans are the only carrier for hand-foot-and-mouth disease-causing viruses. […] The disease is spread by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can cause severe disease manifestations with atypical lesions such as vesicles, bullae, and scabs on the trunk, extremities, and face. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). […] However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. […] Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #65 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/enteroviruses/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Depending on which virus causes this disease, children rarely develop central nervous system infections such as aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), or encephalitis. […] A strain of coxsackievirus that causes atypical forms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease can cause the sores to appear on different parts of the body. […] Three vaccines for one of the enteroviruses that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (EV-A71) are currently available in China. There is currently no vaccine approved for use in the United States against the viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

• #66 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. […] It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Humans are the only carrier for hand-foot-and-mouth disease-causing viruses. […] The disease is spread by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can cause severe disease manifestations with atypical lesions such as vesicles, bullae, and scabs on the trunk, extremities, and face. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). […] However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. […] Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #67 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease – Childhood Illnesses – Manhattan Valley Pediatrics

  https://www.manhattanvalleypediatrics.com/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/

  Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD), aka Coxsackie, is a virus that causes sores around the mouth and throat and a rash on you guessed it hands and feet, but also, sometimes, the diaper area. […] Coxsackievirus A16 is typically the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. Other coxsackie viruses can also cause the illness. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can also cause HFMD, and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) has been associated with cases and outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Although rare, EV-A71 has been associated with more severe diseases such as encephalitis (brain swelling).

• #68 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/enteroviruses/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Depending on which virus causes this disease, children rarely develop central nervous system infections such as aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), or encephalitis. […] A strain of coxsackievirus that causes atypical forms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease can cause the sores to appear on different parts of the body. […] Three vaccines for one of the enteroviruses that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (EV-A71) are currently available in China. There is currently no vaccine approved for use in the United States against the viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

• #69 HFMD: Causes and How It Spreads | Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hand-foot-mouth/causes/index.html

  HFMD is caused by several enteroviruses and spreads easily from person to person. […] HFMD is caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus family: […] Coxsackievirus A16 is typically the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. Other coxsackieviruses can also cause the illness. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can also cause HFMD and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) has been associated with cases and outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Although rare, EV-A71 has been associated with more severe diseases such as encephalitis (swelling of the brain).

• #70 Hand Foot and Mouth Disease – Childhood Illnesses – Manhattan Valley Pediatrics

  https://www.manhattanvalleypediatrics.com/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/

  Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD), aka Coxsackie, is a virus that causes sores around the mouth and throat and a rash on you guessed it hands and feet, but also, sometimes, the diaper area. […] Coxsackievirus A16 is typically the most common cause of HFMD in the United States. Other coxsackie viruses can also cause the illness. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can also cause HFMD, and the symptoms may be more severe. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) has been associated with cases and outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia. Although rare, EV-A71 has been associated with more severe diseases such as encephalitis (brain swelling).

• #71 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/enteroviruses/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Depending on which virus causes this disease, children rarely develop central nervous system infections such as aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), or encephalitis. […] A strain of coxsackievirus that causes atypical forms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease can cause the sores to appear on different parts of the body. […] Three vaccines for one of the enteroviruses that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (EV-A71) are currently available in China. There is currently no vaccine approved for use in the United States against the viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

• #72 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. […] It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Humans are the only carrier for hand-foot-and-mouth disease-causing viruses. […] The disease is spread by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can cause severe disease manifestations with atypical lesions such as vesicles, bullae, and scabs on the trunk, extremities, and face. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). […] However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. […] Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #73 What is hand, foot, and mouth disease? Understand this viral infection

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/03/06/what-is-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease/72764002007/

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral illness that causes sores in one’s mouth and a rash that often consists of small, white blisters or red bumps that usually appear on one’s hands and feet. It’s known to be caused by a virus called coxsackievirus and can be both inconvenient and unpleasant. „Hand, foot, and mouth disease can cause painful oral ulcerations and an itchy skin rash,” says Dr. Kellie Kruger, a board-certified physician in internal medicine and pediatrics at Mayo Clinic in Arizona. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that the disease „is usually not serious,” but it can still be concerning under some circumstances. […] „And the oral ulcers can sometimes result in decreased fluid intake, which could result in dehydration,” cautions Oza.

• #74 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/enteroviruses/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Depending on which virus causes this disease, children rarely develop central nervous system infections such as aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), or encephalitis. […] A strain of coxsackievirus that causes atypical forms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease can cause the sores to appear on different parts of the body. […] Three vaccines for one of the enteroviruses that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (EV-A71) are currently available in China. There is currently no vaccine approved for use in the United States against the viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

• #75 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hfm.html

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area. The coxsackievirus causes most HFM infections. […] HFM is contagious and easily spreads through contact with unwashed hands, feces (poop), saliva (spit), mucus from the nose, or fluid from the blisters. […] There’s no cure for HFM and no vaccine to prevent it, but your doctor can recommend home care to make your child more comfortable during recovery.

• #76 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/enteroviruses/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Depending on which virus causes this disease, children rarely develop central nervous system infections such as aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), or encephalitis. […] A strain of coxsackievirus that causes atypical forms of hand-foot-and-mouth disease can cause the sores to appear on different parts of the body. […] Three vaccines for one of the enteroviruses that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (EV-A71) are currently available in China. There is currently no vaccine approved for use in the United States against the viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

• #77

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-016-0465-y

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious viral disease and mainly affects infants and young children. […] Historically, outbreaks of HFMD were mainly caused by two enteroviruses: the coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and the enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). […] In the recent years, coxsackievirus A6 and coxsackievirus A10 have been widely associated with both sporadic cases and outbreaks of HFMD worldwide, particularly in India, South East Asia and Europe with an increased frequency of neurological complications as well as mortality. […] Currently, there is no pharmacological intervention or vaccine available for HFMD. […] A formalin-inactivated EV-A71 vaccine has completed clinical trial in several Asian countries. However, this vaccine cannot protect against other major emerging etiologies of HFMD such as CV-A16, CV-A6 and CV-A10. […] Therefore, the development of a globally representative multivalent HFMD vaccine could be the best strategy.

• #78 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Everything Parents Should Know

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-everything-parents-should-know

  Hand, foot and mouth is caused by a group of viruses, referred to as enteroviruses. The most common cause is the Coxsackie A16 virus, but other strains of Coxsackie virus, as well as other enteroviruses, can cause the illness. […] Since there are different strains of the virus, its possible to get the virus more than once, even in the same season, Dr. Oelberg says. […] The virus that causes hand, foot and mouth is found in: Saliva, Nasal secretions, Feces, Fluid in blisters. […] Hand, foot and mouth is contagious and spreads easily through families and daycares. […] It also usually takes three to six days after exposure to the virus before your child starts showing symptoms. […] Children are usually considered contagious two days before the rash appears and until two days after the rash goes away, Dr. Oelberg says. […] Since this is a viral illness, antibiotics wont help. The good thing is your bodys immune system responds to the virus and fights it off without any help.

• #79 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hfm.html

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFM) is a common viral infection that causes painful red blisters in the mouth and throat, and on the hands, feet, and diaper area. The coxsackievirus causes most HFM infections. […] HFM is contagious and easily spreads through contact with unwashed hands, feces (poop), saliva (spit), mucus from the nose, or fluid from the blisters. […] There’s no cure for HFM and no vaccine to prevent it, but your doctor can recommend home care to make your child more comfortable during recovery.

• #80

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-016-0465-y

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious viral disease and mainly affects infants and young children. […] Historically, outbreaks of HFMD were mainly caused by two enteroviruses: the coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and the enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). […] In the recent years, coxsackievirus A6 and coxsackievirus A10 have been widely associated with both sporadic cases and outbreaks of HFMD worldwide, particularly in India, South East Asia and Europe with an increased frequency of neurological complications as well as mortality. […] Currently, there is no pharmacological intervention or vaccine available for HFMD. […] A formalin-inactivated EV-A71 vaccine has completed clinical trial in several Asian countries. However, this vaccine cannot protect against other major emerging etiologies of HFMD such as CV-A16, CV-A6 and CV-A10. […] Therefore, the development of a globally representative multivalent HFMD vaccine could be the best strategy.

• #81 Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431082/

  Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral illness that usually affects infants and children but can also affect adults. […] The cause of HFMD is coxsackievirus A type 16 in most cases, but many other strains of coxsackieviruses and Enteroviruses can also cause the infection. […] HFMD is a viral exanthem, and the coxsackievirus of the Enterovirus family most commonly causes it. Coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus A71 are the serotypes most commonly implicated as causative agents. […] Coxsackievirus A6 has recently emerged as another cause of HFMD in the USA and worldwide. […] Coxsackievirus A10 has been implicated in severe disease. […] Coxsackievirus A4 to A7, A9, B1 to B3, and B5 have also been less commonly associated with HFMD.

• #82 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218402-overview

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute viral illness that presents as a vesicular eruption in the mouth, but it also can involve the hands, feet, buttocks, and/or genitalia. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is common and potentially but infrequently fatal in children younger than 5 years. Coxsackievirus A type 16 (CVA16) is the etiologic agent involved in most cases of HFMD, but the illness also is associated with coxsackievirus A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, and B5 strains. Coxsackievirus A6 may have become the commonest enterovirus in seasonal outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children in France and Finland. […] Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) has caused outbreaks of HFMD with associated neurologic involvement in the western Pacific region and Southeast Asia. […] Coxsackievirus A type 16 (CV A16) is the etiologic agent involved in most cases of HFMD, but the illness is also associated with coxsackievirus A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, and B5 strains.

• #83 Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1001/p408.html

  Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] The most common viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease are enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. […] It is caused by picornaviruses, specifically human enteroviruses and coxsackieviruses. […] Humans are the only carrier for hand-foot-and-mouth disease-causing viruses. […] The disease is spread by fecal-oral, oral-oral, and respiratory droplet contact. […] Coxsackievirus A6 can cause severe disease manifestations with atypical lesions such as vesicles, bullae, and scabs on the trunk, extremities, and face. […] Hand-foot-and-mouth disease has a low fatality rate in uncomplicated cases in the United States (0.06% to 0.11%). […] However, there were 10.7 million cases in China between May 2008 and June 2014, with 3,046 deaths attributed to neurologic and cardiopulmonary complications. […] Patients with more severe disease are more likely to have been infected with enterovirus 71.

• #84 What doctors wish patients knew about hand, foot and mouth disease | American Medical Association

  https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/population-care/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

  Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common infection that causes sores in and around the mouth, said Dr. Yen, noting that the sores and rash are often in a characteristic pattern on the hands, feet and even the buttocks, hence the name hand, foot and mouth disease. […] As for what causes it, like many other common infections in children, hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by viruses, Dr. Yen explained. That is why antibiotics are not usually effective at treating this illness. […] The most common viruses causing this particular infection are called coxsackie viruses, which are part of a larger family of viruses called enteroviruses, he said. […] Unfortunately, with hand, foot and mouth disease, you dont develop immunity since this is a family of viruses that can cause this, Dr. Yen said. So, because there are various types of viruses that can cause these symptoms, just getting it once does not mean that youre fully immune.

• #85 Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Everything Parents Should Know

  https://www.unitypoint.org/news-and-articles/hand-foot-and-mouth-disease-everything-parents-should-know

  Hand, foot and mouth is caused by a group of viruses, referred to as enteroviruses. The most common cause is the Coxsackie A16 virus, but other strains of Coxsackie virus, as well as other enteroviruses, can cause the illness. […] Since there are different strains of the virus, its possible to get the virus more than once, even in the same season, Dr. Oelberg says. […] The virus that causes hand, foot and mouth is found in: Saliva, Nasal secretions, Feces, Fluid in blisters. […] Hand, foot and mouth is contagious and spreads easily through families and daycares. […] It also usually takes three to six days after exposure to the virus before your child starts showing symptoms. […] Children are usually considered contagious two days before the rash appears and until two days after the rash goes away, Dr. Oelberg says. […] Since this is a viral illness, antibiotics wont help. The good thing is your bodys immune system responds to the virus and fights it off without any help.

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