Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Artificial Food Colors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms: Conclusions to Dye for

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3441937/

  The effect of artificial food colors (AFCs) on child behavior has been studied for more than 35 years, with accumulating evidence from imperfect studies. […] Recent data suggest a small but significant deleterious effect of AFCs on children’s behavior that is not confined to those with diagnosable ADHD. AFCs appear to be more of a public health problem than an ADHD problem. […] The results of these studies led to some significant changes in the field of public health, with the United Kingdom government requesting that food manufacturers avoid these additives in favor of natural food colors and flavors, and the EU asking manufacturers to voluntarily remove several AFCs from foods and beverages or list the following warning on the label: [this AFC] may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. […] The current status of evidence is inconclusive but too substantial to dismiss. Until safety can be better determined, we suggest minimizing children’s exposure to AFCs.

• #1 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9052604/

  Concern that synthetic food dyes may impact behavior in children prompted a review by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). […] We identified 27 clinical trials of children exposed to synthetic food dyes in this review, of which 25 were challenge studies. […] Sixteen (64%) out of 25 challenge studies identified some evidence of a positive association, and in 13 (52%) the association was statistically significant. These studies support a relationship between food dye exposure and adverse behavioral outcomes in children. […] Together, the human clinical trials and animal toxicology literature support an association between synthetic food dyes and behavioral impacts in children. […] The current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acceptable daily intakes are based on older studies that were not designed to assess the types of behavioral effects observed in children.

• #2 New report shows artificial food coloring causes hyperactivity in some kids | UC Berkeley Public Health

  https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/news-media/research-highlights/new-report-shows-artificial-food-coloring-causes-hyperactivity-in-some-kids

  A report released in April 2021 by the state of California with contributors from UC Berkeley and UC Davis confirmed the long-suspected belief that the consumption of synthetic food dyes can cause hyperactivity and other neurobehavioral issues for some children. […] Evidence shows that synthetic food dyes are associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in some children, said OEHHA Director Lauren Zeise. […] Researchers found that all of the FDAs Acceptable Daily Intake levels (ADIs) for synthetic food dyes are based on 35- to 70-year-old studies that were not designed to detect the types of behavioral effects that have been observed in children. Comparisons with newer studies indicate that the current ADIs may not adequately protect children from behavioral effects. […] This is the most comprehensive study examining dietary exposure to artificial food coloring in vulnerable populations such as young children and pregnant women.

• #2 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence | Environmental Health | Full Text

  https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-022-00849-9

  Concern that synthetic food dyes may impact behavior in children prompted a review by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). […] We identified 27 clinical trials of children exposed to synthetic food dyes in this review, of which 25 were challenge studies. […] Sixteen (64%) out of 25 challenge studies identified some evidence of a positive association, and in 13 (52%) the association was statistically significant. These studies support a relationship between food dye exposure and adverse behavioral outcomes in children. […] Together, the human clinical trials and animal toxicology literature support an association between synthetic food dyes and behavioral impacts in children. […] The current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acceptable daily intakes are based on older studies that were not designed to assess the types of behavioral effects observed in children.

• #3 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence | Environmental Health | Full Text

  https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-022-00849-9

  Studies were excluded if they were: Studies involving cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional designs. […] The most frequent study locations were in the US (44%), followed by the UK (22%), and Australia and Canada (15% each). […] Sixteen (64%) out of 25 challenge studies identified some evidence of an association and in 13 (52%), the association was statistically significant. […] Positive associations were also more frequently reported in studies published after the year 1990 (83.3 vs. 57.9%, p=0.26), in studies that used validated metrics for assessing outcome (70.6 vs. 50.0%, p =0.17) and in studies with larger numbers of participants. […] A high-quality meta-analysis is supportive of the hypothesis that synthetic food dye exposures is associated with adverse behavioral effects in children.

• #4 Artificial Food Colors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms: Conclusions to Dye for

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3441937/

  The effect of artificial food colors (AFCs) on child behavior has been studied for more than 35 years, with accumulating evidence from imperfect studies. […] Recent data suggest a small but significant deleterious effect of AFCs on children’s behavior that is not confined to those with diagnosable ADHD. AFCs appear to be more of a public health problem than an ADHD problem. […] The results of these studies led to some significant changes in the field of public health, with the United Kingdom government requesting that food manufacturers avoid these additives in favor of natural food colors and flavors, and the EU asking manufacturers to voluntarily remove several AFCs from foods and beverages or list the following warning on the label: [this AFC] may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. […] The current status of evidence is inconclusive but too substantial to dismiss. Until safety can be better determined, we suggest minimizing children’s exposure to AFCs.

• #5 The Real Story About Food Dyes and Behavior | 2014-04-01 | CARLAT PUBLISHING

  https://www.thecarlatreport.com/articles/2189-the-real-story-about-food-dyes-and-behavior

  These results suggest that food dyes are a widespread public health problem, rather than just an ADHD problem. […] Nevertheless, it seems clear that food dyes have a negative effect on behavior, whether in the context of a psychiatric diagnosis or not. […] We see no harm and perhaps some benefit from removing artificial food dyes from a childs diet. And that goes for all kidsnot just those with ADHD.

• #6 Artificial Food Coloring Triggers Hyperactivity in Some Kids, California Report Finds | KQED

  https://www.kqed.org/science/1974271/artificial-food-coloring-triggers-hyperactivity-in-some-kids-california-report-finds

  A recent state assessment of research conducted on products with synthetic food dyes, like Red 40 or Yellow 6, has found they may increase or contribute to hyperactivity in kids. […] Scientists at the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment concluded that levels of the artificial food coloring determined to be safe by the Food and Drug Administration are too high for children. […] Nigg and colleagues estimate that 5%-10% of kids with ADHD may be sensitive to synthetic food coloring. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics said in a 2018 policy statement that artificial food colors may be associated with exacerbation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.

• #7 Artificial Food Dyes & Behavior – Smart Kids

  https://www.smartkidswithld.org/getting-help/adhd/artificial-food-dyes-behavior/

  In 2012, Dr. Joel Nigg, a leading ADHD researcher, and his team analyzed the strength of all existing studies involving the effect of artificial food dyes on behavior. As often happens in an analysis of this scale, flaws in the original studies came to light, which is what Niggs team found, forcing the researchers to conclude the state of evidence was inconclusive. Nevertheless, their examination found enough to describe the link between synthetic dyes and hyperactivity as too substantial to dismiss. […] Dr. Nigg suggests minimizing childrens exposure to AFCs until their safety can be better determined. […] Many children are sensitive to synthetic dyes. According to Dr. Nigg, food dyes cause symptoms in up to eight percent of children with ADHD nationwideor over 500,000 kids. Because AFCs also impact an unknown number of children without ADHD, if just one-half of one percent of all children are sensitive to AFCs, dyes could trigger behavioral problems in an additional 250,000 kids. […] Artificial dyes are more of a public health problem than an ADHD problem. While AFCs are not a main cause of ADHD or hyperactivity, they may contribute significantly to some cases, and may additionally push a youngster over the diagnostic threshold.

• #8 How food dye can affect children | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/mental-health/food-dye

  You might have wondered why your son or daughter became hyper and irritable after having a blue sports drink or eating a colorfully iced cookie or piece of cake. […] Food dyes can make some children and teens hyperactive and moody or irritable, according to available research. […] Food dyes and some other additives are a public health concern. Even children and young adults without a mental health condition could become agitated after having food dye. […] Food dyes can make ADHD symptoms worse. […] Children who have a pattern of being angry, irritable and defying parents and other people in authority can experience more of those behaviors after having food or drinks with artificial dyes. […] Food dyes could affect how bacteria in the gut function, making anxiety worse. […] Adequate sleep, exercise and a healthy diet that’s free of artificial food dyes can take the edge off ADHD and mood symptoms and possibly enable you or your child to need less medication.

• #9 Food Coloring and Children with ADHD: Do Dyes Impact Behavior?FooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/food-coloring-dyes-adhd-symptoms/?srsltid=AfmBOop6bzZAU5i58GEIEE-rNqcVUw2YfFGBkMIOOxOA3P3gyhVgJwHP

  Although overall effects are small, it appears that food dyes trigger and/or worsen ADHD symptoms in some children. […] Some children may experience more aggression and hyperactivity, and reduced attention and focus. […] Food dyes probably make children with and without ADHD more irritable. […] Parents are well-advised to remove food dyes from their child’s diet if they can.

• #10 The Health Risks Of Artificial Food Dyes | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2025/01/health-risks-of-artificial-food-dyes

  Research has suggested dyes are linked to health problems, including behavioral changes in children. […] A review of the existing research, published in 2022, found evidence from both animal and human studies that suggested artificial food dyes can affect behavior in children. […] Experts say there’s no evidence that food dye causes ADHD. However, it can cause hyperactivity and might make ADHD symptoms worse. […] The studies suggest that these reactions can occur within hours of consuming artificial dye, but it’s not always immediate. Sometimes symptoms take a day or two to show up. […] There’s also research that shows when you remove dye from a child’s diet, they have fewer symptoms like restlessness or hyperactivity.

• #11 What the Current Science Says About Hyperactivity and Food Colors – Food Insight

  https://foodinsight.org/what-the-current-science-says-about-hyperactivity-and-food-colors/

  The color of our food can have a big influence on what and how we eat. […] All food color additives in the U.S. food supply are safe for human consumption, and counter to some news reports, there is limited science that food colors increase hyperactivity in children. […] Although food color additives are safe to eat, there is ongoing research surrounding the effect of food colors on behavior. […] This hypothesis was popularized in the 1970s based on Dr. Ben Feingolds research, which suggested that food colors were a direct cause of hyperactivity and learning issues in children. […] While ADHD can result from a number of causes, it is widely believed at this point that food colors, as well as any other food substances, are not a direct cause of this neurological syndrome. […] A group of scientists from both the U.S. and the U.K. confirmed the safety of all FDA-approved, synthetically created colors in a study published in 2020.

• #12

  https://hiyahealth.com/blogs/evidence-based-essentials/the-impact-of-artificial-food-coloring-on-children-s-health

  Artificial food colorings have long been a topic of debate. This ongoing discourse involves not only scientists and health professionals but also regulatory authorities and the general public, as they deliberate on the impact of these colorings on human health. […] Central to this discussion is the impact on children’s health: Do artificial food dyes pose a risk to kids? […] Amidst this, concerns have been raised about the possible adverse effects of artificial food colorings, including the potential link to hyperactivity, allergic reactions, and even cancer. […] In the 1970s, Dr. Ben Feingold proposed a hypothesis that there’s a link between hyperactivity and learning problems in children and artificial food additives, including colors. The idea gained traction, leading to several studies exploring the link.

• #13

  https://abcnews.go.com/Health/food-dyes-hyperactivity/story?id=13221478

  Youngsters with ADHD may have a „unique intolerance” to artificial food colorings, according to a government report released this week suggesting there may be some truth in the common wisdom that synthetic food dyes make children more hyper. […] The FDA distributed the research summary in advance of a two-day hearing in which its Food Advisory Committee, meeting in Silver Spring, Md., will consider any links between food coloring and hyperactivity in children. […] Those included a 2007 study in The Lancet, in which University of Southampton researchers assessed effects of a mixture of artificial colorings and preservatives on the behavior of local British youngsters ages 3 to 4, and ages 8 to 9; and a 2004 meta-analysis in the Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics analyzing previous studies addressing the relationship between artificial food colors and behavioral changes in children diagnosed with ADHD.

• #14 FDA panel finds no link between artificial food colorings and hyperactivity in most children – Harvard Health

  http://www.health.harvard.eduwww.health.harvard.edu/blog/fda-panel-finds-no-link-between-artificial-food-colorings-and-hyperactivity-in-most-children-201104012184

  At the same time, the FDAs rulingand several recent studiessuggest that food additives could contribute to symptoms in some children. […] In 2007, for example, a well-designed study in Britain found that preschoolers and elementary school students became slightly more hyperactive when they consumed drinks containing artificial colors. […] This was similar to the effect size reported in an earlier review by researchers at Columbia University and Harvard University, who estimated that removing artificial food colorings from the diets of children with ADHD would be about one-third to one-half as effective as treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin).

• #15 Red Dye 40, Food Additives and ADHD: Feed Your Child’s FocusFooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/feed-your-childs-focus-adhd-food-nutrition/?srsltid=AfmBOoqW5iETeFpzRl-HWyCiUZWbq__nJiX6pMrXueZw5wYzaEF6K0bY

  Research suggests that artificial food dyes, sugar, and sensitivities may exacerbate symptoms of ADHD in some children. […] Studies published in The Lancet, Pediatrics, and Journal of Pediatrics suggest that food additives adversely affect a population of children with ADHD. […] Some even indicate that artificial coloring and flavors, as well as the preservative sodium benzoate, can make even some kids without ADHD hyperactive. […] In 2004, one studied healthy preschoolers after giving them either a placebo or 20 milligrams of artificial dye mix plus sodium benzoate. They found that, when the children received the actual dye and sodium benzoate, they had a significant increase in hyperactivity. […] It found that both hyperactive children and non-hyperactive children experienced increased hyperactivity scores when given artificial food colors and additives, suggesting that the dyes are a general public health concern.

• #16 Artificial Food Dyes & Behavior – Smart Kids

  https://www.smartkidswithld.org/getting-help/adhd/artificial-food-dyes-behavior/

  In 2012, Dr. Joel Nigg, a leading ADHD researcher, and his team analyzed the strength of all existing studies involving the effect of artificial food dyes on behavior. As often happens in an analysis of this scale, flaws in the original studies came to light, which is what Niggs team found, forcing the researchers to conclude the state of evidence was inconclusive. Nevertheless, their examination found enough to describe the link between synthetic dyes and hyperactivity as too substantial to dismiss. […] Dr. Nigg suggests minimizing childrens exposure to AFCs until their safety can be better determined. […] Many children are sensitive to synthetic dyes. According to Dr. Nigg, food dyes cause symptoms in up to eight percent of children with ADHD nationwideor over 500,000 kids. Because AFCs also impact an unknown number of children without ADHD, if just one-half of one percent of all children are sensitive to AFCs, dyes could trigger behavioral problems in an additional 250,000 kids. […] Artificial dyes are more of a public health problem than an ADHD problem. While AFCs are not a main cause of ADHD or hyperactivity, they may contribute significantly to some cases, and may additionally push a youngster over the diagnostic threshold.

• #17 Food Colours and Hyperactivity in Children

  https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_48_01.html

  From 20 July 2010, foods to be sold in member countries of the European Union are required to put up a warning statement „may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children” if they contain certain artificial food colours. […] Based on the changes on activity and attention of these children, the researchers concluded that exposure to food colour mixtures in the diet result in increased hyperactivity in children. […] The Expert Committee, while agreed that the matter deserved close observation, observed a number of inherent limitations in the study and scientific uncertainties such that a causal link between food colours and behavioural changes in children could not be established. […] Experts opined that the Southampton study had a number of limitations and uncertainties, in which a link between food colours and behavioural changes in children could not be established.

• #18 Food additives | Food Standards Agency

  https://www.food.gov.uk/safety-hygiene/food-additives

  We funded research into possible links between food colours and hyperactivity in children. It found that consuming certain artificial food colours could cause increased hyperactivity in some children. […] Food and drink containing any of these six colours must carry a warning on the packaging. This will say May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children. […] Its important to remember that hyperactivity can also be caused by other things. So being careful about what a child eats may help manage hyperactive behaviour but it may not stop it.

• #19 FDA panel finds no link between artificial food colorings and hyperactivity in most children – Harvard Health

  http://www.health.harvard.eduwww.health.harvard.edu/blog/fda-panel-finds-no-link-between-artificial-food-colorings-and-hyperactivity-in-most-children-201104012184

  Parents, advocacy groups, and some scientists have long worried about a possible link between artificial food colorings and hyperactivity in children. On Thursday, an FDA panel concluded that there isnt enough evidence to prove that artificial food colorings contribute to hyperactivity, distractibility, and other behavior problems in most children. […] However, the panel wrote that certain children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be uniquely vulnerable, not just to food colorings, but to any number of food additives. […] The FDA convened the Food Advisory Committee to review the scientific evidence on artificial dyes and hyperactivity after receiving a 2008 petition submitted by the Center for Science and the Public Interest (CSPI). […] The FDA committees vote today is in line with the consensus view among scientists, that diet alone is probably not the driving force behind ADHD symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsive behavior.

• #20 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence | Environmental Health | Full Text

  https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-022-00849-9

  Our report evaluated the same studies used in the Nigg et al. meta-analysis as well as two pilot or preliminary reports, two studies with only 12 participants, and a study published after the meta-analysis was published. […] From the studies reviewed, it appears that not all children react to the dyes with adverse behavioral outcomes. […] The availability of studies at different developmental stages allowed a comprehensive review of adverse developmental effects, although it limited the ability to compare results across study designs, as exposures during different developmental stages may manifest differently later in life. […] Our review of animal toxicology studies was intended to examine neurobehavioral toxicity of food dyes and included any study administering one or more of the FDA registered food dyes and measuring a behavioral endpoint.

• #21 Do Food Dyes Cause Hyperactivity? – Plant Based Juniors

  https://plantbasedjuniors.com/food-dyes-and-hyperactivity/

  Consumption of food dyes was associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children, though children vary in their sensitivity. […] The studies that form the basis of the ADIs, are 35 to almost 70 years old, and as such were not capable of detecting the types of neurobehavioral outcomes assessed in later studies. […] Interestingly, some researchers suggest a genetic component that may determine whether a child with ADHD will have exacerbated hyperactivity symptoms from consuming food dyes. […] Bottom line: artificial food dyes (and other preservatives) dont offer any health benefits. So whether theyre problematic for your child or not, theres no reason to include them in the diet if you dont have to. […] It appears so but also depends on your child and their susceptibility. Its hard to say conclusively, but we feel there is enough evidence to limit exposure, especially if your child is more hyperactive. We recommend reading labels and avoiding purchasing or servings foods on a regular basis that include synthetic food dyes.

• #22 Are Food Dyes Bad For Your Health? | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/112745

  There was a „small, but significant deleterious effect” of a mixture of food dyes on behavior and cognition among children in a designated school district, he noted. […] „These children may represent a particularly susceptible subgroup based on genetic factors and may explain some of the inconsistencies in studies failing to account for this factor,” OEHHA report authors wrote. […] „It might be that cognitive behavioral effects are kind of the tip of the iceberg. There may be other things going on underneath that are deleterious to health” — including potential carcinogenicity. […] He added that he would „urge pediatricians, and other healthcare providers, particularly those interacting with children and their families, to really be mindful of the potential impacts that dyes are having.”

• #23 Food dyes linked to attention and activity problems in children – EHN

  https://www.ehn.org/food-dyes-children-health-2652857895.html

  Synthetic dyes used as colorants in many common foods and drinks can negatively affect attention and activity in children, according to a comprehensive review of existing evidence published this month by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). […] Food dyes in products such as breakfast cereals, juice and soft drinks, frozen dairy desserts, candies, and icings were linked to adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children including inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and restlessness. […] „Exposure in children affects attention and behavior across the whole spectrum of the population, and it’s a widely distributed exposure,” Mark Miller, a public health medical officer with OEHHA and one of 13 authors of the report, told EHN. „Overall it means that the impact is subject to being fairly large.” […] Mechanistic studies reviewed by Miller and the report’s other authors reveal that food dyes may impact behavior through a variety of pathways including neurotransmitters, hormones, and oxidative stress.

• #24 Food Coloring and Mental Health: Is There A Link?

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/food-coloring-and-mental-health

  Many theories may explain how artificial food dyes may influence behavior: Researchers have indicated that artificial dyes cause neurotransmitter disruption. This means that they interfere with the chemical signaling of the brain to affect mood and attention span. […] For decades, the potential connection between food dyes and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been a topic of heated debate. […] Many experts have agreed that removing food dye from a child’s diet may help reduce the symptoms of ADHD. However, it has been deduced that it is unlikely to be the primary cause of the disorder. […] The investigation into how food dyes and mental health intertwine with each other is still the subject of intense investigation. However, the evidence is compelling enough to warrant some caution. This is particularly true for people who are sensitive to these additives.

• #25 Red Dye 40 and ADHD: Health Risks and Foods to Avoid

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/red-dye-40-adhd-5220957

  A review of 27 clinical studies found that even a single exposure can lead to behavioral changes, with long-term effects possible from chronic exposure. […] Red dye 40 may cause tantrums and other strong emotional responses in children who are sensitive to the dye. Red dye 40 is known to exacerbate symptoms of ADHD. […] There is substantial evidence that red dye 40 exacerbates ADHD symptoms, including hyperactivity and irritability. […] It has also been found to trigger behavioral changes in sensitive children who do not have pre-existing behavioral disorders.

• #26 The Hidden Health Risks of Food Dyes

  https://www.eatingwell.com/article/16442/the-hidden-health-risks-of-food-dyes/

  Americans are now eating five times as much food dye as we did in 1955. […] Research has also associated food dyes with problems in children including allergies, hyperactivity, learning differences, irritability and aggressiveness. A U.S. study published in Science found that when children who scored high on a scale measuring hyperactivity consumed a food-dye blend they performed worse on tests that measured their ability to recall images than when they drank a placebo. A 2007 British study found that children who consumed a mixture of common synthetic dyes displayed hyperactive behavior within an hour of consumption. […] Preliminary evidence suggests that many children have a slight sensitivity to food dyes-and a smaller percentage are very sensitive. „We see reactions in sensitive individuals that include core ADHD symptoms, like difficulty sitting in a chair and interrupting conversations,” says David Schab, M.D., M.P.H., assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at Columbia University and co-author of a 2004 meta-analysis that found food dyes promote hyperactive behavior in already hyperactive children.

• #27 What the Current Science Says About Hyperactivity and Food Colors – Food Insight

  https://foodinsight.org/what-the-current-science-says-about-hyperactivity-and-food-colors/

  Additionally, a 2020 systematic assessment of FDA-certified colors concluded that food colors do not impact brain activity that is indicative of hyperactivity, implying that no relationship exists between food color additives and the development of ADHD. […] In 2011, the FDA Food Advisory Committee convened to help answer researchers burning questions around the topic of food colors and hyperactivity. […] In 2019, this committee re-convened. […] The results of this risk assessment will be used to determine whether or not further regulatory action (e.g., additional labeling requirements) will be necessary to inform Californians about potential health risks. […] currently scientists and regulatory agencies agree that there is not sufficient scientific evidence that links ADHD with food color additives and that more research is needed.

• #28 FDA Probes Link Between Food Dyes, Kids’ Behavior : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2011/03/30/134962888/fda-probes-link-between-food-dyes-kids-behavior

  The Food and Drug Administration is meeting Wednesday and Thursday to examine whether artificial food dyes cause hyperactivity in children. […] But recent studies linking food coloring to hyperactivity in kids is causing some experts to call on the FDA to ban foods containing them or at least require a warning label. […] Jacobson says there is substantial evidence showing that food dyes trigger hyperactivity in kids. But other experts question that conclusion. […] Before Wednesday’s meeting, the FDA released its analysis of 35 years of scientific studies. It finds no conclusive proof that food dyes cause hyperactivity in most kids, although it suggests that some kids with ADHD may be particularly sensitive to them. […] Some of the studies are difficult or imperfect in that they don’t always tease out specific chemicals in isolation. But there is this body of literature that does suggest that food colorings are not as benign as people have been led to believe. […] Despite concerns with the British study, European lawmakers now require a warning label on foods that contain artificial dyes. It lets parents know their kids might become hyperactive if they consume the product.

• #29 Food Coloring and Children with ADHD: Do Dyes Impact Behavior?FooterLogo

  https://www.additudemag.com/food-coloring-dyes-adhd-symptoms/?srsltid=AfmBOop6bzZAU5i58GEIEE-rNqcVUw2YfFGBkMIOOxOA3P3gyhVgJwHP

  Research suggests that synthetic food coloring affects ADHD symptoms in some children. […] With growing frequency, parents are noting a connection between their children’s behavior and their consumption of food containing synthetic dyes — namely, red #3, red #40, and yellow #5. […] Based on research, including Nigg’s own review of the literature in 2012, restricting the consumption of synthetic food dyes does benefit some children with ADHD. […] Nigg and the others are now encouraging similar action from the FDA, which has reviewed the research several times since 2011 and decided to take limited action on food dyes. […] Dr. Nigg: In my opinion, there is enough evidence that food dyes affect behavior in some sensitive children with ADHD (and other children without the condition) to justify warning labels on foods containing synthetic dyes.

• #30 Artificial Food Coloring Triggers Hyperactivity in Some Kids, California Report Finds | KQED

  https://www.kqed.org/science/1974271/artificial-food-coloring-triggers-hyperactivity-in-some-kids-california-report-finds

  A recent state assessment of research conducted on products with synthetic food dyes, like Red 40 or Yellow 6, has found they may increase or contribute to hyperactivity in kids. […] Scientists at the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment concluded that levels of the artificial food coloring determined to be safe by the Food and Drug Administration are too high for children. […] Nigg and colleagues estimate that 5%-10% of kids with ADHD may be sensitive to synthetic food coloring. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics said in a 2018 policy statement that artificial food colors may be associated with exacerbation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms.

• #31 Are Food Dyes Bad For Your Health? | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/112745

  In September, California became the first state in the nation to ban six artificial food dyes from meals served in public schools. […] The move followed a 2021 report from the state’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) that concluded the body of evidence supported a relationship between food dye exposure and adverse behavioral outcomes in some kids. […] Physicians and researchers said understanding the relationship between food dyes and the potential for disease is an important one, noting that additional research may be warranted. […] „It is primarily based on that human evidence that we have reached this conclusion that food dyes cause behavioral problems in some kids, and that is backed up by the animal evidence and the mechanistic evidence,” Galligan said. […] „I don’t think we need more research. I think the evidence is crystal clear that food dyes are causing behavioral problems in some kids.”

• #32 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9052604/

  Concern that synthetic food dyes may impact behavior in children prompted a review by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). […] We identified 27 clinical trials of children exposed to synthetic food dyes in this review, of which 25 were challenge studies. […] Sixteen (64%) out of 25 challenge studies identified some evidence of a positive association, and in 13 (52%) the association was statistically significant. These studies support a relationship between food dye exposure and adverse behavioral outcomes in children. […] Together, the human clinical trials and animal toxicology literature support an association between synthetic food dyes and behavioral impacts in children. […] The current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acceptable daily intakes are based on older studies that were not designed to assess the types of behavioral effects observed in children.

• #33 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence | Environmental Health | Full Text

  https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-022-00849-9

  Findings from these studies have greatly advanced our knowledge of neurobehavioral effects of synthetic food dyes. […] The studies that form the basis of the FDA (and JECFA) ADIs are many decades old and as such were not capable of detecting the types of neurobehavioral outcomes measured in later animal studies, or in clinical trials in children consuming synthetic food dyes. […] Taken together, the scientific literature supports an effect of synthetic food dye exposures on neurobehavior in children at environmentally relevant exposure levels.

• #34 Public Health Professor Shows Food Dye Linked to Childhood Behavior in California EPA Study | Newsroom

  https://news.ucmerced.edu/news/2021/public-health-professor-shows-food-dye-linked-childhood-behavior-california-epa-study

  Public health Professor Asa Bradman conducted research to examine a link between childhood development and food dyes. […] The report, released today by the California Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), finds that current federal levels for safe intake of synthetic food dyes may not sufficiently protect children’s behavioral health. […] Evidence shows that synthetic food dyes are associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in some children, said OEHHA Director Lauren Zeise. […] The OEHHA findings reveal that consumption of synthetic food dyes can result in hyperactivity and other neurobehavioral problems in some children, and that children vary in their sensitivity to synthetic food dyes. […] According to the OEHHA, approved levels of synthetic food dyes were established by the Food and Drug Administration decades ago and do not reflect newer research. […] Comparisons with newer studies indicate that the current ADIs may not adequately protect children from behavioral effects.

• #35 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9052604/

  There is a need to re-evaluate exposure in children and for additional research to provide a more complete database for establishing ADIs protective of neurobehavioral effects. […] Current evidence from studies in humans, largely from controlled exposure studies in children, supports a relationship between food dye exposure and adverse behavioral outcomes in children, both with and without pre-existing behavioral disorders. […] Taken together, the scientific literature supports an effect of synthetic food dye exposures on neurobehavior in children at environmentally relevant exposure levels.

• #36 New report shows artificial food coloring causes hyperactivity in some kids | UC Berkeley Public Health

  https://publichealth.berkeley.edu/news-media/research-highlights/new-report-shows-artificial-food-coloring-causes-hyperactivity-in-some-kids

  A report released in April 2021 by the state of California with contributors from UC Berkeley and UC Davis confirmed the long-suspected belief that the consumption of synthetic food dyes can cause hyperactivity and other neurobehavioral issues for some children. […] Evidence shows that synthetic food dyes are associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in some children, said OEHHA Director Lauren Zeise. […] Researchers found that all of the FDAs Acceptable Daily Intake levels (ADIs) for synthetic food dyes are based on 35- to 70-year-old studies that were not designed to detect the types of behavioral effects that have been observed in children. Comparisons with newer studies indicate that the current ADIs may not adequately protect children from behavioral effects. […] This is the most comprehensive study examining dietary exposure to artificial food coloring in vulnerable populations such as young children and pregnant women.

• #37 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9052604/

  There is a need to re-evaluate exposure in children and for additional research to provide a more complete database for establishing ADIs protective of neurobehavioral effects. […] Current evidence from studies in humans, largely from controlled exposure studies in children, supports a relationship between food dye exposure and adverse behavioral outcomes in children, both with and without pre-existing behavioral disorders. […] Taken together, the scientific literature supports an effect of synthetic food dye exposures on neurobehavior in children at environmentally relevant exposure levels.

• #38 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence | Environmental Health | Full Text

  https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-022-00849-9

  Studies were excluded if they were: Studies involving cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional designs. […] The most frequent study locations were in the US (44%), followed by the UK (22%), and Australia and Canada (15% each). […] Sixteen (64%) out of 25 challenge studies identified some evidence of an association and in 13 (52%), the association was statistically significant. […] Positive associations were also more frequently reported in studies published after the year 1990 (83.3 vs. 57.9%, p=0.26), in studies that used validated metrics for assessing outcome (70.6 vs. 50.0%, p =0.17) and in studies with larger numbers of participants. […] A high-quality meta-analysis is supportive of the hypothesis that synthetic food dye exposures is associated with adverse behavioral effects in children.

• #39 Artificial food colours and Hyperactivity – Repository of AIHTA GmbH

  https://eprints.aihta.at/848/

  Hyperactive is one part of the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several factors as diet, especially artificial food colours, are assumed to contribute to hyperactive behaviour in children since the early 70s and are still being discussed. Artificial food colours are used to create the bright colours in sweets, lemonade and ice cream as well as cosmetics and drugs. Their effects on human health are verified by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nevertheless artificial food colours, especially Azo-dyes are under suspicion to promote hyperactive behaviour. […] The majority of the studies suggested a correlation between artificial food colours and increased hyperactivity in children. However, the design and methods varied extremely between studies, which complicates the comparison and drawn conclusions. The hypothesis of a correlation can neither be affirmed nor be abolished. Methodological problems such as the inappropriateness of study designs and applied methods need to be tackled. Further research is needed.

• #40 Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence | Environmental Health | Full Text

  https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-022-00849-9

  Findings from these studies have greatly advanced our knowledge of neurobehavioral effects of synthetic food dyes. […] The studies that form the basis of the FDA (and JECFA) ADIs are many decades old and as such were not capable of detecting the types of neurobehavioral outcomes measured in later animal studies, or in clinical trials in children consuming synthetic food dyes. […] Taken together, the scientific literature supports an effect of synthetic food dye exposures on neurobehavior in children at environmentally relevant exposure levels.

• #41 The Hidden Health Risks of Food Dyes

  https://www.eatingwell.com/article/16442/the-hidden-health-risks-of-food-dyes/

  Americans are now eating five times as much food dye as we did in 1955. […] Research has also associated food dyes with problems in children including allergies, hyperactivity, learning differences, irritability and aggressiveness. A U.S. study published in Science found that when children who scored high on a scale measuring hyperactivity consumed a food-dye blend they performed worse on tests that measured their ability to recall images than when they drank a placebo. A 2007 British study found that children who consumed a mixture of common synthetic dyes displayed hyperactive behavior within an hour of consumption. […] Preliminary evidence suggests that many children have a slight sensitivity to food dyes-and a smaller percentage are very sensitive. „We see reactions in sensitive individuals that include core ADHD symptoms, like difficulty sitting in a chair and interrupting conversations,” says David Schab, M.D., M.P.H., assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at Columbia University and co-author of a 2004 meta-analysis that found food dyes promote hyperactive behavior in already hyperactive children.

• #42 California agency acknowledges synthetic food dyes’ link to hyperactivity and behavioral problems in kids | Environmental Working Group

  https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/2021/04/california-agency-acknowledges-synthetic-food-dyes-link-hyperactivity

  Foods containing synthetic food dyes make children vulnerable to hyperactivity and other behavioral problems, according to a new report by California state scientists. […] The report found that such dyes dont affect all children the same way: Some children can be more sensitive to the effects of these chemical additives, which are used in a wide variety of foods popular with kids, like breakfast cereals, ice cream cones, icing and sugary drinks. […] OEHHAs report concluded that human studies show that dyes are associated with inattentiveness, hyperactivity and restlessness in sensitive children. […] These findings are concerning, because the use of food dyes in the U.S. is increasing. […] The FDA and state health agencies need to act so another generation of children is not at risk of developing serious behavioral problems that will affect them throughout their lives.

• #43

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/news/Pages/AAP-Says-Some-Common-Food-Additives-May-Pose-Health-Risks-to-Children.aspx

  Potentially harmful effects of food additives are of special concern for children, according to the AAP. […] „Chemicals that affect the endocrine system, for example, can have lasting effects on a child since hormones coordinate complex functions throughout the body,” Dr. Trasande said. „Even small disruptions at key moments during development can have lifelong consequences,” he said.

• #44

  https://www.talkingaboutthescience.com/prescrire2009/

  In a health assessment of artificial food dyes, Prescrire International, a non-profit organization providing information and continuing education for healthcare professionals, considers the hypothesis that artificial food dyes worsen hyperactivity symptoms in children: […] (1) A hypothesis has been proposed that artificial food colourings have a role in exacerbating hyperactive behavior in children; […] (2) A placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover clinical study in 297 children representative of the general population showed higher hyperactivity scores during the periods when they were ingesting food colourings; […] (3) A meta-analysis of 15 double-blind clinical trials that evaluated artificial food colouring in children already considered to be hyperactive showed an increase in their hyperactive behavior; […] (4) In practice, even though the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been elucidated, these data suggest that it is best to avoid exposing children to artificial food coloring.

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