Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Kawasaki disease: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, and etiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/kawasaki-disease-pathogenesis-epidemiology-and-etiology

  Kawasaki disease (KD, previously called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is one of the most common vasculitides of childhood, particularly in East Asia. […] The underlying etiology is unknown. […] KD can cause a variety of cardiovascular complications, most commonly coronary artery aneurysms.

• #2 The epidemiology of Kawasaki disease: a global update | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/100/11/1084

  Kawasaki disease (KD) is a childhood vasculitis and the most frequent cause of paediatric acquired heart disease in North America, Europe and Japan. […] It is increasingly recognised in rapidly industrialising countries such as China and India where it may replace rheumatic heart disease as the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children. […] We review the current global epidemiology of KD and discuss some public health implications.

• #3 Kawasaki Disease: Global Burden and Genetic Background

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7011927/

  Kawasaki disease (KD) is a childhood vasculitides associated with serious coronary artery lesions. It is the most common cause of pediatric acquired heart disease in developed countries, and is increasingly reported from many rapidly industrializing developing countries. The incidence varies widely among different nations and is highest in North-East Asian countries, where almost 1 in 100 children in Japan having the disease by age of 5, where the lowest incidence reported in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Various epidemiologic reports showed a significantly increasing incidence of KD in rapidly industrializing developing countries as well, such as China, India, and Latin American countries. This may be due to an actual increase in incident cases or the improvements in health facilities, and the widespread use of antimicrobials and vaccines that helped to eliminate infectious diseases with their similar fever and rash allowing more awareness and ascertainment of KD.

• #4 About Kawasaki Disease | Kawasaki Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kawasaki/about/index.html

  Kawasaki disease (KD) can cause heart and blood vessel damage. […] It occurs mostly in children younger than 5 years old. […] In the continental United States, it’s estimated that KD occurs in 9 to 20 per 100,000 children under 5 years of age. […] In 2019, there were more than 5,000 children under 18 years of age who were hospitalized with KD in the United States. Of these children, 3,693 were under 5 years of age; this means there was a hospitalization rate of 18.9 per 100,000 children in that age group. […] For epidemiologic surveillance, CDC defines a case of KD as illness in a patient with fever that lasts 5 or more days (or fever until the intravenous immunoglobulin is given, if given before the fifth day of fever), and having at least 4 of the following 5 clinical signs: Rash, Swelling and redness of their hands and feet, Cervical lymphadenopathy (at least 15 cm in diameter), Bilateral conjunctival injection, Oral mucosal changes. […] Patients whose illness does not meet the above KD case definition but have fever and coronary artery abnormalities are classified as having atypical or incomplete KD.

• #5 The global epidemiology of Kawasaki disease: Review and future perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5856963/

  Kawasaki disease (KD) is one of the most common childhood vasculitides and may lead to coronary arterial complications. KD has been reported in more than 60 countries over five continents. Previous publications have provided a comprehensive description of the epidemiologic features of KD including incidence, age of onset, seasonal trends, and rates of cardiac lesions. […] The incidence rates of KD in Asian countries, especially in Northeast Asia, are significantly higher than those in the USA and Europe. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are the three Asian countries with reliable, robust nationwide KD incidence data that has documented a continuous increase in KD incidence. […] Japanese data are from nationwide epidemiologic surveys conducted every two years since 1970. The number of patients and incidence rates of KD have increased rapidly since the mid-1990s.

• #6 Reality of Kawasaki disease epidemiology

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/kjp.2019.00157

  Epidemiologic studies of Kawasaki disease (KD) have shown a new pattern or change of its occurrence suggestive of its pathophysiology or risk factors from the first patient with KD reported in 1961. The incidence of KD in Northeast Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, China, and Taiwan is 1030 times higher than that in the United States and Europe. […] Knowing the true epidemiology of KD in each country and the availability of publications of KD epidemiology also could benefit general health care providers and general population. This would enable the early detection and treatment of KD, ultimately reducing the incidence of coronary artery complications and mortality. Therefore, efforts to investigate the true epidemiology of KD should be continued in every country using a questionnaire survey, National Health Insurance system data, or combined methods depending on each country’s medical environment to ensure high-quality care of patients with KD.

• #7 Kawasaki Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965367-overview

  The incidence of KD in the continental United States is approximately 25 per 100,000 children under 5 years of age. A 2010 article retrospectively examined all hospitalizations of children younger than 18 years who had KD and found that the rate of hospitalization in the United States from 1997-2007 remained relatively stable, except for a slight increase in 2005. The hospitalization rate for children younger than 5 years was 20.8 cases per 100,000 children in 2006 and demonstrated a slight male predilection. […] KD is most frequently observed in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea. The highest incidence of KD has been reported in Japan, where the frequency of the disease is 10 to 20 times higher than in western countries. […] Although the birth rate has declined, the numbers of patients diagnosed as having KD and the incidence rate in Japan have risen rapidly since the 1990s. The incidence in 2000 was 134.2 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years; in 2012, the incidence was 264.8 per 100,000 children younger than 5 years.

• #8

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/view/3198

  AIM OF THE STUDY: Kawasaki disease is a febrile illness which can lead to significant coronary artery lesions. Its incidence varies among countries and is highest in Japan (330.2 children under 5 years old/100,000 per year). Since the epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Switzerland is unknown, we conducted a national prospective data collection between 2013 and 2017 to describe its incidence, diagnosis, and treatment. […] The incidence of Kawasaki disease was 3.1/100,000 [95% CI 2.63.7] per year in children under 17 years of age and 8.4/100,000 [95% CI 6.710.2] per year in children under 5 years of age. […] The incidence of Kawasaki disease in Switzerland is in the lower range of other European countries.

• #9 The global epidemiology of Kawasaki disease: Review and future perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5856963/

  The incidence of KD in Korea is the second highest globally at 134.4 cases per 100,000 for children under 5 years of age. […] Taiwanese data are based on the records of the National Health Insurance Program, which started in 1995 and covers 99% of the population. […] Incidence rates of KD have been reported across Asia using various methodologies, including China, India, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. Most countries have a gradually increasing incidence of KD. […] Epidemiologic surveys of US KD cases have relied mainly on passive national reporting to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, private insurance databases, or administrative databases such as the Pediatric Hospital Information Service. The occurrence incidence of KD in the US is estimated to be between 17.5 and 20.8 per 100,000 children.

• #10 Kawasaki Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965367-overview

  Marked spatial and temporal patterns have been noted in both the seasonality and deviations from the average number of KD cases in Japan. Seasonality is bimodal, with peaks in January and June and/or July and a nadir in October. […] A study by Ae et al showed that the number of patients in Japan who received a diagnosis of KD decreased from 17,347 in 2019 to 11,173 in 2020 (a 35.6% reduction); however, there was no evidence that this decrease resulted from a delay in seeking treatment during the global COVID-19 pandemic. […] Investigators in other countries reported a similar decline in the incidence of KD during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Park et al noted the average annual rate of incidence of KD in South Korea was 105 cases per 100,000 in children younger than 5 years, which was the second highest reported rate in the world.

• #11 Kawasaki Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965367-overview

  On average, the approximate annual incidence of KD in various Asian populations per 100,000 children younger than 5 years is 54.9 cases for Taiwan, 25.4 cases for Hong Kong, 16.8-36.8 cases for Shanghai, and 18.2-30.6 cases for Beijing. […] The annual incidence reported in white populations outside the United States is similar to that reported in the US population, with 11.3-14.7 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years in Canada and 3.6 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years in Australia. […] From 1999-2000, the incidence in the United Kingdom was 8.1 cases per 100,000 children. […] Ontario has the highest rate of KD outside of Asia, with a yearly incidence of 26.2 cases per 100,000 population younger than 5 years. The incidence significantly increased from 1995 to 2006, with more patients diagnosed with incomplete KD.

• #12 Kawasaki Disease: Global Burden and Genetic Background

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7011927/

  The incidence rates of KD in these countries are the highest worldwide (50 per 100,000 children 5 years old) and the number continues to increase. The highest rate globally is reported in Japan with an estimate of 264 per 100,000 children 5 years. […] The reported incidence varies between 7.06 and 55.1 per 100,000 children 5 years. For example, in Beijing the incidence rate increased from 40.9 per 100,000 children in 2000 to 55 per 100,000 in 2004, and in Shanghai the rate increased 3 times in less than 20 years (from 16.8 per 100,000 in 1998 to 50.5 per 100,000 children in 2012). […] A gradual increase in the incidence of KD has been reported in India, Thailand, and many other countries across Asia. The lack of nationwide epidemiological data makes it difficult to determine whether this is a true increase due to environmental and climate changes associated with industrialization or just an increase ascertainment resulting from more awareness by health care professionals and increased access to medical care following the rapid economic growth.

• #13 The global epidemiology of Kawasaki disease: Review and future perspectives

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5856963/

  Knowledge about the epidemiology of KD in Latin America is expected to improve with the formation of the Latin American Kawasaki Disease Network (REKAMLATINA), a multinational database from 20 Latin American countries organized in 2013. […] A recent review of KD epidemiology in Europe found that, in many European countries, the annual incidence increased during the 1990s and then stabilized. Currently, the annual incidence of KD in Europe is about 5-10/100,000 children younger than 5 years. […] Several countries have reported distinct seasonality in KD, including Japan, Korea, Taiwan, USA, Canada and India. […] Previous studies have shown IVIG resistance to occur in most populations worldwide. Between 6.7% and 26.8% of KD patients from various cohorts were reported to be IVIG resistant and were at increased risk for coronary complications.

• #14 Kawasaki Disease: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/kawasaki-disease-pro

  Kawasaki disease is an idiopathic self-limiting systemic vasculitis that most often affects children in the age range 6 months to 5 years. It predominantly affects children of Asian origin, particularly Japanese and Chinese populations (possibly because of genetic susceptibility) but there is an appreciable worldwide incidence. […] The highest annual incidence is thought to occur in Japan at 2243.1 and 264.8 cases per 100,000 children aged under and over 5 years respectively. […] The incidence appears to be rising year on year in Japan. […] The incidence of Kawasaki disease in Europe is 5-10 per 100,000 children aged under 5 years, with Ireland showing the highest incidence of up to 15.2 per 100,000 children aged under 5 years. […] The incidence is between 10 and 20 per 100,000 children under the age of 5 in North America.

• #15 Kawasaki disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_disease

  In the United Kingdom, before 2000, it was diagnosed in fewer than one in every 25,000 people per year. Incidence of the disease doubled from 1991 to 2000, however, with four cases per 100,000 children in 1991 compared with a rise of eight cases per 100,000 in 2000. By 2017, this figure had risen to 12 in 100,000 people with 419 diagnosed cases of Kawasaki disease in the United Kingdom. […] In Japan, the rate is 240 in every 100,000 people. […] Coronary artery aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease are believed to account for 5% of acute coronary syndrome cases in adults under 40 years of age.

• #16

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-017-2947-3

  Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis with an acute and self-limited course. The incidence of the disease differs widely among ethnic groups and is higher in the Asian populations. In Italy, no recent data are available. We studied the epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in the years 2008-2013 in children 0-14 years old in Italy using hospital ICD-9 discharge codes with a thorough data cleaning for duplicates in order to select the first hospital admission for the disease. The disease peaked in the first 2 years of life, with 85.5% of cases under 5 years. Male/female ratio was 1.4:1. The incidence rate was 5.7 per 100,000 children 0-14 years old and 14.7 for children younger than 5 years. The incidence rose slightly during the study period and had a seasonal distribution, with higher incidence in spring. A coronary artery aneurysm was recorded in 2.2% of the patients younger than 5 years of age.

• #17 Epidemiology of Kawasaki Disease in children in Switzerland: a national prospective cohort study

  https://smw.ch/index.php/smw/article/download/3198/5362?inline=1

  AIM OF THE STUDY: Kawasaki disease is a febrile illness which can lead to significant coronary artery lesions. Its incidence varies among countries and is highest in Japan (330.2 children under 5 years old/100,000 per year). Since the epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Switzerland is unknown, we conducted a national prospective data collection between 2013 and 2017 to describe its incidence, diagnosis, and treatment. […] The incidence of Kawasaki disease in Switzerland is in the lower range of other European countries. […] The overall annual incidence of Kawasaki disease in children under 17 years of age in Switzerland was 3.1 /100,000 [CI 95% 2.63.7] per year. For children less than 5 years old, the incidence was 8.4/100,000 [95% CI 6.710.2] per year. […] In Europe, the incidence of Kawasaki disease for children 5 years old ranges between 4.9 (Denmark) and 15.2/100,000 per year (Ireland). Switzerland therefore lies in the medium range among European countries. […] The demographic data of our cohort regarding age and gender is consistent with the international literature. […] Seasonal variation was low and non-consistent between the four years of the study, except for September and October, during which the lowest incidence was reported.

• #18 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Kawasaki Disease and Respiratory Viruses: Ecological Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e49648/

  Kawasaki disease is an uncommon vasculitis affecting young children. Its etiology is not completely understood, although infections have been frequently postulated as the triggers. […] In Australia, the annual Kawasaki disease incidence in children ages 0-4 years is 14.31/100,000, as measured by the rate of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. […] However, one or more preceding infective causes are widely suggested as the trigger for the disease and fit with epidemiology. […] Local outbreaks in two cities in the United States in 1979 and 1980 showed that the only difference between patients and controls was a history of respiratory illness, which may imply concurrent circulation of a viral infectious trigger. […] Since then, seasonal patterns of Kawasaki disease have been observed in Japan, Korea, and France, with annual peaks occurring in winter and an additional peak in summer in Japan.

• #19

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-021-04135-7

  Data on Kawasaki disease from tropical countries are scarce. Hence, this population-based study aims to determine the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of Kawasaki disease in children enrolled in the Kawasaki disease registry between 2006 and 2019 in Southern Malaysia. […] Despite the tropical climate, Kawasaki disease epidemiology is similar to non-tropic regions with seasonal patterns and a rising incidence. […] Atypical presentation, male sex, late diagnosis, and IVIG resistance were significantly associated with coronary artery aneurysms. […] Incidence in children of less than 5 years was 14.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.6 to 16.0) per 100,000 population, higher in males (19/100,000) and Chinese (22/100,000), with a gradual increase from 5.7/100,000 in 2006 to 19.6/100,000 in 2019, p 0.001. […] There was a seasonal pattern with peak incidence during the rainy season.

• #20 Kawasaki Disease: Global Burden and Genetic Background

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7011927/

  The data for KD incidence are lacking in sub-Saharan Africa, however several sporadic cases have been reported across many countries in the region. These findings raise the possibility that KD is not that uncommon in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa as previously thought, and increased awareness and diagnosis may reveal the true incidence of KD.

• #21 The diagnosis of Kawasaki disease among Nigerian children: a nightmare for the caregivers and the doctors – Animasahun – Journal of Public Health and Emergency

  https://jphe.amegroups.org/article/view/4063

  The epidemiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) in developing countries is largely undefined although very few cases have been reported giving the impression that the condition is rare. […] The prevalence of KD is largely unknown in Nigeria with a poor index of suspicion, late referral and hence late commencement of interventions and possibly missed diagnosis are common. […] IVIG is not readily available and expensive in Nigeria as well as in the neighboring countries.

• #22 Kawasaki disease; rare; or misdiagnosed: A case report in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria – Calabar Journal of Health Sciences

  https://c-jhs.com/kawasaki-disease-rare-or-misdiagnosed-a-case-report-in-a-tertiary-hospital-in-nigeria/

  Diagnosis of KD in most of the Low-and Middle-Income Countries is fraught with difficulties as the prevalent infectious diseases mimic KD. Diagnostic criteria have been used in the diagnosis of KD and include the Japanese working guidelines and also the American Heart Association guidelines that went further to classify KD as typical and atypical. […] Early diagnosis is critical as it guides the clinician to initiate prompt and directed treatment which invariably prevents development of complication(s).

• #23 Epidemiology of Kawasaki Disease in Qatar (An Arabian Gulf Country) | QScience.com

  https://www.qscience.com/content/journals/10.5339/qmj.2007.2.17

  Case records were reviewed retrospectively of 49 patients admitted between January 1992 and December 2002 to evaluate the epidemiologic pattern of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Qatar. […] During the eleven years, the annual incidence varied from 2.5/100,000 to 20/100,000 and appears to be increasing. […] Most cases occurred in the cooler season (January-May) affecting predominantly males and children under five years of age with no apparent predilection for any section of the ethnically varied population.

• #24 Reality of Kawasaki disease epidemiology

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/kjp.2019.00157

  The incidence of KD differs among countries. The incidence of KD in Northeast Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, China, and Taiwan are 1030 times higher than that in the United States or Europe. The other unique finding is that the incidence of KD is increasing continuously in Northeast Asian countries; however, it is stationary in North America and Europe. […] Epidemiological studies of KD have shown new patterns of or changes to KD occurrence and supported to infer pathophysiology or risk factors of KD. Therefore, the effort to investigate true epidemiology of KD should be continued in every country to ensure high-quality care of patients with KD using questionnaire surveys, national health insurance system data, or combined methods depending on each country’s medical environment.

• #25 Kawasaki Disease: Global Burden and Genetic Background

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7011927/

  The incidence of KD varies greatly among different regions. In North America, Europe, and Australia, the incidence of KD ranges from 5 – 22 per 100,000 children 5 years old. In these countries the incidence was increasing, partly as a result of increased ascertainment, until the past 10 years, when the incidence becomes nearly constant. Conversely, North-Eastern Asian countries, especially Japan, Korea, and Taiwan report an incidence of more than 10 times greater than North America, Australia and Europe; and it continues to increase as reported during the last two decades. […] KD has been documented in more than 60 countries and cross all ethnicities. The diagnosis of KD till now is based only on the characteristic clinical features with the presence of a proportion of incomplete or atypical KD cases that have no standard criteria for their diagnosis, which is usually achieved through clinical and laboratory data supported by expert opinion. This difficulty in diagnosis makes the true incidence and burden of the disease to be still unknown.

• #26 Secular trend of Kawasaki disease and its correlation with viral activity in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19066-9

  The KD incidence of subjects younger than 18 years significantly increased from 11.78 per 100,000 person-years in 2001 to 22.40 per 100,000 person-years in 2020 (AAPC=5.4%, p<0.001). [...] The KD incidence substantially decreased with age. Subjects aged less than 1 year presented the highest KD incidence, with an annual incidence of 105.82 to 164.34 per 100,000 person-years from 2001 to 2020. [...] The monthly distribution of KD patients showed the seasonality feature of KD onset. For all KD patients, the most frequently occurring season was summer (28.6%), followed by autumn (26.0%). [...] Overall, no significant correlation was observed between KD incidence and common enteric or respiratory viruses (r= -0.08, p=0.191 and r= -0.08, p=0.218, respectively). However, the results of subgroup analyses by age revealed that the KD incidence of patients aged less than 1 year was positively correlated with common enteric viral activity (r=0.14, p=0.027) and respiratory viral activity (r=0.18, p=0.004). [...] Our study demonstrates the increasing trend of KD annual incidence and seasonality (more in summer and autumn) in Taiwan. For infants with the highest annual incidence, the activity of common respiratory viruses and enteric viruses was significantly correlated with KD incidence.

• #27 Kawasaki Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/965367-overview

  Although KD has been reported in children of all ethnic origins, it occurs most commonly in Asian children, especially those of Japanese descent. Rates are intermediate among African Americans, Polynesians, and Filipinos, and are lowest among Caucasians. […] KD is slightly more common in males than in females. The male-to-female ratio ranges from 1.3-1.83:1 depending on the country from which the statistics are reported. […] Approximately 85-90% of KD cases occur in children younger than 5 years; 90-95% of cases occur in children younger than 10 years. In the United States, the incidence peaks in children aged 18-24 months. In Japan, the incidence peaks in children aged 6-12 months.

• #28 Kawasaki disease in children: Epidemiology, clinical symptoms and diagnostics of 231 cases in 10 years

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2015.2487

  Kawasaki disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is an acute disease that predominantly affects children. The primary pathological characteristics of the condition are fever and rash due to systemic vasculitis. KD mainly affects children aged between 6 months and 4 years. In developed countries KD is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood. […] An epidemiological survey conducted in California between 1995 and 1999 observed an increasing trend in the incidence of KD in patients aged 5 years from 1997. The incidence of KD was highest among Asian individuals, but was not associated with temperature, precipitation rates, family size or population density. […] The present study showed that approximately two-thirds of the cases of KD occurred in the latter 5 years of the 10-year period. The age distribution of the children with KD ranged between 3 months and 10 years, with a peak incidence in children aged 1 year. The gender ratio of KD was shown to be 2.12:1, which was lower than the ratios found in Zhejiang and Guangdong and higher than those in other regions of China, including Taiwan, and Japan.

• #29 Kawasaki Disease: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/kawasaki-disease-pro

  There is clear variation in incidence with ethnicity, with a bias towards East Asian children. […] A study from Hawaii showed an annual incidence of 210 per 100,000 Japanese American children under 5 years, compared to 13 per 100,000 white children. […] A UK study showed Asian children to have an incidence of 2.1 compared with white children, whereas Black children had a relative incidence of 3.0 and „other ethnicities” had a relative incidence of 4.5. […] In the UK, children from lower socio-economic backgrounds have been found to be more likely to be admitted with Kawasaki disease. […] The diagnosis is frequently missed, as the early stages mimic many viral infections. […] The peak incidence between the ages of 18 and 24 months. […] It is 1.5 times more common in boys. […] In the UK, there is also a seasonal variation with more cases presenting in the winter months. […] Recent studies have suggested a higher incidence in the UK than was previously recognised.

• #30 Kawasaki disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_disease

  Kawasaki disease affects boys more than girls, with people of Asian ethnicity, particularly Japanese people. The higher incidence in Asian populations is thought to be linked to genetic susceptibility. Incidence rates vary between countries. […] Currently, Kawasaki disease is the most commonly diagnosed pediatric vasculitis in the world. By far, the highest incidence of Kawasaki disease occurs in Japan, with the most recent study placing the attack rate at 218.6 per 100,000 children less than five years of age (about one in 450 children). At this present attack rate, more than one in 150 children in Japan will develop Kawasaki disease during their lifetimes. […] However, its incidence in the United States is increasing. Kawasaki disease is predominantly a disease of young children, with 80% of patients younger than five years of age. About 2,000-4,000 cases are identified in the U.S. each year (9 to 19 per 100,000 children younger than five years of age). In the continental United States, Kawasaki disease is more common during the winter and early spring, boys with the disease outnumber girls by 1.5-1.7:1, and 76% of affected children are less than 5 years of age.

• #31 Associations between the spatiotemporal distribution of Kawasaki disease and environmental factors: evidence supporting a multifactorial etiologic model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93089-9

  The etiology of Kawasaki Disease (KD), the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries, remains elusive, but could be multifactorial in nature as suggested by the numerous environmental and infectious exposures that have previously been linked to its epidemiology. […] Despite extensive previous research, the etiology of the disease remains unknown. A genetic component is suggested from global epidemiological data, the distribution of the disease amongst ethnic groups, the clustering of cases within families and the increased risk of recurrence. […] Previous epidemiological studies have described associations between KD and various infectious diseases, pollen, pollution, early childhood environment and seasonality, albeit largely without considering the potential interaction between those factors.

• #32 Associations between the spatiotemporal distribution of Kawasaki disease and environmental factors: evidence supporting a multifactorial etiologic model | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93089-9

  Spatiotemporal clusters have been described in the distribution of KD and have been associated with local environmental factors and outbreaks of infectious diseases. […] The prevailing consensus regarding the etiology of KD is that it occurs in individuals with a genetic and potential early childhood susceptibility, which predisposes to the development of a hyper-reactive immune response when exposed to an unidentified environmental or infectious trigger(s). […] In a recent studies, it was demonstrated that lower habitual exposure to environmental allergens and a preceding non-specific infectious exposure were associated with an increased risk of developing KD. […] This study is significant both from the mathematical approach used to combine numerous dimensions of risk measured on different scales into a single model and by the high degree with which it could recapitulate the spatiotemporal distribution of KD. Such a model could eventually form the basis of a prediction and surveillance model for the future incidence of KD in a specific location.

• #33 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Kawasaki Disease and Respiratory Viruses: Ecological Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e49648/

  We found a 1.52 (99% CI 1.27-1.82) increased risk of Kawasaki disease presentations in peak seasons of HMPV and a 1.43 increased rate ratio (99% CI 1.17-1.73) in peak RSV seasons. […] During the pandemic (2020 onward), no associations between viral incidence and statewide Kawasaki disease presentations were observed. […] Our large ecological analysis demonstrates novel spatiotemporal relationships between human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus circulation with Kawasaki disease. […] The disappearance of these associations in the COVID-19 pandemic may reflect the reduced circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses during this period, supporting the prepandemic associations identified in this study.

• #34 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Kawasaki Disease and Respiratory Viruses: Ecological Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e49648/

  The co-occurrence of respiratory viral infections in conjunction with Kawasaki disease has been variously reported. […] Observational studies have reported an association between Kawasaki disease and adenovirus, human rhinovirus, and non-SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. […] Reductions in Kawasaki disease presentations in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic further support the role of respiratory viruses in this disease, given that its decline was coincident with reduced respiratory virus circulation throughout the pandemic. […] We aimed to investigate spatiotemporal associations of Kawasaki disease incidence with respiratory virus circulation in Victoria, Australia over 10 years. […] Negative binomial regression analysis demonstrated two viral associations with presentations of Kawasaki disease in Victoria before the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #35 Secular trend of Kawasaki disease and its correlation with viral activity in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19066-9

  Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most important acquired heart disease in children. This study investigated annual incidence, seasonality, secular trend and the correlation of KD incidence with viral activity in Taiwan. […] The KD incidence of subjects younger than 18 years significantly increased from 2001 to 2020 (11.78 and 22.40 per 100,000 person-years, respectively), and substantially decreased with age. […] The KD incidence of infants younger than 1 year had significantly positive correlation with enteric (r=0.14) and respiratory (r=0.18) viral activity. […] This study demonstrates the increasing trend of KD annual incidence and seasonality (more in summer and autumn) in Taiwan. The activity of common respiratory and enteric viruses was significantly correlated with KD incidence in infants.

• #36 Clinical Overview of Kawasaki Disease | Kawasaki Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/kawasaki/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Kawasaki Disease (KD) is characterized by a fever plus one or more other symptoms commonly associated with KD. […] For epidemiologic surveillance, CDC defines a case of Kawasaki Disease (KD) as illness in a patient with fever that lasts 5 or more days (or fever until the intravenous immunoglobulin is given, if given before the fifth day of fever), and having at least 4 of the following 5 clinical signs: […] CDC has operated a KD surveillance system since 1976 and uses several data sources to track and better understand KD in the United States. […] CDC analyzes large hospital discharge databases in the United States to learn more about the number of cases of KD and what symptoms children are having. […] CDC also has a voluntary KD reporting system for health care providers and health authorities to let CDC know when and where they are seeing cases. […] CDC continues to conduct special studies to further describe how often KD is diagnosed and which symptoms are most common.

• #37 Kawasaki disease | PAEDS

  https://paeds.org.au/surveillance-and-research/kawasaki-disease

  PAEDS has conducted national surveillance of Kawasaki disease (KD) since January 2019. […] Kawasaki disease and Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally associated with SARS-COV-2 (PIMS-TS) surveillance is also important in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #38 Coronary Artery Involvement Following Kawasaki Disease: A Case Report of a 5 Month Old African Infant

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/iacvd/international-archives-of-cardiovascular-diseases-iacvd-3-025.php?jid=iacvd

  Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis which progresses to cause coronary artery abnormalities as a complication. Echocardiographic and cardiac angiographic data indicate that 20-40% of untreated KD patients develop coronary artery abnormalities. […] KD has a universal distribution and has been found in children of different ethnicities worldwide. Its prevalence is higher in Asian countries such as Japan, where the annual incidence is 264 per 100,000 children and low in non Asian countries. Children aged 6 months to 5 years are most susceptible, with peak incidence in children aged 9-11 months. […] Although, there is plenty of data on KD in the rest of the world, there is no available data in the African region. This case report reminds clinicians to have high index of suspicion for KD in Uganda and the rest of the African region.

• #39 EM@3AM: Kawasaki Disease – emDocs

  https://www.emdocs.net/em3am-kawasaki-disease/

  Epidemiology: […] Occurs most commonly in those between the ages 6 months to 5 years of age, with peak at 18-24 months. […] Highest rate of incidence in children of East Asian and Pacific Islander descent. […] The most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. […] Coronary arteritis and coronary artery aneurysms occur in up to 30% of untreated children, and up to 5-7% of treated children. […] Originally described in Japan by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, who noticed 50+ similar pediatric presentations between the years 1961 and 1967. Upon further research in the 1970’s, retrospective data from autopsies of those patients showed coronary aneurysms. […] […] […] Kawasaki disease most commonly affects children < 5 years. [...] It is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in resource-rich areas of the world, surpassing rheumatic heart disease. [...] It has a slight male predominance. [...] Management of Kawasaki disease includes high-dose aspirin and intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). [...] Patients should be admitted to the hospital and cardiology consulted early in their course.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201106/Children-with-Kawasaki-Disease-at-increased-risk-for-cardiovascular-events-10-years-later.aspx

  New research shows that children with Kawasaki Disease remain at an increased risk for cardiovascular events more than 10 years after hospitalization for their condition, highlighting the need for long-term heart disease surveillance and risk reduction strategies for these young patients. […] Researchers in Ontario, Canada noticed that the incidence of KD has significantly increased in their province over the past two decades. However, the risk of long-term cardiovascular events after childhood KD diagnosis remains unknown. […] They determined the rates of cardiovascular events, major adverse cardiac events (such as heart attack or stroke) and death, comparing children who had KD with those who were not exposed to the disease. […] They found that, among 4,597 KD survivors, 746 or 16.2% experienced cardiovascular events compared with 5.2% of children without the disease.

• #41 Imperative for long-term management and surveillance in Kawasaki disease

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v13/i4/99637.htm

  Kawasaki disease (KD) is a significant pediatric vasculitis known for its potential to cause severe coronary artery complications. […] This editorial emphasizes the critical need for long-term management and regular surveillance to prevent such complications. […] Kawasaki disease management requires ongoing surveillance due to the risk of severe coronary artery complications. Consistent follow-up and preventive care are essential for reducing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in Kawasaki disease patients. […] To optimize patient outcomes, it is crucial to clearly define which patients should be selected for long-term surveillance. […] Evidence suggests that all patients with coronary artery aneurysms, regardless of size, should be considered for monitoring, but the criteria should be refined further, particularly for those with specific coronary artery aneurysms diameters or additional risk factors.

• #42 Epidemiology and risk factors for resistance to treatment of Kawasaki disease in Cyprus | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-27694-1

  Kawasaki disease (KD) is one of the most common vasculitides of early childhood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of KD in Cyprus, risk factors for resistance to treatment and the development of cardiac complications. This is a retrospective multicenter study of pediatric patients with KD hospitalized between January 2000 and December 2019. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of KD in Cyprus population were similar to those reported in the literature. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the burden, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease in the Cyprus population between 2000 and 2019. The epidemiology of the disease in our country has similar characteristics with the previous studies in other countries especially those sharing the same climatic conditions such as Spain and Greece. The majority of children with KD in Cyprus presented with changes of the lips/oral cavity (89%), which is in accordance with reports from other countries. The rate for incomplete cases in our population was 31%, which is consistent with the rate found in a study in the Spanish population but differs from the rate in a study from Japan where the rate of incomplete disease was only 10%. The rate of responsiveness to the first dose of IVIG administered is high (84%) similar to other countries in Europe. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that four laboratory parameters on admission i.e. sodium133 mmol/L, albumin3.2 g/dl, ALT80 U/L and the percentage of neutrophils80% were positively associated with non-responsiveness to IVIG. In our population, the rate of developing CAAs was similar to results from other European countries, such as Greece and North Italy. This retrospective study was the first report on KD in Cyprus. Overall, the epidemiology of the disease seems to be in accordance with other studies in Europe.

• #43 Kawasaki disease | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kawasaki-disease?lang=us

  Japan has the highest incidence in the world, with an annual incidence of 3 per 1000 children under the age of four years. Worldwide, it is the most common vasculitis in children. It is slightly more common in males with a M:F ratio of 1.4:1. […] It is more common in siblings; ~3% of siblings will be diagnosed with Kawasaki. This equates to a ten-fold increased risk in a sibling. It is also more likely in children of affected parents, although no genetic link has been identified. […] In the United States, it is most commonly seen in children of Asian ethnicity, in particular, Japanese, but less commonly in the Black population and least commonly in the White population. […] Since April 2020, rare cases of a Kawasaki-like disorder have been reported in critically-ill children who are COVID-19 positive. A true causative association between SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, and Kawasaki disease has not been established as yet.

• #44 COVID-19, Kawasaki Disease (KD) and PIMS-TS in children | PAEDS

  https://paeds.org.au/covid-19-kawasaki-disease-kd-and-pims-ts-children

  The Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) network, in conjunction with the Acute Inflammatory Vasculitis Working Group that currently conducts surveillance for Kawasaki Disease (KD) across Australia, has recently provided expert advice to the Australian Health Protection Principal Committee (AHPPC) on a newly described condition being reported to be potentially linked to COVID-19 infection in children in the UK, Europe and the USA. […] PAEDS conducts surveillance for PIMS-TS/MIS-C in Australia, and collaborates with other networks, both nationally and internationally, to ensure any cases of PIMS-TS/MIS-C are rapidly detected and comprehensively investigated. […] A list of all PAEDS sites that participate in surveillance for these conditions is available here, and specialists can be reached via the respective hospital switchboards.

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