Ból głowy
Epidemiologia

Bóle głowy stanowią jedno z najczęstszych zaburzeń neurologicznych na świecie, dotykając około 40% populacji globalnej, co przekłada się na 3,1 miliarda osób w 2021 roku. Migrena, z częstością występowania 14-15% globalnie, jest szczególnie rozpowszechniona u kobiet (12-25%) w porównaniu do mężczyzn (5-9%). Inne typy bólów głowy, takie jak ból głowy typu napięciowego (TTH) występujący u około 17% dzieci i młodzieży, ból głowy klasterowy (1-3/1000 osób) oraz przewlekły codzienny ból głowy (około 4% dorosłych), wykazują zróżnicowaną epidemiologię zależną od płci, wieku, rasy i statusu socjoekonomicznego. Bóle głowy mają istotny wpływ na jakość życia, ograniczając aktywność społeczną, edukacyjną i zawodową, a także generując znaczne koszty ekonomiczne, np. w USA utrata produktywności z powodu migreny wynosi ponad 13 miliardów dolarów rocznie. W populacji pediatrycznej częstość występowania pierwotnych bólów głowy wynosi 62%, z migreną u 11% dzieci i młodzieży, co wiąże się z obniżoną jakością życia i ograniczeniami w funkcjonowaniu społecznym i edukacyjnym.

  1. Epidemiologia bólu głowy
    1. Rozpowszechnienie głównych typów bólu głowy
    2. Różnice demograficzne w występowaniu bólu głowy
  2. Epidemiologia bólu głowy u dzieci i młodzieży
    1. Wpływ bólu głowy na funkcjonowanie dzieci i młodzieży
  3. Globalne obciążenie bólem głowy
    1. Bóle głowy związane z COVID-19
  4. Czynniki wpływające na różnice w szacunkach epidemiologicznych
  5. Wyzwania w diagnostyce i leczeniu bólu głowy
    1. Potrzeba poprawy rozpoznawania i leczenia
  6. Kierunki przyszłych badań
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia bólu głowy

Bóle głowy należą do najczęstszych zaburzeń układu nerwowego na świecie i stanowią istotne obciążenie zarówno dla jednostek, jak i systemów opieki zdrowotnej. Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), zaburzenia bólowe głowy zajmują trzecie miejsce (po udarze i demencji) pod względem ogólnego obciążenia chorobami neurologicznymi mierzonego latami życia skorygowanymi niepełnosprawnością (DALYs) w 2019 roku1. Globalnie, bóle głowy dotykają około 40% populacji, co przekłada się na 3,1 miliarda ludzi w 2021 roku, przy czym występują częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn2.

Badania epidemiologiczne przeprowadzone w populacji ogólnej wskazują na średnie wskaźniki rozpowszechnienia bólów głowy wynoszące 46% dla częstości rocznej i 64% dla częstości występowania w ciągu życia1. Pomimo pewnych różnic regionalnych, bóle głowy stanowią problem ogólnoświatowy, dotykając ludzi wszystkich ras, poziomów dochodów i obszarów geograficznych3.

Rozpowszechnienie głównych typów bólu głowy

Różne typy bólów głowy charakteryzują się odmienną częstością występowania w populacji ogólnej:

  • Migrena – większość badań przeprowadzonych w populacji dorosłych Europy Zachodniej i Ameryki Północnej wskazuje na częstość występowania między 5% a 9% u mężczyzn oraz między 12% a 25% u kobiet. Kraje pozaeuropejskie raportują niższe wskaźniki2. Około jednej trzeciej osób cierpiących na migrenę doświadcza migreny z aurą3. Obecne najlepsze szacunki globalnego rozpowszechnienia migreny wynoszą 14-15%1.
  • Ból głowy typu napięciowego (TTH) – dane dotyczące rozpowszechnienia w literaturze są nieliczne i sprzeczne: wskaźniki wahają się od 11% w Singapurze do 20-40% w USA i ponad 80% w Danii4. Najnowsze meta-analizy wskazują na częstość występowania TTH na poziomie około 17% wśród dzieci i młodzieży1.
  • Ból głowy klasterowy (cluster headache) – występuje u 1-3 na 1000 osób w populacji ogólnej, ze stosunkiem płci (M:K) wynoszącym około 3:15. Nowsze badania wskazują jednak na zmniejszenie przewagi męskiej do stosunku 6,2 do 1,47, prawdopodobnie z powodu wcześniejszego błędnego diagnozowania u kobiet, gdzie ból głowy klasterowy może być mylony z migreną1.
  • Przewlekły codzienny ból głowy – dotyka około 4% dorosłej populacji ogólnej6.

Różnice demograficzne w występowaniu bólu głowy

Bóle głowy wykazują znaczące zróżnicowanie w zależności od płci, wieku i czynników socjoekonomicznych:

  • Płeć – migrena występuje około trzy razy częściej u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. W Stanach Zjednoczonych corocznie doświadcza jej do 17% kobiet w porównaniu z 6% mężczyzn1. Przed okresem dojrzewania częstość występowania i zachorowalność na migrenę są wyższe u chłopców niż u dziewcząt, ale po 12 roku życia wskaźniki wzrastają u obu płci, osiągając szczyt w wieku 30-40 lat2.
  • Wiek – częstość występowania migreny z aurą osiąga szczyt u chłopców około 5 roku życia, a u dziewcząt około 12-13 roku życia. Częstość występowania migreny bez aury osiąga szczyt u chłopców w wieku 10-11 lat, a u dziewcząt w wieku 14-17 lat3. Wystąpienie migreny po 50 roku życia jest rzadkie1.
  • Rasa i pochodzenie etniczne – częstość występowania migreny wydaje się być niższa wśród Afroamerykanów i Amerykanów pochodzenia azjatyckiego niż wśród białych. Jedno z badań wykazało, że wśród kobiet 20,4% białych, 16,2% Afroamerykanek i 9,2% Amerykanek pochodzenia azjatyckiego spełniało kryteria Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Bólów Głowy (ICHD) dla migreny2.
  • Status socjoekonomiczny – w Stanach Zjednoczonych częstość występowania migreny jest odwrotnie skorelowana z dochodem gospodarstwa domowego i poziomem wykształcenia. W kontekście międzynarodowym jednak związek między migreną a statusem socjoekonomicznym nie jest obecny1.

Epidemiologia bólu głowy u dzieci i młodzieży

Bóle głowy nie są jedynie problemem osób dorosłych, ale stanowią również istotne obciążenie zdrowotne dla dzieci i młodzieży. W tej grupie wiekowej regularne bóle głowy prowadzą do obniżenia jakości życia oraz ograniczeń w sferze społecznej, edukacji szkolnej i przyszłych karierach zawodowych1.

Łączna częstość występowania pierwotnych bólów głowy u dzieci i młodzieży wynosi 62%, przy czym częstość występowania u dziewcząt i chłopców wynosi odpowiednio 38% i 27%1. Meta-analiza wykazała, że częstość występowania migreny u dzieci i młodzieży wynosi 11% ogółem, 8% dla migreny bez aury (MwoA) i 3% dla migreny z aurą (MwA)1.

Badanie przeprowadzone w Austrii na reprezentatywnej próbie 3386 uczniów w wieku 10-18 lat wykazało roczną częstość występowania bólów głowy na poziomie 75,7% (dziewczęta: 82,1%; chłopcy: 67,7%), przy czym częstość ta wzrastała wraz z wiekiem1. W badaniu tym raportowano również typy bólów głowy: 24,2% migrena, 21,6% ból głowy typu napięciowego, 3,0% przewlekły ból głowy występujący przez 15 dni w miesiącu oraz 26,1% niezróżnicowany ból głowy2.

Ograniczenia w codziennym życiu wystąpiły u 42% młodych ludzi z bólem głowy, a jakość życia związana ze zdrowiem była obniżona prawie u wszystkich dzieci i młodzieży z bólem głowy3. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Hiszpanii wśród 1619 uczniów w wieku 12-18 lat częstość występowania nawracającego bólu głowy wynosiła 30,5%, przy czym 11,3% badanych wykazywało cechy migreny4.

Wpływ bólu głowy na funkcjonowanie dzieci i młodzieży

Zaburzenia bólowe głowy u dzieci i młodzieży często wpływają na aktywność szkolną i społeczną oraz na wydajność pracy rodziców1. Bóle głowy powodują znaczący wpływ na jakość życia: ograniczają aktywność społeczną, aktywność fizyczną i powodują absencję w szkole, słabsze wyniki w nauce, wyższe ryzyko przerwania nauki oraz negatywny wpływ na kariery zawodowe rodziców2.

Wśród uczniów z bólem głowy występującym ≥2 dni w miesiącu, 48,1% wskazało na przyjmowanie leków przeciwbólowych, przy czym najczęściej stosowanymi były ibuprofen (49,1%) i paracetamol (32,8%)2.

Globalne obciążenie bólem głowy

Według badania Global Burden of Disease (GBD), zaburzenia bólowe głowy należą do najczęstszych i najbardziej upośledzających stan zdrowia schorzeń na świecie11. Migrena zajmuje pierwsze miejsce wśród najbardziej upośledzających chorób w przedziale wiekowym 15-49 lat według GBD z 2016 roku3.

Zaburzenia bólowe głowy nakładają na jednostki obciążenie, które może obejmować znaczne cierpienie osobiste, obniżoną jakość życia i koszty finansowe1. Migreny i inne bóle głowy mogą wpływać na zdolność ludzi do pracy, poprzez zmniejszoną produktywność, oraz na relacje międzyludzkie2.

Ekonomiczny koszt wynikający z utraty czasu pracy związanej z migreną w amerykańskiej sile roboczej wynosi ponad 13 miliardów dolarów rocznie, z czego większość stanowi obniżona wydajność pracy3. W badaniu American Migraine Study ponad 85% kobiet i 82% mężczyzn z ciężką migreną doświadczyło pewnego stopnia niepełnosprawności związanej z bólem głowy4.

Badania populacyjne w Unii Europejskiej (UE) wykazały ogólną roczną częstość występowania zaburzeń bólowych głowy na poziomie 79%. Zaburzenia te są sklasyfikowane jako druga najczęstsza przyczyna lat życia spędzonych z niepełnosprawnością na całym świecie. W UE zaburzenia bólowe głowy kosztują gospodarki narodowe ponad 100 miliardów euro rocznie1.

Bóle głowy związane z COVID-19

Ból głowy jest zgłaszany u 47,1% (95% CI 35,8-58,6%) pacjentów w ostrej fazie COVID-191. Częstość występowania różni się w zależności od ciężkości COVID-19, z wyższą częstością występowania u pacjentów ambulatoryjnych w porównaniu z pacjentami hospitalizowanymi2.

Ból głowy jako objaw COVID-19 jest częstszy u młodszych osób; u osób z wcześniejszym pierwotnym bólem głowy lub migreną; oraz u osób, u których występują towarzyszące anosmia, ageuzja i mialgia3.

Ból głowy utrzymuje się poza fazą ostrą u 6-45% pacjentów, chociaż częstość występowania bólu głowy może zmniejszać się wraz z upływem czasu4. Przegląd systematyczny wykazał, że ból głowy utrzymywał się do 60 dni u 16,5%, 90 dni u 10,6% i 180 dni u 8,4% pacjentów5.

Czynniki wpływające na różnice w szacunkach epidemiologicznych

Epidemiologia bólu głowy jest stosunkowo młodą i niedojrzałą dyscypliną1. Uważa się, że duże różnice w zgłaszanych częstościach występowania między krajami, a czasami w obrębie krajów, są w dużej mierze spowodowane różnicami metodologicznymi między badaniami, ale nie zostało to empirycznie zbadane2.

Definicja przypadku ma nadrzędne znaczenie i prawdopodobnie jest pojedynczym najbardziej wpływowym czynnikiem w każdym badaniu zależnym od szacowania częstości występowania3. Analiza wrażliwości wykazała, że analizy dwuczynnikowe były w niewielkim stopniu uzależnione od metody statystycznej (parametrycznej lub nieparametrycznej)4.

Pozorny wzrost częstości występowania migreny w czasie może być rzeczywisty, być może związany ze zmianami środowiskowymi, fizycznymi, behawioralnymi lub psychologicznymi, ale bardziej prawdopodobne jest, że ma to związek z rozwojem metodologicznym na przestrzeni lat, prowadzącym do lepszych technik dostępu i zaangażowania oraz ulepszonych narzędzi diagnostycznych, które prawdopodobnie zwiększają wykrywalność przypadków1.

Stovner i współpracownicy ustalili, że analizy regresji wielorakiej wyjaśniały mniej niż 30% wariancji; inne czynniki metodologiczne wpływające na te różnice to rok publikacji, wielkość próby, włączenie prawdopodobnych diagnoz, metoda pobierania próbek, pytanie przesiewowe i środowisko badawcze1.

Wyzwania w diagnostyce i leczeniu bólu głowy

Na całym świecie tylko mniejszość osób z zaburzeniami bólowymi głowy jest odpowiednio diagnozowana i leczona przez świadczeniodawcę opieki zdrowotnej4. Ból głowy był niedoceniany, nierozpoznawany i niedostatecznie leczony na całym świecie5.

Wiele osób cierpiących na bóle głowy nie otrzymuje skutecznej diagnozy i opieki3. Brak wiedzy wśród świadczeniodawców opieki zdrowotnej jest główną barierą kliniczną4. Wiele osób z zaburzeniami bólowymi głowy nie jest diagnozowanych i leczonych5.

Te oczywiste obciążenia wymagają działania6. WHO opublikowała Atlas zaburzeń bólowych głowy w 2011 roku, opisujący obciążenie wynikające z zaburzeń bólowych głowy i dostępne zasoby do ich zmniejszenia7. Plan działania odnosi się do wyzwań i luk w zapewnianiu opieki i usług dla osób z padaczką i innymi zaburzeniami neurologicznymi, takimi jak zaburzenia bólowe głowy, które istnieją na całym świecie, oraz zapewnia kompleksową, skoordynowaną odpowiedź między sektorami8.

Potrzeba poprawy rozpoznawania i leczenia

Do dziś konsekwencje częstych bólów głowy u dzieci są słabo scharakteryzowane, a wczesne wykrywanie i leczenie młodych pacjentów z bólem głowy jest zbyt rzadkie1. Struktury opieki nad dziećmi i młodzieżą z regularnymi bólami głowy nie są dostosowane do potrzeb2.

Badania epidemiologiczne są przydatne dla klinicystów, ponieważ uwypuklają wzorce diagnozowania i przepisywania leków, wspólne trendy w obrębie choroby oraz niezaspokojone potrzeby11.

W badaniu Observational Survey of the Epidemiology, Treatment and Care of Migraine (OVERCOME) około 21% osób z migreną zgłosiło diagnozę przez świadczeniodawcę opieki zdrowotnej, a blisko 12% wykazało poważną niepełnosprawność związaną z migreną2.

Kierunki przyszłych badań

Istnieje duża potrzeba wysokiej jakości badań populacyjnych raportujących epidemiologiczną zmienność pierwotnych bólów głowy w określonych grupach wiekowych2. Szczegółowe badania epidemiologiczne dotyczące częstości występowania i zachorowalności na pierwotne bóle głowy w wieku rozwojowym są nieliczne i często heterogeniczne2.

Najważniejszym zadaniem dla przyszłych badań epidemiologicznych bólu głowy będzie identyfikacja możliwych do zapobiegania czynników ryzyka i konsekwencji bólu głowy1.

Nacisk przyszłych badań nad pourazowym bólem głowy (PTH) powinien być położony na ustanowienie biomarkerów progresji od ostrego PTH do przetrwałego PTH1. Identyfikacja potencjalnych celów leczenia, takich jak peptyd związany z genem kalcytoniny, powinna umożliwić przeprowadzenie randomizowanych badań kontrolowanych u pacjentów z PTH2.

W populacji pediatrycznej zauważono znaczący brak danych na temat częstości występowania rzadszych bólów głowy, takich jak trójdzielno-autonomiczne bóle głowy (TACs), ból głowy spowodowany nadużywaniem leków (MOH) i nowy codzienny uporczywy ból głowy (NDPH), które są niedostatecznie zbadane3.

Dokumentowanie obciążenia zaburzeniami bólowymi głowy stało się ważnym zadaniem, zwróconym uwagę przez Global Campaign against Headache2. Szacunki GBD są teraz aktualizowane corocznie w celu monitorowania zmian w obciążeniu chorobami na całym świecie i tym samym prognozowania przyszłych potrzeb w zakresie usług zdrowotnych3.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    Headache disorders are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. […] Headache disorders ranked third (after stroke and dementia) in accounting for overall neurological disease burden as measured by age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. […] Worldwide, only a minority of people with headache disorders are appropriately diagnosed and treated by a health care provider. […] Headache has been underestimated, under-recognized and under-treated throughout the world. […] Globally, headache disorders affect approximately 40% of the population, or 3.1 billion people in 2021, and are more common in females compared to males. […] Despite some regional variations, headache disorders are a worldwide problem, affecting people of all races, income levels and geographical areas.
  • #1 Epidemiology of headache – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20816407/
    Epidemiological studies conducted in the general population point to average headache prevalence rates of 46% for 1-year prevalence and of 64% for lifetime prevalence. […] For migraine, most studies conducted in the adult general population of western Europe and North America indicate rates between 5% and 9% in men, and between 12% and 25% in women. […] Non-western countries report lower figures. […] About one-third of migraineurs suffer from migraine with aura. […] For tension-type headache, prevalence data reports in the literature are few and conflicting: rates range from 11% in Singapore to 20-40% in the USA and over 80% in Denmark. […] Cluster headache occurs in 1-3 per thousand of the general population, with a gender (M:F) ratio of about 3:1. […] About 4% of the adult general population suffers from chronic daily headache.
  • #1 Global epidemiology of migraine and its implications for public health and health policy | Nature Reviews Neurology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-022-00763-1
    Migraine is one of more than 200 headache disorders but stands out among these as a major cause of population ill health. […] In migraine epidemiology, the key variable is prevalence, but, from the perspective of public health, prevalence is uninformative without burden estimates. […] Migraine epidemiology is a young and evolving science, and, with an accepted definition of migraine available only since 1988, much in the large corpus of older literature is of questionable reliability. […] The current best estimate of global migraine prevalence is 1415%, and, in terms of burden, migraine accounts for 4.9% of global ill health, quantified as years lived with disability. […] These evaluations are still attended by uncertainty and are probably under-quantified rather than over-quantified. […] Despite these uncertainties, such high estimates of population ill health have clear implications for health policy.
  • #1 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    The prevalence of TTH was 17%. […] The overall weighted-pooled prevalence was 62%, heterogeneity was considerable high. […] There was a marked absence of data on prevalence of less common headaches such as TACs, MOH and NDPH, which are understudied. […] The epidemiology of primary headaches in the pediatric population continues to gain interest, it should be noted that specific findings of high importance remain overlooked. […] There is a great need for high-quality population-based research reporting the epidemiologic variance of primary headaches in age-specific groups.
  • #1 Frontiers | Cluster headache: an update on clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2024.1373528/full
    Cluster headache (CH) affects 0.1% of the population with an incidence of 2.07–9.8/100,000 person-years, a mean prevalence of 53/100,000 inhabitants (3–150/100,000 inhabitants). […] The incidence has been difficult to estimate due to the relatively low frequency of CH and systematic underdiagnosis. A study in a specialist practice setting in the USA observed 40 new cases of TAC in 4 years, mostly CH, which accounted for 5.3% of all headaches. […] Fischera et al. reported in a meta-analysis of 16 studies that examined prevalence frequencies from 3 to 150/100,000 persons, and the combined lifetime prevalence was 124/100,000 (95% CI: 101–151), and the mean annual prevalence was 53/100,000 (95% CI: 26–95). […] CH is considered a disease of age-productive males, with a mean male-to-female ratio of 3:1; this ratio was reported for many years, but this ratio has recently been modified with a reduction of the masculine predominance to 6.2 to 1.47, possibly due to previous misdiagnosis in women where CH may be mistaken for migraine.
  • #1 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    In the United States, more than 30 million people have 1 or more migraine headaches per year. This corresponds to approximately 18% of females and 6% of males. Migraine accounts for 64% of severe headaches in females and 43% of severe headaches in males. […] Approximately 75% of all persons who experience migraines are women. Currently, 1 in 6 American women has migraine headaches. (The reported incidence of migraine in females of reproductive age has increased over the last 20 years, but this change probably reflects greater awareness of the condition.) […] The incidence of migraine with aura peaks in boys at around age 5 years and in girls at around age 12-13 years. The incidence of migraine without aura peaks in boys at age 10-11 years and in girls at age 14-17 years. […] Before puberty, the prevalence and incidence of migraine are higher in boys than in girls. After age 12 years, the prevalence increases in males and females, reaching a peak at age 30-40 years. The female-to-male ratio increases from 2.5:1 at puberty to 3.5:1 at age 40 years.
  • #1 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    A study by Hsu et al suggests that women aged 40-50 years are also more susceptible to migrainous vertigo. […] Onset of migraine after age 50 years is rare. […] The prevalence of migraine appears to be lower among African Americans and Asian Americans than among whites. One study showed that among women, 20.4% of whites, 16.2% of African Americans, and 9.2% of Asian Americans met International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria for migraine. Similarly, in males, 8.6% of whites, 7.2% of African Americans, and 4.8% of Asian Americans were considered to have migraine. […] The economic cost resulting from migraine-related loss of productive time in the US workforce is more than $13 billion per year, most of which is in the form of reduced work productivity. In the American Migraine Study, more than 85% of women and 82% of men with severe migraine had some headache-related disability.
  • #1 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the worldwide prevalence of current migraine to be 10% and the lifetime prevalence to be 14%. The adjusted prevalence of migraine is highest in North America, followed by South and Central America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. […] Approximately 3000 migraine attacks per million persons worldwide occur every day. According to the WHO, migraine is 19th among all causes of years lived with disability. […] In the United States, migraine prevalence is inversely correlated with household income and level of education. Internationally, however, a relationship between migraine and socioeconomic status is not present.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Headaches are not only responsible for restrictions in everyday life in adults. In children and adolescents, regular headaches lead also to reduced life quality and limitations in the social sphere, in school education, and in professional careers. Here, we provide an overview on the frequency of headache in children and adolescents with the aim of increasing awareness about this particular health issue. […] Overall, headache prevalence in children and adolescents has been increasing in recent years. From various regions worldwide, data describing headache, its forms, and consequences are growing. In addition, factors frequently correlated with headache are repeatedly investigated and named: besides genetic factors, psychosocial and behavioral factors are linked to the prevalence of headache.
  • #1 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    Headache is the most prevalent neurological manifestation in adults and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. […] In children and adolescents, headaches are arguably responsible for a remarkable impact on physical and psychological issues, yet high-quality evidence is scarce. […] The pooled prevalence of primary headaches was 11% for migraine overall, 8% for migraine without aura (MwoA), 3% for migraine with aura (MwA) and 17% for tension-type headache (TTH). […] The pooled prevalence of overall primary headache in children and adolescents was 62%, with prevalence in females and males of 38% and 27% respectively. […] We found an overall remarkably high prevalence of primary headaches in children and adolescents, even if flawed by a high degree of heterogeneity. […] Comprehensive epidemiological studies on prevalence and incidence of primary headaches in developmental age are lacking and frequently heterogeneous.
  • #1 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    Compared to primary headaches in adults, few epidemiological studies are available in children and adolescents, with an estimated prevalence of headache and migraine up to 58% and 7.7% respectively. […] In the global burden of disease (GBD) of 2016, migraine was ranked first among the most disabling diseases in the 15-49 age range. […] In children and adolescents, headaches cause a substantial impact on quality of life: limiting social activities, physical activity and school absenteeism, weaker learning outcomes, a higher risk of dropping out of school, and a negative effect on parent’s careers. […] The overall prevalence of primary headache in the pediatric population investigated (8-18 years) was 62%. […] This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of migraine in children and adolescents was 11% overall, 8% for MwoA and 3% for MwA.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Starting with Europe, a recent study from Austria found in a representative sample of 3386 pupils aged 10-18 years an overall 1-year headache prevalence of 75.7% (girls: 82.1%; boys: 67.7%) and increasing with age. […] In addition, this study reported on headache types and differentiated a prevalence of 24.2% migraine, 21.6% tension type headache (TTH), 3.0% chronic headache on 15 days per month, and undifferentiated headache in 26.1%. […] Restrictions in daily life occurred in 42% of young people with headache and health-related quality of life was reduced in almost all children and adolescents with headache. […] A current cross-sectional study from Spain investigated 1619 students of 12-18 years using an anonymous questionnaire. The prevalence of recurrent headache was 30.5%, with 11.3% of probands showing migraine features; 32.9% of the subjects reported at least one headache episode per week, while 44.1% of them suffered from headache-related disabilities as measured by PedMIDAS.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    A recently study of our group in Germany investigated headache prevalence in pupils aged 6 to 19 years using anonymous questionnaires and concluded that the majority of pupils suffer from headache at least once a month. […] Among pupils with headache 2 days a month, 48.1% indicated the intake of analgesics, with ibuprofen (49.1%) and paracetamol (32.8%) being the most frequently used. […] Headache disorders in children and adolescents affect frequently school and social activities and the work performance of the parents. Awareness of early diagnosis and preventive therapies must improve to prevent chronic headaches and its negative impact on performance at school and in the social context. The data summarized in this review highlight the need for improved management and prevention of headaches in children and adolescents.
  • #1 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35410119/
    According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. […] Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on 15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. […] The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings.
  • #1 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. […] Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on 15days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. […] The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. […] Documenting the burden of headache disorders has become an important task, brought to attention by the Global Campaign against Headache. […] GBD estimates are now updated annually to monitor changes in disease burden around the globe, and thereby forecast future needs in health services.
  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Increasing evidence indicates that headache is underestimated as a common disorder in children and adolescents. Accordingly, too little emphasis is placed by society on its prevention and treatment. Thus, the extent of the social and health economic burden of frequent headaches in children and adolescents needs to be better illustrated, worldwide. Furthermore, the data collected in this review should support the efforts to improve outpatient therapy paths for young headache patients. […] Population-based studies in the European Union (EU) have shown an overall 1-year prevalence of 79% for headache disorders. Headache disorders are ranked as the second most common cause of years of life spent with disability worldwide. In the EU, headache disorders cost national economies well over 100 billion euros annually.
  • #1 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is more common in younger people; in those with previous primary headache or migraine; and in those who present with accompanying anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19. Therefore, if a neurological complication is suspected based on the patients history and physical exam, or if the patient has developed NDPH, further testing should be considered.
  • #1 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    Headache epidemiology is a relatively young and immature discipline. […] It is believed that the large variations in reported prevalences from country to country, and sometimes within countries, are to a large extent caused by methodological differences between studies, but this has not been explored empirically. […] This review has many of the properties of a systematic review, and even of a meta-analysis, without conforming fully with accepted methodology for the former. […] In comparison with our previous review, we found an apparent increase in prevalence of migraine but not those of other headache types. […] The sensitivity analysis showed that the bivariate analyses were little influenced by statistical method (parametric or non-parametric). […] Case definition is of over-riding importance, and likely to be the single most influential factor in any enquiry dependent on prevalence estimation.
  • #1 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    The apparent increase in migraine prevalence over time may be real, perhaps related to environmental, physical, behavioural or psychological changes, but more probably it has to do with methodological developments over the years, leading to better techniques of access and engagement and improved diagnostic instruments, both likely to enhance case ascertainment. […] Overall, our estimates may be somewhat conservative because we subsumed shorter timeframes into our case definition of active headache disorder.
  • #1 Frontiers | Cluster headache: an update on clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2024.1373528/full
    Variations can be found in epidemiological data from different series; Stovner et al. determined that Multiple Linear Regression analyses explained less than 30% of the variations; other methodological factors influencing these differences are year of publication, sample size, the inclusion of probable diagnoses, sampling method, screening question, and research setting.
  • #1
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Until today, the consequences of frequent headaches in children are poorly characterized and early detection and treatment of young headache patients is too rare. Care structures for children and adolescents with regular headaches are not adapted to the needs. […] However, several studies in the last years have addressed the question of increasing prevalence of pediatric and juvenile headache. […] Headache in children and adolescents is a growing medical but also social task. This is supported on the one hand by the increasing use of medical facilities by children and adolescents with headaches in recent years, as shown in data from South Korea, Italy, and the USA. […] On the other hand, various studies have investigated headache prevalence, mostly in school-based cross-sectional studies, with the conclusion that there is a high prevalence of headache in children and adolescents globally.
  • #1 Migraine in the United States: Updates in Epidemiology
    https://www.neurologylive.com/view/migraine-united-states-updates-epidemiology
    Epidemiology studies are useful to clinicians because they highlight diagnosis and prescribing patterns, common trends within a disease, and unmet needs. […] Migraine is a common neurological disorder that affects both children and adults in the United States. It is a known cause of significant disability, ranked sixth by the World Health Organization for years lost to disability. […] This year, at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Headache Society (AHS), several abstracts were presented that discussed the epidemiology and treatment patterns of migraine in the United States. […] The prevalence of migraine in the Observational Survey of the Epidemiology, Treatment and Care of Migraine (OVERCOME) study was similar to that seen in the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention studies completed in the early 2000s.
  • #1 Migraine in the United States: Updates in Epidemiology
    https://www.neurologylive.com/view/migraine-united-states-updates-epidemiology
    Approximately 21% of persons with migraine had reported a diagnosis by a health care provider, and close to 12% were found to have severe disability related to migraine. […] Epidemiology studies are useful to clinicians when treating patients because they highlight diagnosis and prescribing patterns, common trends within a disease, and unmet needs.
  • #1 Epidemiology of Common Headache Disorders | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/978-88-470-1700-9_2
    This chapter starts with a brief discussion of some main methodological issues related to headache epidemiology, such as case definitions, method of data collection, time frame of the headache, and representativeness of the source population. […] It then presents the results of all major studies of adequate methodology, demonstrating that the 1-year prevalence of headache is around 50%, of migraine 11%, of tension-type headache (TTH) almost 40%, and of chronic daily headache (CDH) 3%. Cluster headache has a lifetime prevalence of 0.2%. Most headaches affect women more than men, and migraine is particularly prevalent among young and middle-aged adult women. […] Headaches are more prevalent among those of lower socioeconomic status, and there may also be geographical and racial variations in the prevalence. […] A most important task for headache epidemiological research in the future will be to identify preventable risk factors for and consequences of headache.
  • #1 Post-traumatic headache: epidemiology and pathophysiological insights | Nature Reviews Neurology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-019-0243-8
    Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a highly disabling secondary headache disorder and one of the most common sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury, also known as concussion. […] The most common PTH phenotypes are migraine-like headache and tension-type-like headache. […] PTH is associated with somatic symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, and cognitive and psychological symptoms. […] Possible disease mechanisms of PTH include impaired descending modulation, neurometabolic changes and activation of the trigeminal sensory system. […] The emphasis of future studies of PTH should be on establishing biomarkers of progression from acute PTH to persistent PTH. […] Identification of potential treatment targets, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide, should enable randomized controlled trials to be conducted in patients with PTH.
  • #2
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    Headache disorders are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. […] Headache disorders ranked third (after stroke and dementia) in accounting for overall neurological disease burden as measured by age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. […] Worldwide, only a minority of people with headache disorders are appropriately diagnosed and treated by a health care provider. […] Headache has been underestimated, under-recognized and under-treated throughout the world. […] Globally, headache disorders affect approximately 40% of the population, or 3.1 billion people in 2021, and are more common in females compared to males. […] Despite some regional variations, headache disorders are a worldwide problem, affecting people of all races, income levels and geographical areas.
  • #2 Epidemiology of headache – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20816407/
    Epidemiological studies conducted in the general population point to average headache prevalence rates of 46% for 1-year prevalence and of 64% for lifetime prevalence. […] For migraine, most studies conducted in the adult general population of western Europe and North America indicate rates between 5% and 9% in men, and between 12% and 25% in women. […] Non-western countries report lower figures. […] About one-third of migraineurs suffer from migraine with aura. […] For tension-type headache, prevalence data reports in the literature are few and conflicting: rates range from 11% in Singapore to 20-40% in the USA and over 80% in Denmark. […] Cluster headache occurs in 1-3 per thousand of the general population, with a gender (M:F) ratio of about 3:1. […] About 4% of the adult general population suffers from chronic daily headache.
  • #2 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    In the United States, more than 30 million people have 1 or more migraine headaches per year. This corresponds to approximately 18% of females and 6% of males. Migraine accounts for 64% of severe headaches in females and 43% of severe headaches in males. […] Approximately 75% of all persons who experience migraines are women. Currently, 1 in 6 American women has migraine headaches. (The reported incidence of migraine in females of reproductive age has increased over the last 20 years, but this change probably reflects greater awareness of the condition.) […] The incidence of migraine with aura peaks in boys at around age 5 years and in girls at around age 12-13 years. The incidence of migraine without aura peaks in boys at age 10-11 years and in girls at age 14-17 years. […] Before puberty, the prevalence and incidence of migraine are higher in boys than in girls. After age 12 years, the prevalence increases in males and females, reaching a peak at age 30-40 years. The female-to-male ratio increases from 2.5:1 at puberty to 3.5:1 at age 40 years.
  • #2 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    A study by Hsu et al suggests that women aged 40-50 years are also more susceptible to migrainous vertigo. […] Onset of migraine after age 50 years is rare. […] The prevalence of migraine appears to be lower among African Americans and Asian Americans than among whites. One study showed that among women, 20.4% of whites, 16.2% of African Americans, and 9.2% of Asian Americans met International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria for migraine. Similarly, in males, 8.6% of whites, 7.2% of African Americans, and 4.8% of Asian Americans were considered to have migraine. […] The economic cost resulting from migraine-related loss of productive time in the US workforce is more than $13 billion per year, most of which is in the form of reduced work productivity. In the American Migraine Study, more than 85% of women and 82% of men with severe migraine had some headache-related disability.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Starting with Europe, a recent study from Austria found in a representative sample of 3386 pupils aged 10-18 years an overall 1-year headache prevalence of 75.7% (girls: 82.1%; boys: 67.7%) and increasing with age. […] In addition, this study reported on headache types and differentiated a prevalence of 24.2% migraine, 21.6% tension type headache (TTH), 3.0% chronic headache on 15 days per month, and undifferentiated headache in 26.1%. […] Restrictions in daily life occurred in 42% of young people with headache and health-related quality of life was reduced in almost all children and adolescents with headache. […] A current cross-sectional study from Spain investigated 1619 students of 12-18 years using an anonymous questionnaire. The prevalence of recurrent headache was 30.5%, with 11.3% of probands showing migraine features; 32.9% of the subjects reported at least one headache episode per week, while 44.1% of them suffered from headache-related disabilities as measured by PedMIDAS.
  • #2 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    Compared to primary headaches in adults, few epidemiological studies are available in children and adolescents, with an estimated prevalence of headache and migraine up to 58% and 7.7% respectively. […] In the global burden of disease (GBD) of 2016, migraine was ranked first among the most disabling diseases in the 15-49 age range. […] In children and adolescents, headaches cause a substantial impact on quality of life: limiting social activities, physical activity and school absenteeism, weaker learning outcomes, a higher risk of dropping out of school, and a negative effect on parent’s careers. […] The overall prevalence of primary headache in the pediatric population investigated (8-18 years) was 62%. […] This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of migraine in children and adolescents was 11% overall, 8% for MwoA and 3% for MwA.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    A recently study of our group in Germany investigated headache prevalence in pupils aged 6 to 19 years using anonymous questionnaires and concluded that the majority of pupils suffer from headache at least once a month. […] Among pupils with headache 2 days a month, 48.1% indicated the intake of analgesics, with ibuprofen (49.1%) and paracetamol (32.8%) being the most frequently used. […] Headache disorders in children and adolescents affect frequently school and social activities and the work performance of the parents. Awareness of early diagnosis and preventive therapies must improve to prevent chronic headaches and its negative impact on performance at school and in the social context. The data summarized in this review highlight the need for improved management and prevention of headaches in children and adolescents.
  • #2
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.
  • #2 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is more common in younger people; in those with previous primary headache or migraine; and in those who present with accompanying anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19. Therefore, if a neurological complication is suspected based on the patients history and physical exam, or if the patient has developed NDPH, further testing should be considered.
  • #2 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    Headache epidemiology is a relatively young and immature discipline. […] It is believed that the large variations in reported prevalences from country to country, and sometimes within countries, are to a large extent caused by methodological differences between studies, but this has not been explored empirically. […] This review has many of the properties of a systematic review, and even of a meta-analysis, without conforming fully with accepted methodology for the former. […] In comparison with our previous review, we found an apparent increase in prevalence of migraine but not those of other headache types. […] The sensitivity analysis showed that the bivariate analyses were little influenced by statistical method (parametric or non-parametric). […] Case definition is of over-riding importance, and likely to be the single most influential factor in any enquiry dependent on prevalence estimation.
  • #2
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Until today, the consequences of frequent headaches in children are poorly characterized and early detection and treatment of young headache patients is too rare. Care structures for children and adolescents with regular headaches are not adapted to the needs. […] However, several studies in the last years have addressed the question of increasing prevalence of pediatric and juvenile headache. […] Headache in children and adolescents is a growing medical but also social task. This is supported on the one hand by the increasing use of medical facilities by children and adolescents with headaches in recent years, as shown in data from South Korea, Italy, and the USA. […] On the other hand, various studies have investigated headache prevalence, mostly in school-based cross-sectional studies, with the conclusion that there is a high prevalence of headache in children and adolescents globally.
  • #2 Migraine in the United States: Updates in Epidemiology
    https://www.neurologylive.com/view/migraine-united-states-updates-epidemiology
    Approximately 21% of persons with migraine had reported a diagnosis by a health care provider, and close to 12% were found to have severe disability related to migraine. […] Epidemiology studies are useful to clinicians when treating patients because they highlight diagnosis and prescribing patterns, common trends within a disease, and unmet needs.
  • #2 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    The prevalence of TTH was 17%. […] The overall weighted-pooled prevalence was 62%, heterogeneity was considerable high. […] There was a marked absence of data on prevalence of less common headaches such as TACs, MOH and NDPH, which are understudied. […] The epidemiology of primary headaches in the pediatric population continues to gain interest, it should be noted that specific findings of high importance remain overlooked. […] There is a great need for high-quality population-based research reporting the epidemiologic variance of primary headaches in age-specific groups.
  • #2 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    Headache is the most prevalent neurological manifestation in adults and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. […] In children and adolescents, headaches are arguably responsible for a remarkable impact on physical and psychological issues, yet high-quality evidence is scarce. […] The pooled prevalence of primary headaches was 11% for migraine overall, 8% for migraine without aura (MwoA), 3% for migraine with aura (MwA) and 17% for tension-type headache (TTH). […] The pooled prevalence of overall primary headache in children and adolescents was 62%, with prevalence in females and males of 38% and 27% respectively. […] We found an overall remarkably high prevalence of primary headaches in children and adolescents, even if flawed by a high degree of heterogeneity. […] Comprehensive epidemiological studies on prevalence and incidence of primary headaches in developmental age are lacking and frequently heterogeneous.
  • #2 Post-traumatic headache: epidemiology and pathophysiological insights | Nature Reviews Neurology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-019-0243-8
    Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a highly disabling secondary headache disorder and one of the most common sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury, also known as concussion. […] The most common PTH phenotypes are migraine-like headache and tension-type-like headache. […] PTH is associated with somatic symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, and cognitive and psychological symptoms. […] Possible disease mechanisms of PTH include impaired descending modulation, neurometabolic changes and activation of the trigeminal sensory system. […] The emphasis of future studies of PTH should be on establishing biomarkers of progression from acute PTH to persistent PTH. […] Identification of potential treatment targets, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide, should enable randomized controlled trials to be conducted in patients with PTH.
  • #2 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. […] Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on 15days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. […] The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. […] Documenting the burden of headache disorders has become an important task, brought to attention by the Global Campaign against Headache. […] GBD estimates are now updated annually to monitor changes in disease burden around the globe, and thereby forecast future needs in health services.
  • #3
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    Headache disorders are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. […] Headache disorders ranked third (after stroke and dementia) in accounting for overall neurological disease burden as measured by age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. […] Worldwide, only a minority of people with headache disorders are appropriately diagnosed and treated by a health care provider. […] Headache has been underestimated, under-recognized and under-treated throughout the world. […] Globally, headache disorders affect approximately 40% of the population, or 3.1 billion people in 2021, and are more common in females compared to males. […] Despite some regional variations, headache disorders are a worldwide problem, affecting people of all races, income levels and geographical areas.
  • #3 Epidemiology of headache – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20816407/
    Epidemiological studies conducted in the general population point to average headache prevalence rates of 46% for 1-year prevalence and of 64% for lifetime prevalence. […] For migraine, most studies conducted in the adult general population of western Europe and North America indicate rates between 5% and 9% in men, and between 12% and 25% in women. […] Non-western countries report lower figures. […] About one-third of migraineurs suffer from migraine with aura. […] For tension-type headache, prevalence data reports in the literature are few and conflicting: rates range from 11% in Singapore to 20-40% in the USA and over 80% in Denmark. […] Cluster headache occurs in 1-3 per thousand of the general population, with a gender (M:F) ratio of about 3:1. […] About 4% of the adult general population suffers from chronic daily headache.
  • #3 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    In the United States, more than 30 million people have 1 or more migraine headaches per year. This corresponds to approximately 18% of females and 6% of males. Migraine accounts for 64% of severe headaches in females and 43% of severe headaches in males. […] Approximately 75% of all persons who experience migraines are women. Currently, 1 in 6 American women has migraine headaches. (The reported incidence of migraine in females of reproductive age has increased over the last 20 years, but this change probably reflects greater awareness of the condition.) […] The incidence of migraine with aura peaks in boys at around age 5 years and in girls at around age 12-13 years. The incidence of migraine without aura peaks in boys at age 10-11 years and in girls at age 14-17 years. […] Before puberty, the prevalence and incidence of migraine are higher in boys than in girls. After age 12 years, the prevalence increases in males and females, reaching a peak at age 30-40 years. The female-to-male ratio increases from 2.5:1 at puberty to 3.5:1 at age 40 years.
  • #3
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Starting with Europe, a recent study from Austria found in a representative sample of 3386 pupils aged 10-18 years an overall 1-year headache prevalence of 75.7% (girls: 82.1%; boys: 67.7%) and increasing with age. […] In addition, this study reported on headache types and differentiated a prevalence of 24.2% migraine, 21.6% tension type headache (TTH), 3.0% chronic headache on 15 days per month, and undifferentiated headache in 26.1%. […] Restrictions in daily life occurred in 42% of young people with headache and health-related quality of life was reduced in almost all children and adolescents with headache. […] A current cross-sectional study from Spain investigated 1619 students of 12-18 years using an anonymous questionnaire. The prevalence of recurrent headache was 30.5%, with 11.3% of probands showing migraine features; 32.9% of the subjects reported at least one headache episode per week, while 44.1% of them suffered from headache-related disabilities as measured by PedMIDAS.
  • #3 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    Compared to primary headaches in adults, few epidemiological studies are available in children and adolescents, with an estimated prevalence of headache and migraine up to 58% and 7.7% respectively. […] In the global burden of disease (GBD) of 2016, migraine was ranked first among the most disabling diseases in the 15-49 age range. […] In children and adolescents, headaches cause a substantial impact on quality of life: limiting social activities, physical activity and school absenteeism, weaker learning outcomes, a higher risk of dropping out of school, and a negative effect on parent’s careers. […] The overall prevalence of primary headache in the pediatric population investigated (8-18 years) was 62%. […] This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of migraine in children and adolescents was 11% overall, 8% for MwoA and 3% for MwA.
  • #3 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    A study by Hsu et al suggests that women aged 40-50 years are also more susceptible to migrainous vertigo. […] Onset of migraine after age 50 years is rare. […] The prevalence of migraine appears to be lower among African Americans and Asian Americans than among whites. One study showed that among women, 20.4% of whites, 16.2% of African Americans, and 9.2% of Asian Americans met International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria for migraine. Similarly, in males, 8.6% of whites, 7.2% of African Americans, and 4.8% of Asian Americans were considered to have migraine. […] The economic cost resulting from migraine-related loss of productive time in the US workforce is more than $13 billion per year, most of which is in the form of reduced work productivity. In the American Migraine Study, more than 85% of women and 82% of men with severe migraine had some headache-related disability.
  • #3 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is more common in younger people; in those with previous primary headache or migraine; and in those who present with accompanying anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19. Therefore, if a neurological complication is suspected based on the patients history and physical exam, or if the patient has developed NDPH, further testing should be considered.
  • #3 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    Headache epidemiology is a relatively young and immature discipline. […] It is believed that the large variations in reported prevalences from country to country, and sometimes within countries, are to a large extent caused by methodological differences between studies, but this has not been explored empirically. […] This review has many of the properties of a systematic review, and even of a meta-analysis, without conforming fully with accepted methodology for the former. […] In comparison with our previous review, we found an apparent increase in prevalence of migraine but not those of other headache types. […] The sensitivity analysis showed that the bivariate analyses were little influenced by statistical method (parametric or non-parametric). […] Case definition is of over-riding importance, and likely to be the single most influential factor in any enquiry dependent on prevalence estimation.
  • #3
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.
  • #3 Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01541-0
    The prevalence of TTH was 17%. […] The overall weighted-pooled prevalence was 62%, heterogeneity was considerable high. […] There was a marked absence of data on prevalence of less common headaches such as TACs, MOH and NDPH, which are understudied. […] The epidemiology of primary headaches in the pediatric population continues to gain interest, it should be noted that specific findings of high importance remain overlooked. […] There is a great need for high-quality population-based research reporting the epidemiologic variance of primary headaches in age-specific groups.
  • #3 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. […] Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on 15days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. […] The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. […] Documenting the burden of headache disorders has become an important task, brought to attention by the Global Campaign against Headache. […] GBD estimates are now updated annually to monitor changes in disease burden around the globe, and thereby forecast future needs in health services.
  • #4 Epidemiology of headache – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20816407/
    Epidemiological studies conducted in the general population point to average headache prevalence rates of 46% for 1-year prevalence and of 64% for lifetime prevalence. […] For migraine, most studies conducted in the adult general population of western Europe and North America indicate rates between 5% and 9% in men, and between 12% and 25% in women. […] Non-western countries report lower figures. […] About one-third of migraineurs suffer from migraine with aura. […] For tension-type headache, prevalence data reports in the literature are few and conflicting: rates range from 11% in Singapore to 20-40% in the USA and over 80% in Denmark. […] Cluster headache occurs in 1-3 per thousand of the general population, with a gender (M:F) ratio of about 3:1. […] About 4% of the adult general population suffers from chronic daily headache.
  • #4
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-020-00892-6
    Starting with Europe, a recent study from Austria found in a representative sample of 3386 pupils aged 10-18 years an overall 1-year headache prevalence of 75.7% (girls: 82.1%; boys: 67.7%) and increasing with age. […] In addition, this study reported on headache types and differentiated a prevalence of 24.2% migraine, 21.6% tension type headache (TTH), 3.0% chronic headache on 15 days per month, and undifferentiated headache in 26.1%. […] Restrictions in daily life occurred in 42% of young people with headache and health-related quality of life was reduced in almost all children and adolescents with headache. […] A current cross-sectional study from Spain investigated 1619 students of 12-18 years using an anonymous questionnaire. The prevalence of recurrent headache was 30.5%, with 11.3% of probands showing migraine features; 32.9% of the subjects reported at least one headache episode per week, while 44.1% of them suffered from headache-related disabilities as measured by PedMIDAS.
  • #4 Migraine Headache: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview
    A study by Hsu et al suggests that women aged 40-50 years are also more susceptible to migrainous vertigo. […] Onset of migraine after age 50 years is rare. […] The prevalence of migraine appears to be lower among African Americans and Asian Americans than among whites. One study showed that among women, 20.4% of whites, 16.2% of African Americans, and 9.2% of Asian Americans met International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria for migraine. Similarly, in males, 8.6% of whites, 7.2% of African Americans, and 4.8% of Asian Americans were considered to have migraine. […] The economic cost resulting from migraine-related loss of productive time in the US workforce is more than $13 billion per year, most of which is in the form of reduced work productivity. In the American Migraine Study, more than 85% of women and 82% of men with severe migraine had some headache-related disability.
  • #4 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is more common in younger people; in those with previous primary headache or migraine; and in those who present with accompanying anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19. Therefore, if a neurological complication is suspected based on the patients history and physical exam, or if the patient has developed NDPH, further testing should be considered.
  • #4 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text
    https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2
    Headache epidemiology is a relatively young and immature discipline. […] It is believed that the large variations in reported prevalences from country to country, and sometimes within countries, are to a large extent caused by methodological differences between studies, but this has not been explored empirically. […] This review has many of the properties of a systematic review, and even of a meta-analysis, without conforming fully with accepted methodology for the former. […] In comparison with our previous review, we found an apparent increase in prevalence of migraine but not those of other headache types. […] The sensitivity analysis showed that the bivariate analyses were little influenced by statistical method (parametric or non-parametric). […] Case definition is of over-riding importance, and likely to be the single most influential factor in any enquiry dependent on prevalence estimation.
  • #4
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    Headache disorders are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. […] Headache disorders ranked third (after stroke and dementia) in accounting for overall neurological disease burden as measured by age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. […] Worldwide, only a minority of people with headache disorders are appropriately diagnosed and treated by a health care provider. […] Headache has been underestimated, under-recognized and under-treated throughout the world. […] Globally, headache disorders affect approximately 40% of the population, or 3.1 billion people in 2021, and are more common in females compared to males. […] Despite some regional variations, headache disorders are a worldwide problem, affecting people of all races, income levels and geographical areas.
  • #4
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.
  • #5 Epidemiology of headache – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20816407/
    Epidemiological studies conducted in the general population point to average headache prevalence rates of 46% for 1-year prevalence and of 64% for lifetime prevalence. […] For migraine, most studies conducted in the adult general population of western Europe and North America indicate rates between 5% and 9% in men, and between 12% and 25% in women. […] Non-western countries report lower figures. […] About one-third of migraineurs suffer from migraine with aura. […] For tension-type headache, prevalence data reports in the literature are few and conflicting: rates range from 11% in Singapore to 20-40% in the USA and over 80% in Denmark. […] Cluster headache occurs in 1-3 per thousand of the general population, with a gender (M:F) ratio of about 3:1. […] About 4% of the adult general population suffers from chronic daily headache.
  • #5 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society
    https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management
    Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is more common in younger people; in those with previous primary headache or migraine; and in those who present with accompanying anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia. […] Headache persists beyond the acute phase in 6-45% of patients, although headache prevalence may decrease over time. […] A systematic review found headache persisted up to 60 days in 16.5%, 90 days in 10.6%, and 180 days in 8.4%. […] Headache may be associated with several neurological complications of COVID-19. Therefore, if a neurological complication is suspected based on the patients history and physical exam, or if the patient has developed NDPH, further testing should be considered.
  • #5
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    Headache disorders are among the most common disorders of the nervous system. […] Headache disorders ranked third (after stroke and dementia) in accounting for overall neurological disease burden as measured by age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. […] Worldwide, only a minority of people with headache disorders are appropriately diagnosed and treated by a health care provider. […] Headache has been underestimated, under-recognized and under-treated throughout the world. […] Globally, headache disorders affect approximately 40% of the population, or 3.1 billion people in 2021, and are more common in females compared to males. […] Despite some regional variations, headache disorders are a worldwide problem, affecting people of all races, income levels and geographical areas.
  • #5
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.
  • #6 Epidemiology of headache – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20816407/
    Epidemiological studies conducted in the general population point to average headache prevalence rates of 46% for 1-year prevalence and of 64% for lifetime prevalence. […] For migraine, most studies conducted in the adult general population of western Europe and North America indicate rates between 5% and 9% in men, and between 12% and 25% in women. […] Non-western countries report lower figures. […] About one-third of migraineurs suffer from migraine with aura. […] For tension-type headache, prevalence data reports in the literature are few and conflicting: rates range from 11% in Singapore to 20-40% in the USA and over 80% in Denmark. […] Cluster headache occurs in 1-3 per thousand of the general population, with a gender (M:F) ratio of about 3:1. […] About 4% of the adult general population suffers from chronic daily headache.
  • #6
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.
  • #7
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.
  • #8
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
    According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Headache disorders impose a burden on individuals that can include substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and financial cost. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. […] Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. […] WHO published the Atlas of headache disorders in 2011, describing the burden due to headache disorders and resources available to reduce them. […] The action plan addresses the challenges and gaps in providing care and services for people with epilepsy and other neurological disorders such as headache disorders that exist worldwide and ensure a comprehensive, coordinated response across sectors.

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anosmia jakość życia związana ze zdrowiem przewlekły codzienny ból głowy nowy codzienny uporczywy ból głowy niepełnosprawność związana z migreną ból głowy spowodowany nadużywaniem leków ból głowy typu napięciowego lata życia skorygowane niepełnosprawnością zaburzenie bólowe głowy pourazowy ból głowy ibuprofen Międzynarodowa Klasyfikacja Bólów Głowy ostra faza COVID-19 trójdzielno-autonomiczny ból głowy napad migrenowy peptyd związany z genem kalcytoniny choroba neurologiczna paracetamol mialgia ból głowy klasterowy ból głowy pierwotny ból głowy Global Burden of Disease migrena z aurą ageuzja migrena bez aury