Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Autoimmune Encephalitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/

  Autoimmune encephalitis refers to acute to subacute, progressive inflammation of the brain associated with antibodies against neuronal cell surface and synaptic protein, most commonly being anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. […] This condition is usually treatment-responsive with immunotherapy and has better outcomes if initiated early in the clinical course. […] This activity outlines the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of autoimmune encephalitis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] A multidisciplinary team should be involved in the team involving neurologists, rheumatologists, and oncologists to manage AIE. […] First-line therapy for AIE includes corticosteroids (1 g intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 to 5 days), intravenous immunoglobulins (0.4 g/kg/day for 5 days), and plasmapheresis alone or combined.

• #2 Home – Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/

  Autoimmune encephalitis occurs when a person’s own antibodies or immune cells attack the brain. Antibodies may target specific proteins or receptors in the brain, which determine the type of autoimmune encephalitis. […] We strive to support you in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis, successful patient care requires a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach. […] We support and facilitate scientific research into causes of autoimmune encephalitis and its treatment, leading to more targeted therapies.

• #3 Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6058-encephalitis

  In autoimmune encephalitis, your immune system mistakenly attacks your brain, causing inflammation that may affect how your brain works. This sometimes happens to people with cancer. Healthcare providers call this paraneoplastic syndrome. […] Autoimmune encephalitis develops more slowly. It can cause some of the same symptoms as infective encephalitis. But it also causes neurological symptoms like: […] Antiseizure medication: Treatment to manage seizures that autoimmune encephalitis can cause. […] Immune globulin: This medication treats autoimmune encephalitis. […] Plasmapheresis: This is autoimmune encephalitis treatment.

• #4 Nursing care in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6867735/

  To summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis managed with surgery and pharmacotherapy. […] Appropriate symptomatic nursing care is required to ensure the safety of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] The nursing care of these patients is challenging because of the complex clinical manifestations, long disease duration, slow recovery, and high risk of recurrence and death. […] This study aimed to summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] Considering the long duration, complex clinical manifestations, and life-threatening nature of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients with this condition must be treated in an intensive care unit. […] Thus, multidisciplinary communication is crucial to the management of these patients, as this will enable the timely detection and treatment of all types of complications. […] The continuous care of patients after discharge from hospital is the key to the nursing of these patients and a worthy topic for future research.

• #5 Autoimmune (including paraneoplastic) encephalitis: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/autoimmune-including-paraneoplastic-encephalitis-management/print

  Autoimmune encephalitis is a heterogeneous entity that includes paraneoplastic, idiopathic, drug-induced, and postviral causes, often but not always in association with antibodies against either intracellular or cell-surface neuronal antigens. Patients can have severe and wide-ranging manifestations that include mental status changes, psychiatric symptoms, seizures, movement disorders, sleep disruption, dysautonomia, and hypoventilation. […] The mainstay of treatment is immunomodulatory therapy to stop the immune-mediated attack and ameliorate brain inflammation. Admission to the intensive care unit is needed in a substantial number of patients to manage severe dysautonomia, central hypoventilation, and/or status epilepticus. […] The initial and long-term management of autoimmune encephalitis, including paraneoplastic encephalitis, will be reviewed here.

• #6 Encephalitis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/encephalitis

  When inflammation is caused by the immune system attacking the brain, it’s known as autoimmune encephalitis. […] In autoimmune encephalitis, symptoms may develop more slowly over several weeks. Flu-like symptoms are less common but can sometimes happen weeks before more-serious symptoms start. […] If the tests show an autoimmune cause of encephalitis, then medicines that target your immune system, known as immunomodulatory medicines, or other treatments may be started. […] Some people with autoimmune encephalitis need long-term treatment with immunosuppressive medicines. […] Autoimmune encephalitis caused by tumors may require treatment of those tumors.

• #7 Autoimmune (including paraneoplastic) encephalitis: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/autoimmune-including-paraneoplastic-encephalitis-management/print

  Autoimmune encephalitis is a heterogeneous entity that includes paraneoplastic, idiopathic, drug-induced, and postviral causes, often but not always in association with antibodies against either intracellular or cell-surface neuronal antigens. Patients can have severe and wide-ranging manifestations that include mental status changes, psychiatric symptoms, seizures, movement disorders, sleep disruption, dysautonomia, and hypoventilation. […] The mainstay of treatment is immunomodulatory therapy to stop the immune-mediated attack and ameliorate brain inflammation. Admission to the intensive care unit is needed in a substantial number of patients to manage severe dysautonomia, central hypoventilation, and/or status epilepticus. […] The initial and long-term management of autoimmune encephalitis, including paraneoplastic encephalitis, will be reviewed here.

• #8 Autoimmune Encephalitis (AIE) in Children

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/healthcare-professionals/provider-news/autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Autoimmune encephalitis is an inflammatory brain disease associated with antibodies that bind to cells in the brain. […] Patients can experience a wide range of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, including seizures, abnormal movements, behavior changes, psychosis, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive symptoms, or altered level of consciousness. […] Symptoms can progress, and a good portion will need critical care, and nearly all will be hospitalized acutely for treatment and management. […] Long-term, children typically continue to need treatment to manage relapses, refractory disease or sequelae from their AIE. […] Most often, patients are hospitalized and will first receive high-dose corticosteroids. […] They may also receive intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) or plasmapheresis (PLEX).

• #9 State of Care for Autoimmune Encephalitis and the ExTINGUISH Trial of Inebilizumab

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/state-care-autoimmune-encephalitis-extinguish-trial-inebilizumab

  Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a devastating neurological illness. It’s an inflammatory, auto antibody driven disease where the body produces antibodies, immune agents that are targeting NMDA receptors, that sit on the surface of neurons generally in the brain. […] A typical patient is going to be on the younger side. More women are affected by this condition than men and often present psychiatric symptoms that can quickly degenerate into more complex neurologic dysfunction, encephalopathy, seizures, movement disorders, muscle spasms. […] Many patients require ICU admission for additional support. […] Perhaps, the great thing maybe, the best thing about this disease, is that because it is caused by antibodies, treating those antibodies can lead to an improvement in our patients. […] In addition, we think antibody treatment leads to pretty good outcomes over time in patients who get that diagnosis early and get the treatment they need.

• #10 Autoimmune Encephalitis | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Our team has the expertise to accurately diagnose and treat autoimmune encephalitis, a group of serious conditions in which the immune system attacks the brain. […] Highly trained experts who understand the many signs and symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis. […] A team of specialists who understand this complex disease so they can give you the best possible treatment. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can be difficult to diagnose. Because it has been considered rare, doctors can mistake it for a mental health disorder or drug abuse. At the same time, early diagnosis is important to avoid serious complications. […] Early treatment can greatly reduce symptoms and reduce the chances of long-term complications. […] Treatments may include: Surgery to remove a teratoma. […] Steroids to reduce brain inflammation and the immune systems response.

• #11 Stress-Induced Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/stress-induced-autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is an immune-mediated condition characterized by an exaggerated response to self-neuronal antigens, making it a common cause of noninfectious encephalitis. […] Clinical symptoms encompass a wide spectrum, from behavioral and psychiatric manifestations and autonomic disturbances to movement disorders and seizures, leading to diagnostic challenges and treatment delays. […] Diagnosis typically involves various methods, including antibody detection, neuroimaging, and electroencephalography (EEG). […] Considering recent stressors, a provisional diagnosis of conversion disorder was given while the patient was being evaluated to rule out other organic causes. […] Autoimmune antibody tests including antinuclear antibody were nonreactive. […] Considering the clinical picture and anti-NMDAR antibody positivity in the CSF, a diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis was made, and she was started on methylprednisolone pulse therapy.

• #12 Episode 55: Undifferentiated encephalopathy and autoimmune encephalitis, with Casey Albin – Critical Care Scenarios

  https://icuscenarios.com/episode-55-undifferentiated-encephalopathy-and-autoimmune-encephalitis-with-casey-albin/

  To unpack autoimmune causes, build a syndrome by considering the timeline and the affected areas (e.g. portions of the brain or spine involved on imaging). […] A normal brain MRI can occur in some autoimmune encephalitides. For instance, anti-NMDAR encephalitis can have absolutely normal MRIs, which can be a helpful differentiator from limbic encephalitis (the latter tending to have characteristic MRI findings). […] With a sick patient and legitimate suspicion for an autoimmune cause responsive to immunomodulation, treat empirically. Your options are steroids (e.g. five days, 1000mg daily of methylprednisolone, then possible maintenance dosing depending on the diagnosis), plasma exchange (PLEX, usually 5 treatments, one every other day), or IV immunoglobulin (IVIG). Often you’ll combine pulse-dose steroids with one of the latter. Either PLEX or IVIG are a reasonable option, although some syndromes seem to respond better to PLEX. Either way, you’ll need to commit to doing this before autoimmune tests results (which takes around ten days), and generally continue treatment until you have your results, since clinical response in many syndromes may take weeks. […] Long-term immunosuppression is needed, so a steroid-sparing agent like rituximab is often used.

• #13 18F FDG PETCT, the game changer in management of seronegative autoimmune encephalitis patients: An experience from a tertiary care centre | Journal of Nuclear Medicine

  https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/64/supplement_1/P1006

  Brain positron emission tomography imaging with 18Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG PETCT) has demonstrated utility in suspected autoimmune encephalitis (AE). […] Our results suggest that FDG-PET/CT was more contributory than MRI, and CSF studies in patients with seronegative Autoimmune encephalitis. […] Our study also suggests bilateral frontal lobe hypo metabolism as the most commonly demonstrated imaging pattern in seronegative autoimmune encephalitis patients (62% of the study population).

• #14 Autoimmune Encephalitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/

  Following diagnosis, screening for the presence of neoplasm is necessary. […] The treatment options for autoimmune encephalitis include immunosuppression and tumor resection, if applicable. […] It is important to note that treatment should not be delayed until detection of the antibody, as early initiation is associated with improved outcomes. […] Patients need to be followed closely after recovery to look for relapse. […] With proper management, the patient should be able to make a full recovery and maintain a state of remission.

• #15 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  The 2016 AE clinical criteria emphasise the importance of starting immunotherapy once AE is highly suspected and infectious etiologies are excluded based on CSF results. […] Empiric treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 g per day for 3-7 days is a common reasonable approach to achieve initial immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect in AE patients. […] IVIg can be more readily available than PLEX in some centres and it does not require a central line. […] PLEX (5-10 sessions every other day) is an effective option for acute immunomodulation when corticosteroids are contraindicated or ineffective. […] If the initial clinical picture is severe, clinicians may consider using combined first-line therapies from the beginning despite the lack of high quality evidence to support this practice.

• #16 Autoimmune Encephalitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/

  Following diagnosis, screening for the presence of neoplasm is necessary. […] The treatment options for autoimmune encephalitis include immunosuppression and tumor resection, if applicable. […] It is important to note that treatment should not be delayed until detection of the antibody, as early initiation is associated with improved outcomes. […] Patients need to be followed closely after recovery to look for relapse. […] With proper management, the patient should be able to make a full recovery and maintain a state of remission.

• #17 Nursing Care Plan For Encephalitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is a serious neurological condition characterized by inflammation of the brain, often resulting from viral or bacterial infections. Patients with encephalitis require specialized nursing care to manage their symptoms, support their recovery, and prevent complications. This nursing care plan outlines a comprehensive approach to caring for patients with encephalitis, focusing on assessment, intervention, and ongoing monitoring. […] Nursing care is a critical component in managing these patients and facilitating their recovery. […] The care plan encompasses various aspects of patient care, including symptom management, infection control, neurological assessment, and psychosocial support. […] By adhering to the principles outlined in this care plan, nurses play a pivotal role in the multidisciplinary team that provides comprehensive care for patients with encephalitis.

• #18 Nursing care in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6867735/

  To summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis managed with surgery and pharmacotherapy. […] Appropriate symptomatic nursing care is required to ensure the safety of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] The nursing care of these patients is challenging because of the complex clinical manifestations, long disease duration, slow recovery, and high risk of recurrence and death. […] This study aimed to summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] Considering the long duration, complex clinical manifestations, and life-threatening nature of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients with this condition must be treated in an intensive care unit. […] Thus, multidisciplinary communication is crucial to the management of these patients, as this will enable the timely detection and treatment of all types of complications. […] The continuous care of patients after discharge from hospital is the key to the nursing of these patients and a worthy topic for future research.

• #19 Nursing Care Plan For Encephalitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-encephalitis/

  This thorough nursing assessment is the foundation for developing an effective care plan for patients with encephalitis. It helps in tailoring interventions to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and provide the best care possible. Regular reassessment is essential to monitor progress, adapt the care plan as needed, and optimize the patients outcomes. […] Effective care for individuals with encephalitis necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, prevention of complications, emotional support, and patient education. […] These nursing interventions aim to provide comprehensive care for patients with encephalitis, addressing their immediate medical needs and setting the foundation for recovery. Individualized care plans should be developed to cater to the specific circumstances and requirements of each patient, with the goal of improving their overall health and quality of life.

• #20

  https://www.portea.com/nursing/nursing-care-for-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an illness wherein your brain grows an inflammation near it. […] So timely identification, encephalitis nursing diagnosis, and treatment are significant since it is quite hard to predict how each individual will be affected by it. […] The ideal thing to do apart from getting nursing management of encephalitis is to take some precautions to avoid exposure. […] Tracking consciousness level. […] Evaluate the neurology status once in 1-2 hours and when required until the individual reaches a steady condition. […] Evaluate the level of pain. […] Monitor stability and growth indicators ICT abnormal heartbeat, raised BP, stress, irregular breathing, and changes in the individual. […] Elevate the bed head to 30 and help the head and throat to improve venous return. […] Make use of anticonvulsants as needed. […] If you wish to hire a nurse for nursing care plan for encephalitis, you can hire one from Portea. […] Encephalitis care plan typically includes; lots of bed rest, drinking fluids and taking anti-inflammatory drugs to help alleviate fevers and headaches.

• #21

  https://www.portea.com/nursing/nursing-care-for-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an illness wherein your brain grows an inflammation near it. […] So timely identification, encephalitis nursing diagnosis, and treatment are significant since it is quite hard to predict how each individual will be affected by it. […] The ideal thing to do apart from getting nursing management of encephalitis is to take some precautions to avoid exposure. […] Tracking consciousness level. […] Evaluate the neurology status once in 1-2 hours and when required until the individual reaches a steady condition. […] Evaluate the level of pain. […] Monitor stability and growth indicators ICT abnormal heartbeat, raised BP, stress, irregular breathing, and changes in the individual. […] Elevate the bed head to 30 and help the head and throat to improve venous return. […] Make use of anticonvulsants as needed. […] If you wish to hire a nurse for nursing care plan for encephalitis, you can hire one from Portea. […] Encephalitis care plan typically includes; lots of bed rest, drinking fluids and taking anti-inflammatory drugs to help alleviate fevers and headaches.

• #22

  https://www.portea.com/nursing/nursing-care-for-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an illness wherein your brain grows an inflammation near it. […] So timely identification, encephalitis nursing diagnosis, and treatment are significant since it is quite hard to predict how each individual will be affected by it. […] The ideal thing to do apart from getting nursing management of encephalitis is to take some precautions to avoid exposure. […] Tracking consciousness level. […] Evaluate the neurology status once in 1-2 hours and when required until the individual reaches a steady condition. […] Evaluate the level of pain. […] Monitor stability and growth indicators ICT abnormal heartbeat, raised BP, stress, irregular breathing, and changes in the individual. […] Elevate the bed head to 30 and help the head and throat to improve venous return. […] Make use of anticonvulsants as needed. […] If you wish to hire a nurse for nursing care plan for encephalitis, you can hire one from Portea. […] Encephalitis care plan typically includes; lots of bed rest, drinking fluids and taking anti-inflammatory drugs to help alleviate fevers and headaches.

• #23

  https://www.portea.com/nursing/nursing-care-for-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is an illness wherein your brain grows an inflammation near it. […] So timely identification, encephalitis nursing diagnosis, and treatment are significant since it is quite hard to predict how each individual will be affected by it. […] The ideal thing to do apart from getting nursing management of encephalitis is to take some precautions to avoid exposure. […] Tracking consciousness level. […] Evaluate the neurology status once in 1-2 hours and when required until the individual reaches a steady condition. […] Evaluate the level of pain. […] Monitor stability and growth indicators ICT abnormal heartbeat, raised BP, stress, irregular breathing, and changes in the individual. […] Elevate the bed head to 30 and help the head and throat to improve venous return. […] Make use of anticonvulsants as needed. […] If you wish to hire a nurse for nursing care plan for encephalitis, you can hire one from Portea. […] Encephalitis care plan typically includes; lots of bed rest, drinking fluids and taking anti-inflammatory drugs to help alleviate fevers and headaches.

• #24 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Significant hypoventilation may require intubation. […] Monitor carefully to avoid ileus or toxic megacolon. […] Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis that is caused by antibodies binding to the neuronal cell surface. Particular attention is necessary to recognize this, as it may tend to be initially misdiagnosed as a psychiatric illness. […] Hashimoto’s encephalopathy appears to be an autoimmune encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). […] Treatment is virtually always warranted in active neurosarcoidosis, as this is unlikely to regress spontaneously.

• #25 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Plasma exchange plus steroid may accelerate recovery (especially in patients with autoantibodies to cell surface proteins, such as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis). […] An alternative to plasma exchange (but seems to be less effective among patients with autoantibodies to cell surface molecules). […] Second-line immunotherapies include azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, tocilizumab, or bortezomib. […] For patients with paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis, resection of the primary tumor is ideal. […] Treatment for seizures and status epilepticus may be necessary. […] Elevated intracranial pressure can occur at rates of up to 25% of patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Fever may be managed with external cooling devices to achieve normothermia.

• #26 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Significant hypoventilation may require intubation. […] Monitor carefully to avoid ileus or toxic megacolon. […] Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common form of autoimmune encephalitis that is caused by antibodies binding to the neuronal cell surface. Particular attention is necessary to recognize this, as it may tend to be initially misdiagnosed as a psychiatric illness. […] Hashimoto’s encephalopathy appears to be an autoimmune encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). […] Treatment is virtually always warranted in active neurosarcoidosis, as this is unlikely to regress spontaneously.

• #27 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  It may be helpful for patients with AE to have a psychiatrist on their treatment team to discuss the different reasoning, risks and benefits of available psychiatric medications. […] After initial diagnosis and treatments, both adults and children with AE enter the period of ongoing treatment and recovery. […] This is a challenging stage of disease for patients with slow recoveries and those with major behavioral changes or psychiatric symptoms. […] Close follow-up with health care providers is important since changes in treatments may be needed. […] Recovery often takes many months, and initial efforts should focus on daily activities and interacting with close family and friends before returning to work or school.

• #28 Nursing care in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6867735/

  To summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis managed with surgery and pharmacotherapy. […] Appropriate symptomatic nursing care is required to ensure the safety of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] The nursing care of these patients is challenging because of the complex clinical manifestations, long disease duration, slow recovery, and high risk of recurrence and death. […] This study aimed to summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] Considering the long duration, complex clinical manifestations, and life-threatening nature of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients with this condition must be treated in an intensive care unit. […] Thus, multidisciplinary communication is crucial to the management of these patients, as this will enable the timely detection and treatment of all types of complications. […] The continuous care of patients after discharge from hospital is the key to the nursing of these patients and a worthy topic for future research.

• #29 Autoimmune Encephalitis in the Intensive Care Unit | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-36548-6_17

  As early recognition and initiation of immunotherapy appear to be associated with improved clinical outcome in autoimmune encephalitis, the diagnostic evaluation is directed at identifying those patients who may have autoimmune encephalitis, assessing for other encephalitis etiologies (particularly infectious), screening for occult malignancy, initiating immunotherapy with escalation as needed, and managing sequelae of the encephalitis syndrome. We will now turn to immunotherapy and the management of autoimmune encephalitis sequelae commonly encountered in the ICU. […] Given the complexities entailed in managing patients with autoimmune encephalitis, their clinical care is collaborative and multidisciplinary. Intensivists, neurologists and neurological subspecialists, medical specialists, psychiatrists, and physiatrists have essential roles to play in collaboration with nursing staff, therapists, and pharmacists. The epoch of inpatient care can last weeks to months, with understandable strain on not only patients but also on their families and other loved ones. Social work, palliative care, and spiritual/chaplaincy services also play important roles in the care of patients with autoimmune encephalitis and their families throughout the hospitalization and during the transition to the outpatient setting.

• #30 Autoimmune Encephalitis Clinic at University Hospitals in Cleveland, Ohio | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/neurology-and-neurosurgery-services/conditions-and-treatments/multiple-sclerosis-and-neuroimmunology/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Currently, there are no treatments approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for autoimmune encephalitis and treatment is guided by observational studies and clinical experience. Patients with severe symptoms will require admission to the hospital for treatment. […] These measures are commonly used to treat autoimmune encephalitis: High dose of intravenous corticosteroids, Intravenous immunoglobulins, Plasma exchange, Immunosuppressant agents in severe or recurrent cases. […] Many patients will require cognitive rehabilitation after recovery from the attack and some will require long-term management of residual seizures, involuntary movements, spasticity and psychiatric symptoms. […] The Autoimmune Encephalitis Clinic is part of the UH Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program. Our multidisciplinary core team includes neuroimmunologists, neuro-ophthalmologists, movement disorder and spasticity management experts, psychiatrists and neuropsychologists experienced in cognitive rehabilitation. […] In addition to the core team, the Autoimmune Encephalitis Clinic collaborates with several specialists to provide comprehensive care to our patients.

• #31 Nursing care in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6867735/

  To summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis managed with surgery and pharmacotherapy. […] Appropriate symptomatic nursing care is required to ensure the safety of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] The nursing care of these patients is challenging because of the complex clinical manifestations, long disease duration, slow recovery, and high risk of recurrence and death. […] This study aimed to summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] Considering the long duration, complex clinical manifestations, and life-threatening nature of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients with this condition must be treated in an intensive care unit. […] Thus, multidisciplinary communication is crucial to the management of these patients, as this will enable the timely detection and treatment of all types of complications. […] The continuous care of patients after discharge from hospital is the key to the nursing of these patients and a worthy topic for future research.

• #32 Autoimmune (including paraneoplastic) encephalitis: Management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/autoimmune-including-paraneoplastic-encephalitis-management/print

  Autoimmune encephalitis is a heterogeneous entity that includes paraneoplastic, idiopathic, drug-induced, and postviral causes, often but not always in association with antibodies against either intracellular or cell-surface neuronal antigens. Patients can have severe and wide-ranging manifestations that include mental status changes, psychiatric symptoms, seizures, movement disorders, sleep disruption, dysautonomia, and hypoventilation. […] The mainstay of treatment is immunomodulatory therapy to stop the immune-mediated attack and ameliorate brain inflammation. Admission to the intensive care unit is needed in a substantial number of patients to manage severe dysautonomia, central hypoventilation, and/or status epilepticus. […] The initial and long-term management of autoimmune encephalitis, including paraneoplastic encephalitis, will be reviewed here.

• #33 Autoimmune Encephalitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/

  Autoimmune encephalitis refers to acute to subacute, progressive inflammation of the brain associated with antibodies against neuronal cell surface and synaptic protein, most commonly being anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. […] This condition is usually treatment-responsive with immunotherapy and has better outcomes if initiated early in the clinical course. […] This activity outlines the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of autoimmune encephalitis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] A multidisciplinary team should be involved in the team involving neurologists, rheumatologists, and oncologists to manage AIE. […] First-line therapy for AIE includes corticosteroids (1 g intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 to 5 days), intravenous immunoglobulins (0.4 g/kg/day for 5 days), and plasmapheresis alone or combined.

• #34 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  The 2016 AE clinical criteria emphasise the importance of starting immunotherapy once AE is highly suspected and infectious etiologies are excluded based on CSF results. […] Empiric treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 g per day for 3-7 days is a common reasonable approach to achieve initial immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect in AE patients. […] IVIg can be more readily available than PLEX in some centres and it does not require a central line. […] PLEX (5-10 sessions every other day) is an effective option for acute immunomodulation when corticosteroids are contraindicated or ineffective. […] If the initial clinical picture is severe, clinicians may consider using combined first-line therapies from the beginning despite the lack of high quality evidence to support this practice.

• #35 Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AE) – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Like other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system, AE is both treated during the acute time period as well as with long-term treatments, if needed to suppress ongoing inflammation or prevent future inflammation. […] Steroids work by reducing the ability of inflammatory cells to enter the brain, interrupting their communication or interfering with their ability to make chemicals involved in inflammation. They can be administered orally or intravenously (IV). Most children do not have side effects, but some may experience mood changes, appetite changes, difficulty sleeping or irritability. Rarely, patients can experience infection or bone abnormalities. […] Plasmapheresis (PLEX) – PLEX is used to clean the blood of inflammatory components. It requires special IV access and a portable machine to clean the blood. A patients blood is circulated through the machine and proteins such as antibodies are removed. A therapy session takes about 90 minutes and is usually well tolerated. A patient usually receives five to seven treatments to complete a PLEX course.

• #36 Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AE) – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Like other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system, AE is both treated during the acute time period as well as with long-term treatments, if needed to suppress ongoing inflammation or prevent future inflammation. […] Steroids work by reducing the ability of inflammatory cells to enter the brain, interrupting their communication or interfering with their ability to make chemicals involved in inflammation. They can be administered orally or intravenously (IV). Most children do not have side effects, but some may experience mood changes, appetite changes, difficulty sleeping or irritability. Rarely, patients can experience infection or bone abnormalities. […] Plasmapheresis (PLEX) – PLEX is used to clean the blood of inflammatory components. It requires special IV access and a portable machine to clean the blood. A patients blood is circulated through the machine and proteins such as antibodies are removed. A therapy session takes about 90 minutes and is usually well tolerated. A patient usually receives five to seven treatments to complete a PLEX course.

• #37 Autoimmune Encephalitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/

  Autoimmune encephalitis refers to acute to subacute, progressive inflammation of the brain associated with antibodies against neuronal cell surface and synaptic protein, most commonly being anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. […] This condition is usually treatment-responsive with immunotherapy and has better outcomes if initiated early in the clinical course. […] This activity outlines the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of autoimmune encephalitis and reviews the role of the interprofessional team in managing patients with this condition. […] A multidisciplinary team should be involved in the team involving neurologists, rheumatologists, and oncologists to manage AIE. […] First-line therapy for AIE includes corticosteroids (1 g intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 to 5 days), intravenous immunoglobulins (0.4 g/kg/day for 5 days), and plasmapheresis alone or combined.

• #38 Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AE) – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) – IVIG is made up of antibodies collected and pooled from blood donors that is thought to reduce the patients own abnormal immune response. […] Long-term immunosuppressive medications – When symptoms do not fully respond to these treatments or a person has had more than one episode of AE, long-term immunosuppressive medications can be used to prevent further inflammation. Commonly used medications include Rituximab (which targets B cells involved in making antibodies), CellCept or mycophenolate mofetil (a drug that reduces the proliferation of immune cells) and IVIG (to prevent or interfere with the bodys ability to make disease-causing antibodies). Most current guidelines are based on expert opinion and case reports. Natural history studies and clinical trials are needed to determine how to optimally monitor these conditions over time and what the best treatments are for the different forms of autoimmune encephalitis. […] Psychosocial support and/or therapy – In addition to evaluation by a neuropsychologist for cognitive, emotional and/or behavioral problems, patients may also require psychosocial support or other therapies to manage the impacts of AE.

• #39 Autoimmune Encephalitis | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Plasma exchange (removal and replacement of the liquid part of the blood) to take out harmful antibodies. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), given in an IV drip, to introduce antibodies from the plasma of healthy donors. IVIG removes harmful antibodies and reduces inflammation. […] Immunosuppressant medications, if other treatments are not effective.

• #40 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  The 2016 AE clinical criteria emphasise the importance of starting immunotherapy once AE is highly suspected and infectious etiologies are excluded based on CSF results. […] Empiric treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 g per day for 3-7 days is a common reasonable approach to achieve initial immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect in AE patients. […] IVIg can be more readily available than PLEX in some centres and it does not require a central line. […] PLEX (5-10 sessions every other day) is an effective option for acute immunomodulation when corticosteroids are contraindicated or ineffective. […] If the initial clinical picture is severe, clinicians may consider using combined first-line therapies from the beginning despite the lack of high quality evidence to support this practice.

• #41 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  The 2016 AE clinical criteria emphasise the importance of starting immunotherapy once AE is highly suspected and infectious etiologies are excluded based on CSF results. […] Empiric treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 g per day for 3-7 days is a common reasonable approach to achieve initial immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect in AE patients. […] IVIg can be more readily available than PLEX in some centres and it does not require a central line. […] PLEX (5-10 sessions every other day) is an effective option for acute immunomodulation when corticosteroids are contraindicated or ineffective. […] If the initial clinical picture is severe, clinicians may consider using combined first-line therapies from the beginning despite the lack of high quality evidence to support this practice.

• #42 5 Effective Treatments for Managing Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://ameripharmaspecialty.com/autoimmune-treatment/5-effective-treatments-for-managing-autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Another long-term treatment for autoimmune encephalitis is plasmapheresis (plasma exchange). This technique involves removing and replacing the person’s plasma to eliminate harmful antibodies and inflammatory substances. […] Administering plasmapheresis to AIE patients involves the following steps: The doctor thoroughly evaluates the individual to determine if plasma exchange is the best treatment for them. […] Rituximab and monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective autoimmune encephalitis treatments. These targeted therapies are especially effective for patients who have not responded to other forms of treatment. […] Corticosteroids such as prednisone and methylprednisolone are effective treatment options when used in combination with other therapies. […] The last effective autoimmune encephalitis treatment on our list is stereotactic radiosurgery. This long-term treatment for autoimmune encephalitis is a non-invasive procedure.

• #43 Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AE) – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Like other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system, AE is both treated during the acute time period as well as with long-term treatments, if needed to suppress ongoing inflammation or prevent future inflammation. […] Steroids work by reducing the ability of inflammatory cells to enter the brain, interrupting their communication or interfering with their ability to make chemicals involved in inflammation. They can be administered orally or intravenously (IV). Most children do not have side effects, but some may experience mood changes, appetite changes, difficulty sleeping or irritability. Rarely, patients can experience infection or bone abnormalities. […] Plasmapheresis (PLEX) – PLEX is used to clean the blood of inflammatory components. It requires special IV access and a portable machine to clean the blood. A patients blood is circulated through the machine and proteins such as antibodies are removed. A therapy session takes about 90 minutes and is usually well tolerated. A patient usually receives five to seven treatments to complete a PLEX course.

• #44 Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AE) – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Like other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system, AE is both treated during the acute time period as well as with long-term treatments, if needed to suppress ongoing inflammation or prevent future inflammation. […] Steroids work by reducing the ability of inflammatory cells to enter the brain, interrupting their communication or interfering with their ability to make chemicals involved in inflammation. They can be administered orally or intravenously (IV). Most children do not have side effects, but some may experience mood changes, appetite changes, difficulty sleeping or irritability. Rarely, patients can experience infection or bone abnormalities. […] Plasmapheresis (PLEX) – PLEX is used to clean the blood of inflammatory components. It requires special IV access and a portable machine to clean the blood. A patients blood is circulated through the machine and proteins such as antibodies are removed. A therapy session takes about 90 minutes and is usually well tolerated. A patient usually receives five to seven treatments to complete a PLEX course.

• #45 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  The 2016 AE clinical criteria emphasise the importance of starting immunotherapy once AE is highly suspected and infectious etiologies are excluded based on CSF results. […] Empiric treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 g per day for 3-7 days is a common reasonable approach to achieve initial immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect in AE patients. […] IVIg can be more readily available than PLEX in some centres and it does not require a central line. […] PLEX (5-10 sessions every other day) is an effective option for acute immunomodulation when corticosteroids are contraindicated or ineffective. […] If the initial clinical picture is severe, clinicians may consider using combined first-line therapies from the beginning despite the lack of high quality evidence to support this practice.

• #46 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  The 2016 AE clinical criteria emphasise the importance of starting immunotherapy once AE is highly suspected and infectious etiologies are excluded based on CSF results. […] Empiric treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone at a dose of 1 g per day for 3-7 days is a common reasonable approach to achieve initial immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effect in AE patients. […] IVIg can be more readily available than PLEX in some centres and it does not require a central line. […] PLEX (5-10 sessions every other day) is an effective option for acute immunomodulation when corticosteroids are contraindicated or ineffective. […] If the initial clinical picture is severe, clinicians may consider using combined first-line therapies from the beginning despite the lack of high quality evidence to support this practice.

• #47 Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/92/7/757

  If there is no meaningful clinical or radiological response to optimised first-line therapy after 24 weeks, the addition of a second-line agent with both rapid and sustained immunosuppressive effects can improve the outcome. […] In this first part of the best practice recommendations, we covered the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup and acute management of AE guided by published studies and the results of the AEACN survey providing updated recommendations for management of patients with suspected AE.

• #48 State of Care for Autoimmune Encephalitis and the ExTINGUISH Trial of Inebilizumab

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/state-care-autoimmune-encephalitis-extinguish-trial-inebilizumab

  Rituximab, originally developed for treatment of lymphoma, targets lymphocytes, the CD20 marker on those lymphocytes, and is a monoclonal antibody that can be effective in treating patients with NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Other drugs that have been used independent from rituximab include cyclophosphamide, which targets the immune system factors just a little bit more broadly. […] With the combination of tumor screening, tumor removal, including the first line therapy and second line therapy, we see that the vast majority of patients with this diagnosis improved to the point of discharge from hospital. […] We definitely need drugs and agents that are FDA approved for this purpose to help advise and know when we should be starting therapy with true high quality evidence that comes from randomized controlled trials.

• #49 State of Care for Autoimmune Encephalitis and the ExTINGUISH Trial of Inebilizumab

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/state-care-autoimmune-encephalitis-extinguish-trial-inebilizumab

  Rituximab, originally developed for treatment of lymphoma, targets lymphocytes, the CD20 marker on those lymphocytes, and is a monoclonal antibody that can be effective in treating patients with NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Other drugs that have been used independent from rituximab include cyclophosphamide, which targets the immune system factors just a little bit more broadly. […] With the combination of tumor screening, tumor removal, including the first line therapy and second line therapy, we see that the vast majority of patients with this diagnosis improved to the point of discharge from hospital. […] We definitely need drugs and agents that are FDA approved for this purpose to help advise and know when we should be starting therapy with true high quality evidence that comes from randomized controlled trials.

• #50 Pediatric autoimmune encephalitis (AE) – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis

  Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) – IVIG is made up of antibodies collected and pooled from blood donors that is thought to reduce the patients own abnormal immune response. […] Long-term immunosuppressive medications – When symptoms do not fully respond to these treatments or a person has had more than one episode of AE, long-term immunosuppressive medications can be used to prevent further inflammation. Commonly used medications include Rituximab (which targets B cells involved in making antibodies), CellCept or mycophenolate mofetil (a drug that reduces the proliferation of immune cells) and IVIG (to prevent or interfere with the bodys ability to make disease-causing antibodies). Most current guidelines are based on expert opinion and case reports. Natural history studies and clinical trials are needed to determine how to optimally monitor these conditions over time and what the best treatments are for the different forms of autoimmune encephalitis. […] Psychosocial support and/or therapy – In addition to evaluation by a neuropsychologist for cognitive, emotional and/or behavioral problems, patients may also require psychosocial support or other therapies to manage the impacts of AE.

• #51 State of Care for Autoimmune Encephalitis and the ExTINGUISH Trial of Inebilizumab

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/state-care-autoimmune-encephalitis-extinguish-trial-inebilizumab

  Rituximab, originally developed for treatment of lymphoma, targets lymphocytes, the CD20 marker on those lymphocytes, and is a monoclonal antibody that can be effective in treating patients with NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Other drugs that have been used independent from rituximab include cyclophosphamide, which targets the immune system factors just a little bit more broadly. […] With the combination of tumor screening, tumor removal, including the first line therapy and second line therapy, we see that the vast majority of patients with this diagnosis improved to the point of discharge from hospital. […] We definitely need drugs and agents that are FDA approved for this purpose to help advise and know when we should be starting therapy with true high quality evidence that comes from randomized controlled trials.

• #52 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Plasma exchange plus steroid may accelerate recovery (especially in patients with autoantibodies to cell surface proteins, such as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis). […] An alternative to plasma exchange (but seems to be less effective among patients with autoantibodies to cell surface molecules). […] Second-line immunotherapies include azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, tocilizumab, or bortezomib. […] For patients with paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis, resection of the primary tumor is ideal. […] Treatment for seizures and status epilepticus may be necessary. […] Elevated intracranial pressure can occur at rates of up to 25% of patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Fever may be managed with external cooling devices to achieve normothermia.

• #53 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Plasma exchange plus steroid may accelerate recovery (especially in patients with autoantibodies to cell surface proteins, such as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis). […] An alternative to plasma exchange (but seems to be less effective among patients with autoantibodies to cell surface molecules). […] Second-line immunotherapies include azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, tocilizumab, or bortezomib. […] For patients with paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis, resection of the primary tumor is ideal. […] Treatment for seizures and status epilepticus may be necessary. […] Elevated intracranial pressure can occur at rates of up to 25% of patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Fever may be managed with external cooling devices to achieve normothermia.

• #54 Autoimmune encephalitis in Children | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/neurosciences/conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Children of all ages can have autoimmune diseases that affect the nervous system. Autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune encephalitis, can occur following an infection. They also can be related to a systemic autoimmune disease or a dysfunctional immune system, or no clear health issue. […] Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis can be challenging. Our team’s first step is to do a thorough medical workup of your child. We will document his or her complete medical history and perform tests, including a neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG) and spinal fluid analysis. […] Treatment in the hospital is aimed at reducing the amount of inflammation within your child’s brain. Our team may use high doses of steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis. If needed, your child also may receive additional immunotherapies, such as rituximab or cyclophosphamide. […] Long-term follow-up care with our team is important to address possible consequences of encephalitis, such as seizures, mood and personality changes, and learning difficulties.

• #55 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  If the combination of symptoms and test results suggest that a person has “possible AE”, the current recommendations are to start first line medications that treat inflammation in the brain, such as steroids, IV immune globulin, and/or plasma exchange. […] In addition to the medications that act on the immune system to decrease brain inflammation, many people with AE will need supportive medications to treat the AE symptoms that cause suffering and disability. […] Physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy may be very helpful to improve recovery and may be started in hospital and sometimes continued in rehabilitation centers. […] Starting treatment early seems to decrease long-term complications and the risk of relapse, as well as lead to faster recovery. […] Many patients need medications to help with behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of AE and they are an important part of AE treatment.

• #56 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  It may be helpful for patients with AE to have a psychiatrist on their treatment team to discuss the different reasoning, risks and benefits of available psychiatric medications. […] After initial diagnosis and treatments, both adults and children with AE enter the period of ongoing treatment and recovery. […] This is a challenging stage of disease for patients with slow recoveries and those with major behavioral changes or psychiatric symptoms. […] Close follow-up with health care providers is important since changes in treatments may be needed. […] Recovery often takes many months, and initial efforts should focus on daily activities and interacting with close family and friends before returning to work or school.

• #57 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Plasma exchange plus steroid may accelerate recovery (especially in patients with autoantibodies to cell surface proteins, such as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis). […] An alternative to plasma exchange (but seems to be less effective among patients with autoantibodies to cell surface molecules). […] Second-line immunotherapies include azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, tocilizumab, or bortezomib. […] For patients with paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis, resection of the primary tumor is ideal. […] Treatment for seizures and status epilepticus may be necessary. […] Elevated intracranial pressure can occur at rates of up to 25% of patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Fever may be managed with external cooling devices to achieve normothermia.

• #58

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/encephalitis/treatment/

  Encephalitis needs to be treated urgently. Treatment involves tackling the underlying cause, relieving symptoms and supporting bodily functions. […] It’s treated in hospital usually in an intensive care unit (ICU), which is for people who are very ill and need extra care. […] Most people need treatment to relieve these symptoms and to support certain bodily functions until they’re feeling better. […] This may involve: fluids given into a vein to prevent dehydration, painkillers to reduce discomfort or a high temperature, medicine to control seizures or fits, medicine to help the person relax if they’re very agitated, oxygen given through a face mask to support the lungs sometimes a machine called a ventilator may be used to control breathing, medicine to prevent a build-up of pressure inside the skull. […] Occasionally, surgery to remove a small piece of the skull may be needed if the pressure inside increases and medicine is not helping.

• #59 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Plasma exchange plus steroid may accelerate recovery (especially in patients with autoantibodies to cell surface proteins, such as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis). […] An alternative to plasma exchange (but seems to be less effective among patients with autoantibodies to cell surface molecules). […] Second-line immunotherapies include azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, tocilizumab, or bortezomib. […] For patients with paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis, resection of the primary tumor is ideal. […] Treatment for seizures and status epilepticus may be necessary. […] Elevated intracranial pressure can occur at rates of up to 25% of patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. […] Fever may be managed with external cooling devices to achieve normothermia.

• #60 State of Care for Autoimmune Encephalitis and the ExTINGUISH Trial of Inebilizumab

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/state-care-autoimmune-encephalitis-extinguish-trial-inebilizumab

  The treatment up until now has essentially been governed by clinical consensus. […] Standard of care remains, and neurologists act how they normally would when we think that there’s an autoimmune or inflammatory contributor to disease. […] Most patients receive first line therapy, which would be usually steroids, IV immunoglobulins, or sometimes steroids and IVIG, and sometimes will include plasmapheresis. […] In that first line approach, the goal is to reduce antibody production, and to limit the antibodies that are circulating. […] Screening for teratomas and other diseases associated with tumors is important. […] Removing those as early as is safe and practical is also important to treatment. […] With first line therapies, we see some patients respond. […] Over the last decade with increasing case series, high quality case series, informed by investigator intent and consensus, we’ve seen effective use of medications like rituximab.

• #61 Autoimmune encephalitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406

  Autoimmune encephalitis care at Mayo Clinic can help you with your autoimmune encephalitis-related health concerns. […] Most people recover with treatment. The earlier you receive treatment, the more quickly you may recover. Early treatment also lowers the chances of having lasting symptoms due to AE or having another bout of autoimmune encephalitis. […] You may need treatment for complications, such as epilepsy, sleep conditions and trouble with movements. You also may need rehabilitation if AE affected your memory, thinking skills or speech. Occupational and speech therapists, along with mental health professionals and other specialists, can help in your recovery. […] The long-term outlook can vary from person to person. Full recovery may take months or years. Many people continue to have symptoms related to thinking and behavior for longer than a year. But treatment continues to improve symptoms for 18 months to two years. […] Getting treated early helps improve your long-term outlook.

• #62 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  If the combination of symptoms and test results suggest that a person has “possible AE”, the current recommendations are to start first line medications that treat inflammation in the brain, such as steroids, IV immune globulin, and/or plasma exchange. […] In addition to the medications that act on the immune system to decrease brain inflammation, many people with AE will need supportive medications to treat the AE symptoms that cause suffering and disability. […] Physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy may be very helpful to improve recovery and may be started in hospital and sometimes continued in rehabilitation centers. […] Starting treatment early seems to decrease long-term complications and the risk of relapse, as well as lead to faster recovery. […] Many patients need medications to help with behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of AE and they are an important part of AE treatment.

• #63 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2023.0242

  Autoimmune etiologies are a common cause for encephalitis. […] The clinical syndromes consistent with autoimmune encephalitis are both distinct and increasingly recognized, but less is known about persisting sequelae or outcomes. […] Most patients achieved a good outcome based on a score on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 2. […] These more-detailed assessments revealed that most patients had persistent impairments, with frequent deficits in cognitive function, especially memory and attention. […] Depression and anxiety were also common. […] While we found that lasting impairments were common among survivors of autoimmune encephalitis, additional research is needed to better understand the nature and impact of these sequelae. […] Standardized evaluation protocols are needed to improve the ability to compare outcomes across studies, guide rehabilitation strategies, and inform outcomes of interest in treatment trials as the field advances.

• #64 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2023.0242

  Counseling patients and families about what to expect following a diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is challenging because few large, high-quality studies of outcomes have been performed. […] We aimed to address this gap by reviewing the literature on outcomes and sequelae of autoimmune encephalitis 1) to summarize existing knowledge about treatment outcomes comprehensively for use by clinicians and 2) to identify gaps in the understanding of outcomes and sequelae that might inform future research. […] A comprehensive and more-uniform approach to assessing patients recovering from encephalitis using validated instruments at routine intervals to capture the dimensions of potential ongoing symptoms and sequelae is critical to understanding postencephalitis outcomes. […] At the patient level, routinely evaluating and screening for sequelae can facilitate 1) referrals to appropriate rehabilitation services (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech/language), 2) monitoring for signs of relapse, and 3) patient and family education on managing ongoing deficits. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can cause significant neuropsychiatric symptoms, with frequent and disabling sequelae that can persist for months or even years. […] Patients should be closely monitored after discharge, since cognitive and psychosocial sequelae may persist and relapses may occur.

• #65 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment | AE Alliance

  https://aealliance.org/patient-support/treatment/

  It may be helpful for patients with AE to have a psychiatrist on their treatment team to discuss the different reasoning, risks and benefits of available psychiatric medications. […] After initial diagnosis and treatments, both adults and children with AE enter the period of ongoing treatment and recovery. […] This is a challenging stage of disease for patients with slow recoveries and those with major behavioral changes or psychiatric symptoms. […] Close follow-up with health care providers is important since changes in treatments may be needed. […] Recovery often takes many months, and initial efforts should focus on daily activities and interacting with close family and friends before returning to work or school.

• #66 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2023.0242

  Counseling patients and families about what to expect following a diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is challenging because few large, high-quality studies of outcomes have been performed. […] We aimed to address this gap by reviewing the literature on outcomes and sequelae of autoimmune encephalitis 1) to summarize existing knowledge about treatment outcomes comprehensively for use by clinicians and 2) to identify gaps in the understanding of outcomes and sequelae that might inform future research. […] A comprehensive and more-uniform approach to assessing patients recovering from encephalitis using validated instruments at routine intervals to capture the dimensions of potential ongoing symptoms and sequelae is critical to understanding postencephalitis outcomes. […] At the patient level, routinely evaluating and screening for sequelae can facilitate 1) referrals to appropriate rehabilitation services (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech/language), 2) monitoring for signs of relapse, and 3) patient and family education on managing ongoing deficits. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can cause significant neuropsychiatric symptoms, with frequent and disabling sequelae that can persist for months or even years. […] Patients should be closely monitored after discharge, since cognitive and psychosocial sequelae may persist and relapses may occur.

• #67 Autoimmune Encephalitis (AIE) in Children

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/healthcare-professionals/provider-news/autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Patients may be on immunotherapy for weeks or years afterwards. […] AIE can be refractory, and a portion of patients will relapse. […] Children may need ongoing immunotherapies. […] We created the Inflammatory Brain Disease Clinic to help coordinate their specialty neurology and rheumatology care, and we often partner with their local team to reduce travel and keep them in their community as much as possible. […] Patients may need ongoing care for their inflammatory disease itself but may also experience sequelae from their disease. […] As part of our clinics approach, we make sure these symptoms are addressed because these can significantly impact their life at home and at school.

• #68

  https://ojs.bbwpublisher.com/index.php/JCNR/article/view/10373

  Objective: To explore the application effect of bundle management in the safe nursing of patients with autoimmune encephalitis. […] The control group received routine nursing care, while the observation group implemented a bundle management strategy based on routine nursing care. […] The clinical symptom improvement time, hospital stay, and neurologic function recovery in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P 0.05). […] Through the bundle management model, effective connections can be ensured in various aspects of treatment and rehabilitation for patients with autoimmune encephalitis, providing patients with comprehensive and multi-level nursing services and improving their overall satisfaction and treatment effectiveness.

• #69 Nursing Care Plan For Encephalitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-encephalitis/

  This thorough nursing assessment is the foundation for developing an effective care plan for patients with encephalitis. It helps in tailoring interventions to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and provide the best care possible. Regular reassessment is essential to monitor progress, adapt the care plan as needed, and optimize the patients outcomes. […] Effective care for individuals with encephalitis necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, prevention of complications, emotional support, and patient education. […] These nursing interventions aim to provide comprehensive care for patients with encephalitis, addressing their immediate medical needs and setting the foundation for recovery. Individualized care plans should be developed to cater to the specific circumstances and requirements of each patient, with the goal of improving their overall health and quality of life.

• #70 Nursing Care Plan For Encephalitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-encephalitis/

  This thorough nursing assessment is the foundation for developing an effective care plan for patients with encephalitis. It helps in tailoring interventions to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and provide the best care possible. Regular reassessment is essential to monitor progress, adapt the care plan as needed, and optimize the patients outcomes. […] Effective care for individuals with encephalitis necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, prevention of complications, emotional support, and patient education. […] These nursing interventions aim to provide comprehensive care for patients with encephalitis, addressing their immediate medical needs and setting the foundation for recovery. Individualized care plans should be developed to cater to the specific circumstances and requirements of each patient, with the goal of improving their overall health and quality of life.

• #71 Autoimmune Encephalitis in the Intensive Care Unit | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-36548-6_17

  As early recognition and initiation of immunotherapy appear to be associated with improved clinical outcome in autoimmune encephalitis, the diagnostic evaluation is directed at identifying those patients who may have autoimmune encephalitis, assessing for other encephalitis etiologies (particularly infectious), screening for occult malignancy, initiating immunotherapy with escalation as needed, and managing sequelae of the encephalitis syndrome. We will now turn to immunotherapy and the management of autoimmune encephalitis sequelae commonly encountered in the ICU. […] Given the complexities entailed in managing patients with autoimmune encephalitis, their clinical care is collaborative and multidisciplinary. Intensivists, neurologists and neurological subspecialists, medical specialists, psychiatrists, and physiatrists have essential roles to play in collaboration with nursing staff, therapists, and pharmacists. The epoch of inpatient care can last weeks to months, with understandable strain on not only patients but also on their families and other loved ones. Social work, palliative care, and spiritual/chaplaincy services also play important roles in the care of patients with autoimmune encephalitis and their families throughout the hospitalization and during the transition to the outpatient setting.

• #72 Nursing Care Plan For Encephalitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-encephalitis/

  This thorough nursing assessment is the foundation for developing an effective care plan for patients with encephalitis. It helps in tailoring interventions to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and provide the best care possible. Regular reassessment is essential to monitor progress, adapt the care plan as needed, and optimize the patients outcomes. […] Effective care for individuals with encephalitis necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, prevention of complications, emotional support, and patient education. […] These nursing interventions aim to provide comprehensive care for patients with encephalitis, addressing their immediate medical needs and setting the foundation for recovery. Individualized care plans should be developed to cater to the specific circumstances and requirements of each patient, with the goal of improving their overall health and quality of life.

• #73 5 Effective Treatments for Managing Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://ameripharmaspecialty.com/autoimmune-treatment/5-effective-treatments-for-managing-autoimmune-encephalitis/

  One of the biggest challenges in administering long-term treatment for autoimmune encephalitis is delays in diagnosis. […] These are some of the primary challenges individuals with autoimmune encephalitis face. By addressing these issues and developing more targeted treatments, we can enhance the quality of care for those living with this debilitating neurological disorder. […] If your doctor diagnoses it early, you can receive effective autoimmune encephalitis treatment and manage your condition. […] Our specialty pharmacy can even send specialized infusion nurses to your home to administer the treatment and help you troubleshoot any problems.

• #74 Stress-Induced Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/stress-induced-autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Treatment options for AIE encompass corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide. […] Timely initiation of treatment is crucial, as early immunotherapy has been shown to enhance outcomes. […] Given the prevalence of seronegative cases, it is crucial to seek diagnostic cues in the patients medical history, physical examination, and supportive tests, including EEG, brain MRI, and CSF analysis. […] The initiation of treatment should occur promptly, without delay, to enhance overall outcomes.

• #75 Autoimmune Encephalitis in the Intensive Care Unit | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-36548-6_17

  Autoimmune encephalitis is a rapid, progressive encephalopathy due to an autoimmune response directed against the brain parenchyma. It is associated with significant morbidity, often necessitating evaluation and treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). Patient management centers on rapid diagnosis of the autoimmune encephalitis syndrome with careful assessment for other etiologies of acute encephalopathy, the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy, and the management of associated sequelae including status epilepticus, respiratory failure, elevated intracranial pressure, and dysautonomia. […] Patients with autoimmune encephalitis commonly require care in an ICU. In one retrospective series at a tertiary referral center, 55% of patients meeting consensus clinical criteria for possible autoimmune encephalitis were admitted to the neurocritical care unit. Patients particularly at risk for ICU admission are those who had a longer duration of symptoms before hospitalization and anemia, likely a marker of systemic inflammation. Seizures (including status epilepticus), subacute cognitive decline, and respiratory failure are the most common indications for neurocritical care. Almost 70% of patients with autoimmune encephalitis have critical care needs at some point during their initial hospital stay, with ICU stays greater than 4 days observed in 44% of patients in one series. As discussed below, patients with autoimmune encephalitis are at risk for a variety of neurological and medical complications, with a mortality rate up to 40% in the ICU.

• #76 Autoimmune Encephalitis Treatment, Diagnosis & Types | FMA

  https://familymedicineaustin.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-autoimmune-encephalitis/

  Patients with AE frequently require long-term intensive care due to the severity of their sickness. […] Autoimmune encephalitis treatment must be initiated early. […] Patients with autoimmune encephalitis may require extensive care to feel better. Autoimmune encephalitis treatment may include lengthy stays in the intensive care unit. […] Modest neurocognitive and psychosocial disorders are prevalent during the recovery phase. It is also essential to seek assistance from mental health professionals and counseling services during autoimmune encephalitis treatment. […] A multidisciplinary approach is crucial as it assists patients with these consequences. Occupational therapy, speech therapy, neuropsychology, and psychology consultations are necessary for autoimmune encephalitis treatment.

• #77

  https://aesnet.org/abstractslisting/assessment-of-care-transitions-and-caregiver-burden-in-autoimmune-and-infectious-encephalitis

  Seizures are a common presenting feature of autoimmune and infectious encephalitis. […] Transitions from inpatient to outpatient care and caregiver burden for those caring for patients with complex illnesses have become increasingly important issues within the healthcare system. […] Caregivers frequently note initial misdiagnosis for patients with encephalitis, express dissatisfaction with transitions from inpatient to outpatient care, and experience high levels of caregiver burden. […] Attention to these aspects of care in individuals with encephalitis can inform future interventions, which may lead to improved patient and caregiver outcomes.

• #78 Autoimmune Encephalitis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/ae/

  Autoimmune encephalitis refers to a group of disorders which vary along numerous dimensions, as shown in the table below. This includes disorders associated with malignancy (paraneoplastic encephalitides), as well as postinfectious and idiopathic disorders. […] Our understanding of autoimmune encephalitis has advanced enormously in the past two decades. It is currently estimated that autoimmune encephalitis is as common as viral encephalitis (although historically, most cases of autoimmune encephalitis have eluded accurate diagnosis). With the increasing use of checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of malignancy, it’s conceivable that autoimmune encephalitis could become the most common form of encephalitis. […] There is no high-quality evidence regarding the optimal therapy. […] Cornerstone of initial therapy.

• #79 State of Care for Autoimmune Encephalitis and the ExTINGUISH Trial of Inebilizumab

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/state-care-autoimmune-encephalitis-extinguish-trial-inebilizumab

  Gregory Day, MD, MSc, MSCI, FAAN, a neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville Florida, talked about the current state of treating autoimmune encephalitis and the significance of the ExTINGUISH trial. […] A lack of approved therapies for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis has led to substantial variability in how the condition is treated. […] The ExTINGUISH trial (NCT04372615), a phase 2b randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, evaluates the safety and efficacy of inebilizumab 300 mg for the acute treatment of moderate-to-severe NMDAR encephalitis. […] Recently, lead investigator Gregory Day, MD, MSc, MSCI, FAAN, a neurologist at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville Florida, sat down in an interview with NeurologyLive, to discuss more about the ExTINGUISH trial and the state of care for patients with autoimmune encephalitis.

• #80 State of Care for Autoimmune Encephalitis and the ExTINGUISH Trial of Inebilizumab

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/state-care-autoimmune-encephalitis-extinguish-trial-inebilizumab

  Inebilizumab is the target agent in this clinical trial. […] We think that using a CD19 targeting agent will allow for a broader spectrum of antibodies to be targeted. […] We’re really hopeful that inebilizumab will reduce the level of those plasma cells and in doing so, will allow our patients to recover faster and more completely. […] Until we have results from this trial, we’re not likely to see any agents getting approved specifically for this disease.

• #81 18F FDG PETCT, the game changer in management of seronegative autoimmune encephalitis patients: An experience from a tertiary care centre | Journal of Nuclear Medicine

  https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/64/supplement_1/P1006

  Brain positron emission tomography imaging with 18Fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG PETCT) has demonstrated utility in suspected autoimmune encephalitis (AE). […] Our results suggest that FDG-PET/CT was more contributory than MRI, and CSF studies in patients with seronegative Autoimmune encephalitis. […] Our study also suggests bilateral frontal lobe hypo metabolism as the most commonly demonstrated imaging pattern in seronegative autoimmune encephalitis patients (62% of the study population).

• #82 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2023.0242

  Counseling patients and families about what to expect following a diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is challenging because few large, high-quality studies of outcomes have been performed. […] We aimed to address this gap by reviewing the literature on outcomes and sequelae of autoimmune encephalitis 1) to summarize existing knowledge about treatment outcomes comprehensively for use by clinicians and 2) to identify gaps in the understanding of outcomes and sequelae that might inform future research. […] A comprehensive and more-uniform approach to assessing patients recovering from encephalitis using validated instruments at routine intervals to capture the dimensions of potential ongoing symptoms and sequelae is critical to understanding postencephalitis outcomes. […] At the patient level, routinely evaluating and screening for sequelae can facilitate 1) referrals to appropriate rehabilitation services (e.g., physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech/language), 2) monitoring for signs of relapse, and 3) patient and family education on managing ongoing deficits. […] Autoimmune encephalitis can cause significant neuropsychiatric symptoms, with frequent and disabling sequelae that can persist for months or even years. […] Patients should be closely monitored after discharge, since cognitive and psychosocial sequelae may persist and relapses may occur.

• #83 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2023.0242

  Autoimmune etiologies are a common cause for encephalitis. […] The clinical syndromes consistent with autoimmune encephalitis are both distinct and increasingly recognized, but less is known about persisting sequelae or outcomes. […] Most patients achieved a good outcome based on a score on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 2. […] These more-detailed assessments revealed that most patients had persistent impairments, with frequent deficits in cognitive function, especially memory and attention. […] Depression and anxiety were also common. […] While we found that lasting impairments were common among survivors of autoimmune encephalitis, additional research is needed to better understand the nature and impact of these sequelae. […] Standardized evaluation protocols are needed to improve the ability to compare outcomes across studies, guide rehabilitation strategies, and inform outcomes of interest in treatment trials as the field advances.

• #84 Clinical features and factors associated with outcomes of antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis in patients requiring intensive care | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-024-05233-2

  Despite its growing recognition as a severe form of AE, antibody-negative AE presents significant challenges in critical care. Limited data are available on ICU management and prognostic factors for these patients. Intensivists often struggle to establish treatment goals and identify which patients would benefit from prolonged ICU care. […] The key finding of our study was that high-dose corticosteroid therapy was identified as a factor independently associated with poor functional outcomes at 6 months in adults with antibody-negative AE. This observation was further supported by generalized linear mixed models that analyzed longitudinal outcomes, thereby challenging the prevailing treatment paradigm of using high-dose glucocorticoids as the primary therapeutic approach for antibody-positive AE.

• #85 Clinical features and factors associated with outcomes of antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis in patients requiring intensive care | Critical Care | Full Text

  https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-024-05233-2

  Therefore, we pose the question of whether careful consideration should be given to the potential risk-benefit ratio when using high-dose glucocorticoids for the treatment of patients with severe antibody-negative AE. The indiscriminate use of high-dose glucocorticoids in critically ill patients can present significant risks, necessitating caution from treating physicians. […] Our study provides a comprehensive description of the characteristics, subtypes, and effect of immunotherapy on the outcomes of adult patients with antibody-negative AE requiring intensive care support. We identified several variables, including steroid pulse, as independent indicators of outcomes.

• #86 Nursing Care Plan For Encephalitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-encephalitis/

  Encephalitis is a serious neurological illness that necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and support the patients recovery. […] This care plan encompasses a broad range of nursing interventions, including neurological assessments, seizure precautions, fever management, and emotional support, among others. […] By employing this care plan, healthcare professionals aim to provide comprehensive and patient-centered care to enhance the patients well-being, minimize potential complications, and support the recovery process.

• #87 Nursing Care Plan For Encephalitis – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-encephalitis/

  This thorough nursing assessment is the foundation for developing an effective care plan for patients with encephalitis. It helps in tailoring interventions to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and provide the best care possible. Regular reassessment is essential to monitor progress, adapt the care plan as needed, and optimize the patients outcomes. […] Effective care for individuals with encephalitis necessitates a patient-centered approach, with a focus on symptom management, prevention of complications, emotional support, and patient education. […] These nursing interventions aim to provide comprehensive care for patients with encephalitis, addressing their immediate medical needs and setting the foundation for recovery. Individualized care plans should be developed to cater to the specific circumstances and requirements of each patient, with the goal of improving their overall health and quality of life.

• #88

  https://ojs.bbwpublisher.com/index.php/JCNR/article/view/10373

  Objective: To explore the application effect of bundle management in the safe nursing of patients with autoimmune encephalitis. […] The control group received routine nursing care, while the observation group implemented a bundle management strategy based on routine nursing care. […] The clinical symptom improvement time, hospital stay, and neurologic function recovery in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P 0.05). […] Through the bundle management model, effective connections can be ensured in various aspects of treatment and rehabilitation for patients with autoimmune encephalitis, providing patients with comprehensive and multi-level nursing services and improving their overall satisfaction and treatment effectiveness.

• #89 Nursing care in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6867735/

  To summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis managed with surgery and pharmacotherapy. […] Appropriate symptomatic nursing care is required to ensure the safety of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] The nursing care of these patients is challenging because of the complex clinical manifestations, long disease duration, slow recovery, and high risk of recurrence and death. […] This study aimed to summarize our experience in the nursing care of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. […] Considering the long duration, complex clinical manifestations, and life-threatening nature of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients with this condition must be treated in an intensive care unit. […] Thus, multidisciplinary communication is crucial to the management of these patients, as this will enable the timely detection and treatment of all types of complications. […] The continuous care of patients after discharge from hospital is the key to the nursing of these patients and a worthy topic for future research.

Zobacz więcej