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• #1 Exercise-induced asthma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372300

  Exercise-induced asthma is when the airways narrow or squeeze during hard physical activity. […] It’s not exactly clear what causes exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. For a long time, the cause was thought to be cold air. However, recent studies found dry air to be a more likely culprit. Cold air contains less moisture than warm air. Breathing in cold, dry air dehydrates the air passages. This causes them to constrict, reducing air flow. Other factors, such as chlorine or other fumes, can irritate the lining of the airways and contribute to breathing difficulties as well. […] Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is more likely to occur in: People with asthma. About 90% of people with asthma have exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. However, the condition also can occur in people without asthma.

• #1 What Is Exercise Induced Asthma? | AAFA.org

  https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/exercise-induced-asthma/

  Everyone needs to exercise, even people with asthma! A strong, healthy body is one of your best defenses against disease. But some people have asthma episodes during exercise. This is called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction [BRAHN-koh-kahn-STRIK-shun]. By taking steps to control your asthma, you should be able to exercise free of symptoms. […] If you have asthma symptoms during exercise or physical activity, you may have exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). In the past, it was called exercise-induced asthma. But that name wrongly suggests that exercise causes asthma. […] The dry and/or cold air is the main asthma trigger for airway narrowing (bronchoconstriction) and inflammation seen in EIB. Exercise that exposes you to cold, dry air is more likely to cause asthma symptoms than exercise involving warm, humid air.

• #1 Pulmonary Issues in the Athlete/Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pulmonary-issues-in-the-athleteexercise-induced-asthma/

  The mechanism of EIB is likely multifactorial and not entirely understood, with several theories existing to explain the pathophysiology. The osmotic theory is the most universally accepted. It infers that large volumes of cool, dry air inhaled during exercise lead to changes in the osmolarity of the airway surfaces. A hyperosmolar environment results, triggering a mast cell-mediated release of mediators (i.e. histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) from inflammatory cells, which cause bronchial smooth muscle constriction and edema. Uncontrolled underlying airway inflammation may exacerbate this response. These osmotic and mechanical stresses due to repeated heavy ventilation may also contribute to airway remodeling in the long-term through effects on epithelial cells. Over time this process alters smooth muscle contractile properties, leading to increased bronchial hyper-responsiveness.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557554/

  Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) describes a transient airway narrowing occurring during physical exertion. […] It is caused by an acute large increase in the amount of air entering the airways that require heating and humidifying. In susceptible individuals, this results in inflammatory, neuronal, and vascular changes ultimately resulting in contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle and symptoms of dyspnea, cough, chest tightness, mucus production, and wheezing. […] The osmotic theory is supported by evidence that EIB severity is directly related to the rate of water loss in the airways, EIB can be prevented by inhaling fully humidified air at body temperature, and bronchoconstriction can also be induced by inhalation of hyperosmolar saline. […] Exposure to foreign substances as a contributor to EIB is supported by evidence that pollutants such as fossil fuels and ozone contribute to EIB in environments such as ice rinks or practice fields close to major roadways.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Fresh Insights and an Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4267026/

  Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a common condition affecting 12-15% of the population. Ninety percent of asthmatic individuals and 35-45% of patients with allergic rhinitis are afflicted by EIA, while 3-10% of the general population is also believed to suffer from this condition. […] EIA is a condition which is more prevalent in strenuous outdoor, cold weather and winter sports. […] The pathophysiology of EIA continues to intrigue medical physiologists. However, the water-loss hypothesis and the post-exertional airway-rewarming hypothesis are as yet the best accepted theories. […] The currently preferred hypothesis also known as the water loss hypothesis is that exercise causes decreased airway humidity through more rapid ventilation and thus increases mucosal osmolarity. […] Another hypothesis known as the post-exertional airway rewarming hypothesis states that the initial airway heat loss associated with hyperpnoea causes a vascular dilatation and oedema that physically narrows the airways.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm vs. Exercise-Induced Asthma | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0215/p808.html

  Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is an inflammatory condition. […] EIB is a bronchospastic disorder, and EIA is an inflammatory condition. […] Studies on EIB are lacking. […] This evidence suggests that EIB may not have an inflammatory base. […] This erroneous inclusion has led to the assumption that anti-inflammatories, such as inhaled steroids, help patients with EIB, when, in actuality, they help patients with EIA. […] Currently, there are several theories that attempt to explain the mechanism of EIB. The two with the most consensus are the thermal and osmolarity theories. […] The thermal theory is based on the assumption that hyperventilation during exercise causes loss of heat and drying of the airways that in turn causes a transient bronchoconstrictive response. […] The osmolarity theory suggests that it is the heat lost during exercise and the rapid rewarming of the airways after exercise that causes a reactive hyperemia of the microvasculature and edema of the airways that sets up an osmotic gradient, which stimulates the release of proinflammatory substances from mast cell and other inflammatory cells. […] More research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of EIB.

• #1 Exercise-induced Asthma and Bronchoconstriction | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/chronic-pulmonary-disorders/asthma/exercise-induced-asthma-bronchoconstriction/

  Exercise is recognized as one of the most common triggers of bronchoconstriction and may be present in both patients who have been diagnosed with asthma and in those who have not. […] Why EIB/EIA occurs is not clear, but there are three commonly mentioned theories about the mechanism of these conditions. […] The first is described as the thermal theory. The mechanism here relates to the high volume of air moved in and out of the lung during exercise. […] The second theory is described as the osmotic theory. The mechanism here relates to the bronchial dehydration that occurs with a large increase in minute ventilation. […] The third theory is described as the theory of epithelium microtrauma. The mechanism here relates to small airway epithelium dehydration combined with exposure to shear stress caused

• #1 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4174-exercise-induced-asthma

  Exercise-induced asthma happens when your airways get smaller during physical activity, triggering asthma symptoms. […] Exercise-induced asthma is also called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) or sports-induced asthma. […] About 40% to 90% of people with asthma have symptoms during or after exercise. […] Intense aerobic physical activity can trigger exercise-induced asthma. […] People with asthma and allergies are more likely to have exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. […] Studies suggest between 30% and 70% of elite athletes have exercise-induced asthma.

• #1 Exercise-induced asthma – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/exercise-induced-asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372300

  Factors that can increase the risk of the condition or act as triggers include: Dry air. Cold air. Air pollution. Chlorine in swimming pools. In a gym setting, fumes from perfume, paint, new equipment or carpet. Activities with long periods of deep breathing, such as long-distance running, swimming or soccer.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/asthma/types-of-asthma/exercise-induced-bronchoconstriction-eib/

  In some cases, environmental factors may contribute to EIB. Skaters and hockey players can be affected by a combination of cold, dry air in ice rinks and pollutants from ice-resurfacing machines. EIB in distance runners has been linked to exercising in high-allergen and high-ozone environments. In addition, indoor air with high levels of trichloramine, a chemical used in pool chlorination, has been linked to asthma and EIB in swimmers.

• #1 What Is Exercise Induced Asthma? | AAFA.org

  https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/exercise-induced-asthma/

  Other triggers that can make EIB symptoms worse include: Air pollution, High pollen counts, Exposure to other irritants, such as smoke and strong fumes (such as chlorine from a swimming pool, perfumes), A recent viral upper respiratory infection (such as a cold or flu) or asthma episode. […] When you exercise, your body demands more oxygen so you breathe faster and deeper. You usually breathe in through your mouth during exercise. Air that you breathe in from your mouth is dryer and cooler than when you breathe through your nose. […] If you have EIB, your doctor will prescribe asthma medicine for you to take to help you manage your symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe a quick-relief medicine (usually in inhaler form). […] Activities most likely to trigger EIB: Sports or activities in cold/dry weather (ice hockey, skiing, ice skating, snowboarding), Sports or activities that need constant activity (long distance running, cycling, triathlons). […] Exercise benefits your entire body. While exercise cannot cure your asthma, some of its health benefits can help keep your asthma well-controlled.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention, and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/exercise-induced-asthma

  Activities that involve long periods of exertion, like soccer, distance running, basketball, and field hockey, may be less well tolerated, as are cold weather sports like ice hockey, cross-country skiing, and ice skating. […] Maintaining an active lifestyle, even exercising with asthma, is important for both physical and mental health. […] Again, asthma should not be used as an excuse to avoid exercise. With proper diagnosis and treatment of asthma, you should be able to enjoy the benefits of an exercise program without asthma symptoms.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1938228-overview

  Exercise-induced asthma is a condition of respiratory difficulty (bronchoconstriction) that is related to histamine release, is triggered by aerobic exercise, and lasts several minutes. Causes include medical conditions, environmental factors, and medications. […] The causes of EIA can be divided into the categories of medical, environmental, and drug related. Eliminating some causes can diminish but may not eliminate the athlete’s symptoms. EIA may also exist without the presence of any of these causes. […] Poorly controlled asthma results in increased patient symptoms with exercise. Maximizing control of the patient’s baseline asthma, when present, is critical in the treatment of EIA. In addition, poorly controlled allergic rhinitis also results in increased patient symptoms with exercise, and secretions resulting from hay fever can aggravate both allergic asthma and EIA.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Fresh Insights and an Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4267026/

  Though the above two hypotheses attempt to explain the pathophysiology behind exercise-induced asthma there is still no plausible explanation for the mechanism behind the refractory period when on persistent exertion the person fails to get a further attack. […] The greater the persons baseline level of bronchial hyperreactivity as measured by histamine or methacholine challenge, the greater the likelihood of EIA developing or worsening. […] The less humid the inspired air, the greater the trigger for EIA. […] The cooler the air, the greater the trigger for EIA. […] Exposure to airborne allergens worsens EIA. […] Certain air pollutants (e.g. ozone) may worsen EIA.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1938228-overview

  Excess of pollens or other allergens in the air can exacerbate the allergic and exercise-induced forms of asthma. Pollutants in the air are irritants to the airways and can lower the threshold for symptomatic bronchospasm. […] Certain medication classifications and specific drugs can provoke or exacerbate bronchial reactivity in EIA, such as -blockers, Aspirin, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Diuretics, and Zanamivir.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11882-007-0027-x

  Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) occurs with a high prevalence in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic individuals. […] Studies demonstrated that leukotrienes play a significant role in EIA. […] Exercise increases the distribution of leukotrienes and influences the leukotriene transcription pathway; it could be shown that the genes ALOX5 and ALOX5AP encoding for 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) and 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) as well as activators for 5-LO, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and others, are enhanced after exercise in healthy subjects. […] Possibly EIA is triggered via leukotriene release if a predisposition or other conditions (eg, epithelial injury and repair) are present. […] Furthermore, exercise influences transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B), activator protein-1 (AP1), cytokines, and chemokines and promotes cellular responses linked to EIA, which are possibly able to modify further the incidence or the severity of EIA.

• #1 Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: new evidence in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment | Asthma Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://asthmarp.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40733-015-0004-4

  However, in EIBwA, the epithelial damage of a large number of bronchial tree divisions down to peripheral airways represents the predominant pathogenic mechanism. […] A direct effect of viral infections, occupational agents and exercise may in fact represent a causal mechanism of bronchoconstriction, alternative to the classic eosinophilic mast cell-dependent pathway occurring in allergic asthma. […] Hyperventilation associated with exercise may induce bronchial obstruction in asthmatic patients. However, using the term EIA to define a specific asthma phenotype does not seem appropriate because exercise is only a trigger of a symptom common to all etiologic forms of asthma not under control. […] EIB may also occur in subjects without clinical asthma. Both EIBA and EIBwA have peculiar pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic criteria and responses to treatment and prevention.

• #1 Exercise-Induced Asthma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Phases of EIA

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1938228-clinical

  Patients with exercise-induced asthma (EIA) usually present complaining of exercise-related respiratory symptoms. This complaint is much more common among children and younger athletes but can be seen at any age. […] Factors contributing to EIA consist of the following: Cool temperatures, Low-humidity environment, Poor air quality, High pollen counts, Coincident respiratory infection, Poor physical conditioning. […] Exercise factors can include the following: Aerobic exercise appears to be much more problematic than anaerobic exercise. Duration of aerobic activity greater than 8-10 minutes provokes EIA. High-intensity aerobic exercise also provokes EIA. […] The mechanism is unknown but is believed to involve the following possibilities: depletion of mast cell mediators, release of endogenous catecholamines, and release of endogenous protective prostaglandins.

• #1 Exercise Induced Asthma vs Out of Shape – Oxygen Advantage

  https://oxygenadvantage.com/science/exercise-induced-asthma/

  Exercise-induced asthma is a condition in which breathing symptoms occur during or after exercise. You might experience painful inflammation and swelling in your airways, nasal congestion, wheezing and coughing. […] The primary factor which is often overlooked is how you breathe. This is empowering because it’s something you can change. […] Many people over-breathe during exercise. Dysfunctional breathing tends to be fast, hard and through an open mouth. […] A growing number of clinical trials demonstrate that asthma symptoms, and the need for asthma medication, significantly reduce when breathing volume is less. This confirms that over breathing contributes to asthma. […] Whether you have chronic asthma or not, mouth breathing is one of the main triggers for exercise-induced asthma.

• #1 Exercise-induced asthma: Symptoms, causes, and prevention

  https://www.singlecare.com/blog/exercise-induced-asthma/

  If you have EIB, your airways will narrow in reaction to the physical activity, according to the ACAAI. That’s when you experience those symptoms like chest tightness and shortness of breath. […] Normally, when you inhale air through your nose, that air travels through your nasal mucosa, which warms and moisturizes the air, preparing it for the airways in your lungs. […] But when you exercise, you may be breathing harder and faster, and that may not give your nasal mucosa a chance to warm and hydrate that air. The drier-than-usual air can be irritating to your lower airways. That can also cause you to have spasming of the airways, adds Frank Coletta, MD, chief of critical care medicine and the associate director of the Center for Sleep Medicine with Mount Sinai South Nassau in New York.

• #1 Exercise Induced Asthma vs Out of Shape – Oxygen Advantage

  https://oxygenadvantage.com/science/exercise-induced-asthma/

  Researchers studied the effects of nasal breathing and oral breathing on exercise-induced asthma. […] The post-exercise bronchoconstrictive response was markedly reduced as compared with the response obtained by oral (mouth) breathing during exercise, indicating a beneficial effect of nasal breathing. […] In contrast, when subjects were asked to breathe only through their nose during exercise, exercise-induced asthma did not occur at all. […] Cold air will do more damage when you breathe a large volume of air. […] These differences in breathing pattern and volume between land-based exercise and swimming are significant for people with asthma. […] When breathing volume is normalized, asthma symptoms don’t occur.

• #1 EILO vs. Exercise-Induced Asthma: What’s the Difference? | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2020/11/eilo-vs-exercise-induced-asthma/

  When doing high-intensity exercise, have you ever experienced shortness of breath, chest tightness, or wheezing? It may feel scary at the time, as though you cant breathe. Two conditions could be the culprit: exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) or exercise-induced asthma. […] This condition is also called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), which is different from chronic asthma. Chronic asthma symptoms can be triggered by a variety of factors including allergies. Those triggers cause the airways in your lungs to become intermittently inflamed and narrowed, making breathing difficult. […] In exercise-induced asthma, or EIB, the air passages in your lungs tighten as a result of intense exercise. That makes it hard for you to breathe. You may have shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing that are similar to EILO. EIB is much more common in people who already have chronic asthma. However, even people who dont have asthma can experience EIB.

• #1 EILO vs. Exercise-Induced Asthma: What’s the Difference? | UPMC HealthBeat

  https://share.upmc.com/2020/11/eilo-vs-exercise-induced-asthma/

  One difference between EILO and EIB is that symptoms of EIB can worsen for 10 to 20 minutes after you stop exercising. Cold, dry air, pollution, and other environmental factors can trigger EIB. However, EILO occurs during exercise without other factors triggering symptoms. Up to 30% of patients with exercise-induced asthma may also have EILO. […] Treatments differ between the two conditions, which is why having an accurate diagnosis is so important. EILO does not respond to medications. However, medications and inhalers commonly used for asthma can be used to treat EIB. […] It is possible to have asthma and EILO. But EILO is a different condition, affecting a different part of your airway than asthma. Asthma affects the lower airway, whereas EILO affects the upper airway. Asthma symptoms should resolve with bronchodilators or inhaled steroids. You may want to talk to a specialist if you are being treated for EIB but still have symptoms during exercise.

• #2 Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/asthma/types-of-asthma/exercise-induced-bronchoconstriction-eib/

  Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, or EIB, is the preferred term for what was known for years as exercise-induced asthma. Symptoms develop when airways narrow as a result of physical activity. As many as 90 percent of people with asthma also have EIB, but not everyone with EIB has asthma. EIB is caused by the loss of heat, water or both from the airways during exercise when quickly breathing in air that is drier than what is already in the body. […] While it was thought for years that breathing cold air makes EIB worse, more recent studies indicate that the dryness of the air, rather than the temperature, is more likely the trigger. Cold air typically contains less moisture than warm air, and quickly breathing dry air dehydrates the bronchial tubes, causing them to narrow and restrict airflow.

• #2 Exercise-induced asthma: Symptoms, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325437

  Exercise does not cause asthma, but it can trigger symptoms in people who already have the condition. […] According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma Immunology, EIB is caused by the loss of heat, water or both from the airways during exercise when quickly breathing in air that is drier than what is already in the body. […] Strenuous activity, such as playing sports, tends to require a person to breathe in quickly, often through the mouth. This can result in dehydration and breathing difficulty. […] When a person breathes heavily, they usually do so through their mouth. This allows cold, dry air to reach deep into the airways without first being warmed by passing through the nose. This can trigger asthma symptoms. […] The dryness of the air is more likely to trigger EIB than the temperature. Quickly breathing in dry air dehydrates the airways, causing them to narrow, and this restricts airflow in the body. […] Exercise cannot cause asthma, but it can trigger symptoms, including an asthma attack, in people who already have the condition.

• #2 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Fresh Insights and an Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4267026/

  Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a common condition affecting 12-15% of the population. Ninety percent of asthmatic individuals and 35-45% of patients with allergic rhinitis are afflicted by EIA, while 3-10% of the general population is also believed to suffer from this condition. […] EIA is a condition which is more prevalent in strenuous outdoor, cold weather and winter sports. […] The pathophysiology of EIA continues to intrigue medical physiologists. However, the water-loss hypothesis and the post-exertional airway-rewarming hypothesis are as yet the best accepted theories. […] The currently preferred hypothesis also known as the water loss hypothesis is that exercise causes decreased airway humidity through more rapid ventilation and thus increases mucosal osmolarity. […] Another hypothesis known as the post-exertional airway rewarming hypothesis states that the initial airway heat loss associated with hyperpnoea causes a vascular dilatation and oedema that physically narrows the airways.

• #2 Exercise-induced Asthma and Bronchoconstriction | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/chronic-pulmonary-disorders/asthma/exercise-induced-asthma-bronchoconstriction/

  Exercise is recognized as one of the most common triggers of bronchoconstriction and may be present in both patients who have been diagnosed with asthma and in those who have not. […] Why EIB/EIA occurs is not clear, but there are three commonly mentioned theories about the mechanism of these conditions. […] The first is described as the thermal theory. The mechanism here relates to the high volume of air moved in and out of the lung during exercise. […] The second theory is described as the osmotic theory. The mechanism here relates to the bronchial dehydration that occurs with a large increase in minute ventilation. […] The third theory is described as the theory of epithelium microtrauma. The mechanism here relates to small airway epithelium dehydration combined with exposure to shear stress caused

• #2 Pulmonary Issues in the Athlete/Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pulmonary-issues-in-the-athleteexercise-induced-asthma/

  The mechanism of EIB is likely multifactorial and not entirely understood, with several theories existing to explain the pathophysiology. The osmotic theory is the most universally accepted. It infers that large volumes of cool, dry air inhaled during exercise lead to changes in the osmolarity of the airway surfaces. A hyperosmolar environment results, triggering a mast cell-mediated release of mediators (i.e. histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) from inflammatory cells, which cause bronchial smooth muscle constriction and edema. Uncontrolled underlying airway inflammation may exacerbate this response. These osmotic and mechanical stresses due to repeated heavy ventilation may also contribute to airway remodeling in the long-term through effects on epithelial cells. Over time this process alters smooth muscle contractile properties, leading to increased bronchial hyper-responsiveness.

• #2 Asthma and exercise | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/asthma-and-exercise

  Exercise can sometimes trigger asthma. This is called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. […] Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction affects: up to 90% of people with asthma, up to 50% of competitive athletes, 18 to 26% of school children. […] Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is usually easily managed and should be part of any asthma management plan. […] If physical activity causes symptoms with no relief after rest, or asthma symptoms peak soon after exercise, you may have exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. […] To prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, suggestions include: Make sure that your asthma is being well managed, as this will make exercise-induced bronchoconstriction less likely to occur.

• #2 What Is Exercise Induced Asthma? | AAFA.org

  https://aafa.org/asthma/asthma-triggers-causes/exercise-induced-asthma/

  Other triggers that can make EIB symptoms worse include: Air pollution, High pollen counts, Exposure to other irritants, such as smoke and strong fumes (such as chlorine from a swimming pool, perfumes), A recent viral upper respiratory infection (such as a cold or flu) or asthma episode. […] When you exercise, your body demands more oxygen so you breathe faster and deeper. You usually breathe in through your mouth during exercise. Air that you breathe in from your mouth is dryer and cooler than when you breathe through your nose. […] If you have EIB, your doctor will prescribe asthma medicine for you to take to help you manage your symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe a quick-relief medicine (usually in inhaler form). […] Activities most likely to trigger EIB: Sports or activities in cold/dry weather (ice hockey, skiing, ice skating, snowboarding), Sports or activities that need constant activity (long distance running, cycling, triathlons). […] Exercise benefits your entire body. While exercise cannot cure your asthma, some of its health benefits can help keep your asthma well-controlled.

• #2 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1938228-overview

  Excess of pollens or other allergens in the air can exacerbate the allergic and exercise-induced forms of asthma. Pollutants in the air are irritants to the airways and can lower the threshold for symptomatic bronchospasm. […] Certain medication classifications and specific drugs can provoke or exacerbate bronchial reactivity in EIA, such as -blockers, Aspirin, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Diuretics, and Zanamivir.

• #2 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention, and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/asthma/exercise-induced-asthma

  Activities that involve long periods of exertion, like soccer, distance running, basketball, and field hockey, may be less well tolerated, as are cold weather sports like ice hockey, cross-country skiing, and ice skating. […] Maintaining an active lifestyle, even exercising with asthma, is important for both physical and mental health. […] Again, asthma should not be used as an excuse to avoid exercise. With proper diagnosis and treatment of asthma, you should be able to enjoy the benefits of an exercise program without asthma symptoms.

• #2 Pulmonary Issues in the Athlete/Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pulmonary-issues-in-the-athleteexercise-induced-asthma/

  Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is defined as the transient airway narrowing that occurs following exercise without regards to the presence or absence of asthma. While the term exercise-induced asthma (EIA) has been used, the term is misleading as exercise is not an independent risk factor for asthma, but, instead, a trigger for bronchoconstriction in some asthmatics. EIB may be present in patients with or without underlying asthma and can affect athletes of all levels. […] EIB occurs following high-intensity exercise when high minute ventilation dehydrates the airways and ultimately results in the release of inflammatory mediators. This occurs more frequently in cold/dry environmental conditions. The sustained high-level ventilation reached during exercise and the water content of inspired air are the two most important factors of EIB.

• #2 Section 5: Exercise-Induced Asthma

  https://www.txhealthsteps.com/static/warehouse/1076-2011-Feb-1-3d1m08v5m6t78987cr9s/section_5.html

  The underlying mechanism in exercise-induced asthma involves the delivery of cold, dry air to the lower airways. With strenuous exercise, hyperventilation causes a bypass of the hydrating and warming functions of the nose and upper airway. The loss of heat and fluid from the airways results in a hyperosmolar lining fluid, which stimulates mediator release that results in epithelial and mast cell activation. Additionally, cooling of the airways is thought to be followed by vascular congestion and dilation of the bronchial circulation on rewarming after exercise. The resultant mucosal swelling and edema can produce airway narrowing. […] Exercise is a potent trigger for asthma. Studies have shown 50 to 90 percent of individuals with underlying asthma have exercise-induced symptoms. […] Exercise-induced bronchospasm can occur in 10 percent of individuals without asthma.

• #2 Exercise-Induced Asthma | Allergist in Orlando, Altamonte Springs And Dr. Phillips FL | Total Allergy and Asthma

  https://www.totalallergyandasthma.com/exercise-induced-asthma

  Exercise-induced asthma is a form of asthma that is triggered or worsened by physical activity. […] The exact cause of exercise-induced asthma is not fully understood, but several factors can contribute to the narrowing of the airways during physical activity: […] Breathing in cold or dry air during outdoor exercise can irritate the airways and lead to asthma symptoms. […] Air pollution, pollen, and other allergens or irritants in the environment can worsen exercise-induced asthma symptoms, especially during outdoor activities in high-pollution areas. […] Individuals with underlying allergies may experience asthma symptoms triggered by allergens like pollen, dust, or pet dander while exercising. […] When engaging in intense physical activity, breathing at a faster rate than usual can lead to the loss of moisture in the airways, causing them to dry out and become irritated, which can trigger asthma symptoms.

• #2 Exercise-induced asthma: Symptoms, causes, and prevention

  https://www.singlecare.com/blog/exercise-induced-asthma/

  If you have EIB, your airways will narrow in reaction to the physical activity, according to the ACAAI. That’s when you experience those symptoms like chest tightness and shortness of breath. […] Normally, when you inhale air through your nose, that air travels through your nasal mucosa, which warms and moisturizes the air, preparing it for the airways in your lungs. […] But when you exercise, you may be breathing harder and faster, and that may not give your nasal mucosa a chance to warm and hydrate that air. The drier-than-usual air can be irritating to your lower airways. That can also cause you to have spasming of the airways, adds Frank Coletta, MD, chief of critical care medicine and the associate director of the Center for Sleep Medicine with Mount Sinai South Nassau in New York.

• #2 Exercise-Induced Respiratory Symptoms – Arizona Asthma and Allergy InstituteClick to open the search input fieldLink to: 5 Myths about Spring AllergiesLink to: Food AllergiesScroll to top

  https://azsneeze.com/exercise-induced-respiratory-symptoms-march/

  At the Arizona Asthma and Allergy Institute our physicians commonly evaluate patients complaining of difficulty breathing with exercise. Causes to exercise-induced breathing difficulty include: Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction, Vocal Cord Dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux, parenchymal pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure, central airway obstruction and laryngotracheomalacia. […] Up to 80 percent of patients with symptomatic asthma have some degree of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction. […] Exercise can be a common trigger to Vocal Cord Dysfunction. In fact, one study showed Vocal Cord Dysfunction can account for 15% of cases of exercise induced breathing difficulty.

• #3 Exercise-Induced Asthma: Fresh Insights and an Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4267026/

  Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a common condition affecting 12-15% of the population. Ninety percent of asthmatic individuals and 35-45% of patients with allergic rhinitis are afflicted by EIA, while 3-10% of the general population is also believed to suffer from this condition. […] EIA is a condition which is more prevalent in strenuous outdoor, cold weather and winter sports. […] The pathophysiology of EIA continues to intrigue medical physiologists. However, the water-loss hypothesis and the post-exertional airway-rewarming hypothesis are as yet the best accepted theories. […] The currently preferred hypothesis also known as the water loss hypothesis is that exercise causes decreased airway humidity through more rapid ventilation and thus increases mucosal osmolarity. […] Another hypothesis known as the post-exertional airway rewarming hypothesis states that the initial airway heat loss associated with hyperpnoea causes a vascular dilatation and oedema that physically narrows the airways.

• #3 Pulmonary Issues in the Athlete/Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/pulmonary-issues-in-the-athleteexercise-induced-asthma/

  The prevalence of EIB is 5%-20% of the general population and is likely underestimated due to lack of gold standard for diagnosis, while the prevalence in asthmatics is 40-90%. EIB affects athletes of any level with studies showing higher rates (30%-70%) in Olympic/elite athletes. Those participating in indoor (i.e. ice hockey, swimming), endurance, and winter sports are more susceptible, and high-intensity training may contribute to the development of EIB. Environmental exposures such as cold air, dry air, ambient ozone, airborne particulate matter, gases associated with ice rink resurfacing equipment, and elevated levels of trichloramines in indoor pools are also thought to contribute to EIB. Poorly controlled chronic asthma, oral breathing, personal/family history of cardiovascular disease, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, atopy and urbanization are additional risk factors.

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