Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Asthma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6424-asthma

  The normal airways of a woman having an asthma attack become constricted, inflamed and full of mucus. […] Asthma causes bronchospasms, inflammation, thick mucus and constriction in the airways. […] When your airways get tighter, you make a sound called wheezing when you breathe, a noise your airways make when you breathe out. […] You should keep track of your asthma symptom. Its an important piece of managing the disease. […] If your healthcare provider says you have asthma, you’ll need to figure out what triggers an attack. Avoiding the triggers can help you avoid an attack. […] The goal of asthma treatment is to control symptoms. […] You have options to help manage your asthma. Your healthcare provider may prescribe medications to control symptoms. […] These medicines relax the muscles around your airways.

• #1 Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/treatment-of-acute-asthma-exacerbations

  The goal of asthma exacerbation treatment is to relieve symptoms and return patients to their best lung function. Treatment includes inhaled bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics) […] Patients having an asthma exacerbation are instructed to self-administer 2 to 4 puffs of inhaled albuterol or a similar short-acting beta agonist up to 3 times spaced 20 minutes apart for an acute exacerbation and to measure peak expiratory flow (PEF) if possible. […] When these short-acting rescue drugs are effective (symptoms are relieved and PEF returns to 80% of baseline), the acute exacerbation may be managed in the outpatient setting. […] Patients who do not respond, have severe symptoms, or have a PEF persistently 80% should follow a treatment management program outlined by the physician or should go to the emergency department.

• #1 Asthma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/

  If you’re having an asthma attack, sit up straight, to help your breathing. Try to stay calm. […] Use your asthma reliever inhaler if you have one: If you have a blue reliever inhaler, take 1 puff every 30 to 60 seconds until you feel better, up to a maximum of 10 puffs. Shake the inhaler between each puff and use a spacer with the inhaler if you have one. […] If your personal asthma action plan has a different maximum dose for treating an asthma attack, follow the instructions in your plan. […] You or someone else is having an asthma attack and: start to feel worse at any time, do not feel better after taking the maximum dose using an asthma reliever inhaler, do not have an asthma inhaler. […] If symptoms are no better after 10 minutes and an ambulance has not arrived, use an asthma inhaler again if you have one, taking up to the same maximum dose.

• #1 Asthma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6424-asthma

  These medicines reduce swelling and mucus production in your airways. […] These are used for severe asthma when symptoms persist despite proper inhaler therapy. […] If you have a severe asthma attack, you need to get immediate medical care. […] The first thing you should do is use your rescue inhaler. […] You should use the rescue inhaler when symptoms are bothering you and you can use it more frequently if your flare is severe. […] If your rescue inhaler doesn’t help or you don’t have it with you, go to the emergency department if you have: […] Your healthcare provider will work with you to develop an asthma action plan. […] Asthma can’t be cured, but it can be managed. […] Your healthcare provider can help you manage symptoms, learn your triggers and prevent or manage attacks.

• #1 Asthma – quick-relief drugs : MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000008.htm

  Asthma quick-relief medicines work fast to control asthma symptoms. You take them when you are coughing, wheezing, having trouble breathing, or having an asthma attack. They are also called rescue medicines. […] Short-acting beta-agonists are the most common quick-relief medicines for treating asthma attacks and are considered to be bronchodilators. […] Your provider might prescribe oral steroids when you have an asthma attack that is not going away. These are medicines that you take by mouth as pills, capsules, or liquids. […] Oral steroids are not quick-relief medicines but are often given for 7 to 14 days when your symptoms flare-up.

• #1 Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/treatment-of-acute-asthma-exacerbations

  Inhaled bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics) are the mainstay of asthma treatment in the emergency department. […] Nebulized ipratropium can be co-administered with nebulized albuterol for patients who do not respond optimally to albuterol alone; some evidence favors simultaneous high-dose beta-2 agonist and ipratropium as first-line treatment. […] Systemic corticosteroids (prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone) should be given for all but the mildest acute exacerbation; they are unnecessary for patients whose PEF normalizes after 1 or 2 bronchodilator doses. […] In general, higher doses (prednisone 50 to 60 mg once a day) are recommended for the management of more severe exacerbations requiring in-patient care while lower doses (40 mg once a day) are reserved for outpatient treatment of milder exacerbations. […] Although evidence about optimal dose and duration is weak, a treatment duration of 3 to 5 days in children and 5 to 7 days in adults is recommended as adequate by most guidelines and should be tailored to the severity and duration of an exacerbation.

• #1 Management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p40.html

  Asthma exacerbations can be classified as mild, moderate, severe, or life threatening. Criteria for exacerbation severity are based on symptoms and physical examination parameters, as well as lung function and oxygen saturation. In patients with a peak expiratory flow of 50 to 79 percent of their personal best, up to two treatments of two to six inhalations of short-acting beta2 agonists 20 minutes apart followed by a reassessment of peak expiratory flow and symptoms may be safely employed at home. Administration using a hand-held metered-dose inhaler with a spacer device is at least equivalent to nebulized beta2 agonist therapy in children and adults. […] In the ambulatory and emergency department settings, the goals of treatment are correction of severe hypoxemia, rapid reversal of airflow obstruction, and reduction of the risk of relapse. Multiple doses of inhaled anticholinergic medication combined with beta2 agonists improve lung function and decrease hospitalization in school-age children with severe asthma exacerbations. Intravenous magnesium sulfate has been shown to significantly increase lung function and decrease the necessity of hospitalization in children. The administration of systemic corticosteroids within one hour of emergency department presentation decreases the need for hospitalization, with the most pronounced effect in patients with severe exacerbations.

• #1 Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/treatment-of-acute-asthma-exacerbations

  Theophylline has very little role in treatment of an acute asthma exacerbation. […] Magnesium sulfate relaxes smooth muscle, but efficacy in management of asthma exacerbation in the emergency department is debated. […] Supplemental oxygen is indicated for hypoxemia and should be given by nasal cannula or face mask at a flow rate or concentration sufficient to maintain oxygen saturation 90%. […] Reassurance is the best approach when anxiety is the cause of asthma exacerbation. […] Hospitalization generally is required if patients have not returned to their baseline within 4 hours of aggressive emergency department treatment. […] Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) may be needed in patients whose condition continues to deteriorate despite aggressive treatment, to alleviate the work of breathing. […] Intubation and mechanical ventilation allow the provision of sedation to further alleviate the work of breathing, but the routine use of neuromuscular blocking agents should be avoided because of possible interactions with corticosteroids that can cause prolonged neuromuscular weakness.

• #1 Management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p40.html

  Inhaled short-acting beta2 agonists are the cornerstones of treatment for acute asthma. […] In patients with a PEF of 50 to 79 percent of their personal best, up to two treatments of two to six inhalations of a short-acting beta2 agonist may be safely employed at home. Treatments should be 20 minutes apart followed by a reassessment of PEF and symptoms. […] Inhaled short-acting beta2 agonist treatment is the mainstay of office or emergency department treatment of moderate to severe asthma exacerbations. […] The addition of intravenous magnesium sulfate to standard therapy has been studied in adults and children with divergent results. In adults with severe exacerbations of asthma (PEF of 25 to 30 percent or less of predicted function), intravenous magnesium sulfate therapy resulted in slightly better lung function but no change in rates of hospitalization. In children one to 18 years of age, intravenous magnesium sulfate (25 to 100 mg per kg) has been demonstrated to significantly increase lung function and to decrease hospitalizations.

• #1 Asthma Exacerbation in Adults – Treatment : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/asthma-exacerbation-in-adults-treatment/

  Intubation if NIV is unsuitable or ineffective […] Maximize medical treatment prior to intubation if possible. […] Indications: […] Decreased LOC. […] Respiratory fatigue/silent chest. […] Inability to maintain oxygenation with non-invasive methods. […] Worsening hypercapnia or severe acidemia (pH < 7.10). [...] Hemodynamic instability. [...] Consider Adjunctive Treatments [...] Ketamine: [...] May relieve bronchospasm and help avoid intubation. [...] Limited experience, ideal dosing not determined. [...] Bolus 0.1 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg. (Note: 1-2 mg/kg = dose for intubation) [...] Continuous infusion 0.15 – 2.5 mg/kg/hr, if good response to bolus. [...] Salbutamol by IV infusion: [...] IV bolus 4mcg/kg then continuous infusion 0.1-0.2 mcg/kg/min. [...] Epinephrine: [...] IM 0.3-0.5mg q20mins prn.

• #1 Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/treatment-of-acute-asthma-exacerbations

  Other therapies are reportedly effective for asthma exacerbation, but none have been thoroughly studied. A mixture of helium and oxygen (heliox) is used to decrease the work of breathing and improve ventilation through a decrease in turbulent flow attributable to helium, a gas less dense than oxygen.

• #1 Status Asthmaticus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Beta2 Agonists, Anticholinergics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2129484-treatment

  Once the diagnosis has been confirmed and the severity of the asthma attack has been assessed, the primary aim of treatment is to control the bronchoconstriction and the inflammation. Beta agonists, corticosteroids, and theophylline are mainstays in the treatment of status asthmaticus. […] Oxygen therapy is essential, with hypoxia being the leading cause of death in children with asthma. Oxygen therapy can be administered via a nasal cannula or mask, though patients with dyspnea often do not like masks. […] In the event of significant hypoxemia, nonrebreathing masks may be used to deliver as much as 98% oxygen. Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are indicated for respiratory failure. […] Glucocorticosteroids are the most important treatment for status asthmaticus. These agents can decrease mucus production, improve oxygenation, reduce beta-agonist or theophylline requirements, reduce beta2-agonist tachyphylaxis, and activate properties that may prevent late bronchoconstrictive responses to allergies and provocation.

• #1 Asthma attack – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354274

  If you go to your clinic or the emergency room for treatment, you will likely get treatments and have tests at the same time. The goal is to improve your breathing, to judge how severe an asthma attack is and to see whether the treatment is working. […] The goal of management is to treat an asthma attack at home by following your asthma action plan. At-home treatment may be enough to improve symptoms and make breathing easier. […] If you go to the emergency room for an asthma attack in progress, you’ll likely get a number of treatments to restore regular breathing. Treatments may include: […] Oxygen may be given through a tube attached to the nose if there are signs of too little oxygen in the blood. […] Inhaled quick-relief medicines, such as albuterol and levalbuterol, are given either with an inhaler or a nebulizer to open airways.

• #1 Asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

  An acute asthma exacerbation is commonly referred to as an asthma attack. The classic symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. The wheezing is most often when breathing out. While these are the primary symptoms of asthma, some people present primarily with coughing, and in severe cases, air motion may be significantly impaired such that no wheezing is heard. In children, chest pain is often present. Signs occurring during an asthma attack include the use of accessory muscles of respiration, there may be a paradoxical pulse, and over-inflation of the chest. A blue colour of the skin and nails may occur from lack of oxygen. […] Acute severe asthma, previously known as status asthmaticus, is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments of bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Half of cases are due to infections with others caused by allergen, air pollution, or insufficient or inappropriate medication use.

• #1 Status Asthmaticus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Beta2 Agonists, Anticholinergics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2129484-treatment

  Corticosteroids may be administered either IV or orally (PO). […] After administration, corticosteroids usually require at least 4 hours to produce a clinical effect. In status asthmaticus, data support the administration of 60-125 mg methylprednisolone IV every 6 hours for the initial 24 hours of treatment. […] The role of methylxanthines (eg, theophylline and aminophylline) in the treatment of severe acute asthma has been diminished since the advent of potent selective beta agonists and their use at higher doses. […] IV magnesium sulfate has been a useful adjunct in patients with acute status asthmaticus that is refractory to beta2-agonist therapy. […] Mechanical ventilation should be considered as a salvage therapy in patients with status asthmaticus. […] Indications for intubation and mechanical ventilation include the following: Apnea or respiratory arrest, Diminishing level of consciousness, Impending respiratory failure marked by significantly rising carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) with fatigue, decreased air movement, and altered level of consciousness, Significant hypoxemia that is poorly responsive or unresponsive to supplemental oxygen therapy alone. […] ECMO is a highly specialized intervention requiring significant resources and support. It should be considered when hypoxia and acidosis persist despite mechanical ventilation.

• #1 Asthma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369660

  Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack. They may also be used before exercise if your doctor recommends it. […] If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But you shouldn’t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often if your long-term control medications are working properly. […] Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. […] This treatment is used for severe asthma that doesn’t improve with inhaled corticosteroids or other long-term asthma medications. […] Your treatment should be flexible and based on changes in your symptoms. […] Work with your doctor to create an asthma action plan that outlines in writing when to take certain medications or when to increase or decrease the dose of your medications based on your symptoms. […] Your doctor may also recommend tracking your asthma symptoms or using a peak flow meter on a regular basis to monitor how well your treatment is controlling your asthma.

• #1 Asthma Medication

  https://www.asthmafoundation.org.nz/your-health/living-with-asthma/asthma-medication

  Inhalers are one of the most common and effective ways to treat asthma. […] If you dont use your inhaler correctly, you wont get the full dose of your medicine. […] Spacers help ensure that the medicine reaches your lungs and doesnt just end up in the back of your mouth and throat. […] If you are using your inhalers exactly as prescribed, but you are still having asthma symptoms then your healthcare practitioner may consider additional treatments. […] Prednisone is a tablet form of a preventer medication. It is used in severe episodes of asthma, on top of your regular inhalers. […] Montelukast is a tablet form of medicine that is used in addition to regular inhalers, when you are having difficulty controlling your asthma. […] Biologics are a new treatment used for people who have severe, uncontrolled asthma. […] It is very important for people with asthma to keep up to date with flu and COVID-19 vaccinations. For people with poorly or partially controlled asthma, flu and COVID-19 can make you very sick and cause serious asthma flare-ups (attacks).

• #1 Dealing with anxiety, fear, and panic during an acute exacerbation of asthma | University of Iowa Health Care Stead Family Children’s Hospital

  https://uihc.org/childrens/educational-resources/dealing-anxiety-fear-and-panic-during-acute-exacerbation-asthma

  It is frightening and anxiety-producing to be unable to breathe comfortably. For some, anxiety interferes with treatment of acute asthmatic symptoms. If you (or your child) fail to respond to an inhaled bronchodilator but then rapidly respond to similar medication given by inhalation or injection at a doctor’s office or emergency room, a likely explanation is anxiety interfering with the proper technique needed for delivery of the aerosol to the airways. […] It is therefore medically essential that anxiety be controlled at least sufficiently to permit effective use of the inhaled bronchodilator. […] Once breathing is slowed, use of the inhaled bronchodilator is likely to be more effective. […] If difficulty breathing is so severe and sudden in onset that the above relaxation technique does not permit effective delivery of inhaled medication, a self-injecting adrenalin syringe (EpiPen or Twinject) provides a useful though rarely needed emergency measure for temporary relief. This can then permit the above procedure to be used.

• #1 Asthma Medication and Treatment

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-asthma/how-is-asthma-treated/

  Healthcare providers prescribe treatments effective in disease control. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about your needs, preferences and lifestyle. […] Patients want to have a say in their care and treatment choices. […] If you are unable to afford your asthma medicines, consider these alternatives: […] Most asthma medications are safe for use during pregnancy. […] Babies can be given asthma medications through an inhaler or a nebulizer. […] Over-the-counter asthma medications include inhaled epinephrine, inhaled racepinephrine and ephedrine tablets. […] If your asthma symptoms are not improving or getting worse despite using a quick-relief or controller inhaler, then you may not be using the device correctly. […] Some asthma medications can cause anxiety in some patients. […] It’s best to follow your Asthma Action Plan and seek emergency care if your symptoms do not improve. […] The treatment is typically a quick-relief albuterol inhaler. […] Talk with your doctor about medications that can help control your asthma during sleep.

• #1 Severe Asthma Attacks: Symptoms, Treatment, and Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gaining-control-severe-asthma/severe-asthma-attacks

  A severe asthma attack is a potentially life threatening event. […] These events need emergency medical treatment to prevent death. […] If quick-relief medication fails to work after 10 to 15 minutes, go to the emergency room. […] Severe asthma attacks dont respond to regular asthma treatment, so you need emergency medical treatment if your rescue medications arent working. At the emergency room, your medical team may: use a test called pulse oximetry to tell how much oxygen is in your blood, measure your PEF to determine how much and how fast you exhale, take a nitric oxide measurement to determine bronchial tube inflammation, measure your forced expiratory volume with a spirometry test, perform a chest X-ray. […] Once your doctor confirms that youre having a severe asthma attack, they may administer one or more of the following: albuterol, an inhaled aerosol or powder, ipratropium (Atrovent), a type of inhaled bronchodilator used when rescue inhalers alone are not enough, oral or intravenous corticosteroids to control inflammation, oxygen, a single dose of intravenous magnesium sulfate, intubation machines to help you breathe. […] The good news is that many treatments are available to help you control and prevent severe asthma attacks.

• #1 Asthma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/

  Even if you feel better, it’s important to see a GP within 2 days to discuss your treatment and get advice to help prevent another asthma attack. […] If inhalers are not enough to stop your symptoms, your care team may also recommend a stronger inhaler or tablets that make breathing easier, such as montelukast. […] If you have a severe asthma attack that does not get better, you may need to be treated in hospital. Hospital treatments may include: oxygen through a mask, using a nebuliser to breathe in high doses of medicine, steroid tablets or injections. […] An asthma attack can be life-threatening. But getting the right asthma treatment reduces the risk.

• #1 Asthma – Asthma Attack | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/attacks

  Call 9-1-1 if your medicines are not relieving your symptoms during an asthma attack or if breathing is still very hard. […] Follow your asthma action plan to help you know what to do and when to call 9-1-1 for emergency care. You should also use your reliever inhaler as soon as you start to have symptoms. […] You may be able to manage an asthma flare-up with just your reliever inhaler. If you have a serious asthma attack or your symptoms do not go away soon after taking your reliever medicine, you may need medical attention. […] You should go to the emergency room if your symptoms do not go away soon after taking your at-home medicines or if you have a serious asthma attack. If you need emergency care, you may receive medicines through a nebulizer (a small machine that turns liquid medicine into a mist that you can breathe in) or through an intravenous (IV) line in your arm. In severe circumstances, you may also need oxygen therapy or a ventilator to help you breathe.

• #1 Asthma Exacerbation in Adults – Treatment : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/asthma-exacerbation-in-adults-treatment/

  Criteria For Safe Discharge Home […] Criteria for discharge must be individualized but in general include: […] Asymptomatic or substantially improved symptoms. […] Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) >80% or PEF 60-80% and improving. […] Normal oxygen saturation. […] No history of near-death exacerbations. […] Understanding of asthma management, and ability to return if worsening. […] Arrange at discharge: […] Reliever and Controller Medications. […] Inhaler technique, importance of adherence and action plan. […] 50mg Prednisone PO (OR equivalent) daily for at least 5 days. […] Instructions for follow up with primary care at end of 5 days (based on steroid duration). […] Instructions on returning if worsening dyspnea (PEF < 200 L/min or use of inhaler <2h interval), chest pain, confusion or weakness.

• #1 Management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p40.html

  The administration of systemic corticosteroids (500 mg hydrocortisone sodium succinate injection [Solu-Cortef] or 125 mg methylprednisolone sodium succinate injection [Solu-Medrol] in adults, or 1 to 2 mg per kg of prednisone or prednisolone in children one to 18 years of age) within one hour of emergency department presentation decreases the need for hospitalization. […] Patients sent home from the emergency department with systemic corticosteroids (a five- to 10-day nontapering course of 50- to 100-mg prednisone per day in adults) have decreased relapse of asthma symptoms, future hospitalizations, and use of short-acting beta2 agonists.

• #1 After your asthma attack | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/asthma-attacks-lp/after

  The best way to lower your risk of another asthma attack is to take steps to manage your asthma well every day. […] As soon as you notice symptoms are getting worse, make an appointment to speak to your GP or nurse. They can help you manage your symptoms better and lower your risk of an asthma attack.

• #1 How Is Asthma Treated?

  https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-treatment/

  Asthma treatments work in these ways: They relax the muscles that tighten around the airways. They relieve the squeeze. They can be short- or long-acting. By opening the airways, they help remove and reduce mucus. These medicines are bronchodilators or beta agonists. […] They reduce the swelling and mucus inside the airways. These medicines are anti-inflammatories (steroidal and non-steroidal). […] Injectable asthma treatment (biologics) are shots or infusions given every few weeks. […] The 2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines recommends single maintenance and reliever therapy, also known as SMART. SMART uses one inhaler that has two medicines (combination medicine) as a quick-relief and controller medicine. […] You will probably take more medicine when you begin treatment to get control of your asthma.

• #1 Breathing a sigh of relief: A new therapy for asthma management | The University of Arizona Health Sciences

  https://healthsciences.arizona.edu/news/blog/breathing-a-sigh-of-relief-a-new-therapy-for-asthma-management

  People with asthma now have a way to manage their symptoms that is easier and more effective than traditional therapeutics. […] It involves using only one inhaler to simultaneously deliver two types of medications in what is called SMART therapy, or single maintenance and reliever therapy, and it is endorsed by national boards and global organizations for moderate to severe asthma. […] When we treat asthma, it is important to treat the inflammation. […] Traditionally, people with asthma are prescribed one maintenance inhaler for daily doses of an anti-inflammatory medicine and then one rescue, or reliever, inhaler to open the airways when needed. […] With SMART, people with moderate to severe asthma typically use one inhaler with both medications twice a day, and then additionally if needed.

• #1 Treatment strategies for asthma: reshaping the concept of asthma management | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-020-00472-8

  The as required use of SABAs is not the most effective therapeutic option in controlling a worsening of inflammation, as signaled by the occurrence of symptoms; instead, an anti-inflammatory therapy included in the rescue medication along with a rapid-acting bronchodilator could provide both rapid symptom relief and control over the underlying inflammation. […] The concomitant administration of an as-needed bronchodilator and ICS would provide rapid relief while administering anti-inflammatory therapy. […] The combination of an ICS and a LABA (budesonide/formoterol) in one inhaler for both maintenance and reliever therapy is even more effective than higher doses of maintenance ICS and LABA. […] A growing body of evidence shows that anti-inflammatory reliever strategy is more effective than other strategies with SABA reliever in controlling asthma and reducing exacerbations across all levels of asthma severity.

• #1 First new asthma attack treatment in 50 years

  https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cev93777g79o

  Researchers say they have found the first new treatment for asthma attacks in 50 years. […] The injection dampens part of the immune system that can go into overdrive in flare-ups of both asthma and a lung condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Benralizumab is already used in the most severe cases, but the latest research suggests it could be used routinely for around two million attacks in the UK each year. […] The research team at King’s College London said the drug was a „game-changer” that could „revolutionise” care. […] „Now we can see there are different patterns of inflammation, we can be smarter and get the right treatment, to the right patient, at the right time,” said Prof Mona Bafadhel, from King’s. […] Benralizumab targets a type of white blood cell – called an eosinophil – that can cause inflammation and damage in the lungs.

• #1 First new asthma attack treatment in 50 years

  https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cev93777g79o

  Eosinophils are implicated in about half of asthma attacks and a third of COPD flare-ups. […] If such an attack – involving difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness – cannot be controlled with regular inhalers then doctors currently prescribe a course of steroids. […] The results in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine found a treatment failure rate of 74% when taking steroids and 45% with the new therapy. […] People treated with the new therapy were less likely to be admitted to hospital, need another round of treatment or die. […] „This is a game-changer, weve not had a change in treatment for 50 years – it will revolutionise how we treat people when theyre really unwell,” Prof Bafadhel said. […] Volunteers also reported improved symptoms and a better quality of life on the new drug.

• #1 Biologics for the Treatment of Asthma | AAFA.org

  https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-treatment/biologics-asthma-treatment/

  Biologics treat your asthma by disrupting the specific cells or blocking specific molecules that make your airways swell after exposure to certain triggers. Trigger exposure causes the molecules in your immune system to work together to create swelling in your airways. Biologics attach to these molecules and prevent them from causing inflammation and symptoms. […] Your doctor will decide if asthma biologics would be helpful for you by looking at your symptoms, the type of medicine you are already taking, and blood test results. […] Most biologics can be taken at home or given in a doctors office every one to four weeks. They are given through an injection (shot) or intravenously (through a vein). […] Six biologics currently are approved by the FDA for moderate-to-severe asthma. Xolair is approved for allergic asthma. Nucala, Fasenra, and Cinqair are approved for eosinophilic asthma. Dupixent may work for type 2 asthma more broadly (allergic and eosinophilic). Tezspire may work for all types of asthma. Tezspire is the only biologic approved for non-type-2 asthma.

• #1 Severe Asthma Treatment | TEZSPIRE®(tezepelumab-ekko) Subcutaneous Injection 210 mg

  https://www.tezspire.com/

  TEZSPIRE can help you prevent asthma attacks, breathe better, and relieve symptoms. […] TEZSPIRE can help: PREVENT asthma attacks […] BREATHE BETTER AND IMPROVE LUNG FUNCTION […] Relieve asthma symptoms. […] TEZSPIRE helps prevent severe asthma attacks (exacerbations) and can improve your breathing. […] TEZSPIRE is not used to treat sudden breathing problems.

• #1 Asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

  Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry lung function testing. There is no known cure for asthma, but it can be controlled. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and respiratory irritants, and suppressed with the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth. In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required.

• #1 Asthma attacks

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/asthma/asthma-attacks/

  Your chance of having an asthma attack is greatly reduced if you’re on the right asthma treatment. […] To reduce the risk of having an asthma attack: take your controller or MART inhaler every day. […] If you think you’re having an asthma attack, try to stay calm and: Sit upright – do not lie down. […] Talk to your GP or asthma nurse about: how to reduce your risk of asthma attacks. […] Your GP or asthma nurse may change your treatment or check how you use your inhaler. […] To reduce the risk of having an asthma attack: follow your asthma action plan, take your medicines as prescribed, have asthma reviews with your GP or asthma nurse at least once a year, check with your GP or asthma nurse that you use your inhaler correctly, avoid things that trigger your symptoms.

• #1 Asthma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369660

  Prevention and long-term control are key to stopping asthma attacks before they start. Treatment usually involves learning to recognize your triggers, taking steps to avoid triggers and tracking your breathing to make sure your medications are keeping symptoms under control. In case of an asthma flare-up, you may need to use a quick-relief inhaler. […] The right medications for you depend on a number of things your age, symptoms, asthma triggers and what works best to keep your asthma under control. […] Preventive, long-term control medications reduce the swelling (inflammation) in your airways that leads to symptoms. Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators) quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. […] Long-term asthma control medications, generally taken daily, are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. These medications keep asthma under control on a day-to-day basis and make it less likely you’ll have an asthma attack.

• #1 Acute asthma (asthma attack) | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/asthma-attack-acute-asthma-16689575.html

  Hospitalise if signs of life-threatening attack, transfer to intensive care unit as soon as possible; place the patient in a 1/2 sitting position. […] Administer: oxygen to maintain SpO2 between 94 and 98%. […] If symptoms do not improve after one hour: transfer to intensive care unit, insert an IV line, oxygen to maintain SpO2 between 94 and 98%, continue salbutamol (solution for nebuliser) without ipratropium, and corticosteroids as above. […] In pregnant women, treatment is the same as for adults. In mild or moderate asthma attacks, administering oxygen reduces the risk of foetal hypoxia. […] For all patients, irrespective of the severity of the asthma attack, look for underlying lung infection and treat accordingly.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma

  People with asthma may need to use their inhaler every day. Their treatment will depend on the frequency of symptoms and the types of inhalers available. […] Using an inhaler can be difficult, especially for children and during emergency situations. Using a spacer device makes it easier to use an aerosol inhaler. This helps the medicine to reach the lungs more easily. […] People with asthma and their families need education to understand more about their asthma. This includes their treatment options, triggers to avoid, and how to manage their symptoms at home. […] It is important for people with asthma to know how to increase their treatment when their symptoms are worsening to avoid a serious attack. Healthcare providers may give an asthma action plan to help people with asthma to take greater control of their treatment.

• #1 Asthma – causes, symptoms and complications | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/asthma

  Asthma treatment helps stop your asthma symptoms from interfering with normal life. Treatment also helps to prevent flare-ups or attacks. […] Asthma reliever medicine helps open your airways quickly to relieve your symptoms during an asthma attack. They work within minutes. […] Asthma preventer medicine helps prevent asthma attacks and keeps your asthma under control. […] If you have asthma, you and your doctor will put together an asthma action plan. This is a set of instructions just for you. It includes advice on what to do in an asthma emergency. […] Asthma can’t be prevented entirely. However, there are some things you can do to reduce your chance of an asthma attack and live well with asthma. […] Taking your medicines as prescribed is important. If you feel that your asthma is affecting your quality of life, see your doctor. They can review your medicines.

• #1 How to manage an asthma attack: Tips to breathe easy

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/health-wellness/how-to-manage-an-asthma-attack-tips-to-breathe-easy/2024/05

  To raise awareness, UC Davis Health pulmonologist Samuel Louie shared tips on how people with asthma can better manage their attacks. […] You should aim for control of asthma symptoms with an individually designed, long-term asthma treatment plan to minimize symptoms or eliminate them altogether and to reduce the risk of acute asthma attacks or exacerbations. It is the best and safest way to begin managing asthma with the avoidance of known triggers. […] Inhaled corticosteroids and not oral corticosteroids are the most effective first-line drug therapy that can establish asthma control within days to weeks. Other drugs called long-acting bronchodilators can be added to inhaled corticosteroids. […] One of the goals in visiting your health care provider is to learn how to recognize symptoms and prevent them from worsening with an asthma action plan. Self-management and patient safety are the goals of patient education and patient training.

• #2 Asthma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

  An acute asthma exacerbation is commonly referred to as an asthma attack. The classic symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. The wheezing is most often when breathing out. While these are the primary symptoms of asthma, some people present primarily with coughing, and in severe cases, air motion may be significantly impaired such that no wheezing is heard. In children, chest pain is often present. Signs occurring during an asthma attack include the use of accessory muscles of respiration, there may be a paradoxical pulse, and over-inflation of the chest. A blue colour of the skin and nails may occur from lack of oxygen. […] Acute severe asthma, previously known as status asthmaticus, is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments of bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Half of cases are due to infections with others caused by allergen, air pollution, or insufficient or inappropriate medication use.

• #2 Asthma emergency first aid | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/asthma-emergency-first-aid

  An asthma attack can become an emergency, needing first aid and urgent medical attention. […] In an asthma emergency, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] To use asthma first aid with a blue/grey reliever puffer: Step 1: Sit the person upright. Step 2: Give 4 separate puffs of blue/grey reliever puffer. Step 3: Wait 4 minutes. Step 4: If breathing does not return to normal, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. […] An asthma flare-up can come on slowly (over hours, days or even weeks) or very quickly (over minutes). A sudden or severe asthma flare-up is sometimes called an asthma attack. An asthma attack can quickly become an asthma emergency, but if you take quick action, you can reduce the risk of an asthma emergency. […] Follow your asthma action plan if the symptoms of an asthma attack appear.

• #2 Asthma Attack Symptoms & First Aid | St John Ambulance

  https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/asthma-attack/

  During an asthma attack, breathing becomes more difficult. Find out what to look for and how to perform first aid. […] If someone is having an asthma attack: Reassure them, help them to use their reliever inhaler. […] If the attack does not ease, advise one to two puffs every two minutes for up to 10 puffs. […] If the attack is severe, and they are getting worse, becoming exhausted, or if this is their first attack, call 999 or 112 for emergency help. […] If their symptoms improve and you do not need to call 999, advise the patient to get an urgent same-day appointment to see their GP or asthma nurse. […] Important: This asthma attack information is not for patients on a Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (MART) plan.

• #2 Severe Asthma Attacks: Symptoms, Treatment, and Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/gaining-control-severe-asthma/severe-asthma-attacks

  A severe asthma attack is a potentially life threatening event. […] These events need emergency medical treatment to prevent death. […] If quick-relief medication fails to work after 10 to 15 minutes, go to the emergency room. […] Severe asthma attacks dont respond to regular asthma treatment, so you need emergency medical treatment if your rescue medications arent working. At the emergency room, your medical team may: use a test called pulse oximetry to tell how much oxygen is in your blood, measure your PEF to determine how much and how fast you exhale, take a nitric oxide measurement to determine bronchial tube inflammation, measure your forced expiratory volume with a spirometry test, perform a chest X-ray. […] Once your doctor confirms that youre having a severe asthma attack, they may administer one or more of the following: albuterol, an inhaled aerosol or powder, ipratropium (Atrovent), a type of inhaled bronchodilator used when rescue inhalers alone are not enough, oral or intravenous corticosteroids to control inflammation, oxygen, a single dose of intravenous magnesium sulfate, intubation machines to help you breathe. […] The good news is that many treatments are available to help you control and prevent severe asthma attacks.

• #2 Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/treatment-of-acute-asthma-exacerbations

  Inhaled bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics) are the mainstay of asthma treatment in the emergency department. […] Nebulized ipratropium can be co-administered with nebulized albuterol for patients who do not respond optimally to albuterol alone; some evidence favors simultaneous high-dose beta-2 agonist and ipratropium as first-line treatment. […] Systemic corticosteroids (prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone) should be given for all but the mildest acute exacerbation; they are unnecessary for patients whose PEF normalizes after 1 or 2 bronchodilator doses. […] In general, higher doses (prednisone 50 to 60 mg once a day) are recommended for the management of more severe exacerbations requiring in-patient care while lower doses (40 mg once a day) are reserved for outpatient treatment of milder exacerbations. […] Although evidence about optimal dose and duration is weak, a treatment duration of 3 to 5 days in children and 5 to 7 days in adults is recommended as adequate by most guidelines and should be tailored to the severity and duration of an exacerbation.

• #2 Asthma attack – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354274

  If you go to your clinic or the emergency room for treatment, you will likely get treatments and have tests at the same time. The goal is to improve your breathing, to judge how severe an asthma attack is and to see whether the treatment is working. […] The goal of management is to treat an asthma attack at home by following your asthma action plan. At-home treatment may be enough to improve symptoms and make breathing easier. […] If you go to the emergency room for an asthma attack in progress, you’ll likely get a number of treatments to restore regular breathing. Treatments may include: […] Oxygen may be given through a tube attached to the nose if there are signs of too little oxygen in the blood. […] Inhaled quick-relief medicines, such as albuterol and levalbuterol, are given either with an inhaler or a nebulizer to open airways.

• #2 Asthma Exacerbation in Adults – Treatment : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/asthma-exacerbation-in-adults-treatment/

  Asthma Exacerbation in Adults – Treatment […] Recommended Treatment […] Standard Treatment […] Oxygen […] Maintain O2 Saturations >92%. […] Usually not necessary for mild or moderate exacerbations. […] Short Acting Beta Agonist (SABA) […] Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Salbutamol (100 mcg/puff) with spacer. […] 4 to 8 puffs q20 minutes x 3 doses, then every 1 to 4 hours prn. […] Nebulized Salbutamol 5-5mg in 3 mLs saline q20 minutes x 3 doses, then 2.5-10mg every 1 to 4 hours prn. […] If severe exacerbation – give more frequently or continuous. […] Anticholinergics […] Use alongside SABA for moderate or severe exacerbations. […] MDI Ipratropium bromide (20mcg/puff) with spacer. […] 4 to 8 puffs q 20 minutes x 3 doses, then prn. […] Nebulized Ipratropium bromide 500mcg (with salbutamol) q20 minutes x 3 doses, then q2-6 prn.

• #2 Management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p40.html

  The administration of systemic corticosteroids (500 mg hydrocortisone sodium succinate injection [Solu-Cortef] or 125 mg methylprednisolone sodium succinate injection [Solu-Medrol] in adults, or 1 to 2 mg per kg of prednisone or prednisolone in children one to 18 years of age) within one hour of emergency department presentation decreases the need for hospitalization. […] Patients sent home from the emergency department with systemic corticosteroids (a five- to 10-day nontapering course of 50- to 100-mg prednisone per day in adults) have decreased relapse of asthma symptoms, future hospitalizations, and use of short-acting beta2 agonists.

• #2 Status Asthmaticus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Beta2 Agonists, Anticholinergics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2129484-treatment

  Corticosteroids may be administered either IV or orally (PO). […] After administration, corticosteroids usually require at least 4 hours to produce a clinical effect. In status asthmaticus, data support the administration of 60-125 mg methylprednisolone IV every 6 hours for the initial 24 hours of treatment. […] The role of methylxanthines (eg, theophylline and aminophylline) in the treatment of severe acute asthma has been diminished since the advent of potent selective beta agonists and their use at higher doses. […] IV magnesium sulfate has been a useful adjunct in patients with acute status asthmaticus that is refractory to beta2-agonist therapy. […] Mechanical ventilation should be considered as a salvage therapy in patients with status asthmaticus. […] Indications for intubation and mechanical ventilation include the following: Apnea or respiratory arrest, Diminishing level of consciousness, Impending respiratory failure marked by significantly rising carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) with fatigue, decreased air movement, and altered level of consciousness, Significant hypoxemia that is poorly responsive or unresponsive to supplemental oxygen therapy alone. […] ECMO is a highly specialized intervention requiring significant resources and support. It should be considered when hypoxia and acidosis persist despite mechanical ventilation.

• #2 Asthma assessment, treatment: 5 tips paramedics need to know

  https://www.ems1.com/ems-products/capnography/articles/ems-assessment-and-treatment-of-asthma-5-things-to-know-dS9rXvWjowLIfyAZ/

  CPAP is a treatment option for moderate to severe asthma attacks. CPAP increases the pressure that the patient exhales against, which pushes open lower airways and improves gas exchange. […] Magnesium sulfate may help patients with severe asthma attacks in addition to nebulized bronchodilators and CPAP. It works by relaxing smooth bronchial muscles, and is administered as an IV infusion over 20 minutes. […] Intramuscular or subcutaneous epinephrine may be considered for severe asthma attacks that do not respond to nebulized bronchodilators (a condition known as status asthmaticus). […] For patients who are anxious or combative during a severe asthma attack, ketamine is the ideal medication for sedation. […] Monitor the patients ETCO2 and reassess their lung sound to assess how well the patient is responding to treatment.

• #2 Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Environmental Control, Allergen Immunotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-treatment

  Patients who respond poorly or not at all to an inhaled beta-agonist regimen may respond to parenteral beta2 agonists, such as 0.25 mg terbutaline or 0.3 mg of 1:1000 concentration of epinephrine administered subcutaneously. […] Although use of systemic corticosteroids is recommended early in the course of acute exacerbations in patients with an incomplete response to beta agonists, oral administration is equivalent in efficacy to intravenous administration. Corticosteroids speed the resolution of airway obstruction and prevent a late-phase response. […] Heliox is a helium-oxygen (80:20 or 70:30) mixture that may provide dramatic benefit for ED patients with severe exacerbations. […] Status asthmaticus, or an acute severe asthmatic episode that is resistant to appropriate outpatient therapy, is a medical emergency that requires aggressive hospital management.

• #2 Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/treatment-of-acute-asthma-exacerbations

  Theophylline has very little role in treatment of an acute asthma exacerbation. […] Magnesium sulfate relaxes smooth muscle, but efficacy in management of asthma exacerbation in the emergency department is debated. […] Supplemental oxygen is indicated for hypoxemia and should be given by nasal cannula or face mask at a flow rate or concentration sufficient to maintain oxygen saturation 90%. […] Reassurance is the best approach when anxiety is the cause of asthma exacerbation. […] Hospitalization generally is required if patients have not returned to their baseline within 4 hours of aggressive emergency department treatment. […] Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) may be needed in patients whose condition continues to deteriorate despite aggressive treatment, to alleviate the work of breathing. […] Intubation and mechanical ventilation allow the provision of sedation to further alleviate the work of breathing, but the routine use of neuromuscular blocking agents should be avoided because of possible interactions with corticosteroids that can cause prolonged neuromuscular weakness.

• #2 Acute asthma (asthma attack) | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/asthma-attack-acute-asthma-16689575.html

  Hospitalise if signs of life-threatening attack, transfer to intensive care unit as soon as possible; place the patient in a 1/2 sitting position. […] Administer: oxygen to maintain SpO2 between 94 and 98%. […] If symptoms do not improve after one hour: transfer to intensive care unit, insert an IV line, oxygen to maintain SpO2 between 94 and 98%, continue salbutamol (solution for nebuliser) without ipratropium, and corticosteroids as above. […] In pregnant women, treatment is the same as for adults. In mild or moderate asthma attacks, administering oxygen reduces the risk of foetal hypoxia. […] For all patients, irrespective of the severity of the asthma attack, look for underlying lung infection and treat accordingly.

• #2 Asthma Exacerbation in Adults – Treatment : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/asthma-exacerbation-in-adults-treatment/

  IV 0.1mg over 5-10mins and q5-15mins prn, OR IV Infusion 1-4mcg/min. […] Heliox: […] 70:30 (He:O2) – Reduces turbulent air flow to improve ventilation. […] General Inhalational Anesthesia: […] Potent bronchodilators, but evidence is limited – consult anesthesia. […] Halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane. […] Criteria For Hospital Admission […] Patients with non-life-threatening exacerbations who improve, but do not meet discharge criteria, can undergo a trial of observation before admission. […] Criteria For Transfer To Another Facility […] Transfer to an acute care center for mild or moderate exacerbations worsening despite treatment, or for any severe or life-threatening exacerbation. […] Criteria For Close Observation And/or Consult […] Consider ICU consult for life-threatening exacerbations or severe exacerbations which do not improve.

• #2 Asthma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369660

  Quick-relief (rescue) medications are used as needed for rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack. They may also be used before exercise if your doctor recommends it. […] If you have an asthma flare-up, a quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away. But you shouldn’t need to use your quick-relief inhaler very often if your long-term control medications are working properly. […] Allergy medications may help if your asthma is triggered or worsened by allergies. […] This treatment is used for severe asthma that doesn’t improve with inhaled corticosteroids or other long-term asthma medications. […] Your treatment should be flexible and based on changes in your symptoms. […] Work with your doctor to create an asthma action plan that outlines in writing when to take certain medications or when to increase or decrease the dose of your medications based on your symptoms. […] Your doctor may also recommend tracking your asthma symptoms or using a peak flow meter on a regular basis to monitor how well your treatment is controlling your asthma.

• #2 Patient education: Asthma treatment in adolescents and adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-adolescents-and-adults-beyond-the-basics

  There are several things you can do to keep your asthma well controlled. […] It’s important to make sure that you learn and understand: What asthma is; What triggers your asthma; When to use your medications; How to use your inhalers. […] An asthma „action plan” is a form or document that your provider can help you put together; it includes instructions about how to monitor your symptoms and what to do when they happen. […] It’s important to know when to get emergency help, for example, if your medications do not work quickly to relieve symptoms. […] Quick-relief medications, or „relievers,” contain a kind of medicine that rapidly opens the airways to provide relief for asthma symptoms when they happen. […] Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) are a type of „bronchodilator” medication. […] For significant asthma attacks, most providers will recommend a 5- to 10-day course of oral steroids (also called corticosteroids or glucocorticoids). […] Asthma attacks that do not respond to or worsen despite reliever medicines require additional medical help.

• #2 Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/asthma-and-related-disorders/treatment-of-acute-asthma-exacerbations

  The goal of asthma exacerbation treatment is to relieve symptoms and return patients to their best lung function. Treatment includes inhaled bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics) […] Patients having an asthma exacerbation are instructed to self-administer 2 to 4 puffs of inhaled albuterol or a similar short-acting beta agonist up to 3 times spaced 20 minutes apart for an acute exacerbation and to measure peak expiratory flow (PEF) if possible. […] When these short-acting rescue drugs are effective (symptoms are relieved and PEF returns to 80% of baseline), the acute exacerbation may be managed in the outpatient setting. […] Patients who do not respond, have severe symptoms, or have a PEF persistently 80% should follow a treatment management program outlined by the physician or should go to the emergency department.

• #2 Asthma Medication and Treatment

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-asthma/how-is-asthma-treated/

  Healthcare providers prescribe treatments effective in disease control. […] Talk with your healthcare provider about your needs, preferences and lifestyle. […] Patients want to have a say in their care and treatment choices. […] If you are unable to afford your asthma medicines, consider these alternatives: […] Most asthma medications are safe for use during pregnancy. […] Babies can be given asthma medications through an inhaler or a nebulizer. […] Over-the-counter asthma medications include inhaled epinephrine, inhaled racepinephrine and ephedrine tablets. […] If your asthma symptoms are not improving or getting worse despite using a quick-relief or controller inhaler, then you may not be using the device correctly. […] Some asthma medications can cause anxiety in some patients. […] It’s best to follow your Asthma Action Plan and seek emergency care if your symptoms do not improve. […] The treatment is typically a quick-relief albuterol inhaler. […] Talk with your doctor about medications that can help control your asthma during sleep.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma

  People with asthma may need to use their inhaler every day. Their treatment will depend on the frequency of symptoms and the types of inhalers available. […] Using an inhaler can be difficult, especially for children and during emergency situations. Using a spacer device makes it easier to use an aerosol inhaler. This helps the medicine to reach the lungs more easily. […] People with asthma and their families need education to understand more about their asthma. This includes their treatment options, triggers to avoid, and how to manage their symptoms at home. […] It is important for people with asthma to know how to increase their treatment when their symptoms are worsening to avoid a serious attack. Healthcare providers may give an asthma action plan to help people with asthma to take greater control of their treatment.

• #2 How to Treat an Asthma Attack | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p49.html

  The doctor or nurse will check your oxygen level and give you more oxygen. He or she may check your peak flow and do a blood test. You may have to take other medicines, such as nebulizer treatments or steroids. The medicines may be given through an IV. You also may need to stay overnight in the hospital, depending on how bad your attack was and your response to treatment.

• #2 Asthma treatment: Controlling asthma, medicines, and in emergency

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323524

  People should seek urgent medical attention if their medication does not reduce the effects of an asthma attack or their peak flow measurement is less than half of their personal best. […] A hospital will provide direct oxygen to bring the persons oxygen supply to a safe level and temporarily increase the dosage of medicines. […] Emergency staff will likely administer a combination of the following: an injection or inhalation of short-acting beta2-agonists or bronchodilators to re-open the airways, oral or intravenous steroids to reduce inflammation, anticholinergics, which block the neurotransmitter that restricts breathing, inhaled anesthetics to reduce pain and discomfort, ketamine, an anesthetic hallucinogen that can relax airways and may be useful in severe cases only, intravenous (IV) magnesium sulfate.

• #2 Asthma

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/asthma/

  Even if you feel better, it’s important to see a GP within 2 days to discuss your treatment and get advice to help prevent another asthma attack. […] If inhalers are not enough to stop your symptoms, your care team may also recommend a stronger inhaler or tablets that make breathing easier, such as montelukast. […] If you have a severe asthma attack that does not get better, you may need to be treated in hospital. Hospital treatments may include: oxygen through a mask, using a nebuliser to breathe in high doses of medicine, steroid tablets or injections. […] An asthma attack can be life-threatening. But getting the right asthma treatment reduces the risk.

• #2 After your asthma attack | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/asthma/asthma-attacks-lp/after

  Even if youre feeling better now, its important to have a follow-up appointment at your GP surgery as soon as possible after your asthma attack. […] Around 1 in 6 people treated for an asthma attack need hospital care again within two weeks. Studies show that a follow-up appointment can help you avoid another attack. […] Use your follow-up appointment to talk about any medicines you may have been prescribed for your asthma attack. You can also talk about your usual asthma medicines. […] A short course of steroid tablets, usually prednisolone, treats the inflammation and swelling in your airways, and can lower your risk of another attack. You will usually need to take these for at least five days. […] An asthma action plan makes it easier to manage your symptoms, so youre less likely to need hospital treatment for an asthma attack.

• #2 Asthma attacks

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/asthma/asthma-attacks/

  Your chance of having an asthma attack is greatly reduced if you’re on the right asthma treatment. […] To reduce the risk of having an asthma attack: take your controller or MART inhaler every day. […] If you think you’re having an asthma attack, try to stay calm and: Sit upright – do not lie down. […] Talk to your GP or asthma nurse about: how to reduce your risk of asthma attacks. […] Your GP or asthma nurse may change your treatment or check how you use your inhaler. […] To reduce the risk of having an asthma attack: follow your asthma action plan, take your medicines as prescribed, have asthma reviews with your GP or asthma nurse at least once a year, check with your GP or asthma nurse that you use your inhaler correctly, avoid things that trigger your symptoms.

• #2 Asthma Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Environmental Control, Allergen Immunotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296301-treatment

  The most recent guidelines (GINA and NAEPP) recommend the use of a single inhaler containing the combination of an ICS and formoteral, an long-acting bronchodilator for both maintenance and quick relief therapy (single maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART or MART). […] In general, patients should be assessed every 1-6 months for asthma control. At every visit, adherence, environmental control, and comorbid conditions should be checked. If the patient has good control of their asthma for at least 3 months, treatment can be stepped down; however, the patient should be reassessed in 2-4 weeks to make sure that control is maintained with the new treatment. […] The mainstay of ED therapy for acute asthma is inhaled beta2 agonists. […] Although studies in patients with COPD reported increased rates of pneumonia associated with inhaled corticosteroid use, a study by OByrne et al found no increased risk in patients with asthma in clinical trials using budesonide.

• #2 Breathing a sigh of relief: A new therapy for asthma management | The University of Arizona Health Sciences

  https://healthsciences.arizona.edu/news/blog/breathing-a-sigh-of-relief-a-new-therapy-for-asthma-management

  Research shows it is effective at reducing the use of systemic (injections and pills) corticosteroids over time and emergency department visits to treat asthma exacerbations. […] The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program included SMART in its latest treatment recommendations for moderate to severe asthma, and it is really changing the way we treat patients. […] With SMART, you only have one inhaler. […] Research shows this reduces the likelihood of your symptoms progressing to an asthma attack. […] SMART is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderate to severe asthma, and this is really where it shines. […] The side effects for SMART are the same side effects someone would be exposed to if they took these two medications separately. […] But, it reduces the likelihood of ending up needing steroids by pill or injection (systemic) for an asthma exacerbation- which have more significant side effects in the short and long term- so fewer side effects overall. […] SMART is an exciting new option to consider, and I encourage people to talk to their doctors about it.

• #2 SMART Therapy for Asthma

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/smart

  SMART therapy helps prevent serious asthma attacks better than using separate inhalers for daily control and quick relief. Less Corticosteroid Use: It can reduce the amount of corticosteroids you need, which can help lower the risk of side effects. […] Although several studies support the implementation of SMART therapy in patients with moderate to severe asthma, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of ICS-formoterol inhalers as rescue inhalers or as part of SMART therapy in the United States. […] The hope is that GINA and NAEPP’s evidence-based recommendations will push policymakers and health insurance companies to review their current indications, formularies and inhaler quantity limits. […] An allergy and immunology specialist physician is a trained expert in asthma and can develop an individualized therapy plan for your asthma.

• #2

  https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/first-new-treatment-asthma-attacks-in-50-years

  An injection given during some asthma and COPD attacks is more effective than the current treatment of steroid tablets, reducing the need for further treatment by 30%. […] Treatment at the point of an exacerbation for this type of asthma has barely changed for over fifty years, with steroid drugs being the mainstay of medication. […] Results from the phase two clinical trial ABRA study, led by scientists from Kings College London and sponsored by the University of Oxford, show a drug already available can be re-purposed in emergency settings to reduce the need for further treatment and hospitalisations. […] Benralizamab is a monoclonal antibody which targets specific white blood cells, called eosinophils, to reduce lung inflammation. […] The ABRA trial has found a single dose can be more effective when injected at the point of exacerbation compared to steroid tablets.

• #2

  https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/first-new-treatment-asthma-attacks-in-50-years

  Treatment with the benralizumab injection took longer to fail, meaning fewer episodes to see a doctor or go to hospital. […] The benralizumab injection was administered by healthcare professionals in the study but can be potentially administered in the GP practice or in the Emergency Department. […] Dr Sanjay Ramakrishnan, Clinical Senior Lecturer at the University of Western Australia, who is the first author of the ABRA trial and started the work while at the University of Oxford, said: Our study shows massive promise for asthma and COPD treatment. […] Dr Samantha Walker, Director of Research and Innovation, at Asthma + Lung UK, said: Its great news for people with lung conditions that a potential alternative to giving steroid tablets has been found to treat asthma attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations.

• #2 Asthma in adults Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/asthma-in-adults

  Long-term control (maintenance) medications are taken on a regular basis to prevent asthma attacks, control inflammation in the airways, and manage chronic symptoms. […] Corticosteroids, also called glucocorticoids or steroids, are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Leukotriene antagonists include montelukast (Singulair, generic) and zafirlukast (Accolate, generic). […] Omalizumab (Xolair) is FDA-approved for patients age 12 and older who have moderate-to-severe persistent asthma related to allergies. […] Mepolizumab (Nucala), reslizumab (Cinqair), and benralizumab (Fasenra) are anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies FDA-approved for patients who have a high level of eosinophils. […] Theophylline is a bronchodilator drug. […] Patients with asthma should get an annual flu vaccine, and they should be vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia.

• #2 Asthma – Treatment and Action Plan | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/treatment-action-plan

  To prevent asthma flare-ups, you should remove the sensitizing agent from your place of work and avoid any further contact. […] Avoiding the allergens that trigger your asthma can help control your symptoms and prevent flare-ups. […] If this happens often, it may be a sign that your asthma is not well controlled.

• #2 Asthma | Asthma Symptoms | Asthma Attack | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/asthma.html

  Asthma triggers may be different for each person and can change over time. […] If you have asthma, you will work with your health care provider to create a treatment plan. The plan will include ways to manage your asthma symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. It will include: […] Short-term relief medicines, also called quick-relief medicines. They help prevent symptoms or relieve symptoms during an asthma attack. They include an inhaler to carry with you all the time. It may also include other types of medicines which work quickly to help open your airways. […] Control medicines. You take them every day to help prevent symptoms. They work by reducing airway inflammation and preventing narrowing of the airways. […] If you have a severe attack and the short-term relief medicines do not work, you will need emergency care.

• #2 Asthma – Treatment and Action Plan | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/treatment-action-plan

  Treatment for asthma usually depends on your age, how serious your symptoms are, and how your body responds to medicines. […] You can also carry medicines, such as a reliever inhaler, to use during an asthma attack. […] Quick-relief medicines, or relievers, help prevent or ease symptoms during an asthma attack. […] Your healthcare provider will probably prescribe a quick-relief inhaler for you to carry at all times. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe controller medicines to take daily to help prevent asthma attacks and control symptoms. […] Bronchial thermoplasty may help if you have serious asthma and other treatments are not working. […] Your healthcare provider will work with you to create a treatment plan for your asthma. […] Your provider may recommend taking a reliever medicine before exercising to prevent symptoms short term.

• #2 How to manage an asthma attack: Tips to breathe easy

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/health-wellness/how-to-manage-an-asthma-attack-tips-to-breathe-easy/2024/05

  To raise awareness, UC Davis Health pulmonologist Samuel Louie shared tips on how people with asthma can better manage their attacks. […] You should aim for control of asthma symptoms with an individually designed, long-term asthma treatment plan to minimize symptoms or eliminate them altogether and to reduce the risk of acute asthma attacks or exacerbations. It is the best and safest way to begin managing asthma with the avoidance of known triggers. […] Inhaled corticosteroids and not oral corticosteroids are the most effective first-line drug therapy that can establish asthma control within days to weeks. Other drugs called long-acting bronchodilators can be added to inhaled corticosteroids. […] One of the goals in visiting your health care provider is to learn how to recognize symptoms and prevent them from worsening with an asthma action plan. Self-management and patient safety are the goals of patient education and patient training.

• #2 Asthma – causes, symptoms and complications | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/asthma

  Asthma treatment helps stop your asthma symptoms from interfering with normal life. Treatment also helps to prevent flare-ups or attacks. […] Asthma reliever medicine helps open your airways quickly to relieve your symptoms during an asthma attack. They work within minutes. […] Asthma preventer medicine helps prevent asthma attacks and keeps your asthma under control. […] If you have asthma, you and your doctor will put together an asthma action plan. This is a set of instructions just for you. It includes advice on what to do in an asthma emergency. […] Asthma can’t be prevented entirely. However, there are some things you can do to reduce your chance of an asthma attack and live well with asthma. […] Taking your medicines as prescribed is important. If you feel that your asthma is affecting your quality of life, see your doctor. They can review your medicines.

• #2 Management of Acute Asthma Exacerbations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0701/p40.html

  Asthma exacerbations can be classified as mild, moderate, severe, or life threatening. Criteria for exacerbation severity are based on symptoms and physical examination parameters, as well as lung function and oxygen saturation. In patients with a peak expiratory flow of 50 to 79 percent of their personal best, up to two treatments of two to six inhalations of short-acting beta2 agonists 20 minutes apart followed by a reassessment of peak expiratory flow and symptoms may be safely employed at home. Administration using a hand-held metered-dose inhaler with a spacer device is at least equivalent to nebulized beta2 agonist therapy in children and adults. […] In the ambulatory and emergency department settings, the goals of treatment are correction of severe hypoxemia, rapid reversal of airflow obstruction, and reduction of the risk of relapse. Multiple doses of inhaled anticholinergic medication combined with beta2 agonists improve lung function and decrease hospitalization in school-age children with severe asthma exacerbations. Intravenous magnesium sulfate has been shown to significantly increase lung function and decrease the necessity of hospitalization in children. The administration of systemic corticosteroids within one hour of emergency department presentation decreases the need for hospitalization, with the most pronounced effect in patients with severe exacerbations.

• #2 Patient education: Asthma treatment in adolescents and adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/asthma-treatment-in-adolescents-and-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Asthma treatment in adolescents and adults (Beyond the Basics) […] The goals of asthma treatment are to control symptoms as well as possible and prevent asthma attacks (also called „exacerbations”). […] The approach to asthma treatment depends on the frequency and severity of your symptoms, including asthma attacks, as well as your personal preferences and risk factors. […] Good asthma symptom control is generally defined by the following: Uncommon and infrequent daytime asthma symptoms; Rare to no nighttime awakenings due to asthma (<1 per month); Infrequent use of reliever medications; No interference with normal activities. [...] In addition to reviewing your symptoms, your provider will want to determine your risk for future asthma attacks, or exacerbations. [...] Changes in the kind of medications or how you take medications may help decrease your risk of future asthma attacks.

• #3 Acute asthma (asthma attack) | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/asthma-attack-acute-asthma-16689575.html

  Asthma attack is a substantial worsening of asthma symptoms. The severity and duration of attacks are variable and unpredictable. […] Treatment and follow-up depend on the severity of the attack and the patients response: […] Place the patient in a 1/2 sitting position. […] Administer: salbutamol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) 100 micrograms/puff: 2 to 10 puffs every 20 minutes during the first hour. […] If the attack is completely resolved: Observe the patient for 1 hour (4 hours if they live far from the health centre) then give outpatient treatment: salbutamol MDI for 24 to 48 hours (2 to 4 puffs every 4 to 6 hours depending on clinical evolution) and prednisolone PO (same dose as above once daily) to complete 5 days of treatment. […] If the attack is only partially resolved, continue with salbutamol MDI (2 to 10 puffs every 1 to 4 hours) until symptoms subside.

• #3 Asthma Attack Symptoms & First Aid | St John Ambulance

  https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/asthma-attack/

  During an asthma attack, breathing becomes more difficult. Find out what to look for and how to perform first aid. […] If someone is having an asthma attack: Reassure them, help them to use their reliever inhaler. […] If the attack does not ease, advise one to two puffs every two minutes for up to 10 puffs. […] If the attack is severe, and they are getting worse, becoming exhausted, or if this is their first attack, call 999 or 112 for emergency help. […] If their symptoms improve and you do not need to call 999, advise the patient to get an urgent same-day appointment to see their GP or asthma nurse. […] Important: This asthma attack information is not for patients on a Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (MART) plan.

• #3 Asthma attack – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma-attack/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354274

  Corticosteroids are given as a pill or shot to treat inflammation. […] If an asthma attack is life-threatening, a machine may be used to help you breathe and get extra oxygen. This may be done with a breathing mask. But in some cases, a tube is placed down the throat and into the windpipe. This procedure is called intubation. […] You’ll be given instructions for: […] What dose of long-term asthma medicine you should take daily. […] What dose of quick-relief medicine to take and when to take it. […] When to follow up with the healthcare professional who regularly manages your asthma treatment. […] When to get urgent or emergency care.

• #3 Fast Asthma Attack Treatment & Management in Mesquite

  https://erofmesquite.com/blog/asthma-attack-treatment-guide/

  If your symptoms do not respond to inhalers and medicines, its time to head to the ER. Heres what happens when you get to the ER of Mesquite for asthma attack treatment: Our doctors will quickly check your breathing, oxygen levels, and how youre holding up overall. […] Severe asthma attacks can cut off oxygen supply. If the doctor sees signs of too little oxygen, theyll administer it via cannula, face mask, or tracheotomy tube. This helps relieve the strain on your lungs and improves breathing. […] Quick-relief medicines for asthma attack treatment include bronchodilators that quickly relax the muscles around your airways. These medicines are inhaled through an inhaler or a nebulizer to rapidly reach your lungs. They work quickly, usually within 15 to 20 minutes, and last for four to six hours.

• #3 Asthma Attacks – Asthma Canada

  https://asthma.ca/get-help/living-with-asthma/asthma-attacks/

  Take the following key steps to prevent you having another attack in the future. […] 1. Book an urgent appointment with your healthcare provider. They will work with you to assess your current health state. They may perform pulmonary function tests to evaluate your lung health. They may also work with you to update your Asthma Action Plan, review your treatment plan, and check your inhaler technique. If you visited the emergency department, be sure to inform your health care provider if you were prescribed any medication. […] Even if you feel better, you must contact your healthcare team to book an urgent appointment and inform them that you had an asthma attack. They will need to make sure you are not at risk for another attack. […] You need to request an urgent same-day appointment if you had an asthma attack and used your blue reliever inhaler but did not seek medical attention. You need to book an urgent appointment within two working days if you were in hospital or used any of your rescue steroid medication to deal with your asthma symptoms.

• #3 Treatment strategies for asthma: reshaping the concept of asthma management | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-020-00472-8

  The concept of an anti-inflammatory reliever has been adopted at all degrees of severity as a crucial component in the management of the disease, increasing the efficacy of the treatment while lowering SABA risks associated with patients tendency to rely or over-rely on the as-needed medication. […] Poor adherence to therapy is a major limitation of a treatment strategy based on the early introduction of the regular use of controller therapy. […] In patients with mild persistent disease, low-dose ICS decreases the risk of severe exacerbations leading to hospitalization and improves asthma control. […] The addition of a LABA to ICS treatment reduces both severe and mild asthma exacerbation rates. […] A transient escalation of the ICS dose would prevent loss of control over inflammation and decrease the risk of progression toward an acute episode.

• #3 SMART Therapy for Asthma

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/asthma/smart

  SMART or MART therapy stands for „Single Maintenance and Reliever Therapy.” It uses one inhaler that combines two medicines: an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) to treat inflammation, and formoterol, a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) to help open up the lungs. You use this inhaler every day to control asthma and also for quick relief when you need it. […] The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) recommend this approach for patients with moderate to severe asthma. […] SMART therapy combines two medications with different mechanisms of action in one inhaler: Inhaled corticosteroid: helps reduce the ongoing inflammation in the airway, which addresses the root cause of asthma. Long-acting beta-2 agonist: a bronchodilator that quickly opens the airway and lasts approximately 12 hours which provides symptom relief.

• #3 Asthma: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6424-asthma

  These medicines reduce swelling and mucus production in your airways. […] These are used for severe asthma when symptoms persist despite proper inhaler therapy. […] If you have a severe asthma attack, you need to get immediate medical care. […] The first thing you should do is use your rescue inhaler. […] You should use the rescue inhaler when symptoms are bothering you and you can use it more frequently if your flare is severe. […] If your rescue inhaler doesn’t help or you don’t have it with you, go to the emergency department if you have: […] Your healthcare provider will work with you to develop an asthma action plan. […] Asthma can’t be cured, but it can be managed. […] Your healthcare provider can help you manage symptoms, learn your triggers and prevent or manage attacks.

• #3 First new asthma attack treatment in 50 years

  https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cev93777g79o

  Researchers say they have found the first new treatment for asthma attacks in 50 years. […] The injection dampens part of the immune system that can go into overdrive in flare-ups of both asthma and a lung condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Benralizumab is already used in the most severe cases, but the latest research suggests it could be used routinely for around two million attacks in the UK each year. […] The research team at King’s College London said the drug was a „game-changer” that could „revolutionise” care. […] „Now we can see there are different patterns of inflammation, we can be smarter and get the right treatment, to the right patient, at the right time,” said Prof Mona Bafadhel, from King’s. […] Benralizumab targets a type of white blood cell – called an eosinophil – that can cause inflammation and damage in the lungs.

• #4 Asthma Attacks: Triggers, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/health-plus/article/asthma-emergency-attack

  Asthma attack is a flare-up of asthma symptoms. During an attack, your airways narrow dramatically and you can no longer breathe effectively. The severity of an asthma attack can range from mild to severe, but they are often sudden and can be scary. It can cause death if not treated promptly. […] If you have an asthma attack, you should call an ambulance, say that someone is having an asthma attack and request for an ambulance with oxygen. An asthma attack can be fatal as your airways may narrow to such an extent that your body is starved of oxygen. […] The emergency treatment you will be given in the event of a severe asthma attack depends on your individual symptoms. These are called rescue medications that are aimed at providing rapid, short-term symptom relief during an asthma attack. The most common remedies include: Oral and intravenous corticosteroids, which are medications that reduce inflammation in your airways to help air to move freely again. Beta agonists like VentolinTM puffs, which are the same type of medication that is found in a rescue inhaler. You may be given a nebuliser, which is a mask that fits over your mouth and nose and helps you to deeply inhale the medication. Anticholinergic agents that work to immediately relax your airways to help you breathe. Oxygen and breathing tubes, which may be necessary if your attack is particularly severe, to get enough oxygen into your body while other medications are administered. […] Long term, your pulmonologist will come up with a plan to keep your asthma under control, which will usually involve inhalers specifically for the prevention and management of your symptoms.

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