Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  The prevalence of Addison disease is 40-60 cases per 1 million population. […] The occurrence of Addison disease is rare. The reported prevalence in countries where data are available is 39 cases per 1 million population in Great Britain and 60 cases per 1 million population in Denmark. A study by Olafsson and Sigurjonsdottir found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Iceland to be 22.1 per 100,000 population. […] A study by Hong et al found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Korea to be 4.17 per 1 million population. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with Addison disease usually are due to failure or delay in making the diagnosis or a failure to institute adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. […] If not treated promptly, acute addisonian crisis may result in death. This may be provoked either de novo, such as by adrenal hemorrhage, or in the setting of an acute event superimposed on chronic or inadequately treated adrenocortical insufficiency.

• #2 Addison’s Disease – Endocrinology Advisor

  https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/addisons-disease/

  In the general population, Addisons disease occurs in 1 in 5000 to 1 in 7000 individuals. Estimates of the prevalence vary by country; the differences may be due to genetic variation, environmental factors, and differences in each countrys diagnostic capabilities and medical database quality. Recent evidence suggests the prevalence of Addisons disease is increasing, particularly in women, perhaps due to an increased predisposition to autoimmune disease. […] Adrenal crises are relatively rare, with an estimated incidence of 5 to 10 cases per 100 patient-years. Approximately 40% of patients with Addisons disease experience at least 1 adrenal crisis during their lifetime, and 20% experience more than 1.

• #3 Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-primary-adrenal-insufficiency-addison-disease

  When Thomas Addison described the disease that now bears his name, bilateral adrenal destruction by tuberculosis was its most common cause. Now tuberculosis accounts for only 7 to 20 percent of cases; autoimmune disease is responsible for 70 to 90 percent, with the remainder being caused by other infectious diseases, replacement by metastatic cancer or lymphoma, adrenal hemorrhage or infarction, or drugs. The prevalence of Addison disease in Western countries has been estimated at 35 to 60 per million, but three studies indicate it may be as high as 144 per million. […] Disseminated tuberculous or fungal infections are still a major cause of adrenal insufficiency in populations with a high prevalence of these diseases, but as tuberculosis has been better controlled, the overall incidence of Addison disease has decreased.

• #4 Addison Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441994/

  Addison’s disease is rare, with an incidence of .6 per 100,000 of the population annually. The total number of people affected by this condition at a given time ranges from 4 to 11 per 100,000 of the population. […] In adults, the typical age of Addison disease presentation is 30 to 50 years and is more frequently seen in women. Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison’s disease, which is the most common type, include other autoimmune conditions: Type I diabetes, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Pernicious anemia, Graves’ disease, Chronic thyroiditis, Dermatis herpetiformis, Vitiligo, Myasthenia gravis.

• #5 An Overview of Addison Disease – Clinical Advisor

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/an-overview-of-addison-disease/

  The prevalence of AD in the US is estimated at 100 to 140 cases per 1,000,000 people, with an increasing incidence rate of 4.4 to 6.2 new cases per 1,000,000 people per year. Approximately 80% of AD cases are because of autoimmune etiology with the remaining 20% resulting from infectious processes, genetics, adrenal hemorrhage, surgical complications (adrenalectomy), or medication side effects. […] The insidious onset of AD can pose a challenge in early diagnosis. Clinicians in primary care are often the most accessible to patients and play a crucial role in the early detection and treatment of this condition. Although rare, AD should remain on the differential with patients presenting with weight loss, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, fatigue, and electrolyte disturbances, such as hyponatremia and hypokalemia. By remaining suspicious, being proactive, and providing education, primary care providers can assist patients in avoiding adrenal crises and maintaining adequate quality of life, which leads to improved patient outcomes.

• #6 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  The prevalence of Addison disease is 40-60 cases per 1 million population. […] The occurrence of Addison disease is rare. The reported prevalence in countries where data are available is 39 cases per 1 million population in Great Britain and 60 cases per 1 million population in Denmark. A study by Olafsson and Sigurjonsdottir found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Iceland to be 22.1 per 100,000 population. […] A study by Hong et al found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Korea to be 4.17 per 1 million population. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with Addison disease usually are due to failure or delay in making the diagnosis or a failure to institute adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. […] If not treated promptly, acute addisonian crisis may result in death. This may be provoked either de novo, such as by adrenal hemorrhage, or in the setting of an acute event superimposed on chronic or inadequately treated adrenocortical insufficiency.

• #7 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  The prevalence of Addison disease is 40-60 cases per 1 million population. […] The occurrence of Addison disease is rare. The reported prevalence in countries where data are available is 39 cases per 1 million population in Great Britain and 60 cases per 1 million population in Denmark. A study by Olafsson and Sigurjonsdottir found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Iceland to be 22.1 per 100,000 population. […] A study by Hong et al found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Korea to be 4.17 per 1 million population. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with Addison disease usually are due to failure or delay in making the diagnosis or a failure to institute adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. […] If not treated promptly, acute addisonian crisis may result in death. This may be provoked either de novo, such as by adrenal hemorrhage, or in the setting of an acute event superimposed on chronic or inadequately treated adrenocortical insufficiency.

• #8

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/addisons-disease/

  About 9,000 people in the UK have Addison’s disease, with over 300 new cases diagnosed each year. […] It’s not clear why this happens, but it’s responsible for 70% to 90% of cases in the UK. […] If you have Addison’s disease, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service (NCARDRS).

• #9 Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison’s Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/adrenal-insufficiency-and-addisons-disease

  Primary insufficiency or Addison’s disease – this is a relatively rare condition: The prevalence was thought to be around 50 per 1 million people in Western Europe and the USA, but recent estimates are higher at around 120 per 1 million and increasing, possibly due to increased recognition. […] 8,400 people are currently diagnosed with Addison’s disease in the UK. […] The annual incidence of Addison’s disease is 4 in 1,000,000 people in Western populations. […] Addison’s disease can affect all age groups, but the most common onset is at 30-50 years of age. […] More women than men are affected.

• #10 Addison’s Disease – Endocrinology Advisor

  https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/addisons-disease/

  In the general population, Addisons disease occurs in 1 in 5000 to 1 in 7000 individuals. Estimates of the prevalence vary by country; the differences may be due to genetic variation, environmental factors, and differences in each countrys diagnostic capabilities and medical database quality. Recent evidence suggests the prevalence of Addisons disease is increasing, particularly in women, perhaps due to an increased predisposition to autoimmune disease. […] Adrenal crises are relatively rare, with an estimated incidence of 5 to 10 cases per 100 patient-years. Approximately 40% of patients with Addisons disease experience at least 1 adrenal crisis during their lifetime, and 20% experience more than 1.

• #11 Epidemiology of Adrenal Insufficiency Among Elderly Patients in a Convalescent Care Unit and One Year Outcome – European Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology

  https://ejgg.org/articles/doi/ejgg.galenos.2020.342

  Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology, pattern of comorbidity and one-year outcome among elderly people after their initial diagnosis of AI. […] Epidemiological studies about AI among the elderly population are limited. Contributing factors and the signs and symptoms of AI are not well studied. […] The incidence of AI in elderly subjects is on the rising trend, yet, it is easily unrecognized; this study highlights the importance of infection that contributes to AI development and the non-specific presentation of this disease in older population. […] A study in Taiwan reported an increasing incidence of all-cause AI over a 13-year period of 6.4 to 15.2/105. This can be attributed by an ageing population, increasing incidence of underlying diseases that lead to AI and perhaps, better diagnostic ability.

• #12 Addison Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441994/

  Addison’s disease is rare, with an incidence of .6 per 100,000 of the population annually. The total number of people affected by this condition at a given time ranges from 4 to 11 per 100,000 of the population. […] In adults, the typical age of Addison disease presentation is 30 to 50 years and is more frequently seen in women. Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison’s disease, which is the most common type, include other autoimmune conditions: Type I diabetes, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Pernicious anemia, Graves’ disease, Chronic thyroiditis, Dermatis herpetiformis, Vitiligo, Myasthenia gravis.

• #13 Addison’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_disease

  Addison’s disease affects about 9 to 14 per 100,000 people in the developed world. […] The frequency rate of Addison’s disease in the human population is sometimes estimated at one in 100,000. Some put the number closer to 40144 cases per million population (1/25,0001/7,000). Addison’s can affect persons of any age, sex, or ethnicity, but it typically presents in adults between 30 and 50 years of age. Research has shown no significant predispositions based on ethnicity. […] About 70% of Addison’s disease diagnoses occur due to autoimmune reactions, which cause damage to the adrenal cortex.

• #14 Addison’s disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Addison%27s_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of Addison’s disease in the human population is estimated to be roughly 4-12 persons per 100,000 persons. The incidence of Addison’s disease is approximately 0.6 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Addison’s disease can affect any age range. Addison’s disease occurs more frequently in females as compared to males with a ratio of 12.3 to 1. […] The prevalence of Addison’s disease in the human population is sometimes estimated at roughly 4-12 people per 100,000 persons. […] The incidence Addison’s disease is approximately 0.6 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Addison disease can affect any age range. […] Addison’s disease typically presents in adults between 30 and 50 years of age as most are often diagnosed with autoimmune-associated diseases. […] Addison’s disease occur more frequently in females as compared to males with a ratio of 12.3 to 1. […] There is no racial predilection to Addison’s disease. […] Addison’s disease may be more common in areas where systemic fungal infections such as histoplasmosis can cause destruction of the adrenal cortex by disseminated infection or secondary to antifungal medications.

• #15 Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-primary-adrenal-insufficiency-addison-disease

  Patients who develop isolated autoimmune adrenal insufficiency during the first two decades of life are predominately male (71 percent), whereas those diagnosed during the third decade are equally male and female, and those diagnosed thereafter are predominately female (81 percent). […] The first evidence of autoimmune adrenal insufficiency is usually an increase in plasma renin activity in association with a normal or low serum aldosterone concentration, suggesting that the zona glomerulosa is involved initially.

• #16 Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-primary-adrenal-insufficiency-addison-disease

  Patients who develop isolated autoimmune adrenal insufficiency during the first two decades of life are predominately male (71 percent), whereas those diagnosed during the third decade are equally male and female, and those diagnosed thereafter are predominately female (81 percent). […] The first evidence of autoimmune adrenal insufficiency is usually an increase in plasma renin activity in association with a normal or low serum aldosterone concentration, suggesting that the zona glomerulosa is involved initially.

• #17 Adrenal Insufficiency | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17241

  As many as 144 million individuals in the developed world may have Addison disease. When treated properly, patients can have a roughly normal lifespan. Untreated patients have a high mortality rate. […] The autoimmune form of adrenal insufficiency has a male-female predisposition based on the type of autoimmune condition. Females are more likely to have a polyglandular form, while isolated adrenal damage is more common in males in the first two decades. By the fourth decade, the isolated form is more common in women. […] Due to the diverse causes of adrenal insufficiency, no distinct group of individuals is at increased risk of disease. […] The epidemiology of adrenal insufficiency in children is not well-defined. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common etiology of primary adrenal insufficiency in children, occurring once in 14,200 live births.

• #18 Addison’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_disease

  Addison’s disease affects about 9 to 14 per 100,000 people in the developed world. […] The frequency rate of Addison’s disease in the human population is sometimes estimated at one in 100,000. Some put the number closer to 40144 cases per million population (1/25,0001/7,000). Addison’s can affect persons of any age, sex, or ethnicity, but it typically presents in adults between 30 and 50 years of age. Research has shown no significant predispositions based on ethnicity. […] About 70% of Addison’s disease diagnoses occur due to autoimmune reactions, which cause damage to the adrenal cortex.

• #19

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-017-1441-z

  The heritability of AAD appears to be very high, emphasizing the need for further research on the genetic etiology of the disease. […] AAD is most common in the Nordic countries, but it is still a rare disease with published prevalence estimates ranging from 14.4 per 100,000 in Norway to 22.1 per 100,000 in Iceland. […] The prevalence in Sweden appears to be similar to that in Norway with one study identifying 1305 patients in a population of 9 million. […] Familial aggregation of AAD is evident from previous studies. […] In a cohort of 660 Norwegian patients with AAD, 10% had another family member (first to third-degree relative) with AAD and in a Swedish study, 6.4% of the patients with AAD without APS-1 reported having a family member (sibling, parent, child, or relative) with AAD.

• #20 Addison Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441994/

  Addison’s disease is rare, with an incidence of .6 per 100,000 of the population annually. The total number of people affected by this condition at a given time ranges from 4 to 11 per 100,000 of the population. […] In adults, the typical age of Addison disease presentation is 30 to 50 years and is more frequently seen in women. Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison’s disease, which is the most common type, include other autoimmune conditions: Type I diabetes, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Pernicious anemia, Graves’ disease, Chronic thyroiditis, Dermatis herpetiformis, Vitiligo, Myasthenia gravis.

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/addisons-disease/

  About 9,000 people in the UK have Addison’s disease, with over 300 new cases diagnosed each year. […] It’s not clear why this happens, but it’s responsible for 70% to 90% of cases in the UK. […] If you have Addison’s disease, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service (NCARDRS).

• #22 Addison Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441994/

  Addison’s disease is rare, with an incidence of .6 per 100,000 of the population annually. The total number of people affected by this condition at a given time ranges from 4 to 11 per 100,000 of the population. […] In adults, the typical age of Addison disease presentation is 30 to 50 years and is more frequently seen in women. Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison’s disease, which is the most common type, include other autoimmune conditions: Type I diabetes, Hypoparathyroidism, Hypopituitarism, Pernicious anemia, Graves’ disease, Chronic thyroiditis, Dermatis herpetiformis, Vitiligo, Myasthenia gravis.

• #23 Addison’s Disease

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Endo/Adrenal/AdsnsDs.htm

  Addison’s Disease Prevalence: 1 per 20,000 in U.S. and western europe […] At least one comorbid Autoimmune Condition accompanies Addison Disease in 50% of cases. […] Addison Disease may present in those with Type I Diabetes as decreased Insulin requirements and Hypoglycemia.

• #24 Schmidt Syndrome and Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2 | Johns Hopkins Diabetes Guide

  https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_Diabetes_Guide/547131/all/Schmidt_Syndrome_and_Autoimmune_Polyendocrine_Syndrome_Type_2

  APS-2 is the most common autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome. It has a prevalence of 1:20,000 in the general population, an annual incidence of 1-2:100,000 and a 3:1 ratio of females to males affected. […] In patients with APS-2, autoimmune thyroid disease is present in 70-75%, T1DM in 40-60% and Addisons disease in 40-50%. […] The mode of inheritance is complex as it is a polygenic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance and incomplete penetrance. […] Associated with genes coding for protein that regulate the adaptive and innate immune system, mainly HLA genes. HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4, and non HLA genes, MICA5.1, CTLA-4, PTPN22, BACH, VTNR and the CD25-IL-2 receptor have been associated. Environmental risk factors may also contribute. […] Among patients with T1DM, 1% of patients have Addisons disease, whereas 2-5% have autoimmune thyroid disease (mainly hypothyroidism) and up to 5% have celiac disease. Up to 33% may have thyroid autoantibodies and 12% have transglutaminase autoantibodies.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-017-1441-z

  With an estimated heritability of 0.97 (95% CI 0.880.99) our data indicate strong genetic influence on the occurrence of disease. […] Probandwise concordance among MZ twins was estimated at 0.71 (95% CI 0.400.90). […] The difference in APS-2 concordance between MZ and DZ twins was statistically significant with an incidence rate ratio of 15 (95% CI 1.8116) using Poisson regression on the number of concordant diagnoses within the twin pairs. […] In summary, we demonstrate strong heritability for AAD, underscoring that many risk alleles remain to be identified.

• #26 Familial associations for Addison’s disease and between Addison’s disease and other autoimmune diseases in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 11 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/11/EC-20-0328.xml

  The familial risk for AD was very high implicating genetic etiology, which for juvenile siblings may be ascribed to APS-1. The adult part of sibling risk was probably contributed by recessive polygenic inheritance. AD was associated with many common AIDs; some of these were known co-morbidities in AD patients while some other appeared to more specific for a familial setting. […] Due to the sparsity of population-based family studies in AD, we used Swedish hospital data to characterize familial clustering of concordant (between AD) and discordant (AD and other AIDs). […] The present nation-wide study covered a rare AID, which accounted for 0.4% of all hospitalized AIDs in Sweden. Familial AD accounted for 3.6% among all AD patients. We provided novel population-based familial risk estimates, which were very high, 41.49, and equal for men and women.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-017-1441-z

  The heritability of AAD appears to be very high, emphasizing the need for further research on the genetic etiology of the disease. […] AAD is most common in the Nordic countries, but it is still a rare disease with published prevalence estimates ranging from 14.4 per 100,000 in Norway to 22.1 per 100,000 in Iceland. […] The prevalence in Sweden appears to be similar to that in Norway with one study identifying 1305 patients in a population of 9 million. […] Familial aggregation of AAD is evident from previous studies. […] In a cohort of 660 Norwegian patients with AAD, 10% had another family member (first to third-degree relative) with AAD and in a Swedish study, 6.4% of the patients with AAD without APS-1 reported having a family member (sibling, parent, child, or relative) with AAD.

• #28 Addison’s Disease – Endocrinology Advisor

  https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/addisons-disease/

  In the general population, Addisons disease occurs in 1 in 5000 to 1 in 7000 individuals. Estimates of the prevalence vary by country; the differences may be due to genetic variation, environmental factors, and differences in each countrys diagnostic capabilities and medical database quality. Recent evidence suggests the prevalence of Addisons disease is increasing, particularly in women, perhaps due to an increased predisposition to autoimmune disease. […] Adrenal crises are relatively rare, with an estimated incidence of 5 to 10 cases per 100 patient-years. Approximately 40% of patients with Addisons disease experience at least 1 adrenal crisis during their lifetime, and 20% experience more than 1.

• #29 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  The prevalence of Addison disease is 40-60 cases per 1 million population. […] The occurrence of Addison disease is rare. The reported prevalence in countries where data are available is 39 cases per 1 million population in Great Britain and 60 cases per 1 million population in Denmark. A study by Olafsson and Sigurjonsdottir found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Iceland to be 22.1 per 100,000 population. […] A study by Hong et al found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Korea to be 4.17 per 1 million population. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with Addison disease usually are due to failure or delay in making the diagnosis or a failure to institute adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. […] If not treated promptly, acute addisonian crisis may result in death. This may be provoked either de novo, such as by adrenal hemorrhage, or in the setting of an acute event superimposed on chronic or inadequately treated adrenocortical insufficiency.

• #30 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The burden and management of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in Africa have not been well documented. […] The likely causes of PAI in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) vs the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions included autoimmune disease (20% vs 60.3%; P0.001), tuberculosis (34% vs 4.1%; P0.001), AIDS (29.8% vs 1%; P0.001), malignancy, and genetic conditions. […] Sixteen percent of AD patients (376/2302) presented in an adrenal crisis. […] Through the perception and practice of healthcare professionals, we identified significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of PAI which may herald high mortality. […] The estimated prevalence of PAI in South Africa is three per million, in contrast to Western countries in which prevalence estimates vary from 30 per million to 221 per million.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-017-1441-z

  The heritability of AAD appears to be very high, emphasizing the need for further research on the genetic etiology of the disease. […] AAD is most common in the Nordic countries, but it is still a rare disease with published prevalence estimates ranging from 14.4 per 100,000 in Norway to 22.1 per 100,000 in Iceland. […] The prevalence in Sweden appears to be similar to that in Norway with one study identifying 1305 patients in a population of 9 million. […] Familial aggregation of AAD is evident from previous studies. […] In a cohort of 660 Norwegian patients with AAD, 10% had another family member (first to third-degree relative) with AAD and in a Swedish study, 6.4% of the patients with AAD without APS-1 reported having a family member (sibling, parent, child, or relative) with AAD.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-017-1441-z

  The heritability of AAD appears to be very high, emphasizing the need for further research on the genetic etiology of the disease. […] AAD is most common in the Nordic countries, but it is still a rare disease with published prevalence estimates ranging from 14.4 per 100,000 in Norway to 22.1 per 100,000 in Iceland. […] The prevalence in Sweden appears to be similar to that in Norway with one study identifying 1305 patients in a population of 9 million. […] Familial aggregation of AAD is evident from previous studies. […] In a cohort of 660 Norwegian patients with AAD, 10% had another family member (first to third-degree relative) with AAD and in a Swedish study, 6.4% of the patients with AAD without APS-1 reported having a family member (sibling, parent, child, or relative) with AAD.

• #33 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The burden and management of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in Africa have not been well documented. […] The likely causes of PAI in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) vs the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions included autoimmune disease (20% vs 60.3%; P0.001), tuberculosis (34% vs 4.1%; P0.001), AIDS (29.8% vs 1%; P0.001), malignancy, and genetic conditions. […] Sixteen percent of AD patients (376/2302) presented in an adrenal crisis. […] Through the perception and practice of healthcare professionals, we identified significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of PAI which may herald high mortality. […] The estimated prevalence of PAI in South Africa is three per million, in contrast to Western countries in which prevalence estimates vary from 30 per million to 221 per million.

• #34 Addison’s disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison%27s_disease

  Addison’s disease affects about 9 to 14 per 100,000 people in the developed world. […] The frequency rate of Addison’s disease in the human population is sometimes estimated at one in 100,000. Some put the number closer to 40144 cases per million population (1/25,0001/7,000). Addison’s can affect persons of any age, sex, or ethnicity, but it typically presents in adults between 30 and 50 years of age. Research has shown no significant predispositions based on ethnicity. […] About 70% of Addison’s disease diagnoses occur due to autoimmune reactions, which cause damage to the adrenal cortex.

• #35 Types of Adrenal Insufficiency – AIC Adrenal Insufficiency Coalition

  https://www.adrenalinsufficiency.org/what-is-adrenal-insufficiency/types-of-adrenal-insufficiency/

  Primary adrenal insufficiency develops in about 4 of 100,000 persons annually (= incidence), and studies report between 82-144 cases per one million of the population (= prevalence). It occurs in all age groups and about equally in each sex. […] Approx. 80% of cases of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries are caused by autoimmune adrenalitis, also called Addisons disease. […] Tuberculosis (TB) accounts for about 10-15% of cases of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries (the percentage in developing countries or among immigrant populations is much higher). […] Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs more frequently than primary adrenal insufficiency, with a prevalence of 150280 per one million of the population.

• #36 Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-primary-adrenal-insufficiency-addison-disease

  When Thomas Addison described the disease that now bears his name, bilateral adrenal destruction by tuberculosis was its most common cause. Now tuberculosis accounts for only 7 to 20 percent of cases; autoimmune disease is responsible for 70 to 90 percent, with the remainder being caused by other infectious diseases, replacement by metastatic cancer or lymphoma, adrenal hemorrhage or infarction, or drugs. The prevalence of Addison disease in Western countries has been estimated at 35 to 60 per million, but three studies indicate it may be as high as 144 per million. […] Disseminated tuberculous or fungal infections are still a major cause of adrenal insufficiency in populations with a high prevalence of these diseases, but as tuberculosis has been better controlled, the overall incidence of Addison disease has decreased.

• #37 Types of Adrenal Insufficiency – AIC Adrenal Insufficiency Coalition

  https://www.adrenalinsufficiency.org/what-is-adrenal-insufficiency/types-of-adrenal-insufficiency/

  Primary adrenal insufficiency develops in about 4 of 100,000 persons annually (= incidence), and studies report between 82-144 cases per one million of the population (= prevalence). It occurs in all age groups and about equally in each sex. […] Approx. 80% of cases of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries are caused by autoimmune adrenalitis, also called Addisons disease. […] Tuberculosis (TB) accounts for about 10-15% of cases of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries (the percentage in developing countries or among immigrant populations is much higher). […] Secondary adrenal insufficiency occurs more frequently than primary adrenal insufficiency, with a prevalence of 150280 per one million of the population.

• #38 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The burden and management of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in Africa have not been well documented. […] The likely causes of PAI in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) vs the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions included autoimmune disease (20% vs 60.3%; P0.001), tuberculosis (34% vs 4.1%; P0.001), AIDS (29.8% vs 1%; P0.001), malignancy, and genetic conditions. […] Sixteen percent of AD patients (376/2302) presented in an adrenal crisis. […] Through the perception and practice of healthcare professionals, we identified significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of PAI which may herald high mortality. […] The estimated prevalence of PAI in South Africa is three per million, in contrast to Western countries in which prevalence estimates vary from 30 per million to 221 per million.

• #39 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The burden and management of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in Africa have not been well documented. […] The likely causes of PAI in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) vs the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions included autoimmune disease (20% vs 60.3%; P0.001), tuberculosis (34% vs 4.1%; P0.001), AIDS (29.8% vs 1%; P0.001), malignancy, and genetic conditions. […] Sixteen percent of AD patients (376/2302) presented in an adrenal crisis. […] Through the perception and practice of healthcare professionals, we identified significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of PAI which may herald high mortality. […] The estimated prevalence of PAI in South Africa is three per million, in contrast to Western countries in which prevalence estimates vary from 30 per million to 221 per million.

• #40 Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-primary-adrenal-insufficiency-addison-disease

  When Thomas Addison described the disease that now bears his name, bilateral adrenal destruction by tuberculosis was its most common cause. Now tuberculosis accounts for only 7 to 20 percent of cases; autoimmune disease is responsible for 70 to 90 percent, with the remainder being caused by other infectious diseases, replacement by metastatic cancer or lymphoma, adrenal hemorrhage or infarction, or drugs. The prevalence of Addison disease in Western countries has been estimated at 35 to 60 per million, but three studies indicate it may be as high as 144 per million. […] Disseminated tuberculous or fungal infections are still a major cause of adrenal insufficiency in populations with a high prevalence of these diseases, but as tuberculosis has been better controlled, the overall incidence of Addison disease has decreased.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-017-1441-z

  With an estimated heritability of 0.97 (95% CI 0.880.99) our data indicate strong genetic influence on the occurrence of disease. […] Probandwise concordance among MZ twins was estimated at 0.71 (95% CI 0.400.90). […] The difference in APS-2 concordance between MZ and DZ twins was statistically significant with an incidence rate ratio of 15 (95% CI 1.8116) using Poisson regression on the number of concordant diagnoses within the twin pairs. […] In summary, we demonstrate strong heritability for AAD, underscoring that many risk alleles remain to be identified.

• #42 Familial associations for Addison’s disease and between Addison’s disease and other autoimmune diseases in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 11 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/11/EC-20-0328.xml

  A surprising finding was that most familial cases (54/62) were siblings rather than offspring of affected parents. The sibling risk was remarkably high, reaching 909 for the youngest singleton siblings but remaining as high as 32 in those diagnosed past age 29 years. The risk for twins was 323, and all but one twin were diagnosed past age 29 years. […] In summary, we found a very high familial risk for AD, particularly among siblings. The juvenile component of the risk could be ascribed to ASP-1. The adult component of sibling risk was probably contributed to by polygenic inheritance. AD was associated with many common AIDs, some of which were known co-morbidities in AD patients. Significant familial associations were also found for rare AIDs, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, polymyalgia rheumatica and Sjogren’s syndrome.

• #43 Familial associations for Addison’s disease and between Addison’s disease and other autoimmune diseases in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 11 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/11/EC-20-0328.xml

  Addisons disease (AD) is a rare autoimmune disease (AID) of the adrenal cortex, present as an isolated AD or part of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APSs) 1 and 2. […] Although AD patients present with a number of AID co-morbidities, population-based family studies are scarce, and we aimed to carry out an unbiased study on AD and related AIDs. […] The number of AD patients was 2852, which accounted for 0.4% of all hospitalized AIDs. A total of 62 persons (3.6%) were diagnosed with familial AD. The SIR for siblings was remarkably high, reaching 909 for singleton siblings diagnosed before age 10 years. It was 32 in those diagnosed past age 29 years and the risk for twins was 323. SIR was 9.44 for offspring of affected parents. AD was associated with 11 other AIDs, including thyroid AIDs and type 1 diabetes and some rarer AIDs such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, polymyalgia rheumatica and Sjogren’s syndrome.

• #44 Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/causes-of-primary-adrenal-insufficiency-addison-disease

  Patients who develop isolated autoimmune adrenal insufficiency during the first two decades of life are predominately male (71 percent), whereas those diagnosed during the third decade are equally male and female, and those diagnosed thereafter are predominately female (81 percent). […] The first evidence of autoimmune adrenal insufficiency is usually an increase in plasma renin activity in association with a normal or low serum aldosterone concentration, suggesting that the zona glomerulosa is involved initially.

• #45 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The burden and management of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in Africa have not been well documented. […] The likely causes of PAI in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) vs the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions included autoimmune disease (20% vs 60.3%; P0.001), tuberculosis (34% vs 4.1%; P0.001), AIDS (29.8% vs 1%; P0.001), malignancy, and genetic conditions. […] Sixteen percent of AD patients (376/2302) presented in an adrenal crisis. […] Through the perception and practice of healthcare professionals, we identified significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of PAI which may herald high mortality. […] The estimated prevalence of PAI in South Africa is three per million, in contrast to Western countries in which prevalence estimates vary from 30 per million to 221 per million.

• #46 Addison’s Disease – Endocrinology Advisor

  https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/addisons-disease/

  In the general population, Addisons disease occurs in 1 in 5000 to 1 in 7000 individuals. Estimates of the prevalence vary by country; the differences may be due to genetic variation, environmental factors, and differences in each countrys diagnostic capabilities and medical database quality. Recent evidence suggests the prevalence of Addisons disease is increasing, particularly in women, perhaps due to an increased predisposition to autoimmune disease. […] Adrenal crises are relatively rare, with an estimated incidence of 5 to 10 cases per 100 patient-years. Approximately 40% of patients with Addisons disease experience at least 1 adrenal crisis during their lifetime, and 20% experience more than 1.

• #47 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  The prevalence of Addison disease is 40-60 cases per 1 million population. […] The occurrence of Addison disease is rare. The reported prevalence in countries where data are available is 39 cases per 1 million population in Great Britain and 60 cases per 1 million population in Denmark. A study by Olafsson and Sigurjonsdottir found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Iceland to be 22.1 per 100,000 population. […] A study by Hong et al found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Korea to be 4.17 per 1 million population. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with Addison disease usually are due to failure or delay in making the diagnosis or a failure to institute adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. […] If not treated promptly, acute addisonian crisis may result in death. This may be provoked either de novo, such as by adrenal hemorrhage, or in the setting of an acute event superimposed on chronic or inadequately treated adrenocortical insufficiency.

• #48 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  Even after diagnosis and treatment, the risk of death is more than 2-fold higher in patients with Addison disease. […] A study by Skov et al indicated that females with autoimmune Addison disease are at increased risk of ischemic heart disease, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 2.15 compared with controls. […] A study by Svik et al indicated that persons with autoimmune Addison disease, particularly women, have altered cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarker profiles; the investigators found significant differences in 19 biomarker levels in patients with autoimmune Addison disease compared with controls, the levels of all but one being higher in association with the disease. […] White and Arlt examined the prevalence of and risk factors for adrenal crisis in patients with Addison disease, utilizing a survey of Addison patients in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

• #49 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  The prevalence of Addison disease is 40-60 cases per 1 million population. […] The occurrence of Addison disease is rare. The reported prevalence in countries where data are available is 39 cases per 1 million population in Great Britain and 60 cases per 1 million population in Denmark. A study by Olafsson and Sigurjonsdottir found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Iceland to be 22.1 per 100,000 population. […] A study by Hong et al found the prevalence of primary adrenal insufficiency in Korea to be 4.17 per 1 million population. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with Addison disease usually are due to failure or delay in making the diagnosis or a failure to institute adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. […] If not treated promptly, acute addisonian crisis may result in death. This may be provoked either de novo, such as by adrenal hemorrhage, or in the setting of an acute event superimposed on chronic or inadequately treated adrenocortical insufficiency.

• #50 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  Even after diagnosis and treatment, the risk of death is more than 2-fold higher in patients with Addison disease. […] A study by Skov et al indicated that females with autoimmune Addison disease are at increased risk of ischemic heart disease, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 2.15 compared with controls. […] A study by Svik et al indicated that persons with autoimmune Addison disease, particularly women, have altered cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarker profiles; the investigators found significant differences in 19 biomarker levels in patients with autoimmune Addison disease compared with controls, the levels of all but one being higher in association with the disease. […] White and Arlt examined the prevalence of and risk factors for adrenal crisis in patients with Addison disease, utilizing a survey of Addison patients in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

• #51 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  A study by Chantzichristos et al indicated that in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes, those who also have Addison disease have a higher mortality rate than do those with diabetes alone. […] A study by Vogt et al of women with autoimmune Addison disease found that 10.2% of them developed primary ovarian insufficiency (POI; ie, menopause before age 40 years), with a third of POI cases occurring before age 30 years.

• #52 Addison Disease: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1096911-overview

  A study by Chantzichristos et al indicated that in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes, those who also have Addison disease have a higher mortality rate than do those with diabetes alone. […] A study by Vogt et al of women with autoimmune Addison disease found that 10.2% of them developed primary ovarian insufficiency (POI; ie, menopause before age 40 years), with a third of POI cases occurring before age 30 years.

• #53 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The burden and management of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in Africa have not been well documented. […] The likely causes of PAI in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) vs the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions included autoimmune disease (20% vs 60.3%; P0.001), tuberculosis (34% vs 4.1%; P0.001), AIDS (29.8% vs 1%; P0.001), malignancy, and genetic conditions. […] Sixteen percent of AD patients (376/2302) presented in an adrenal crisis. […] Through the perception and practice of healthcare professionals, we identified significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of PAI which may herald high mortality. […] The estimated prevalence of PAI in South Africa is three per million, in contrast to Western countries in which prevalence estimates vary from 30 per million to 221 per million.

• #54 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The diagnosis of PAI is often delayed by between 3 and 6 months. […] The annual government health spending per capita in SSA ranges from $942 (South Africa) to $32 in (Democratic Republic of Congo), with a median of $109 for all African countries. […] The study has strengths and weaknesses that are worth noting: The main limitation stems from the nature of the study being a physicians survey rather than a patients series. […] This is the first Africa-wide and MENA study of primary adrenal insufficiency, demonstrating that there are substantial barriers to diagnosis and management, and these may likely herald high mortality.

• #55 Addison’s Disease and Adrenal Crisis: A Phenomenological Study of the Patient Experience | Published in Nursing Praxis in Aotearoa New Zealand

  https://www.nursingpraxis.org/article/90846-addison-s-disease-and-adrenal-crisis-a-phenomenological-study-of-the-patient-experience

  This study aimed to investigate the lived experiences and issues central to patients with Addisons disease when they are hospitalised due to an adrenal crisis. […] There is no epidemiology data for Addisons disease in Aotearoa New Zealand, although internationally the prevalence in western countries is estimated to be 118 per million population. […] Increasing awareness and knowledge of healthcare practitioners in primary and secondary settings will improve the rate of diagnosis and reduce the risk of a life-threatening adrenal crisis. […] The experiences of being diagnosed as shared by participants was consistent with other literature. […] The journey to diagnosis is experienced as long and vague with patients encountering multiple healthcare professionals and undertaking multiple interventions.

• #56 Significant barriers to diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency in Africa in: Endocrine Connections Volume 9 Issue 5 (2020)

  https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/9/5/EC-20-0129.xml

  The diagnosis of PAI is often delayed by between 3 and 6 months. […] The annual government health spending per capita in SSA ranges from $942 (South Africa) to $32 in (Democratic Republic of Congo), with a median of $109 for all African countries. […] The study has strengths and weaknesses that are worth noting: The main limitation stems from the nature of the study being a physicians survey rather than a patients series. […] This is the first Africa-wide and MENA study of primary adrenal insufficiency, demonstrating that there are substantial barriers to diagnosis and management, and these may likely herald high mortality.

• #57

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/addisons-disease/

  About 9,000 people in the UK have Addison’s disease, with over 300 new cases diagnosed each year. […] It’s not clear why this happens, but it’s responsible for 70% to 90% of cases in the UK. […] If you have Addison’s disease, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service (NCARDRS).

• #58 Epidemiology of Addison’s disease in the area of banbury, oxfordshire | SFEBES2011 | Society for Endocrinology BES 2011 | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0025/ea0025p307

  Epidemiology of Addison’s disease in the area of banbury, oxfordshire […] Addisons disease (AD) is a rare condition (reported prevalence of 40110 per million) that requires prompt recognition and optimal management to prevent the risks associated with cortisol deficiency. […] To assess the prevalence, presentation and clinical course of patients diagnosed with AD in the geographical area of Banbury in Oxfordshire. […] Amongst a population of 81 225 inhabitants, 15 patients (8 females/7 males) were diagnosed with AD, yielding a prevalence of 185 per million. […] Prevalence of AD in Banbury is higher than described in literature and in line with recent reports suggesting rising of its incidence.

• #59 Epidemiology of Addison’s disease in the area of banbury, oxfordshire | SFEBES2011 | Society for Endocrinology BES 2011 | Endocrine Abstracts

  https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0025/ea0025p307

  Epidemiology of Addison’s disease in the area of banbury, oxfordshire […] Addisons disease (AD) is a rare condition (reported prevalence of 40110 per million) that requires prompt recognition and optimal management to prevent the risks associated with cortisol deficiency. […] To assess the prevalence, presentation and clinical course of patients diagnosed with AD in the geographical area of Banbury in Oxfordshire. […] Amongst a population of 81 225 inhabitants, 15 patients (8 females/7 males) were diagnosed with AD, yielding a prevalence of 185 per million. […] Prevalence of AD in Banbury is higher than described in literature and in line with recent reports suggesting rising of its incidence.

• #60 Addison’s Disease – Endocrinology Advisor

  https://www.endocrinologyadvisor.com/ddi/addisons-disease/

  In the general population, Addisons disease occurs in 1 in 5000 to 1 in 7000 individuals. Estimates of the prevalence vary by country; the differences may be due to genetic variation, environmental factors, and differences in each countrys diagnostic capabilities and medical database quality. Recent evidence suggests the prevalence of Addisons disease is increasing, particularly in women, perhaps due to an increased predisposition to autoimmune disease. […] Adrenal crises are relatively rare, with an estimated incidence of 5 to 10 cases per 100 patient-years. Approximately 40% of patients with Addisons disease experience at least 1 adrenal crisis during their lifetime, and 20% experience more than 1.

• #61 The epidemiology of primary and secondary adrenal malignancies and associated adrenal insufficiency in hospitalised patients: an analysis of hospital admission data, NSW, Australia | BMC Endocrine Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12902-021-00787-6

  Adrenal insufficiency (AI) causes considerable morbidity but may remain undiagnosed in patients with adrenal malignancy (AM). The epidemiology of AI and adrenal crises (AC) in AM is uncertain. […] There were 15,376 hospital admissions with a diagnosis of AM in NSW over the study period, corresponding to 1281 admissions/year. The AM admission rate increased significantly over the study period from 129.9/million to 215.7/million (p0.01). An AI diagnosis was recorded in 182 (1.2%) admissions, corresponding to an average of 2.1/million/year. This rate increased significantly over the years of the study from 1.2/million in 2006 to 3.4/million in 2017 (p0.01). […] Admission with a diagnosis of AM has increased over recent years and has been accompanied by an increase in AI diagnoses. While AI is diagnosed in a small proportion of patients with AM, ACs do occur in affected patients.

• #62 Addison Disease: Early Detection and Treatment Principles | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0401/p563.html

  Primary adrenal insufficiency, or Addison disease, has many causes, the most common of which is autoimmune adrenalitis. In the United States and Western Europe, the estimated prevalence of Addison disease is one in 20,000 persons; therefore, a high clinical suspicion is needed to avoid misdiagnosing a life-threatening adrenal crisis (i.e., shock, hypotension, and volume depletion). […] Because the estimated prevalence of Addison disease is one in 20,000 persons in the United States and Western Europe, a high clinical suspicion is needed to avoid misdiagnosing a life-threatening adrenal crisis.

• #63

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40618-019-01079-6

  Addisons disease (AD) is a rare disorder and among adult population in developed countries is most commonly caused by autoimmunity. […] This review describes epidemiology, pathogenesis, genetics, natural history, clinical manifestations, immunological markers and diagnostic strategies in patients with AD. […] Progress in optimizing replacement therapy for patients with AD has allowed the patients to lead a normal life. […] However, continuous education of patients and health care professionals of ever-present danger of adrenal crisis is essential to save lives of patients with AD. […] High prevalence and increasing incidence of Addisons disease in western Norway. […] Normal overall mortality rate in Addisons disease, but young patients are at risk of premature death. […] Mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus and Addisons disease: a nationwide, matched, observational cohort study.

• #64 Is Addison’s disease genetic? | Decode your DNA and learn your risks!

  https://nebula.org/blog/is-addisons-disease-genetic/?srsltid=AfmBOoqEd0eof9SwzB6tPeGOSKx33cI9ykC11PmT7EB74PZhE4fsFY7p

  According to the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), approximately 1 in 100,000 people in the United States have Addison’s disease. Experts estimate the overall prevalence as 40 to 60 people per million of the general population. However, this number may be inaccurate as there is expected to be many undiagnosed instances in the population. […] The condition affects males and females at the same rate. Although people of any age can develop Addison’s disease, it is most likely to occur in individuals between the ages of 30-50.

• #65 Adrenal crisis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/adrenal-crisis/

  Adrenal crisis is a bit like DKA. It can either be caused by chronic adrenal insufficiency plus a trigger, or it can be caused by acute adrenal insufficiency alone. […] Addison’s disease (may be associated with other autoimmune disorders or endocrinopathies). […] Addison’s disease may initially be misdiagnosed as a psychiatric condition or anorexia nervosa. […] Mineralocorticoid deficiency only occurs in primary adrenal insufficiency (e.g., Addison’s disease), but not in secondary insufficiency (e.g., pituitary dysfunction). […] Aldosterone is deficient only in cases involving failure of the entire adrenal gland (e.g. Addison’s disease).

• #66 Top Published Expert Doctors for Addison Disease

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Addison_Disease

  320 top medical experts on Addison Disease across 45 countries and 27 U.S. states, including 149 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: at least 25 including 1 Active, 14 Completed, 4 Recruiting.

• #67 An Overview of Addison Disease – Clinical Advisor

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/an-overview-of-addison-disease/

  The prevalence of AD in the US is estimated at 100 to 140 cases per 1,000,000 people, with an increasing incidence rate of 4.4 to 6.2 new cases per 1,000,000 people per year. Approximately 80% of AD cases are because of autoimmune etiology with the remaining 20% resulting from infectious processes, genetics, adrenal hemorrhage, surgical complications (adrenalectomy), or medication side effects. […] The insidious onset of AD can pose a challenge in early diagnosis. Clinicians in primary care are often the most accessible to patients and play a crucial role in the early detection and treatment of this condition. Although rare, AD should remain on the differential with patients presenting with weight loss, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, fatigue, and electrolyte disturbances, such as hyponatremia and hypokalemia. By remaining suspicious, being proactive, and providing education, primary care providers can assist patients in avoiding adrenal crises and maintaining adequate quality of life, which leads to improved patient outcomes.

• #68 An Overview of Addison Disease – Clinical Advisor

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/an-overview-of-addison-disease/

  The prevalence of AD in the US is estimated at 100 to 140 cases per 1,000,000 people, with an increasing incidence rate of 4.4 to 6.2 new cases per 1,000,000 people per year. Approximately 80% of AD cases are because of autoimmune etiology with the remaining 20% resulting from infectious processes, genetics, adrenal hemorrhage, surgical complications (adrenalectomy), or medication side effects. […] The insidious onset of AD can pose a challenge in early diagnosis. Clinicians in primary care are often the most accessible to patients and play a crucial role in the early detection and treatment of this condition. Although rare, AD should remain on the differential with patients presenting with weight loss, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, fatigue, and electrolyte disturbances, such as hyponatremia and hypokalemia. By remaining suspicious, being proactive, and providing education, primary care providers can assist patients in avoiding adrenal crises and maintaining adequate quality of life, which leads to improved patient outcomes.

• #69 An Overview of Addison Disease – Clinical Advisor

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/an-overview-of-addison-disease/

  The prevalence of AD in the US is estimated at 100 to 140 cases per 1,000,000 people, with an increasing incidence rate of 4.4 to 6.2 new cases per 1,000,000 people per year. Approximately 80% of AD cases are because of autoimmune etiology with the remaining 20% resulting from infectious processes, genetics, adrenal hemorrhage, surgical complications (adrenalectomy), or medication side effects. […] The insidious onset of AD can pose a challenge in early diagnosis. Clinicians in primary care are often the most accessible to patients and play a crucial role in the early detection and treatment of this condition. Although rare, AD should remain on the differential with patients presenting with weight loss, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, fatigue, and electrolyte disturbances, such as hyponatremia and hypokalemia. By remaining suspicious, being proactive, and providing education, primary care providers can assist patients in avoiding adrenal crises and maintaining adequate quality of life, which leads to improved patient outcomes.

• #70 Epidemiology of Adrenal Insufficiency Among Elderly Patients in a Convalescent Care Unit and One Year Outcome – European Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology

  https://ejgg.org/articles/doi/ejgg.galenos.2020.342

  Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology, pattern of comorbidity and one-year outcome among elderly people after their initial diagnosis of AI. […] Epidemiological studies about AI among the elderly population are limited. Contributing factors and the signs and symptoms of AI are not well studied. […] The incidence of AI in elderly subjects is on the rising trend, yet, it is easily unrecognized; this study highlights the importance of infection that contributes to AI development and the non-specific presentation of this disease in older population. […] A study in Taiwan reported an increasing incidence of all-cause AI over a 13-year period of 6.4 to 15.2/105. This can be attributed by an ageing population, increasing incidence of underlying diseases that lead to AI and perhaps, better diagnostic ability.

• #71 Epidemiology of Adrenal Insufficiency Among Elderly Patients in a Convalescent Care Unit and One Year Outcome – European Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology

  https://ejgg.org/articles/doi/ejgg.galenos.2020.342

  Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology, pattern of comorbidity and one-year outcome among elderly people after their initial diagnosis of AI. […] Epidemiological studies about AI among the elderly population are limited. Contributing factors and the signs and symptoms of AI are not well studied. […] The incidence of AI in elderly subjects is on the rising trend, yet, it is easily unrecognized; this study highlights the importance of infection that contributes to AI development and the non-specific presentation of this disease in older population. […] A study in Taiwan reported an increasing incidence of all-cause AI over a 13-year period of 6.4 to 15.2/105. This can be attributed by an ageing population, increasing incidence of underlying diseases that lead to AI and perhaps, better diagnostic ability.

• #72 Epidemiology of Adrenal Insufficiency Among Elderly Patients in a Convalescent Care Unit and One Year Outcome – European Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology

  https://ejgg.org/articles/doi/ejgg.galenos.2020.342

  The proportion of subjects with AI with age 80 is on the rising trend as reported in a nationwide survey. […] The most common indication for performing SST in our sample population was electrolytes abnormalities. This is one of the alerting sign for the diagnosis of AI. […] Inpatient and one year mortality were high in our study population. 11.6% of our sample died during the index hospitalization while the one year mortality was up to 40%. This reflects the severity of medical problems and the poor health status of our study sample. […] It is suggested that those frail elderly with a low or borderline electrolytes abnormalities and/or unexplained low blood pressure should have screening for AI. […] A certain proportion of elderly people with AI were unrecognized in acute hospital and present non-specifically. Infection of the chest and urinary tract were the most common comorbidity. Hypotension was the most common manifestation of AI among convalescence care elderly patients. Clinicians should be more aware of the signs and symptoms of AI, which is easily overlooked in the elderly population.

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