Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Coccydynia: An Overview of the Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment of Coccyx Pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3963058/

  Despite its small size, the coccyx has several important functions. […] The most common etiology of coccydynia is external or internal trauma. External trauma usually occurs due to a backwards fall, leading to a bruised, dislocated, or broken coccyx. […] Nontraumatic coccydynia can result from a number of causes, including degenerative joint or disc disease, hypermobility or hypomobility of the sacrococcygeal joint, infectious etiology, and variants of coccygeal morphology. […] The classic presentation of coccydynia is localized pain over the coccyx. […] The pain will usually be worse with prolonged sitting, leaning back while seated, prolonged standing, and rising from a seated position. […] Pain may also be present with sexual intercourse or defecation. […] The application of heat and cold over the site also may be beneficial.

• #1 Coccydynia: An Overview of the Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment of Coccyx Pain

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3963058/

  For the few cases that do not respond to these conservative treatments, more aggressive treatments may be indicated. […] Although evidence-based literature supporting the effectiveness of interventional procedures is lacking, many specialists advocate these procedures’ use in cases of chronic coccydynia but without reaching clear consensus on the best site of injection. […] Surgical procedures for the treatment of coccydynia are used only as a last resort once all other treatment options have failed. […] The current literature suggests that a coccygectomy may provide relief in an appropriate subset of patients who have failed all other treatments. […] However, this procedure can be associated with a high complication rate and failure to relieve the pain. […] A multidisciplinary approach employing physical therapy, ergonomic adaptations, medications (NSAIDs), injections, and, possibly, psychotherapy leads to the greatest chance of success in these patients.

• #2 Coccydynia: An Overview of the Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment of Coccyx Pain | Ochsner Journal

  https://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/14/1/84.abstract

  Despite its small size, the coccyx has several important functions. Along with being the insertion site for multiple muscles, ligaments, and tendons, it also serves as one leg of the tripod along with the ischial tuberosities that provides weight-bearing support to a person in the seated position. […] The incidence of coccydynia (pain in the region of the coccyx) has not been reported, but factors associated with increased risk of developing coccydynia include obesity and female gender. […] A multidisciplinary approach employing physical therapy, ergonomic adaptations, medications, injections, and, possibly, psychotherapy leads to the greatest chance of success in patients with refractory coccyx pain. Although new surgical techniques are emerging, more research is needed before their efficacy can be established.

• #2 Coccyx Pain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563139/

  Direct vertical trauma, repetitive microtrauma, and childbirth are common causes of coccyx pain. However, more serious underlying causes must be excluded, such as infections (including both soft tissue abscess and osteomyelitis) or malignancy (including chordoma, which has a high fatality rate). […] The typical presentation of coccydynia is pain localized to the coccyx. […] Coccydynia is typically worse while sitting and especially while sitting in a partly reclined (backward leaning) position. The pain is usually exacerbated by prolonged sitting and cycling. […] Standard radiographs: AP radiographs can reveal coccyx scoliotic (lateral deviation) deformity. […] An increased intercoccygeal angle (increased forward angulation) has been reported as a possible etiology of coccydynia. […] The patients responding best to manual treatments are those with normal coccyx mobility, while those with immobile coccyxes had poor results with manual therapies.

• #3 Tailbone Pain (Coccydynia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10436-coccydynia-tailbone-pain

  Coccydynia is the medical term for tailbone pain (coccyx = tailbone, dynia = pain). Your coccyx (tailbone) is at the very bottom of your spine, and it consists of three to five fused vertebrae (bones). […] There are many reasons why you might develop tailbone pain. Possible tailbone pain causes include: Falls. A bad fall can bruise, break (fracture) or dislocate your tailbone. […] In very rare cases, tailbone pain may be a sign of cancer near your coccyx or metastatic cancer that’s spread to your bones. This is very uncommon. […] Tailbone pain treatment depends on the cause and the severity of your discomfort. Home remedies might be all you need. But if home remedies don’t work, your provider may recommend nonsurgical or surgical treatments. […] In extremely rare instances, your provider may recommend: Partial coccygectomy (removal of part of your coccyx). Total coccygectomy (removal of your entire coccyx). […] Tailbone pain usually goes away on its own in a few days with the help of home remedies and a little bit of patience. It can take a little longer for more severe injuries.

• #3 Coccyx Disorders – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/coccyx-disorders/coccyx-disorders

  Coccyx disorders almost always manifest as pain in the coccyx (coccydynia, coccygodynia). […] The most common causes of coccyx disorders are musculoskeletal. These can be categorized as involving acute trauma and repetitive microtrauma. Acute trauma can involve external (from outside the pelvis) or internal (from inside the pelvis) physical force. […] The persistence of coccydynia following trauma is affected by the interaction between the individual patient’s anatomy (coccygeal size, shape, angulation, and flexibility) and the mechanical forces exerted onto the patient’s coccyx. A common consequence is dynamic instability of the coccyx (excessive movement at the coccygeal joints during weight-bearing while sitting). […] Repetitive microtrauma to the coccyx can occur from activities such as cycling or potentially due to prolonged sitting. Degenerative osteoarthritis of the coccygeal joints and chronic pain may result from years of repetitive microtrauma.

• #4 Tailbone Pain – Coccydynia – Prof. Dr. Erkan Kaptanoğlu

  https://erkankaptanoglu.com/en/diseases/tailbone-pain-coccydynia/

  The tailbone (Coccyx) is composed of 3-5 small bones jointed to the lower end of the sacrum bone at the bottom of the spine. These bones fuse together at around the age of 30. […] Coccydynia is pain in the tailbone, i.e. the coccyx bone. This pain is usually caused by problems with the joint (sacrococcygeal joint) between the coccyx bone and the sacrum bone. It may cause severe discomfort while sitting or leaning on ones back. […] The most common causes of coccydynia are falling and difficult exercises such as extreme cycling and rowing. In these activities, the tailbone may be crushed, broken or dislocated. This causes a painful inflammatory reaction and muscle spasms. In addition, bone growth at the lower end of the sacrum bone, diseases in joints where the bone is joined to the spine, inflammations of the joints, infections, and cancers in this area can also be the cause of coccydynia.

• #4 Coccydynia (AKA Tailbone Pain): What Causes it? How Do I Get better?

  https://www.desertspineandsports.com/coccydynia-aka-tailbone-pain-what-causes-it-how-do-i-get-better/

  Tailbone pain, also called coccydynia or coccygodynia, is pain associated with the coccyx the small triangular shaped bone at the bottom of the spinal column just below the sacrum. […] The most common cause of coccydynia is direct external trauma to the tailbone. This can occur from a fall onto the buttocks causing the coccyx to be bruised, broken, or dislocated. […] Abnormal sacrococcygeal joint movement (both hyper- and hypomobility), osteoarthritis, and bone spurs can all result in coccygeal pain. […] Other rare but serious causes of tailbone pain include infection and malignancy of the coccyx itself or surrounding tissues. […] Injections, guided by fluoroscopy (live x-ray), are typically directed at the sacrococcygeal joint and the ganglion impar and have been shown to provide significant pain relief. […] A recent systematic review of the available literature also found ganglion impar anesthetic blocks to be a successful means of pain control in coccydynia.

• #5 Coccydynia (Tailbone Pain) Causes

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/lower-back-pain/coccydynia-tailbone-pain-causes

  During delivery, the baby’s head passes over the top of the coccyx, and the pressure against the coccyx can sometimes result in injury to the coccygeal structures (the disc, ligaments, and bones). While uncommon, the pressure can also cause a fracture in the coccyx. […] Rarely, coccydynia can be caused by a nearby tumor or infection that puts pressure on the coccyx. […] In rare cases pain will be referred to the coccyx from elsewhere in the spine or pelvis, such as a lumbar herniated disc or degenerative lumbar disc. […] Excessive coccyx movement stresses the sacrococcygeal joint, leading to tailbone pain. […] Hypermobility, or too much movement of the coccyx, puts added stress on the joint between the sacrum and coccyx and on the coccyx itself. Too much mobility can also pull the pelvic floor muscles attached to the coccyx, resulting in tailbone and pelvic pain.

• #5 Coccydynia (Tailbone Pain) Causes

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/lower-back-pain/coccydynia-tailbone-pain-causes

  Limited mobility of the coccyx causes the tailbone to jut outward when sitting and can put increased pressure on the bones and the sacrococcygeal joint. Limited coccyx movement may also result in pelvic floor muscle tension, adding to discomfort. […] In rare cases, part of the sacrococcygeal joint may become dislocated at the front or back of the tailbone, causing coccyx pain.

• #5 Coccydynia (Tailbone Pain) Causes

  https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/lower-back-pain/coccydynia-tailbone-pain-causes

  Direct trauma to the tailbone is the most common cause of coccydynia, and usually leads to inflammation surrounding the coccyx, which contributes to pain and discomfort. […] A direct injury to the coccyx is probably the most common cause of coccydynia. A fall on the tailbone can inflame the ligaments and injure the coccyx or the coccygeal attachment to the sacrum. Coccygeal trauma usually results in a bruised bone, but may also result in a fracture or dislocation either in the front or back of the coccyx. […] Activities that put prolonged pressure on the tailbone, such as horseback riding and sitting on hard surfaces for long periods of time, may cause the onset of coccyx pain. Tailbone pain from these causes usually is not permanent, but if inflammation and symptoms are not managed, the pain may become chronic and cause long-term altered mobility of the sacrococcygeal joint.

• #6 Tailbone Pain: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/tailbone-pain-coccydynia

  Coccydynia is the medical term for tailbone pain. Your tailbone, or coccyx, is at the bottom of your spine, and it’s made up of three to five fused vertebrae (small bones that support your spine). […] You may have coccydynia because of an injury, like a fall, or from other causes, like childbirth or sitting too long on a hard surface. […] Tailbone pain can be caused by an injury, such as falling backward and landing on your tailbone. Such a fall can bruise, dislocate, or break your tailbone. […] The pain can also result from injuries from repetitive strain. […] During pregnancy, your body secretes hormones that soften the area between your tailbone and sacrum, and sometimes, this can stretch the muscles and ligaments around the tailbone so much that it causes pain. […] Childbirth is a well-known cause of coccydynia. Ligaments and muscles around the coccyx can get stretched and strained during delivery and cause pain.

• #7 Coccyx Pain | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/114587

  A distal coccyx bone spur (spicule) may cause pain when the skin is pinched beneath the spur during sitting. […] Idiopathic coccydynia is a 'diagnosis of exclusion’ after careful screening for identifiable causes. […] Factors related to the high risk of developing coccydynia are female sex and obesity, as body mass index may affect how a person sits or the amount of weight placed upon the coccyx. […] Coccydynia is five times more common in females than in males. […] The prognosis for patients with coccydynia is variable. While most patients’ symptoms improve or resolve with conservative (non-surgical) care, other patients have notoriously persistent, even lifelong, coccyx pain. […] Coccygectomy has a relatively high postoperative infection rate, and even after tailbone removal, many patients have some degree of persistent pain.

• #7 Coccyx Pain | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/114587

  Coccyx pain is known by multiple synonyms, including coccydynia, coccygodynia, and tailbone pain. […] There are many causes of coccygeal pain, ranging from musculoskeletal injuries (such as contusions, fractures, dislocations, and ligamentous instability) to infections (osteomyelitis) and fatal malignancies (such as chordoma). […] The outcome of direct vertical trauma to the coccyx can vary from contusion to fracture-dislocation of the coccyx. Traumatic or non-traumatic compromise of the coccygeal ligaments can result in coccygeal dynamic instability (excessive movement of the coccyx during weight-bearing or while sitting). Abnormal mobility of the coccyx can result in coccygeal pain. […] Coccyxes of certain shapes are more predisposed to coccydynia than others. […] Abnormal coccygeal morphology or position predisposing to coccyx pain include abnormal scoliotic deformity (lateral deviation) or a coccyx that is excessively flexed or excessively extended.

• #8 The Best Tailbone Pain Exercises | Inertia Physio

  https://inertiaphysio.ca/blog/tailbone-pain-exercises

  Prolonged sitting at a desk or driving can put too much pressure on your coccyx. […] Being overweight can be a factor in causing coccydynia. It can also make preexisting coccydynia worse. Excess weight places extra pressure on your coccyx when you are sitting. […] As we age, these small disks of cartilage degrade. The coccyx can fuse more tightly together. These age-related factors can put extra stress on the coccyx. […] Muscle relaxation is an important part of relieving tailbone pain and other body pain. Physiotherapists suggest deep abdominal breathing from the diaphragm. Calming the nervous system helps release pelvic floor tension. […] Standing or walking can reduce the pressure on your tailbone giving relief to your coccyx pain.

• #9 Diagnosis of Coccydynia – Envision Radiology

  https://www.envrad.com/diagnosis-coccydynia/

  Infections and tumors: Infection or cancer in the spine or surrounding tissue can result in tailbone pain. […] Weight: Obesity can put additional pressure on the coccyx, causing it to lean backward. This abnormal position can become increasingly painful over time. Being underweight may also stimulate tailbone pain in some cases. Without sufficient fat in the buttocks to keep the coccyx from rubbing against the tendons, ligaments and muscles, the soft tissues can become inflamed. […] Prolonged or unsupported sitting: Sitting may contribute to tailbone pain, especially if you sit on a narrow or hard surface for extended durations. […] Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI): Activities that involve repetitive leaning and stretching of the spine like rowing and cycling can strain the soft tissues around the tailbone. […] Coccydynia most frequently affects adults and adolescents, obese individuals and women. Females are five times more likely to experience coccyx pain than males, especially with childbirth-related injuries being a significant factor.

• #9 Diagnosis of Coccydynia – Envision Radiology

  https://www.envrad.com/diagnosis-coccydynia/

  Coccydynia is a term for tailbone pain. Your tailbone or coccyx is a small, triangular bone at the base of your spinal column directly above the buttocks. […] Coccydynia can last anywhere from weeks to months or longer. The pain can range from a mild ache to a sharp stab. […] Some specific causes of coccydynia include: Pregnancy and childbirth: Near the end of pregnancy, the body releases hormones that soften the area between the coccyx and sacrum, allowing the coccyx to move more freely during childbirth. While this movement is natural, it can stretch the coccyx ligaments and muscles excessively, elevating the pain. When strained, these soft tissues can’t support the coccyx at the proper angle. […] Physical injury: Knocks, falls, childbirth trauma and other physical damage to the coccyx can lead to pain and discomfort. Severe falls can cause bruising, fracturing and dislocation.

• #10 Coccyx Disorders – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/coccyx-disorders/coccyx-disorders

  Coccygeal cancers are rare causes of coccygeal pain. […] Coccygeal infection is rare, but can include osteomyelitis of the coccygeal vertebral bodies after sacrococcygeal pressure ulcers. […] Pain from a coccyx disorder is typically located in the midline, 2 finger breadths posterior/superior to the anus, and is typically worse while sitting, particularly sitting while leaning partway backward. […] Coccygeal osteomyelitis/joint infection may present with overlying warmth and erythema. […] If the coccyx is determined to be the site of the disorder, a traumatic cause is often apparent clinically, and patients with mild, acute pain probably do not require any diagnostic testing. […] Standard imaging studies, including radiographs, MRI, CT, and bone scan, may be done of the coccyx, but because of the location of the coccyx in relation to other nearby structures, slight alterations of technique from standard „pelvic” or „lumbosacral” studies are needed.

• #11 Coccygeal Area Pain – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/coccyx-disorders/coccygeal-area-pain

  Coccygeal cancers are rarer causes of coccygeal pain. The cancers can be primary (ie, originating in the coccyx) or secondary. Primary coccygeal cancers include chordoma, which is often fatal. Secondary coccygeal cancers may result from direct invasion from adjacent structures (eg, from rectal cancer) or be metastatic from malignancies elsewhere in the body. […] Pain that initially worsens during the transition from sitting to standing suggests probable coccygeal hypermobility. […] Pain that is worse during defecation suggests anal fissure or proctitis, although this symptom is sometimes due to coccyx pathology. […] Treatment is directed at the causative disorder. […] Treatment of coccyx disorders often begins with oral analgesics and use of cushions to relieve coccygeal pressure during sitting. Further treatment may include injections of local anesthetics and corticosteroids, and in rare instances surgical amputation of the coccyx (coccygectomy).

• #11 Coccygeal Area Pain – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/coccyx-disorders/coccygeal-area-pain

  Coccygeal area pain may originate from disorders of […] The coccyx itself […] Nearby anatomic structures […] Coccygeal disorders that cause coccydynia (coccyx pain) are most commonly […] Traumatic or non-traumatic musculoskeletal disorders: Hypermobility, bone spurs, dislocations, fractures and other injuries, and osteoarthritis […] A common complication of untreated coccydynia is that patients may develop a chronic pain syndrome. […] Pain caused by a disorder at one anatomic site may be referred to adjacent regions. Further, symptoms from one region may cause or exacerbate symptoms in another region. For example, coccyx pain may cause reactive muscle spasm/guarding throughout the pelvic floor muscles, resulting in pelvic floor myofascial pain. Conversely, pain, spasm, and tightness within the pelvic floor muscles that attach to the coccyx may cause coccygeal pain.

• #12 Tail Bone Pain (Coccygodynia) Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/tail-bone-pain-296530

  Finally, your coccygodynia maybe be a case of „cause unknown.” A 2012 review of studies states that 30% of coccygodynia is idiopathic; in other words, the reason for the tail bone pain could not be found. […] With that said, hypermobility of the coccyx (hypermobility refers to the tendency of the bone to subluxate) is the most common medical finding associated with tail bone pain. […] Along with injury (as mentioned above), overloading the coccyx during movement as well as when stationary can cause a hypermobile (and painful) coccyx. […] The researchers mentioned above whose 2014 study was published in the Ochsner Journal say that a multidisciplinary approach to treatment tends to work best. […] They also say that non-surgical treatment works about 90% of the time.

• #13 Coccyx Pain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563139/

  Coccyx pain is known by multiple synonyms, including coccydynia, coccygodynia, and tailbone pain. There are many causes of coccygeal pain, ranging from musculoskeletal injuries to infections and fatal malignancies. […] The outcome of direct vertical trauma to the coccyx can vary from contusion to fracture-dislocation of the coccyx. Traumatic or non-traumatic compromise of the coccygeal ligaments can result in coccygeal dynamic instability (excessive movement of the coccyx during weight-bearing or while sitting). Abnormal mobility of the coccyx can result in coccygeal pain. Abnormally mobile coccyges can be either hypermobile (due to lax ligaments) or hypomobile (rigid). The coccyx may be subluxated anteriorly or posteriorly, unstable, or even dislocated. […] Coccyxes of certain shapes are more predisposed to coccydynia than others. Abnormal coccygeal morphology or position predisposing to coccyx pain include abnormal scoliotic deformity (lateral deviation) or a coccyx that is excessively flexed or excessively extended.

• #14 Coccygodynia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264763-overview

  The coccygeal configuration (see Pathophysiology) also appears to influence the cause of pain. Types II, III, and IV are more painful than type I. […] Coccygodynia may also occur in individuals with a normal coccyx. In such cases, the pain may derive from secondary causes, such as tumor, infection, bursitis, or posttraumatic arthritis.

• #14 Coccygodynia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1264763-overview

  Coccygodynia (also referred to as coccydynia, coccalgia, coccygalgia, or coccygeal pain) is a painful syndrome affecting the tailbone (coccygeal) region. […] The majority of cases of coccygodynia occur in conjunction with either a subluxated or a hypermobile coccyx (often referred to as a culprit lesion). It has been proposed that the pathologic instability may give rise to chronic inflammatory changes and pain. […] However, the study by Postacchini and Massobrio found no statistical difference between asymptomatic patients and those with coccygodynia in terms of the numbers of coccygeal segments or the incidence of fusions between the segments. […] Several possible causes of coccygodynia have been described. The most common of these is a single axial trauma, such as occurs with a fall directly onto the coccyx or during childbirth.

• #15 Tailbone pain | New England Spine Care | Spine Center| Cambridge & Stoneham MA

  https://www.nespinecare.com/tailbone-pain

  The Coccyx bone is part of the pelvic floor. The coccyx (tail bone) can be a source of back and pelvic pain. Painful coccyx is called Coccydynia or Coccygodynia. Symptom of coccydynia is midline pain at the very end of the spine, triggered by sitting. Coccyx pain is often due to a backward fall and landing on the buttock, resulting in injury to the coccyx. Falling backward is common in active youth but can happen in any age. Other causes of coccyx pain include pregnancy, vaginal delivery of a large baby, aggressive bike rides (spin classes) and ligament laxity. The chance of developing coccydynia is higher in skinny individuals and people with hooked coccyx (sharp angle). […] Most patients get better if they spend 10 visits in a physical therapy program and combine this with NSAISDS (motrin, advil, naproxen). In some cases, muscle relaxants can help expedite improvement but they can be sedating. Correcting desk ergonomics and sleeping hygiene (firm memory foam pillow, sleeping surfaces) and observing a healthy balance between using electronic devices (Cell phones and tablets, Laptops) and intermittent breaks in between use can improve the symptoms in most cases. Another factor to consider is the use of headsets instead of traditional phone for individuals who spend more than 30 min a day on the phone. Acupuncture, Trigger point injections, chiropractic care and therapeutic soft tissue manipulation and message can be good adjunct treatments. If the combined treatments are not effective, minor procedures such as a coxxyc injection can decrease pain and improve quality of life.

• #16 Coccyx Pain Relief | Coccydynia Treatment | NJ Spine & OrthoAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetHelpFeedback

  https://www.njspineandortho.com/conquering-coccydynia-aka-tailbone-pain/

  Coccydynia is the medical term for tailbone inflammation. And, in the jargony language of doctors, your tailbone is referred to as your coccyx. The suffix -dynia means pain. Hence, the term coccydynia translates to coccyx pain. A triangular group of 4 fused bones, your coccyx forms the bottom-most portion of your spine, just beneath your sacrum. […] Perhaps because the coccyx supports the pelvic floor muscles, coccydynia is 5 times more likely to occur in women than in men. This could be for several reasons, but the most likely explanation has to do with female pelvic anatomy. […] The most common of these includes: Mobility Defects: Too much movement (hypermobility) in the joint that connects the coccyx to the sacrum can lead to coccyx injuries. However, on the flip side, too little movement (hypomobility) prevents the tailbone from assuming a comfortable position while we are sitting. Over time, this repetitive strain can lead to coccyx pain.

• #17 Coccyx Pain – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563139/

  Many patients with coccydynia experience relief of symptoms within weeks or months of onset, whether or not they receive medical treatment. The success of conservative treatment has been reported to be 90%. […] Coccygectomy involves amputation (removal) of the coccyx. This treatment is usually reserved for the small percentage of patients who fail to get adequate relief from non-surgical care.

• #18 Coccyx Disorders – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/coccyx-disorders/coccyx-disorders

  The position and angle of the coccyx while the patient is standing are compared to measurements done while the patient is bearing weight on the coccyx (sitting leaning partly back). Normally, sitting causes the coccyx to flex forward by 1) and the coccygeal vertebral bodies may shift (called listhesis, or luxation) 25% of the vertebral body depth (2). Greater flexion and/or shift indicate coccygeal dynamic instability. […] Treatment of coccydynia typically involves a stepwise approach, starting with simple and noninvasive options. […] Local injections at the coccyx are usually done under fluoroscopic guidance by a pain medicine specialist. […] Coccygectomy is surgical amputation, or removal, of the coccyx. This procedure is reserved for the small percentage of patients who have substantial and persistent pain despite trying all nonsurgical approaches. […] A common complication of coccydynia is a chronic pain syndrome, which may be avoided by appropriate and timely evaluation and treatment.

• #19 Coccyx Pain: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309486-overview

  Coccyx pain (tailbone pain) can frustrate patients and significantly impair quality of life, but relief is possible. […] Coccyx pain can occur from local trauma or a tumor, but many cases are idiopathic, with no identifiable cause. […] One possible mechanism for persistent coccydynia is excessive activity or sensitivity of the ganglion impar, thus creating sympathetically maintained coccyx pain. […] Local injection of an anesthetic can effectively block the ganglion impar and thereby relieve coccyx pain. […] Surgical treatment for coccydynia includes coccygectomy, in the form of partial or complete surgical removal of the coccyx. […] Ablation can be used to intentionally destroy nerve fibers at the coccyx, so that those nerves can no longer send pain signals to the brain. […] These coccygeal ablation injections have been in clinical use for multiple decades and thus are no longer considered experimental.

• #20 Tailbone Book, Chapter 12: Sympathetic Nervous System Pain of the Coccyx, Causing Tailbone Pain, Coccyx Pain | Tailbone Doctor

  https://tailbonedoctor.com/tailbone-book-chapter-12-sympathetic-nervous-system-pain-of-the-coccyx-causing-tailbone-pain-coccyx-pain/

  Do you have nerve pain thats causing your tailbone pain? […] So here now we are up to chapter number 12, which is Sympathetic Nervous System Pain at the Coccyx, or causing tailbone pain essentially. […] And at the tailbone theres a particular type of nerve structure thats there thats part of whats called the sympathetic nervous system. […] So you can imagine that if theres a cause of tailbone pain such as a dislocation, an unstable joint, arthritis in the joint etc, that the local pain driving that irritation in the area can start to have a phenomenon where in addition to the musculoskeletal cause of pain, there can actually also be a nerve pain on top of that. […] So thats part of the sympathetic nervous system that can be painful at the coccyx. […] And the doctor and the patient maybe are not aware of why the pain is persisting.

• #20 Tailbone Book, Chapter 12: Sympathetic Nervous System Pain of the Coccyx, Causing Tailbone Pain, Coccyx Pain | Tailbone Doctor

  https://tailbonedoctor.com/tailbone-book-chapter-12-sympathetic-nervous-system-pain-of-the-coccyx-causing-tailbone-pain-coccyx-pain/

  But the pain persists and the pain persists in those cases perhaps because the sympathetic nervous system is irritated and nothing was done to quiet that down as well. […] So, often it can be helpful to, in addition to treating the musculoskeletal cause of the pain, to also put some local anaesthetic such as Lidocaine, etc., on that sympathetic nerve ganglion, that ganglion impar at the coccyx. […] And similarly, doing a sympathetic block for patients with a sympathetic nervous system pain at the tailbone can give a lot of relief in that area.

• #21 Coccydynia: anatomic origin and considerations regarding the effectiveness of injections for pain management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?volume=36&number=3&spage=272

  The ganglion impar plays a significant role in the development of pelvic and coccyx pain because it transmits sympathetic efferent signals to nociceptive afferent signals from various areas, including the perineum, distal rectum, distal vagina, distal urethra, and anus. […] Specific coccyx shapes have a high propensity for coccydynia. […] Coccydynia is associated with several risk factors, including female sex and obesity. […] Coccydynia is predominantly diagnosed through a thorough clinical examination supported by static standard radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, and routine blood tests. […] Various treatment approaches have been suggested for managing coccydynia. […] Injection procedures have been known to be effective in relieving pain and treating specific medical conditions.

• #21 Coccydynia: anatomic origin and considerations regarding the effectiveness of injections for pain management

  https://www.epain.org/journal/view.html?volume=36&number=3&spage=272

  Although there is a lack of strong evidence-based literature supporting the effectiveness of interventional procedures, many pain physicians recommend injection procedures for patients experiencing chronic or unresponsive coccydynia. […] Further investigation of this structure will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of its involvement in modulating sensory and autonomic pathways in the sacrococcygeal region.

• #22 The Tailbone: A literal and figurative pain in the butt

  https://pelvicpainrehab.com/blog/the-tailbone-a-literal-and-figurative-pain-in-the-butt/

  The tailbone (also known as the coccyx) is often dismissed by some as a vestige of our prehistoric ancestors. […] Not only is it a major attachment site for the pelvic floor muscles, but it can also become a huge source of discomfort if injured. […] The tailbone serves as a bony attachment site for the entire deep layer of pelvic floor muscles (levator ani) and some of the superficial layer muscles (urogenital diaphragm) as well. […] Tailbone pain often feels dull and achy in the area between the gluteal cleft and above the anus but can also become sharp in certain situations (e.g sitting, sit to stand, lying on back). […] Since the tailbone is a common attachment site for so many of our pelvic floor muscles it never really gets a break; therefore tailbone issues can develop into a persistent situation that can have a substantial effect on quality of life.

• #22 The Tailbone: A literal and figurative pain in the butt

  https://pelvicpainrehab.com/blog/the-tailbone-a-literal-and-figurative-pain-in-the-butt/

  Here are some common causes of tailbone pain (coccydynia): A direct blow to the tailbone (i.e. fall, contact sports) […] Childbirth: during delivery, the baby’s head is positioned against the coccyx, and the pressure created during labor and pushing can result in injury to the tailbone and its surrounding structures. […] Another reason that this symptom can become such a difficult-to-treat issue is because of relationship of the pelvic floor muscles and their physiological function. […] In a situation where we’ve had a direct blow to the tailbone, like a fall, there is likely a build up of inflammation in and around the bone causing a deep bruise feeling. […] This irritation then alerts the brain that there are injurious stimuli, which then cause the pelvic floor muscles to over-engage, become hypertonic, and develop trigger points.

• #22 The Tailbone: A literal and figurative pain in the butt

  https://pelvicpainrehab.com/blog/the-tailbone-a-literal-and-figurative-pain-in-the-butt/

  Thus, begins the vicious cycle of muscle dysfunction due to pain, a pattern that then leads to more muscle dysfunction and pain. […] It is possible that the hysterectomy led to pelvic floor dysfunction and/or pudendal neuralgia versus it being a tailbone injury itself. […] Trochanteric bursitis and tailbone pain can be caused by hypertonic hip external rotators and pelvic floor dysfunction.

• #23 Tailbone Pain: Why You Might Have It and How to Treat It | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/article_tailbone-pain.asp

  Several factors can contribute to tailbone pain. […] Some people’s tailbones are more angulated or curved than others, and some people have less fat under the skin to cushion the area than others, both of which can contribute to tailbone pain, says Dr. Barsoum. […] For example, relaxin is released during pregnancy. This hormone causes tendons and ligaments to relax and allows bones to shift in the pelvis to make room for the fetus as it grows, as well as during delivery. This can cause muscle and ligament imbalances, which can cause the tailbone to shift position and result in pain. […] Because of its position at the very bottom of the spine, the tailbone can be very susceptible to injury, says Dr. Barsoum. And if the injury causes the tailbone to move out of position, it can cause pain not only in the moment, but also long term.

• #23 Tailbone Pain: Why You Might Have It and How to Treat It | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/article_tailbone-pain.asp

  Carrying extra weight puts pressure on the tailbone, throwing off body alignment. […] As we age, we lose subcutaneous fat in the area, which can contribute to pain. Additionally, as we get older, the cartilage that helps hold the coccyx in place degrades, so the small bony segments fuse together more tightly. […] Sports like cycling and rowing, which cause you to lean forward for a long time, can cause the muscles at the base of the spine to misalign, as well as put extra pressure on the tailbone. […] If the pain doesn’t subside on its own, a doctor may want to take an X-ray to look for fractures or anatomic variations that can contribute to pain. Physical therapy, particularly with a pelvic floor PT, can also be helpful to help stretch and strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. The pelvic floor is an intricate and complicated network of muscles and ligaments. Imbalances in these can cause significant pelvic pain, including tailbone pain, says Dr. Barsoum. […] If that doesn’t provide enough relief, nerve block procedures can be considered, says Dr. Barsoum.

• #24 What to do when pregnancy becomes a pain in the tailbone | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/tailbone-pain-during-pregnancy/

  Tailbone pain during pregnancy is common. […] The tailbone, or coccyx, sits at the bottom of your spine, above your tush and behind your uterus. […] Tailbone pain is often caused by the pelvic ligaments loosening and shifting. During pregnancy, your body releases a hormone called relaxin. The hormone makes your pelvic ligaments looser and more flexible to make room for the baby to grow and enable you to give birth. […] This can cause tighter contraction of the pelvic floor muscles, which help stabilize the body. The pelvic floor muscles are connected to the tailbone, leading to pain. […] As your abdomen expands, your center of balance is altered and your posture shifts, adding pressure in the low-back and tailbone, which typically aren’t weight-bearing. […] Additionally, issues such as constipation or not getting enough exercise can also contribute to tailbone pain.

• #25 Tailbone pain: Causes, diagnosis, and relief

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318064

  Tailbone pain or pain in the coccyx may occur suddenly after an obvious injury. It can also appear over time, with no apparent cause. Doctors may call it coccydynia. […] Pain in the tailbone or coccyx, the lowest part of the spine, may radiate to the hips, thighs, or rectum. This pain can make sitting difficult, exercise painful, and may even disrupt sleep. […] The coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is the final portion of the human spinal column. The technical term for tailbone pain is coccydynia. The causes and symptoms of tailbone pain can vary between people. […] Some people may experience tailbone pain as a dull, throbbing ache that feels like a muscle spasm, while others may feel a sharper, stabbing sensation. […] Pain around the coccyx can worsen when a person is physically active or sits for long periods.

• #26 Your Pelvic Floor and Tailbone Pain – The Vagina Whisperer

  https://thevagwhisperer.com/2021/06/16/tailbone-pain/

  Tailbone pain after sex is common. Research shows that almost 43% of women report that both sex and bowel movements irritate tailbone pain. […] Researchers do not know the exact cause of tailbone pain after sex. But, there are likely a few factors at play: Direct pressure on your tailbone during certain positions, Increased tension in already tight and tender pelvic floor muscles, Joint or ligament strain during anal sex. […] Tailbone pain is also common during pregnancy and childbirth due to changes in body size, pelvic joints, posture, and pressure from the growing baby. […] Tailbone pain can make everyday activities like sitting, standing, and even sex uncomfortable. This pain often stems from tight or overactive pelvic floor muscles pulling on your tailbone.

• #27 Coccydynia (coccygodynia) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coccydynia-coccygodynia

  Coccydynia (also referred to as coccygodynia or tailbone pain) is pain at the coccyx. Although coccydynia resolves in the majority of patients with supportive care, symptoms can persist for months or years and, in some patients, may become a life-long condition. Intractable coccydynia is relatively uncommon, but when it occurs it can dramatically decrease a patient’s quality of life. […] Coccydynia is five times more prevalent in women than men. The higher prevalence is thought to be due to injuries that occur during childbirth as well as the coccyx being located more posteriorly in women and thus more susceptible to external trauma.

• #28 Tailbone (coccyx) pain

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tailbone-coccyx-pain/

  Common causes of tailbone (coccyx) pain include: pregnancy and childbirth, an injury or accident, such as a fall onto your coccyx, repeated or prolonged strain on the coccyx for example, after sitting for a long time while driving or cycling, poor posture, being overweight or underweight, joint hypermobility (increased flexibility) of the joint that attaches the coccyx to the bottom of the spine.

• #29 Coccydynia Tailbone Pain Relief Specialists in Kyle, TX

  https://www.greateraustinpain.com/coccydynia

  People with a sedentary lifestyle or desk jobs involving prolonged sitting may experience coccydynia pain more frequently. […] Certain medical conditions, such as hypermobility of the sacrococcygeal joint or inflammatory joint disorders, may increase the risk of coccydynia. […] Yes, coccydynia pain can be effectively treated through various methods, including steroid injections, nerve block injections, ablations, and spinal cord stimulation. These treatments can provide significant relief from tailbone pain.

• #29 Coccydynia Tailbone Pain Relief Specialists in Kyle, TX

  https://www.greateraustinpain.com/coccydynia

  Individuals who have experienced direct injuries or trauma to the tailbone, such as falls or childbirth-related injuries, have a higher risk of coccydynia pain. […] Engaging in activities that repeatedly stress the tailbone, like cycling, rowing, or prolonged sitting on hard surfaces, may elevate the risk. […] Maintaining poor posture, especially during extended periods of sitting, can exert pressure on the tailbone and increase the risk of coccydynia. […] Excess weight or obesity can add pressure to the tailbone and surrounding structures, potentially leading to coccyx pain. […] Older individuals may be more susceptible to coccydynia due to age-related degenerative changes in the coccyx and nearby structures. […] Women may have a higher risk of tailbone pain due to the potential for injury or trauma during childbirth. The female pelvis is generally wider, which can affect coccyx alignment and pressure.

• #30 Symptoms, Causes and Treatments for Coccydynia or Tailbone Pain

  https://www.osc-ortho.com/blog/coccydynia-or-tailbone-pain-a-common-concern-for-women/

  Sitting too much and/or on a hard surface. […] Rowing or Bicycling – Competing in these sports or doing them repetitively can cause tailbone pain due to the forward bend of the body stretching the soft tissues around the coccyx. […] Being underweight – losing too much fat in your buttocks can cause the tailbone to rub against the soft tissues causing inflammation. […] Cancer – although very rare, cancer can cause tailbone pain. […] Idiopathic – up to 30% of tailbone pain may stem from an unidentifiable cause. […] I typically start treatment with Physical Therapy specifically designed to help patients work on strengthening their pelvic floor, which tends to help coccyx pain. I may recommend ligament injections to reduce any inflammation and to stabilize and reduce laxity near the coccyx. There are a variety of injections, either nerve blocks or epidurals that I can perform, where I inject a steroid and a numbing medication into or around the nerve(s) that will also reduce inflammation and allow for healing of the irritated nerve(s) in the area of the tailbone.

• #31 Can Rheumatoid Arthritis Cause Tailbone Pain? | myRAteam

  https://www.myrateam.com/resources/can-rheumatoid-arthritis-cause-tailbone-pain

  Tailbone pain in people with RA could be caused by a related autoimmune condition. The most common autoimmune cause of coccydynia is ankylosing spondylitis, an inflammatory disease that causes the fusion of bones in the body over time. […] Tailbone pain may also be associated with other conditions, such as osteoarthritis of the spine, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus. In such conditions, tailbone pain likely progresses over time, so it is important to seek medical advice from your rheumatologist to receive appropriate medical treatment.

• #32 Tailbone pain: How can I relieve it?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/back-pain/expert-answers/tailbone-pain/faq-20058211

  Tailbone pain is pain in or around the bony structure at the bottom of the spine. This part of the spine is called the coccyx. Tailbone pain can be caused by injury to the coccyx during a fall. It may also result from sitting for a long time on a hard or narrow surface. Other causes include joint changes from arthritis or during childbirth. […] Tailbone pain that doesn’t improve is called chronic coccydynia. For tailbone pain that doesn’t go away, consult your health care provider. A rectal exam may be needed to rule out any other conditions. Sometimes MRI testing is used to find out if you have a fracture, joint changes or, in rare cases, a tumor. […] Possible treatments for chronic tailbone pain might include: Physical therapy. A physical therapist might show you how to do pelvic floor relaxation techniques. One technique is breathing deeply and completely relaxing your pelvic floor as you would while urinating or defecating. Manipulation. Massaging the muscles attached to the tailbone might help ease pain. Manipulation is typically done through the rectum. Medicine. An injection of a local anesthetic into the tailbone can relieve pain for a few weeks. Surgery. Surgery can be done to remove the coccyx. The procedure is called a coccygectomy. This option is typically only recommended when all other treatments fail.

• #33 Coccygeal (Tailbone) Pain

  https://livingstonsurgerycenter.com/condition/coccygeal-tailbone-pain

  Diagnosing coccygeal pain begins through a medical examination, including health history, and specifics about their pain. […] There are a number of tests physicians may use to better understand the injury. For instance, a rectal exam may be performed. In doing this, physicians can determine if the tailbone is dislocated or fractured. X-rays may be taken to determine whether there is a fracture or dislocation. […] Although the coccyx can be slow to heal, many coccygeal injuries can be managed minimally. […] Coccygeal injections are also an option. Different types can be used for different types of injuries: Steroids: Reduce inflammation in the area. Nerve Block: Temporarily blocks nerve signals and when anesthetic wakes up, the pain can be reduced or eliminated. Nerve Ablation: Destroys the affected nerves in order to reduce or eliminate pain. […] In rare cases, usually when coccygeal pain is caused by cancer, removal surgery might be the best option.

• #34 Tailbone Pain (Coccygodynia): Coccyx Pain Symptoms, Treatment – Turan&Turan

  https://turanturan.com.tr/en/blog/tailbone-coccyx-pain/

  Coccyx pain, also known as coccygodynia, can be caused by many factors. Falling on the hip, inflammation, tumors, ingrown hairs can cause coccyx pain of varying intensity. […] Trauma (falls, bumps, traffic accidents) can cause tissue, muscle and bone damage, fractures and injuries in the coccyx area. This can lead to coccyx pain. […] Edema of the bone membrane of the coccyx, also known as the periosteum, caused by sitting on a hard surface for long periods of time, causes pain. […] Abscesses and ingrown hairs in the coccyx area can cause pain. Ingrown hairs can cause infection and pain in this area. […] The diagnosis of coccyx pain is made with the help of examination and imaging methods. The physician may palpate the coccyx of patients during the examination. Coccygodynia is suspected if pain is felt by pressing a finger on the coccyx.

• #35

  https://onlinelearning.aapmr.org/AssetListing/A-Pain-in-the-Tail-An-Introduction-into-the-Diagnosis-and-Treatment-of-Tailbone-Pain-2633/A-Pain-in-the-Tail-An-Introduction-into-the-Diagnosis-and-Treatment-of-Tailbone-Pain-2462

  There could be fracture or dislocation of the coccyx after a trauma. […] Other issues could be an acute salmonegitis, an ectopic pregnancy, and endometriosis. […] I think a big question that comes up is imaging. […] Dynamic imaging of the tailbone with sitting and standing views has been recommended, and that’s very helpful. […] The physical exam should also include the other bony landmarks that could be contributing to pain. […] Dr. Sharma talked a little bit about etiologies, but certainly that overlaps with our differential diagnosis. […] Coccygectomy, partial coccygectomy are also, are the two primary procedures that are done. They’re indicated for refractory pain. […] The take-home messages for coccydynia, one, coccydynia is an uncommon, yet challenging and debilitating cause of spinal pain. It’s thought to be about 1% of complaints of patients who are going to spinal clinics for evaluation. History, physical examination, and dynamic diastolic imaging are essential in the diagnosis. […] As stated previously multiple times, there are many treatments, but most have limited efficacy. Combination treatments, as we again reiterate, are the most effective approach. So a multidisciplinary approach is the best way to treat this.

• #36 Tailbone Pain Awareness: Shedding Light on a Commonly Overlooked Condition | Rutgers University

  https://www.rutgers.edu/news/tailbone-pain-awareness-shedding-light-commonly-overlooked-condition

  Thousands of people suffer with tailbone pain, often struggling to find an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. […] I created Tailbone Pain Awareness Day several years ago because so many people worldwide suffer with tailbone pain without being able to get an accurate or specific answer about what is causing their tailbone pain and the best way to treat it. […] One problem is that tailbone pain is dramatically less common than low back pain in the lumbar area. Tailbone pain is estimated to be thousands of times less common. […] The most common cause of tailbone pain is joint hypermobility, which results in excessive movement of the individual bones of the coccyx. […] At University Hospital in Newark, our Radiology Department does sitting-versus-standing X-rays of the coccyx to assess whether there is abnormal movement of the coccyx while the person is sitting. […] Based on all of this, I can provide individualized treatments, such as specialized types of pain management injections done under fluoroscopic guidance.

• #37 Tailbone Pain – Coccydynia – Prof. Dr. Erkan Kaptanoğlu

  https://erkankaptanoglu.com/en/diseases/tailbone-pain-coccydynia/

  The patients medical history is very important for diagnosis. History of falling and traumas are questioned. The fact that the pain is over the tailbone is usually indicative of an easy diagnosis and the pain may increase by putting pressure on the bone during the examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) of the patient may reveal the condition of the coccyx, dislocations in the sacrococcygeal joint, fractures in the bones or tumoral events after the examination. […] Coccydynia may become chronic and may last for more than 2 months in a very small group of patients. This way, it can severely impair the quality of life. In these conditions, it is necessary to consult a doctor and seek treatment. Many people with tailbone pain can heal with medical treatment.

• #38 Coccyx Pain | Sydney Pelvic Clinic

  https://www.sydneypelvicclinic.com.au/general-health/coccyx-pain/

  Coccyx pain, or tailbone pain, is a literal pain in the butt that can make the simplest tasks like sitting, bending, or even walking, feel excruciating. […] When this area gets injured, it can lead to intense discomfort radiating throughout our lower back and legs. […] Acute trauma to the area (eg falling directly on your backside), or participating in activities that put pressure on your tailbone (eg: cycling) can increase the likelihood of developing coccyx pain. […] As we age, we might also be at risk of developing degenerative conditions like arthritis or osteoporosis that can impact our tailbone and lead to discomfort. […] Other potential culprits could be lurking, like pilonidal cysts containing pus and hair, and cause discomfort around the tailbone. […] Tarlov cysts, which are fluid-filled nerve root cysts, and masses, can also contribute to this type of pain. […] Lower sacral radicular pain and coccygeal spicule are other possible causes of tailbone discomfort. […] Its essential to seek a proper diagnosis to identify the root cause of your pain and get the right treatment to ease your symptoms.

• #39 Coccyx (Tailbone) Pain: Causes, Relief, and Effective Treatments

  https://www.chicagopelvic.com/blog/tailbone-pain-causes-treatments-relief

  The tailbone, or coccyx, is a small triangular bone that can be tricky to deal with and is often a source of frustration for both patients and medical providers trying to manage patient pain. […] The coccyx also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and stability while sitting, as well as assisting in the functions of the pelvic floor muscles. […] There are many different reasons why the tailbone can become painful, including external trauma, internal trauma, and non-traumatic causes to your coccyx. […] In some cases, underlying conditions such as pilonidal cysts or infections can also cause tailbone pain. […] Finding an effective treatment for tailbone pain can be challenging. […] Traditional medical management usually consists of pain-relieving medications, injections, or nerve blocks in and around your tailbone area.

• #40 Tailbone Pain

  https://www.movementspacebakersfield.com/post/tailbone-pain

  In the realm of chronic pain and discomfort, the coccyx commonly known as the tailbone can be a source of significant trouble for many individuals. […] Since some pelvic floor muscles attach to the tailbone, it can become an area of pain if there are dysfunctions in this area. […] When the pelvic floor muscles become tense or develop trigger points (areas of tightness or hypersensitivity), they can pull on the ligaments and attachments around the coccyx. This tension can lead to localized pain and discomfort in the tailbone area. […] Weakness or poor coordination of the pelvic floor muscles can cause irritation at the tailbone (where the pelvic floor muscles attach). […] In some cases, dysfunction in the pelvic floor muscles can irritate nearby nerves, including the pudendal nerve, which supplies sensation to the pelvic region and the coccyx. This irritation can cause referred pain that is felt specifically in the tailbone area. […] Understanding the relationship between pelvic floor dysfunction and coccyx pain is crucial for management and relief of symptoms.

• #41 Tailbone (coccyx) pain and injury — symptoms amtreatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tailbone-coccyx-pain-and-injury

  Complications of tailbone pain and injury can include chronic (long-term) pain that affects daily activities like sitting or standing for long periods of time. Chronic tailbone pain can be a sign of a more serious condition, and will need careful diagnosis and ongoing management by your health team. Depending on the cause, you may need physiotherapy, medicines, or rarely, surgery.

• #42 The Best Tailbone Pain Exercises | Inertia Physio

  https://inertiaphysio.ca/blog/tailbone-pain-exercises

  An injury or fracture of the tailbone can cause inflammation and pain. […] A pelvic floor injury can interfere with healthy muscular function, preventing the pelvic floor muscles from relaxing and contracting correctly. These injuries can also cause an obstruction in the bladder neck, bladder, or urethra. This can lead to difficulty to passing urine and urine retention. Overuse of the pelvic floor muscles and hip-opening muscles around the tailbone can worsen pain symptoms. […] Persistent pain in the tailbone (coccyx) is known as coccydynia. […] Childbirth can sometimes cause the muscles and ligaments around your coccyx to overstretch resulting in coccydynia. […] Most coccyx injuries result in it only being badly bruised. More severe injuries might involve dislocation or fracture. […] Repetitively straining muscles and ligaments can lead to permanent damage. When this happens, the muscles will no longer be able to hold your coccyx in the correct position, causing pain and discomfort.

• #43 Coccydynia: An Overview of the Anatomy, Etiology, and Treatment of Coccyx Pain

  https://scholarlywork.ochsner.org/display/c9049044

  Background: Despite its small size, the coccyx has several important functions. Along with being the insertion site for multiple muscles, ligaments, and tendons, it also serves as one leg of the tripod-along with the ischial tuberosities-that provides weight-bearing support to a person in the seated position. The incidence of coccydynia (pain in the region of the coccyx) has not been reported, but factors associated with increased risk of developing coccydynia include obesity and female gender. […] Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach employing physical therapy, ergonomic adaptations, medications, injections, and, possibly, psychotherapy leads to the greatest chance of success in patients with refractory coccyx pain. Although new surgical techniques are emerging, more research is needed before their efficacy can be established.

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