Alergie
Epidemiologia

Choroby alergiczne stanowią istotne wyzwanie zdrowia publicznego, z globalnym wzrostem częstości ich występowania, szczególnie w krajach rozwiniętych i uprzemysłowionych. Obecnie alergie dotyczą 20-40% populacji tych krajów, a prognozy EAACI wskazują, że do 2025 roku nawet 50% mieszkańców UE może cierpieć na co najmniej jedną chorobę alergiczną. W USA 25,7% dorosłych i 18,9% dzieci zgłasza alergię sezonową, a atopowe zapalenie skóry dotyka 7,3% dorosłych i 12% dzieci. Astma dotyka ponad 300 milionów osób na świecie, z przewidywanym wzrostem do 400 milionów do 2025 roku. Alergie pokarmowe, występujące u 3,5-4% populacji USA i do 10% niemowląt, wykazują tendencję wzrostową, szczególnie w pierwszym roku życia (6-8%). Czynniki ryzyka obejmują predyspozycje genetyczne, urbanizację, zanieczyszczenie powietrza (NO2, NO, SO2, PM), palenie tytoniu, zmiany dietetyczne oraz ekspozycję na alergeny środowiskowe i zawodowe. Hipoteza higieniczna tłumaczy wzrost alergii zmniejszoną ekspozycją na mikroorganizmy we wczesnym dzieciństwie, co zaburza rozwój układu immunologicznego.

  1. Epidemiologia alergii – wprowadzenie
  2. Globalne trendy w epidemiologii alergii
    1. Dynamika wzrostu zachorowań na alergie
    2. Różnice geograficzne w występowaniu alergii
  3. Epidemiologia poszczególnych chorób alergicznych
    1. Alergiczny nieżyt nosa
    2. Astma alergiczna
    3. Alergie pokarmowe
    4. Atopowe zapalenie skóry
  4. Czynniki ryzyka chorób alergicznych
    1. Czynniki genetyczne
    2. Czynniki środowiskowe
    3. Hipoteza higieniczna
  5. Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad chorobami alergicznymi
    1. Innowacyjne metody nadzoru epidemiologicznego
    2. Programy nadzoru nad alergiami
  6. Wpływ ekonomiczny alergii na system opieki zdrowotnej
  7. Podsumowanie i wnioski
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia alergii – wprowadzenie

Alergie stanowią jeden z najpoważniejszych problemów zdrowia publicznego na świecie. Obserwuje się dramatyczny wzrost częstości występowania chorób alergicznych w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat, szczególnie w krajach rozwiniętych i uprzemysłowionych. Według danych epidemiologicznych, choroby alergiczne dotykają obecnie około 20-40% populacji krajów rozwiniętych, a liczba ta stale rośnie.12 Europejska Akademia Alergologii i Immunologii Klinicznej (EAACI) szacuje, że do 2025 roku nawet połowa populacji Unii Europejskiej będzie cierpiała z powodu przynajmniej jednej choroby alergicznej.34

Częstość występowania chorób alergicznych cechuje się znacznym zróżnicowaniem geograficznym – wyższe wskaźniki odnotowuje się w krajach zachodnich, zurbanizowanych i uprzemysłowionych, w porównaniu do obszarów wiejskich i krajów rozwijających się.56 Warto jednak zaznaczyć, że w ostatnich latach obserwuje się także wzrost częstości alergii w krajach rozwijających się, co wiąże się z postępującą urbanizacją i przyjmowaniem zachodniego stylu życia.7

Globalne trendy w epidemiologii alergii

Wzrost częstości występowania chorób alergicznych jest zjawiskiem globalnym, obserwowanym od czasu rewolucji przemysłowej, z wyraźną intensyfikacją w ostatnich 60 latach.89 Według aktualnych danych, alergie dotykają ponad miliard osób na świecie, a przewiduje się, że do lat 2050. liczba ta może wzrosnąć nawet do 4 miliardów.10

W Stanach Zjednoczonych około 25,7% dorosłych cierpi z powodu alergii sezonowej, 7,3% zmaga się z egzemą, a 6,2% doświadcza alergii pokarmowej.11 Wśród dzieci, 18,9% ma alergię sezonową, 10,8% egzemę, a 5,8% alergię pokarmową.12 Łącznie, niemal jedna trzecia dorosłych i ponad jedna czwarta dzieci w USA zgłasza przynajmniej jedną z tych trzech form alergii.13

W Europie alergia jest najbardziej rozpowszechnioną chorobą przewlekłą, dotykającą ponad 150 milionów Europejczyków.14 Wielka Brytania ma jeden z najwyższych wskaźników występowania chorób alergicznych na świecie – ponad 20% populacji cierpi z powodu przynajmniej jednego schorzenia alergicznego, a według niektórych badań nawet 44% dorosłych Brytyjczyków zmaga się z jakąś formą alergii.15

W Polsce, według badania ECAP (Epidemiologia Chorób Alergicznych w Polsce) przeprowadzonego w latach 2006-2008, alergie dotykają około 40% społeczeństwa.16 Badania prowadzone w Krakowie wykazały, że prawie 40% dzieci w wieku szkolnym ma objawy alergiczne, a 45% z nich nie jest leczonych.17

Dynamika wzrostu zachorowań na alergie

W ciągu ostatnich dekad obserwuje się znaczący wzrost częstości występowania chorób alergicznych. W Wielkiej Brytanii odnotowano 615% wzrost hospitalizacji z powodu anafilaksji w ciągu 20 lat do 2012 roku.18 W całej Europie liczba hospitalizacji z powodu ciężkich reakcji alergicznych wzrosła siedmiokrotnie między 2005 a 2015 rokiem.19

Ten trend wzrostowy wydaje się osiągać stabilizację w niektórych krajach rozwiniętych, szczególnie w odniesieniu do astmy i alergii wziewnych, jednak nadal obserwuje się znaczący wzrost częstości występowania alergii pokarmowych i anafilaksji.2021 Z kolei w krajach o niskim i średnim dochodzie nadal obserwuje się tendencję wzrostową dla większości chorób alergicznych.22

Różnice geograficzne w występowaniu alergii

Badania epidemiologiczne wykazują istotne różnice w częstości występowania chorób alergicznych między różnymi regionami świata, a także między obszarami miejskimi i wiejskimi.23 Międzynarodowe badanie ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) wykazało, że częstość występowania alergicznego nieżytu nosa u dzieci w wieku 13-14 lat waha się od 1,4% do 39,7% w zależności od regionu.24

W Azji częstość występowania alergicznego nieżytu nosa waha się od 27% w Korei Południowej do 32% w Zjednoczonych Emiratach Arabskich.25 Badania wykazują także różnice w częstości występowania alergii między obszarami miejskimi i wiejskimi, przy czym wyższe wskaźniki odnotowuje się w miastach.26

Interesującym zjawiskiem jest również to, że wychowywanie się na farmie wiąże się z niższym ryzykiem wystąpienia alergicznego nieżytu nosa, a efekt ten utrzymuje się przez całe życie.27 Sugeruje to istotną rolę czynników środowiskowych we wczesnym okresie życia w kształtowaniu odpowiedzi immunologicznej i ryzyka rozwoju alergii.

Epidemiologia poszczególnych chorób alergicznych

Alergiczny nieżyt nosa

Alergiczny nieżyt nosa (ANN) jest jedną z najczęstszych chorób alergicznych, dotykającą od 10% do 30% populacji globalnej.2829 W Stanach Zjednoczonych, około 7,8% osób w wieku 18 lat i starszych cierpi z powodu kataru siennego, a w 2012 roku u 7,5% dorosłych (17,6 mln) zdiagnozowano katar sienny.30

W badaniu NHIS z 2021 roku, 25,7% dorosłych w wieku 18-44 lat zgłosiło występowanie alergii sezonowej.31 Wśród dzieci, częstość występowania alergicznego nieżytu nosa różni się w zależności od rasy – dzieci białe i czarne mają prawie dwukrotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia alergii sezonowej niż dzieci azjatyckie.32 Ponadto, chłopcy częściej cierpią na alergie sezonowe niż dziewczynki (20% chłopców i 17,7% dziewcząt).33

Warto zauważyć, że alergiczny nieżyt nosa jest częstszy u mężczyzn w dzieciństwie, ale tendencja ta zmienia się w okresie dojrzewania, kiedy to częstość występowania ANN staje się większa u kobiet.34 Badania wykazują również, że występowanie alergicznego nieżytu nosa wzrosło w ostatnich latach, szczególnie w regionach miejskich i uprzemysłowionych.35

Astma alergiczna

Astma jest jedną z najczęstszych chorób przewlekłych na świecie, dotykającą ponad 300 milionów osób.36 Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), liczba ta może wzrosnąć do 400 milionów do 2025 roku.37 W Stanach Zjednoczonych astma dotyka ponad 24 miliony osób, w tym 4,6 miliona dzieci.38

Globalne Badanie Obciążenia Chorobami (GBD) z 2019 roku wykazało, że na świecie jest około 81 milionów dzieci z astmą, a globalna zapadalność na astmę u dzieci wynosi 20 milionów.39 Między 1990 a 2019 rokiem, globalna liczba nowych przypadków astmy u dzieci wzrosła o 7,07%, ale standaryzowane względem wieku wskaźniki zapadalności zmniejszyły się o 4,17%.40

W tym samym okresie liczba zgonów dzieci z powodu astmy na świecie znacząco spadła – o 64,54%.41 Najwyższą zapadalność na astmę obserwuje się u dzieci poniżej 5. roku życia.42

W Hiszpanii częstość występowania astmy oskrzelowej szacuje się na około 10%, z czego 85% stanowi astma zewnątrzpochodna (alergiczna), a 9% to astma niedostatecznie kontrolowana.43 Badania w Szwecji wykazały, że częstość występowania astmy nieznacznie wzrosła w latach 2008-2016 i wynosi obecnie ponad 11%, przy czym największy wzrost odnotowano w grupie wiekowej 16-25 lat.44

Alergie pokarmowe

Alergie pokarmowe stają się coraz poważniejszym problemem zdrowia publicznego, nazywanym nawet „drugą falą” epidemii alergii, po astmie.45 Aktualne dane sugerują, że alergie pokarmowe są powszechne, dotykając nawet 10% niemowląt w niektórych krajach, a ich częstość występowania wzrosła w ostatnich dekadach.46

W Stanach Zjednoczonych, szacuje się, że 3,5-4% populacji ogólnej wykazuje alergię pokarmową IgE-zależną.47 Duże badanie obejmujące prawie 40 000 dzieci wykazało, że 8% ma alergię na jakiś pokarm, a 30% z nich ma wielorakie alergie pokarmowe.48 W 2012 roku 5,6% czyli 4,1 miliona dzieci zgłosiło alergie pokarmowe w ciągu ostatnich 12 miesięcy.49

W niedawnym badaniu populacyjnym obejmującym 40 443 dorosłych w USA, szacuje się, że 10,8% było uczulonych na pokarmy w momencie badania, podczas gdy prawie 19% dorosłych uważało, że ma alergię pokarmową.50 Różnice te wskazują na trudności w dokładnej ocenie częstości występowania alergii pokarmowych – w badaniach opartych na samoocenie stwierdza się wyższe częstości (10-15%) niż w badaniach wykorzystujących obiektywne metody, takie jak prowokacja pokarmowa (1-3%).51

W Europie i USA osiem pokarmów odpowiada za ponad 90% reakcji alergicznych: mleko krowie, jaja, orzeszki ziemne, orzechy drzewne, soja, pszenica, ryby i skorupiaki.52 Szacunki częstości występowania alergii pokarmowych u dzieci dla najczęstszych alergenów pokarmowych są następujące: mleko krowie – 2,5%, jaja – 1,3%, orzeszki ziemne – 0,8%, pszenica – 0,4%, soja – 0,4%.53

W odróżnieniu od astmy i alergicznego nieżytu nosa, częstość występowania alergii pokarmowych nadal wykazuje wyraźną tendencję wzrostową.54 Szczyt częstości występowania alergii pokarmowych przypada na 1. rok życia (6-8%), a następnie spada pod koniec dzieciństwa, osiągając wartości 3-4%, które utrzymują się przez kolejne lata.55

Atopowe zapalenie skóry

Atopowe zapalenie skóry (AZS) to przewlekła choroba skóry o podłożu zapalnym, często związana z innymi chorobami alergicznymi. Według danych GBD z 2019 roku, na świecie jest około 5,6 miliona dzieci z atopowym zapaleniem skóry.56 Standaryzowane względem wieku wskaźniki zapadalności na AZS zmniejszyły się o 5,46% między 1990 a 2019 rokiem, z 594,05 do 561,61 na 100 000 populacji.57

W USA, w 2021 roku 7,3% dorosłych zgłosiło występowanie egzemy.58 Wśród dzieci, 12,0% czyli 8,8 miliona dzieci zgłosiło alergie skórne w ciągu 12 miesięcy w 2012 roku.59 W 2010 roku czarne dzieci w USA częściej miały alergie skórne (17%) niż białe (12%) lub azjatyckie (10%) dzieci.60

Istotne jest to, że atopowe zapalenie skóry często współwystępuje z innymi chorobami alergicznymi i jest ważnym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju alergii pokarmowej. Badania wykazały, że 37% dzieci w wieku 5 lat z umiarkowanym do ciężkiego atopowym zapaleniem skóry ma alergię pokarmową.61 Ponadto, uczulenie przez skórę wydaje się być związane z późniejszym rozwojem alergii na orzeszki ziemne, a atopowe zapalenie skóry w niemowlęctwie wiąże się z wysokim ryzykiem rozwoju alergii na orzeszki ziemne.62

Czynniki ryzyka chorób alergicznych

Choroby alergiczne są schorzeniami wieloczynnikowymi, determinowanymi przez złożone interakcje między czynnikami genetycznymi i środowiskowymi.63 Poniżej przedstawiono najważniejsze czynniki ryzyka związane z rozwojem chorób alergicznych:

Czynniki genetyczne

Predyspozycja do chorób alergicznych ma silny komponent genetyczny.64 Przeciwciała IgE są częściej wykrywane u osób deklarujących występowanie chorób alergicznych u bliskich krewnych.65 Badania wykazują, że około jedna trzecia pacjentów jest klinicznie uczulona zarówno na orzeszki ziemne, jak i na orzechy drzewne, co sugeruje wspólne podłoże genetyczne tych alergii.66

Jednak warto zauważyć, że u nawet 50% osób, które doświadczają reakcji anafilaktycznej zakończonej zgonem, nie ma udokumentowanej historii wcześniejszych reakcji ogólnoustrojowych, co wskazuje na złożoność genetycznych uwarunkowań alergii.67

Czynniki środowiskowe

  • Urbanizacja i industrializacja – wyższa częstość występowania alergii jest obserwowana w obszarach miejskich i uprzemysłowionych w porównaniu do obszarów wiejskich.6869
  • Zanieczyszczenie powietrza – substancje zanieczyszczające powietrze, takie jak NO2, NO, SO2, cząstki stałe (PM) i cząstki spalin oleju napędowego, są związane z nowym wystąpieniem alergii, a także z zaostrzeniami istniejących alergii.70 Badania wykazały, że sztuczna inteligencja może przewidywać alergiczny nieżyt nosa na podstawie danych o zanieczyszczeniu powietrza (NO, PM10) z dokładnością AUC wynoszącą 0,84.71
  • Palenie tytoniu – aktywne i bierne palenie jest jednym z najważniejszych modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka chorób alergicznych.72
  • Dieta – zmiany w nawykach żywieniowych są związane ze wzrostem częstości występowania alergii.73 Badania wykazują, że ekspozycja na alergeny pokarmowe w okresie ciąży i karmienia piersią może wpływać na ryzyko rozwoju alergii pokarmowych u dzieci.74 Spożywanie przez matkę określonych pokarmów podczas wczesnego karmienia piersią wiąże się z wyższymi poziomami przeciwciał specyficznych dla alergenów pokarmowych u niemowląt, co może oferować ochronę przed alergiami.75
  • Ekspozycja na alergeny – uczulenie na roztocze kurzu domowego, pyłki, grzyby i owady jest ważnym pośrednim etapem w rozwoju klinicznych alergii.76 Obecność dywanów i chodników w domu wyłapuje część alergenów roztoczy, naskórka i pleśni, co może wpływać na ekspozycję na te alergeny.77
  • Kontakt ze zwierzętami – przeciwciała IgE przeciwko sierści kota są częściej wykrywane u osób posiadających kota, jednakże kontakty domowe respondentów w wieku 1-4 lat z kotami indukują częściową tolerancję immunologiczną na ten alergen.78
  • Wczesne ekspozycje – ekspozycje we wczesnym dzieciństwie oraz predyspozycja genetyczna mogą wpływać na rozwój układu immunologicznego i początek chorób alergicznych.79 Wczesne rozpoczęcie uczęszczania do szkoły, przedszkola lub żłobka zwiększa częstość wykrywania przeciwciał IgE u respondentów.80 Z drugiej strony, regularne spanie w tym samym pokoju z innymi dziećmi przed ukończeniem 5 lat przez respondenta zmniejsza częstość wykrywania przeciwciał IgE.81

Hipoteza higieniczna

Jednym z głównych wyjaśnień wzrostu częstości występowania chorób alergicznych w społeczeństwach zachodnich jest tzw. hipoteza higieniczna.82 Sugeruje ona, że zmniejszona ekspozycja na mikroorganizmy we wczesnym dzieciństwie, wynikająca z poprawy higieny, mniejszych rodzin, mniejszej ekspozycji na zwierzęta gospodarskie i szerszego stosowania antybiotyków, prowadzi do zaburzeń w rozwoju układu immunologicznego, co zwiększa ryzyko chorób alergicznych.83

Badania potwierdzają tę hipotezę, wykazując, że wychowywanie się na wsi lub farmie wiąże się z niższym ryzykiem alergii.84 Ponadto, mniejszy rozmiar rodziny (3 osoby) jest czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju alergicznego nieżytu nosa.85

Nadzór epidemiologiczny nad chorobami alergicznymi

Nadzór epidemiologiczny jest kluczowym elementem monitorowania trendów w występowaniu chorób alergicznych oraz oceny skuteczności interwencji zdrowia publicznego.86 Tradycyjne metody nadzoru nad alergiami obejmują badania kwestionariuszowe, wizyty pacjentów oraz monitoring stężenia pyłków, jednak mają one pewne ograniczenia, takie jak niska rozdzielczość czasowo-przestrzenna i niewystarczające uchwycenie trendów na poziomie populacji.87

Innowacyjne metody nadzoru epidemiologicznego

W odpowiedzi na ograniczenia tradycyjnych metod, rozwijane są innowacyjne podejścia do nadzoru nad chorobami alergicznymi:

  • Nadzór oparty na danych internetowych – wykorzystanie danych z mediów społecznościowych (Twitter, Facebook) i wyszukiwarek internetowych (Google) do śledzenia trendów w występowaniu alergii w czasie rzeczywistym.8889 Badania wykazały silne korelacje między stężeniem pyłków a tweetami zgłaszającymi objawy kataru siennego (r=0,95) oraz tweetami zgłaszającymi stosowanie leków przeciwhistaminowych (r=0,93).90
  • Systemy monitorowania pyłków – rozbudowa sieci monitorowania pyłków, która dostarcza informacji o stężeniu alergenów w powietrzu w czasie rzeczywistym.91 Na przykład, w stanie Waszyngton budowana jest sieć nadzoru pyłkowego składająca się z 11 monitorów, z co najmniej jednym w każdej strefie klimatycznej.92
  • Wykorzystanie rutynowych danych laboratoryjnych – analiza danych z badań laboratoryjnych, takich jak testy na obecność przeciwciał IgE, może dostarczyć cennych informacji na temat trendów w uczuleniu na alergeny.93 Retrospektywne badanie przeprowadzone w Republice Południowej Afryki wykazało, że 48,48% dorosłych badanych w laboratoriach National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) miało pozytywny wynik testu ImmunoCAP Phadiatop, wskazujący na atopię.94
  • Systemy nadzoru nad alergią zawodową – specjalistyczne systemy monitorowania alergii związanych z ekspozycją zawodową, które mogą pomóc w identyfikacji zagrożeń w miejscu pracy.95 Badania wykazały, że alergeny zawodowe, takie jak lateks, alfa-amylaza i chlorheksydyna, są istotnymi czynnikami uczulającymi.96
  • Sztuczna inteligencja w nadzorze nad alergiami – wykorzystanie algorytmów uczenia maszynowego i głębokiego uczenia do prognozowania trendów w występowaniu alergii oraz do wspomagania diagnostyki i leczenia chorób alergicznych.97 Na przykład, model Random Forest osiągnął AUC 0,84 w prognozowaniu alergicznego nieżytu nosa na podstawie danych o zanieczyszczeniu powietrza.98

Programy nadzoru nad alergiami

Na całym świecie realizowanych jest wiele programów nadzoru epidemiologicznego nad chorobami alergicznymi:

  • ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) – systematyczna ocena częstości występowania nieżytu nosa alergicznego, astmy i egzemy u około 1,2 miliona dzieci w 98 krajach.99
  • ECAP (Epidemiologia Chorób Alergicznych w Polsce) – badanie epidemiologiczne chorób alergicznych prowadzone w 9 regionach Polski.100
  • GINIplus i LISA – długoterminowe badania kohortowe w Niemczech, które monitorują rozwój i naturalny przebieg chorób atopowych oraz badają wpływ czynników stylu życia i środowiskowych.101
  • ALLERGENE i COVGENAIR – badania mające na celu zrozumienie złożonej interakcji czynników genetycznych, środowiskowych i stylu życia w rozwoju chorób alergicznych.102
  • West Sweden Asthma Study – badanie epidemiologiczne częstości występowania i charakterystyki klinicznej astmy i alergii w populacji zachodniej Szwecji.103
  • System nadzoru nad zdrowiem przy ekspozycji na alergię na zwierzęta laboratoryjne (LAA) – program monitorowania zdrowia osób pracujących z małymi zwierzętami laboratoryjnymi, który ma na celu zarządzanie ryzykiem rozwoju alergii związanych z pracą.104

Wpływ ekonomiczny alergii na system opieki zdrowotnej

Choroby alergiczne stanowią znaczące obciążenie ekonomiczne dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej na całym świecie. W Unii Europejskiej unikalne pośrednie koszty niewłaściwego leczenia alergii szacuje się na 55-151 miliardów euro rocznie.105

W Wielkiej Brytanii koszty chorób alergicznych we wszystkich grupach wiekowych dla NHS szacuje się na około 900 milionów funtów rocznie, głównie z powodu leczenia przepisywanego w podstawowej opiece zdrowotnej, co stanowi 10% budżetu przepisywania leków przez lekarzy ogólnych.106

W Stanach Zjednoczonych roczne koszty ekonomiczne leczenia astmy wynoszą około 82 miliardy dolarów, z czego koszty medyczne stanowią prawie 50,3 miliarda dolarów.107 Badania wskazują, że obecność alergii na orzeszki ziemne prowadzi do wysokich kosztów dla systemu opieki zdrowotnej.108

Alergiczny nieżyt nosa, choć sam w sobie nie zagraża życiu (chyba że towarzyszy mu ciężka astma lub anafilaksja), może prowadzić do znacznego upośledzenia jakości życia. Objawy takie jak zmęczenie, senność (z powodu choroby lub leków) i złe samopoczucie mogą prowadzić do pogorszenia wydajności w pracy i szkole, nieobecności w szkole lub pracy oraz wypadków drogowych.109

Ponadto, alergiczny nieżyt nosa często współistnieje z innymi schorzeniami, takimi jak astma, i może być związany z zaostrzeniami astmy. Możliwe powikłania wtórne do alergicznego nieżytu nosa mogą prowadzić do zwiększonej chorobowości, a nawet śmiertelności, takie jak zapalenie ucha środkowego, dysfunkcja trąbki Eustachiusza, ostre zapalenie zatok i przewlekłe zapalenie zatok.110

Podsumowanie i wnioski

Epidemiologia chorób alergicznych pokazuje, że są one jednym z najpoważniejszych wyzwań dla zdrowia publicznego na całym świecie. Obserwowany wzrost częstości występowania alergii w ostatnich dekadach jest wynikiem złożonych interakcji między czynnikami genetycznymi i środowiskowymi, z wyraźnym wpływem urbanizacji, industrializacji, zmian w stylu życia i nawyków żywieniowych.111

Chociaż w niektórych krajach rozwiniętych obserwuje się stabilizację częstości występowania astmy i alergii wziewnych, nadal niepokojący jest wzrost częstości występowania alergii pokarmowych i anafilaksji.112 W krajach rozwijających się, wraz z postępującą urbanizacją i przyjmowaniem zachodniego stylu życia, obserwuje się wzrost częstości występowania wszystkich chorób alergicznych.113

Różnice geograficzne w częstości występowania alergii wskazują na istotną rolę czynników środowiskowych i stylu życia w rozwoju tych schorzeń. Wyższe wskaźniki występowania alergii w obszarach miejskich i uprzemysłowionych w porównaniu do obszarów wiejskich potwierdzają hipotezę higieniczną, która sugeruje, że zmniejszona ekspozycja na mikroorganizmy we wczesnym dzieciństwie prowadzi do zaburzeń w rozwoju układu immunologicznego.114

Innowacyjne metody nadzoru epidemiologicznego, takie jak wykorzystanie danych internetowych, systemów monitorowania pyłków i sztucznej inteligencji, oferują nowe możliwości śledzenia trendów w występowaniu alergii w czasie rzeczywistym oraz identyfikacji czynników ryzyka.115116

Znaczące obciążenie ekonomiczne związane z chorobami alergicznymi, w połączeniu z ich wpływem na jakość życia, podkreśla potrzebę skutecznych strategii profilaktyki i leczenia tych schorzeń. Postępy w zrozumieniu patofizjologii i fenotypów/endotypów chorób alergicznych umożliwiły rozwój nowych opcji terapeutycznych, które mogą poprawić wyniki leczenia i jakość życia pacjentów z alergiami.117

Kontynuacja badań epidemiologicznych chorób alergicznych jest niezbędna do lepszego zrozumienia ich etiopatogenezy, identyfikacji modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka oraz opracowania skutecznych strategii profilaktyki i leczenia tych powszechnych i obciążających schorzeń.

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  1. 09.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    Allergy is the most common chronic disease in Europe. Up to 20% of patients with allergies struggle daily with the fear of a possible asthma attack, anaphylactic shock, or even death from an allergic reaction (EAACI, 2016) […] Allergy is a very common ailment, affecting more than 20% of the populations of most developed countries (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] More than 150 million Europeans suffer from chronic allergic diseases and the current prediction is that by 2025 half of the entire EU population will be affected (EAACI, 2016) […] Seven times as many people were admitted to hospital with severe allergic reactions in Europe in 2015 than in 2005 (Nwaru BI & Group., 2014) […] The avoidable indirect costs of failure to properly treat allergy in the EU is estimated to range between 55 and 151 billion Euro per annum (EAACI, 2016)
  • #2 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    Large geographical variations in the prevalence of allergic diseases exist worldwide among children and adults. […] Lower prevalences have been reported from developing countries, eastern European areas, rural areas in Africa and Asia, and farm populations in Europe. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies has increased over the last few decades. This trend seems to have reached a plateau in affluent countries, but not in low- to mid-income countries. […] Allergic diseases are multifactorial illnesses determined by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. […] In general, reported rates of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis are higher in affluent, western countries than in developing countries. […] The worldwide prevalence of allergic diseases was assessed in the 1990s by the large scale International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC).
  • #3 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In the last decades, allergic diseases have increased exponentially and although pediatric asthma prevalence is stabilizing, it is estimated around 10% in Spain. Not the same with food allergy and anaphylaxis which are clearly increasing, becoming a significant public health problem. Taking into account epidemiological trends, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) estimates that in less than 15 years more than half of the European population will suffer from some type of allergic disorder. […] Based on data from the Alergolgica 2015 study, respiratory allergies continue to be the most frequent type of allergy in Spain, with an increase in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and a tendency towards a plateau in asthma. This study found that bronchial asthma accounted for 30.2% of the total medical visits compared to 34.6% in the Alergolgica 2005 study. The prevalence of bronchial asthma in Spain is estimated at 10%, with 85% considered extrinsic and 9% poorly controlled. There has also been an increase in the frequency of food allergies compared to 2005.
  • #4 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    Allergy is the most common chronic disease in Europe. Up to 20% of patients with allergies struggle daily with the fear of a possible asthma attack, anaphylactic shock, or even death from an allergic reaction (EAACI, 2016) […] Allergy is a very common ailment, affecting more than 20% of the populations of most developed countries (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] More than 150 million Europeans suffer from chronic allergic diseases and the current prediction is that by 2025 half of the entire EU population will be affected (EAACI, 2016) […] Seven times as many people were admitted to hospital with severe allergic reactions in Europe in 2015 than in 2005 (Nwaru BI & Group., 2014) […] The avoidable indirect costs of failure to properly treat allergy in the EU is estimated to range between 55 and 151 billion Euro per annum (EAACI, 2016)
  • #5 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    Large geographical variations in the prevalence of allergic diseases exist worldwide among children and adults. […] Lower prevalences have been reported from developing countries, eastern European areas, rural areas in Africa and Asia, and farm populations in Europe. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies has increased over the last few decades. This trend seems to have reached a plateau in affluent countries, but not in low- to mid-income countries. […] Allergic diseases are multifactorial illnesses determined by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. […] In general, reported rates of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis are higher in affluent, western countries than in developing countries. […] The worldwide prevalence of allergic diseases was assessed in the 1990s by the large scale International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC).
  • #6 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis
    Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There is a higher incidence of allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases in general in urban and industrialized areas when compared with rural areas. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.
  • #7 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043
    There is a lack of high-quality evidence based on the gold standard of oral food challenges to determine food allergy prevalence. Nevertheless, studies using surrogate measures of food allergy, such as health service utilization and clinical history, together with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), provide compelling data that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. […] Food allergy is increasingly recognized as a growing public health burden and has been referred to as the “second wave” of the allergy epidemic, following asthma. Current evidence suggests that food allergies are common, affecting up to 10% of infants in some countries, and have been increasing in prevalence in the last few decades. These increases in prevalence have preferentially affected industrialized regions, although there is now also growing evidence of increasing prevalence in rapidly developing countries commensurate with rising economic growth.
  • #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Allergies.aspx
    There has been a marked increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the industrial revolution. […] The prevalence of sensitivity to at least one allergen in school-aged children continues to rise and is approaching 50%. […] On a global basis, allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect between 10-30% of the total population. […] 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in 2012, which accounts for approximately 7.5% of the total population. […] In the United States, it is estimated that 3.5-4% of the general population exhibits IgE-mediated food allergy or sensitivity. […] A large study of almost 40,000 children found that 8% have an allergy to a food, and 30% of these have multiple food allergies. […] The incidence of cases of anaphylaxis that result in fatal outcomes may also be linked to drug allergies.
  • #9 Global Atlas of Allergy
    https://hub.eaaci.org/education_books/global-atlas-of-allergy/
    Allergic diseases are affecting the lives of more than one billion people worldwide. With an epidemic rise during the last 60 years, their prevalence is expected to reach up to 4 billion in the 2050s. […] The EAACI Global Atlas of Allergy contains 139 chapters written by 183 authors with 274 illustrations and 100 tables. It is developed as a desktop reference for multisectoral usage covering all aspects of allergic diseases from allergens, epidemiology, risk factors and molecular and cellular mechanisms to their management, major current problems in allergies and associated diseases, and prevention and control of allergic diseases.
  • #10 Global Atlas of Allergy
    https://hub.eaaci.org/education_books/global-atlas-of-allergy/
    Allergic diseases are affecting the lives of more than one billion people worldwide. With an epidemic rise during the last 60 years, their prevalence is expected to reach up to 4 billion in the 2050s. […] The EAACI Global Atlas of Allergy contains 139 chapters written by 183 authors with 274 illustrations and 100 tables. It is developed as a desktop reference for multisectoral usage covering all aspects of allergic diseases from allergens, epidemiology, risk factors and molecular and cellular mechanisms to their management, major current problems in allergies and associated diseases, and prevention and control of allergic diseases.
  • #11 Products – Data Briefs – Number 460 – January 2023
    https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db460.htm
    Nearly one-third of adults aged 18 and over had a seasonal allergy, eczema, or food allergy. […] In 2021, 25.7% of adults had a seasonal allergy, 7.3% had eczema, and 6.2% had a food allergy. […] The prevalence of seasonal allergies varied by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin. […] The percentage of adults with diagnosed eczema varied by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin. […] The prevalence of food allergies was highest in women, adults aged 1844, and non-Hispanic Black adults. […] In 2021, nearly one-third of adults aged 18 and over had a diagnosed seasonal allergy, eczema, or food allergy. Overall, seasonal allergy was the most common of the three allergies, with about one-quarter (25.7%) of adults having a diagnosed seasonal allergy, followed by eczema (7.3%) and food allergy (6.2%). For all three allergies, women were more likely than men to have a diagnosed allergy. The prevalence of diagnosed eczema and food allergy generally decreased with increasing age, while the prevalence of a diagnosed seasonal allergy was 24.7% in adults aged 1844, 27.9% in adults aged 4564, 26.4% in adults aged 6574, and 21.7% in adults aged 75 and over. The prevalence of diagnosed seasonal allergies was highest in non-Hispanic White adults, whereas the prevalence of diagnosed eczema and food allergies was highest in non-Hispanic Black adults. Hispanic adults were less likely to have diagnosed seasonal allergies, eczema, and food allergies than non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black adults.
  • #12 More Than a Quarter of U.S. Adults and Children Have at Least One Allergy
    https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/20220126.htm
    Nearly 1 in 3 U.S. adults and more than 1 in 4 U.S. children reported having a seasonal allergy, eczema, or food allergy in 2021, according to new data from CDCs National Center for Health Statistics. […] About one quarter (25.7%) of adults have a seasonal allergy, 7.3% have eczema, and 6.2% have a food allergy. […] Nearly 1 in 5 children (18.9%) have a seasonal allergy, 10.8% have eczema, and 5.8% have a food allergy.
  • #13 More Than a Quarter of U.S. Adults and Children Have at Least One Allergy
    https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/20220126.htm
    Nearly 1 in 3 U.S. adults and more than 1 in 4 U.S. children reported having a seasonal allergy, eczema, or food allergy in 2021, according to new data from CDCs National Center for Health Statistics. […] About one quarter (25.7%) of adults have a seasonal allergy, 7.3% have eczema, and 6.2% have a food allergy. […] Nearly 1 in 5 children (18.9%) have a seasonal allergy, 10.8% have eczema, and 5.8% have a food allergy.
  • #14 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    Allergy is the most common chronic disease in Europe. Up to 20% of patients with allergies struggle daily with the fear of a possible asthma attack, anaphylactic shock, or even death from an allergic reaction (EAACI, 2016) […] Allergy is a very common ailment, affecting more than 20% of the populations of most developed countries (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] More than 150 million Europeans suffer from chronic allergic diseases and the current prediction is that by 2025 half of the entire EU population will be affected (EAACI, 2016) […] Seven times as many people were admitted to hospital with severe allergic reactions in Europe in 2015 than in 2005 (Nwaru BI & Group., 2014) […] The avoidable indirect costs of failure to properly treat allergy in the EU is estimated to range between 55 and 151 billion Euro per annum (EAACI, 2016)
  • #15 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    The UK has some of the highest prevalence rates of allergic conditions in the world, with over 20% of the population affected by one or more allergic disorder. (M. L. Levy, 2004) […] A staggering 44% of British adults now suffer from at least one allergy and the number of sufferers is on the rise, growing by around 2 million between 2008 and 2009 alone. Almost half (48%) of sufferers have more than one allergy – that is around 10 million people (Foods Matter, 2010) […] In the 20 years to 2012 there was a 615% increase in the rate of hospital admissions for anaphylaxis in the UK (Turner PJ, 2015) […] Between March 2013 and February 2014 there were a total of 20,318 finished admission episodes with a primary diagnosis of an allergy. This represents a 7.7% increase from 18,862 for the previous 12 months. (HSCIC, 2014)
  • #16 Trends in the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases of the Airways in Children Growing Up in an Urban Agglomeration
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031390/
    The prevalence of asthma and allergies among children has become an increasing problem in the last few decades. […] In Poland, according to ECAP (Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland) research conducted in 2006-2008, allergy already affects 40% of Polish society. […] The aim of the study was to provide current epidemiological data on the occurrence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in the population of children and adolescents living in the Polish urban areas, determine the percentage of specialist help coverage and to indicate the possible dependence of asthma and allergic rhinitis prevalence on growing up in a polluted environment. […] The presented survey conducted as part of the preventive program showed that almost 40% of Krakows schoolchildren have allergic symptoms and 45% are not treated for them. […] In conclusion, although there is still a higher incidence of allergic diseases among children and young people living in urban areas compared to rural areas, as shown in previous research conducted in Poland, the trend apparently has reversed for some diseases.
  • #17 Trends in the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases of the Airways in Children Growing Up in an Urban Agglomeration
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9031390/
    The prevalence of asthma and allergies among children has become an increasing problem in the last few decades. […] In Poland, according to ECAP (Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland) research conducted in 2006-2008, allergy already affects 40% of Polish society. […] The aim of the study was to provide current epidemiological data on the occurrence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in the population of children and adolescents living in the Polish urban areas, determine the percentage of specialist help coverage and to indicate the possible dependence of asthma and allergic rhinitis prevalence on growing up in a polluted environment. […] The presented survey conducted as part of the preventive program showed that almost 40% of Krakows schoolchildren have allergic symptoms and 45% are not treated for them. […] In conclusion, although there is still a higher incidence of allergic diseases among children and young people living in urban areas compared to rural areas, as shown in previous research conducted in Poland, the trend apparently has reversed for some diseases.
  • #18 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    The UK has some of the highest prevalence rates of allergic conditions in the world, with over 20% of the population affected by one or more allergic disorder. (M. L. Levy, 2004) […] A staggering 44% of British adults now suffer from at least one allergy and the number of sufferers is on the rise, growing by around 2 million between 2008 and 2009 alone. Almost half (48%) of sufferers have more than one allergy – that is around 10 million people (Foods Matter, 2010) […] In the 20 years to 2012 there was a 615% increase in the rate of hospital admissions for anaphylaxis in the UK (Turner PJ, 2015) […] Between March 2013 and February 2014 there were a total of 20,318 finished admission episodes with a primary diagnosis of an allergy. This represents a 7.7% increase from 18,862 for the previous 12 months. (HSCIC, 2014)
  • #19 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    Allergy is the most common chronic disease in Europe. Up to 20% of patients with allergies struggle daily with the fear of a possible asthma attack, anaphylactic shock, or even death from an allergic reaction (EAACI, 2016) […] Allergy is a very common ailment, affecting more than 20% of the populations of most developed countries (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] More than 150 million Europeans suffer from chronic allergic diseases and the current prediction is that by 2025 half of the entire EU population will be affected (EAACI, 2016) […] Seven times as many people were admitted to hospital with severe allergic reactions in Europe in 2015 than in 2005 (Nwaru BI & Group., 2014) […] The avoidable indirect costs of failure to properly treat allergy in the EU is estimated to range between 55 and 151 billion Euro per annum (EAACI, 2016)
  • #20 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In the last decades, allergic diseases have increased exponentially and although pediatric asthma prevalence is stabilizing, it is estimated around 10% in Spain. Not the same with food allergy and anaphylaxis which are clearly increasing, becoming a significant public health problem. Taking into account epidemiological trends, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) estimates that in less than 15 years more than half of the European population will suffer from some type of allergic disorder. […] Based on data from the Alergolgica 2015 study, respiratory allergies continue to be the most frequent type of allergy in Spain, with an increase in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and a tendency towards a plateau in asthma. This study found that bronchial asthma accounted for 30.2% of the total medical visits compared to 34.6% in the Alergolgica 2005 study. The prevalence of bronchial asthma in Spain is estimated at 10%, with 85% considered extrinsic and 9% poorly controlled. There has also been an increase in the frequency of food allergies compared to 2005.
  • #21 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    A strong correlation was found between the findings from children as assessed by the ISAAC Study and the rates in adults as reported by the ECRHS questionnaire. […] Dissociations between the prevalence of asthma and atopy have, however, been documented in developing countries. […] The prevalence of asthma was significantly lower in all study areas in eastern Europe compared to western Europe. […] The rates of allergic illnesses have been rising rapidly. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies is not only increasing with westernization and affluence, but also with urbanization. […] Data collected over the last 40 years in industrialized countries indicate a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis in repeated cross-sectional surveys using identical questionnaires. […] Recent studies suggest that in some areas this trend may have reached a plateau. […] On a global scale, time trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis have been assessed in ISAAC Phase III.
  • #22 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    A strong correlation was found between the findings from children as assessed by the ISAAC Study and the rates in adults as reported by the ECRHS questionnaire. […] Dissociations between the prevalence of asthma and atopy have, however, been documented in developing countries. […] The prevalence of asthma was significantly lower in all study areas in eastern Europe compared to western Europe. […] The rates of allergic illnesses have been rising rapidly. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies is not only increasing with westernization and affluence, but also with urbanization. […] Data collected over the last 40 years in industrialized countries indicate a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis in repeated cross-sectional surveys using identical questionnaires. […] Recent studies suggest that in some areas this trend may have reached a plateau. […] On a global scale, time trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis have been assessed in ISAAC Phase III.
  • #23 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    Large geographical variations in the prevalence of allergic diseases exist worldwide among children and adults. […] Lower prevalences have been reported from developing countries, eastern European areas, rural areas in Africa and Asia, and farm populations in Europe. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies has increased over the last few decades. This trend seems to have reached a plateau in affluent countries, but not in low- to mid-income countries. […] Allergic diseases are multifactorial illnesses determined by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. […] In general, reported rates of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis are higher in affluent, western countries than in developing countries. […] The worldwide prevalence of allergic diseases was assessed in the 1990s by the large scale International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC).
  • #24
    https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx
    The prevalence of allergic rhinitis worldwide according to the ISAAC Phase III study varies from 1.4% to 39.7% in children aged 13-14 years. […] Allergic rhinitis is no longer considered an innocuous disease due to its overall global impact on a person’s life. […] It is the most important risk factor for asthma and increases the risk for hospitalization in children by 19 times. […] Although the predisposition to allergic rhinitis is predominantly genetic, environmental influences play a major role in the onset and persistence of allergic rhinitis. […] The list of risk factors as well as protective factors for allergic rhinitis identified from Asia is presented in Table 1. […] Allergic rhinitis is a result of a complex gene-environment interaction that is best studied with an exposome analysis.
  • #25 Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text
    https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-018-0198-z
    This review article aims to present the epidemiology and associated risk factors of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Asia. AR-related literature published on Asia was systematically reviewed and the associated risk factors were investigated. […] The prevalence of AR in Asia varied considerably depending on the geographical location, study design and population involved. Several risk factors were observed to have strong association with disease presentation across multiple studies. […] These findings are beneficial as they may provide insights into modifiable factors that may influence AR presentation. In addition, these results indicate that strategies to reduce personal and family-related risk factors have to be developed in order to alleviate the odds of AR expression. […] According to the Phase III International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), the prevalence of AR varied between 0.8 to 14.9% in 6-7 years old and 1.4 to 39.7% in 13-14 years old worldwide. In Asia, this disease affects a large population, ranging from 27% in South Korea to 32% in the United Arab Emirates.
  • #26 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    A strong correlation was found between the findings from children as assessed by the ISAAC Study and the rates in adults as reported by the ECRHS questionnaire. […] Dissociations between the prevalence of asthma and atopy have, however, been documented in developing countries. […] The prevalence of asthma was significantly lower in all study areas in eastern Europe compared to western Europe. […] The rates of allergic illnesses have been rising rapidly. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies is not only increasing with westernization and affluence, but also with urbanization. […] Data collected over the last 40 years in industrialized countries indicate a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis in repeated cross-sectional surveys using identical questionnaires. […] Recent studies suggest that in some areas this trend may have reached a plateau. […] On a global scale, time trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis have been assessed in ISAAC Phase III.
  • #27 West Sweden Asthma Study – clinical epidemiology on asthma and allergies | University of Gothenburg
    https://www.gu.se/en/research/west-sweden-asthma-study-clinical-epidemiology-on-asthma-and-allergies
    Regarding rhinitis, we have been able to show that the protective effect of growing up on a farm on the occurrence of rhinitis, previously shown in studies in children, remains throughout life. […] In the case of allergic sensitization, in particular, pollen sensitization has increased, as has multisensitization, where the latter is strongly correlated with asthma. […] The study focuses on issues of severe asthma in an epidemiological setting. […] Preliminary data from our cohort show that the prevalence of severe asthma in the population is 0.5-1%.
  • #28 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Roughly 7.8% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have hay fever. […] Worldwide, allergic rhinitis affects between 10% and 30 % of the population. […] In 2012, 7.5% or 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in the past 12 months. […] In 2012, 9.0% or 6.6 million children reported hay fever in the past 12 months. […] Worldwide, adverse drug reactions may affect up to 10% of the worlds population and affect up to 20% of all hospitalized patients. […] Worldwide, drugs may be responsible for up to 20% of fatalities due to anaphylaxis. […] Findings from a 2009 to 2010 study of 38,480 children (infant to 18) indicated: 8% have a food allergy. […] In 2012, 5.6% or 4.1 million children reported food allergies in the past 12 months. […] 6.2% of adults reported having a food allergy.
  • #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Allergies.aspx
    There has been a marked increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the industrial revolution. […] The prevalence of sensitivity to at least one allergen in school-aged children continues to rise and is approaching 50%. […] On a global basis, allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect between 10-30% of the total population. […] 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in 2012, which accounts for approximately 7.5% of the total population. […] In the United States, it is estimated that 3.5-4% of the general population exhibits IgE-mediated food allergy or sensitivity. […] A large study of almost 40,000 children found that 8% have an allergy to a food, and 30% of these have multiple food allergies. […] The incidence of cases of anaphylaxis that result in fatal outcomes may also be linked to drug allergies.
  • #30 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Roughly 7.8% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have hay fever. […] Worldwide, allergic rhinitis affects between 10% and 30 % of the population. […] In 2012, 7.5% or 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in the past 12 months. […] In 2012, 9.0% or 6.6 million children reported hay fever in the past 12 months. […] Worldwide, adverse drug reactions may affect up to 10% of the worlds population and affect up to 20% of all hospitalized patients. […] Worldwide, drugs may be responsible for up to 20% of fatalities due to anaphylaxis. […] Findings from a 2009 to 2010 study of 38,480 children (infant to 18) indicated: 8% have a food allergy. […] In 2012, 5.6% or 4.1 million children reported food allergies in the past 12 months. […] 6.2% of adults reported having a food allergy.
  • #31 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Worldwide, the rise in prevalence of allergic diseases has continued in the industrialized world for more than 50 years. […] In 2012, 10.6% or 7.8 million children reported respiratory allergies in the past 12 months. […] In a 2021 NHIS survey, 25.7% of adults aged 18-44 reported having a seasonal allergy. […] Over a quarter of children (27.2%) have at least one allergic condition. […] The percentage of children with seasonal allergies varies by race, with both Black and White children nearly twice as likely to have a seasonal allergy than Asian children. […] Boys are more likely to have seasonal allergies than girls (20% of boys and 17.7% of girls). […] Worldwide, in up to 50% of individuals who experience a fatal reaction there is no documented history of a previous systemic reaction.
  • #32 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Worldwide, the rise in prevalence of allergic diseases has continued in the industrialized world for more than 50 years. […] In 2012, 10.6% or 7.8 million children reported respiratory allergies in the past 12 months. […] In a 2021 NHIS survey, 25.7% of adults aged 18-44 reported having a seasonal allergy. […] Over a quarter of children (27.2%) have at least one allergic condition. […] The percentage of children with seasonal allergies varies by race, with both Black and White children nearly twice as likely to have a seasonal allergy than Asian children. […] Boys are more likely to have seasonal allergies than girls (20% of boys and 17.7% of girls). […] Worldwide, in up to 50% of individuals who experience a fatal reaction there is no documented history of a previous systemic reaction.
  • #33 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Worldwide, the rise in prevalence of allergic diseases has continued in the industrialized world for more than 50 years. […] In 2012, 10.6% or 7.8 million children reported respiratory allergies in the past 12 months. […] In a 2021 NHIS survey, 25.7% of adults aged 18-44 reported having a seasonal allergy. […] Over a quarter of children (27.2%) have at least one allergic condition. […] The percentage of children with seasonal allergies varies by race, with both Black and White children nearly twice as likely to have a seasonal allergy than Asian children. […] Boys are more likely to have seasonal allergies than girls (20% of boys and 17.7% of girls). […] Worldwide, in up to 50% of individuals who experience a fatal reaction there is no documented history of a previous systemic reaction.
  • #34 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis
    Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There is a higher incidence of allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases in general in urban and industrialized areas when compared with rural areas. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.
  • #35 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis
    Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There is a higher incidence of allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases in general in urban and industrialized areas when compared with rural areas. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.
  • #36 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    In the same year, 19.2% of emergency admissions were for anaphylactic reactions and 19.2% were for ‘Other’ allergic reactions. The lowest number of emergency admissions was for allergic rhinitis (1.0%). (HSCIC, 2014) […] In the UK, allergic diseases across all ages costs the NHS an estimated £900 million a year, mostly through prescribed treatments in primary care, representing 10% of the GP prescribing budget. (Venter, 2009) […] The prevalence of asthma in the UK is 16.1% – 18.4% in Scotland; 16.8% in Wales; 15.3% in England; 14.6% in Ireland (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), 2013) […] It is estimated by the World Health Organisation that 300 million individuals have asthma worldwide, and that with current rising trends this will reach 400 million by 2025. Approximately 250,000 people die prematurely each year from asthma; almost all these deaths are avoidable (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] Anaphylaxis-type reactions occur in approximately 1 in 1000 of the general population. Anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia occurs in 1 in 10,000–20,000 anaesthetics. These patients may be denied general anaesthesia in the future unless a safe combination of drugs can be identified (NICE, 2014)
  • #37 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    In the same year, 19.2% of emergency admissions were for anaphylactic reactions and 19.2% were for ‘Other’ allergic reactions. The lowest number of emergency admissions was for allergic rhinitis (1.0%). (HSCIC, 2014) […] In the UK, allergic diseases across all ages costs the NHS an estimated £900 million a year, mostly through prescribed treatments in primary care, representing 10% of the GP prescribing budget. (Venter, 2009) […] The prevalence of asthma in the UK is 16.1% – 18.4% in Scotland; 16.8% in Wales; 15.3% in England; 14.6% in Ireland (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), 2013) […] It is estimated by the World Health Organisation that 300 million individuals have asthma worldwide, and that with current rising trends this will reach 400 million by 2025. Approximately 250,000 people die prematurely each year from asthma; almost all these deaths are avoidable (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] Anaphylaxis-type reactions occur in approximately 1 in 1000 of the general population. Anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia occurs in 1 in 10,000–20,000 anaesthetics. These patients may be denied general anaesthesia in the future unless a safe combination of drugs can be identified (NICE, 2014)
  • #38 Facts and Stats – 50 Million Americans Have Allergies | ACAAI Patient
    https://acaai.org/allergies/allergies-101/facts-stats/
    Asthma and allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), food allergy, and eczema, are common for all age groups in the United States. Asthma affects more than 24 million people in the U.S., including more than 4.6 million children. […] Nearly 1 in 3 U.S. adults and more than 1 in 4 U.S. children reported having a seasonal allergy, eczema or food allergy in 2021, according to data from CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics. 27.2% of children show allergy symptoms, and 31.8% of adults, which tallies to over 100 million people. […] A National Health Interview Survey showed updated numbers from 2021, in which 18.9% of children suffered from hay fever, 5.8% from food allergies, and 10.8% suffered from eczema.
  • #39 Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/4/e080612
    Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 […] This modelling study aimed to estimate the burden for allergic diseases in children during a period of 30 years. […] The data on the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for childhood allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma, were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 online database. […] In 2019, there were approximately 81 million children with asthma and 5.6 million children with AD worldwide. […] The global incidence of asthma in children was 20 million. […] Age-standardised incidence rates showed a decrease of 4.17% for asthma, from 1075.14 per 100000 population in 1990 to 1030.33 in 2019.
  • #40 Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/4/e080612
    Similarly, the rates for AD decreased by 5.46%, from 594.05 per 100000 population in 1990 to 561.61 in 2019. […] Over the past three decades, there has been a worldwide increase in new asthma and AD cases, even though mortality rates have significantly declined. […] The prevalence of these allergic diseases among children varies considerably across regions, countries and age groups. […] This variation highlights the need for precise prevalence assessments. […] Regular reassessment of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database pertaining to childhood allergies is imperative to mitigate associated long-term complications. […] The global incident cases of asthma in children increased from 18,857,697.08 in 1990 to 20,191,786.46 in 2019, or an increase of 7.07%. […] However, age-standardised incidence rates had a 4.17% decrease, from 1075.14 per 100000 population in 1990 to 1030.33 in 2019.
  • #41 Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/4/e080612
    Between 1990 and 2019, the number of global paediatric deaths attributable to asthma declined significantly by 64.54%. […] Between 1990 and 2019, there was a significant reduction (24.24%) in the global number of asthma DALYs among children. […] The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) serves as an indicator of a country’s or region’s developmental status. […] The highest incidence of asthma and AD was observed in children under 5 years old. […] The present study revealed that the highest incidence of asthma and AD was observed in children under 5 years old. […] The observed findings may be attributed to several factors. […] The incidence and DALYs rate for AD have seen a slight decline over the past 30 years. […] The epidemiological landscape of childhood allergic diseases has undergone significant changes in the past three decades.
  • #42 Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/4/e080612
    Between 1990 and 2019, the number of global paediatric deaths attributable to asthma declined significantly by 64.54%. […] Between 1990 and 2019, there was a significant reduction (24.24%) in the global number of asthma DALYs among children. […] The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) serves as an indicator of a country’s or region’s developmental status. […] The highest incidence of asthma and AD was observed in children under 5 years old. […] The present study revealed that the highest incidence of asthma and AD was observed in children under 5 years old. […] The observed findings may be attributed to several factors. […] The incidence and DALYs rate for AD have seen a slight decline over the past 30 years. […] The epidemiological landscape of childhood allergic diseases has undergone significant changes in the past three decades.
  • #43 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In the last decades, allergic diseases have increased exponentially and although pediatric asthma prevalence is stabilizing, it is estimated around 10% in Spain. Not the same with food allergy and anaphylaxis which are clearly increasing, becoming a significant public health problem. Taking into account epidemiological trends, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) estimates that in less than 15 years more than half of the European population will suffer from some type of allergic disorder. […] Based on data from the Alergolgica 2015 study, respiratory allergies continue to be the most frequent type of allergy in Spain, with an increase in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and a tendency towards a plateau in asthma. This study found that bronchial asthma accounted for 30.2% of the total medical visits compared to 34.6% in the Alergolgica 2005 study. The prevalence of bronchial asthma in Spain is estimated at 10%, with 85% considered extrinsic and 9% poorly controlled. There has also been an increase in the frequency of food allergies compared to 2005.
  • #44 West Sweden Asthma Study – clinical epidemiology on asthma and allergies | University of Gothenburg
    https://www.gu.se/en/research/west-sweden-asthma-study-clinical-epidemiology-on-asthma-and-allergies
    Asthma and allergies are among the major public health diseases. The research project studies the prevalence and clinical characteristics of asthma and allergies in a population setting. […] The overall purpose of the study is an epidemiological update on the prevalence, incidence, remission and relapse of asthma as well as the factors that correlate with these. […] Among our recent results, we have been able to show that the prevalence of asthma has increased slightly in 2008-2016 and is now just over 11%, the largest increase seen in the 16-25 age group. […] The occurrence of allergic rhinitis was the most common symptom and it also showed the greatest increase. […] Preliminary data show that the incidence of asthma remains at approximately 2/1000 / year and co-varies with female sex and prevalence of allergic rhinitis.
  • #45 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043
    There is a lack of high-quality evidence based on the gold standard of oral food challenges to determine food allergy prevalence. Nevertheless, studies using surrogate measures of food allergy, such as health service utilization and clinical history, together with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), provide compelling data that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. […] Food allergy is increasingly recognized as a growing public health burden and has been referred to as the “second wave” of the allergy epidemic, following asthma. Current evidence suggests that food allergies are common, affecting up to 10% of infants in some countries, and have been increasing in prevalence in the last few decades. These increases in prevalence have preferentially affected industrialized regions, although there is now also growing evidence of increasing prevalence in rapidly developing countries commensurate with rising economic growth.
  • #46 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043
    There is a lack of high-quality evidence based on the gold standard of oral food challenges to determine food allergy prevalence. Nevertheless, studies using surrogate measures of food allergy, such as health service utilization and clinical history, together with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), provide compelling data that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. […] Food allergy is increasingly recognized as a growing public health burden and has been referred to as the “second wave” of the allergy epidemic, following asthma. Current evidence suggests that food allergies are common, affecting up to 10% of infants in some countries, and have been increasing in prevalence in the last few decades. These increases in prevalence have preferentially affected industrialized regions, although there is now also growing evidence of increasing prevalence in rapidly developing countries commensurate with rising economic growth.
  • #47 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Allergies.aspx
    There has been a marked increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the industrial revolution. […] The prevalence of sensitivity to at least one allergen in school-aged children continues to rise and is approaching 50%. […] On a global basis, allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect between 10-30% of the total population. […] 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in 2012, which accounts for approximately 7.5% of the total population. […] In the United States, it is estimated that 3.5-4% of the general population exhibits IgE-mediated food allergy or sensitivity. […] A large study of almost 40,000 children found that 8% have an allergy to a food, and 30% of these have multiple food allergies. […] The incidence of cases of anaphylaxis that result in fatal outcomes may also be linked to drug allergies.
  • #48 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Epidemiology-of-Allergies.aspx
    There has been a marked increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the industrial revolution. […] The prevalence of sensitivity to at least one allergen in school-aged children continues to rise and is approaching 50%. […] On a global basis, allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect between 10-30% of the total population. […] 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in 2012, which accounts for approximately 7.5% of the total population. […] In the United States, it is estimated that 3.5-4% of the general population exhibits IgE-mediated food allergy or sensitivity. […] A large study of almost 40,000 children found that 8% have an allergy to a food, and 30% of these have multiple food allergies. […] The incidence of cases of anaphylaxis that result in fatal outcomes may also be linked to drug allergies.
  • #49 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Roughly 7.8% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have hay fever. […] Worldwide, allergic rhinitis affects between 10% and 30 % of the population. […] In 2012, 7.5% or 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in the past 12 months. […] In 2012, 9.0% or 6.6 million children reported hay fever in the past 12 months. […] Worldwide, adverse drug reactions may affect up to 10% of the worlds population and affect up to 20% of all hospitalized patients. […] Worldwide, drugs may be responsible for up to 20% of fatalities due to anaphylaxis. […] Findings from a 2009 to 2010 study of 38,480 children (infant to 18) indicated: 8% have a food allergy. […] In 2012, 5.6% or 4.1 million children reported food allergies in the past 12 months. […] 6.2% of adults reported having a food allergy.
  • #50 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview
    However, variations in prevalence have been reported according to method used (self-report, testing, physician evaluation), geographic region, and foods included in the assessment. […] In a population-based survey study of 40,443 US adults, an estimated 10.8% were food allergic at the time of the survey, whereas nearly 19% of adults believed that they were food allergic. […] Studies in the United States and the United Kingdom indicate a rise in peanut allergy among young children in the past decade. […] A report from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicated that 5.8% of children nationwide had a food allergy in 2021. The percentage of children with a food allergy increased with age, from 4.4% in children 0-5 years old to 5.8% in children 6-11 years old, and 7.1% in children 12-17 years old.
  • #51
  • #52 Epidemiology of food allergy in Latin America | Allergologia et Immunopathologia
    https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-allergologia-et-immunopathologia-105-articulo-epidemiology-food-allergy-in-latin-S0301054613002280
    Allergologia et Immunopathologia is a forum for those working in the field of asthma, allergy and immunology related to childhood. Manuscripts related to clinical, epidemiological and experimental allergology and childhood immunopathology will be considered for publication. […] Food allergy is growing worldwide at an alarming rate. A group of eight foods account for over 90% of the reactions in Europe and the United States. However, little is known about the frequency of sensitization to these foods in Latin America, and if other native foods from this region are an important source of sensitization. The objective of this review was to analyse the epidemiological studies in Latin America about food allergy and to compare them with the studies in the United States and Europe. […] Currently, the prevalence of food allergies varies widely between studies: in self-report studies higher frequencies are found (10-15%) than when objective methods such as oral provocation are used (1-3%).
  • #53 Food Allergies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/135959-overview
    Based on available studies, estimations of the rate of food allergies in children have been summarized as follows for common food allergens: Cow milk – 2.5%, Eggs – 1.3%, Peanuts – 0.8%, Wheat – 0.4%, Soy – 0.4%. […] Research indicates that racial and socioeconomic disparities play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of food allergy prevalence, access to care, and health outcomes. […] According to a 2023 study, in the United States, Hispanic, Black, and Asian individuals experience higher rates of allergies across all age groups. Prevalence rate was 10.6% in Hispanic and Black individuals, 10.5% in Asian individuals, and 9.5% in White individuals.
  • #54 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In the last decades, allergic diseases have increased exponentially and although pediatric asthma prevalence is stabilizing, it is estimated around 10% in Spain. Not the same with food allergy and anaphylaxis which are clearly increasing, becoming a significant public health problem. Taking into account epidemiological trends, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) estimates that in less than 15 years more than half of the European population will suffer from some type of allergic disorder. […] Based on data from the Alergolgica 2015 study, respiratory allergies continue to be the most frequent type of allergy in Spain, with an increase in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and a tendency towards a plateau in asthma. This study found that bronchial asthma accounted for 30.2% of the total medical visits compared to 34.6% in the Alergolgica 2005 study. The prevalence of bronchial asthma in Spain is estimated at 10%, with 85% considered extrinsic and 9% poorly controlled. There has also been an increase in the frequency of food allergies compared to 2005.
  • #55 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In recent decades there has been a sharp increase in food allergies, which has been greater in developed countries. The prevalence peaks at age 1 year at 6%8% and then declines through the end of childhood, when it reaches values of 3%4% that remain stable through the years. The prevalence of primary food allergy seems to be stabilized, but there is evidence of an increase in the frequency of cross-reactivity reactions. […] The increase in allergic diseases may be related to many factors, such as the advance in diagnostic methods, the discovery of new allergens, an increased population awareness environmental pollution, changes in dietary habits and the hygiene hypothesis, among others. This increase in prevalence has taken place parallel to the progress in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
  • #56 Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/4/e080612
    Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 […] This modelling study aimed to estimate the burden for allergic diseases in children during a period of 30 years. […] The data on the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for childhood allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma, were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 online database. […] In 2019, there were approximately 81 million children with asthma and 5.6 million children with AD worldwide. […] The global incidence of asthma in children was 20 million. […] Age-standardised incidence rates showed a decrease of 4.17% for asthma, from 1075.14 per 100000 population in 1990 to 1030.33 in 2019.
  • #57 Global, regional and national epidemiology of allergic disorders in children from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Open
    https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/4/e080612
    Similarly, the rates for AD decreased by 5.46%, from 594.05 per 100000 population in 1990 to 561.61 in 2019. […] Over the past three decades, there has been a worldwide increase in new asthma and AD cases, even though mortality rates have significantly declined. […] The prevalence of these allergic diseases among children varies considerably across regions, countries and age groups. […] This variation highlights the need for precise prevalence assessments. […] Regular reassessment of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database pertaining to childhood allergies is imperative to mitigate associated long-term complications. […] The global incident cases of asthma in children increased from 18,857,697.08 in 1990 to 20,191,786.46 in 2019, or an increase of 7.07%. […] However, age-standardised incidence rates had a 4.17% decrease, from 1075.14 per 100000 population in 1990 to 1030.33 in 2019.
  • #58 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Roughly 13% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have sinusitis. […] In 2010, black children in the U.S. were more likely to have had skin allergies (17%) than white (12%) or Asian (10%) children. […] Worldwide, urticaria occurs with lifetime prevalence above 20%. […] In 2012, 12.0% or 8.8 million children reported skin allergies in the past 12 months. […] 7.3% of adults were reported to have eczema in 2021.
  • #59 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Roughly 13% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have sinusitis. […] In 2010, black children in the U.S. were more likely to have had skin allergies (17%) than white (12%) or Asian (10%) children. […] Worldwide, urticaria occurs with lifetime prevalence above 20%. […] In 2012, 12.0% or 8.8 million children reported skin allergies in the past 12 months. […] 7.3% of adults were reported to have eczema in 2021.
  • #60 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Roughly 13% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have sinusitis. […] In 2010, black children in the U.S. were more likely to have had skin allergies (17%) than white (12%) or Asian (10%) children. […] Worldwide, urticaria occurs with lifetime prevalence above 20%. […] In 2012, 12.0% or 8.8 million children reported skin allergies in the past 12 months. […] 7.3% of adults were reported to have eczema in 2021.
  • #61 Food Allergy | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics
    https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14140/all/Food_Allergy?q=Allergy+Food
    Food-induced anaphylaxis is the most common cause of anaphylactic reactions treated in emergency departments in the United States. The prevalence of food allergy has increased over the past 10 to 20 years. […] 5% of children 5 years of age, 4% of teens and adults. […] 37% of children 5 years of age with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis have a food allergy. […] 3449% of children with food allergy have asthma. […] 3340% of children with food allergy have allergic rhinitis.
  • #62
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40629-021-00189-z
    Peanut allergy is among the most common food allergies and the most common cause of fatal food reactions and anaphylaxis. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades reaching 1.42% in Europe and the United States. […] The prevalence of peanut allergy in the United States has been reported to have increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades, from 0.4% in 1997 to 0.8% in 2002 and 1.4% in 2008. […] Currently, 12% of children are affected in the Western world. […] Although the trend in increased prevalence of peanut allergy is seen in most regions, it is also important to note that the variability of estimates is in part due to the different diagnostic methods, the age of the cohorts, and the populations studied. […] The reasons for the increase in prevalence of peanut allergy are not known and are likely multifaceted; however, sensitization via the skin appears to be associated with the later development of peanut allergy and atopic eczema in infancy is associated with a high risk of developing peanut allergy.
  • #63 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    Large geographical variations in the prevalence of allergic diseases exist worldwide among children and adults. […] Lower prevalences have been reported from developing countries, eastern European areas, rural areas in Africa and Asia, and farm populations in Europe. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies has increased over the last few decades. This trend seems to have reached a plateau in affluent countries, but not in low- to mid-income countries. […] Allergic diseases are multifactorial illnesses determined by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. […] In general, reported rates of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis are higher in affluent, western countries than in developing countries. […] The worldwide prevalence of allergic diseases was assessed in the 1990s by the large scale International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC).
  • #64 Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia | World Allergy Organization Journal | Full Text
    https://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40413-018-0198-z
    Apart from the demographic factors, smoking and drinking habits, pet adoption, education attainment, and family history were the risk factors of AR, commonly studied in Asian countries. […] The differences between the risk factors analyzed could be culturally induced or due to the climatic differences between Asian and Western countries. […] While AR is influenced by genetic predisposition, the symptom presentation also depends on environmental exposures. […] A robust association of rhinitis was found among individuals with allergic and non-allergic asthma. […] The use of suboptimum pharmacotherapy and antihistamines with sedative effects can further exacerbate the situation. […] Therefore, a prompt and accurate diagnosis, followed by appropriate disease management and awareness of the exacerbation risk factors, would be crucial to ease this burden. […] From the articles reviewed, family income, family size, computer usage, personal and parental education attainment and stress level are identified as risk factors with the greatest potential to influence AR presentation, and when compared to other factors, they fulfill most of the criteria listed.
  • #65 The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma – the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum
    https://www.termedia.pl/The-importance-of-specific-IgE-antibodies-in-epidemiology-of-allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma-the-Epidemiology-of-Allergic-Diseases-in-Poland-ECAP-survey-part-one-Influence-of-allergy-risk-factors-on-conc,7,30857,1,1.html
    IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents declaring an allergic disease of immediate relatives. […] An early beginning to attend school, kindergarten or nursery increases the frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Regular sleeping in the same room as other children, before a respondent was 5 years old, decreases frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Carpets and rugs capture a portion of mite, epidermal, mould allergens located at home, wherefore absence of a carpet or rug causes greater stimulation of an immune system by these allergens; as a consequence, IgE antibodies are the most frequently detected in respondents. […] IgE antibodies against cat dander are more frequently detected in respondents keeping a cat, nonetheless household contacts of the respondents, at the age of 1 to 4 years, with cats induced partial immune tolerance to this allergen.
  • #66
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40629-021-00189-z
    Peanut and hazelnut allergies frequently occur at preschool age, in 55% of children by 2 years of age and in 92% by 7 years of age. […] The development of primary allergy to peanut after previous problem-free consumption is a rarity. […] Approximately one third of patients are clinically allergic both to peanuts and to tree nuts. […] Peanut allergy mostly manifests as isolated cutaneous symptoms (94%), or as respiratory tract (42%) and/or gastrointestinal system (33%) symptoms. […] In large cohort studies, approximately one third of patients reacted with the clinical symptoms of anaphylaxis to accidental consumption. […] The daily burden due to peanut allergy can be substantial. […] A recent Europe-wide study shows that peanut allergy has a day-to-day impact on more than 80% of affected children and their parents/caregivers. […] The presence of peanut allergy leads to high costs for the healthcare system. […] While many studies examining the socioeconomic impact of peanut allergy have limitations, the overall trend toward increased cost to the healthcare system is apparent.
  • #67 Allergy Statistics
    https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics
    Worldwide, the rise in prevalence of allergic diseases has continued in the industrialized world for more than 50 years. […] In 2012, 10.6% or 7.8 million children reported respiratory allergies in the past 12 months. […] In a 2021 NHIS survey, 25.7% of adults aged 18-44 reported having a seasonal allergy. […] Over a quarter of children (27.2%) have at least one allergic condition. […] The percentage of children with seasonal allergies varies by race, with both Black and White children nearly twice as likely to have a seasonal allergy than Asian children. […] Boys are more likely to have seasonal allergies than girls (20% of boys and 17.7% of girls). […] Worldwide, in up to 50% of individuals who experience a fatal reaction there is no documented history of a previous systemic reaction.
  • #68 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis
    Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There is a higher incidence of allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases in general in urban and industrialized areas when compared with rural areas. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.
  • #69 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    A strong correlation was found between the findings from children as assessed by the ISAAC Study and the rates in adults as reported by the ECRHS questionnaire. […] Dissociations between the prevalence of asthma and atopy have, however, been documented in developing countries. […] The prevalence of asthma was significantly lower in all study areas in eastern Europe compared to western Europe. […] The rates of allergic illnesses have been rising rapidly. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies is not only increasing with westernization and affluence, but also with urbanization. […] Data collected over the last 40 years in industrialized countries indicate a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis in repeated cross-sectional surveys using identical questionnaires. […] Recent studies suggest that in some areas this trend may have reached a plateau. […] On a global scale, time trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis have been assessed in ISAAC Phase III.
  • #70
    https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx
    Sensitization to house dust mites, pollens, fungi, and insects is an important intermediate step in the development of clinical allergies, including allergic rhinitis. […] Air pollution includes gaseous, liquid, and solid particulate matter (SPM) emissions from a variety of sources such as traffic, industries, and power generators are common sources of outdoor pollution and fossil fuels (biomass) burning for cooking and heating for indoor pollution. […] Studies have confirmed that air pollution constituents (NO2, NO, SO2, SPM, and diesel exhaust particles) have been associated with new onset of allergies as well as exacerbations of existing allergies. […] One of the most important modifiable risk factors for allergies includes active as well as passive smoking. […] There is a need for longitudinal studies, especially in low-middle-income countries (LMIC), to study the exposomes related to allergic rhinitis.
  • #71 AI Usage in Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Food Allergy Management
    https://www.hcplive.com/view/ai-usage-in-asthma-allergic-rhinitis-food-allergy-management
    AI enhances prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies, offering personalized, efficient care. […] A recent study highlights how artificial intelligence (AI) improves the prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and management of allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and urticaria. […] Many studies support AIs effectiveness in aiding clinicians across various stages of allergy care. […] AI can predict allergic rhinitis using pollution data (NO, PM10); the Random Forest model had an AUC of 0.84. Deep learning also forecasts daily allergic rhinitis cases from pollution trends. […] Models also assist in allergic rhinitis diagnoses using clinical data and detect nasal polyps with 98.3% accuracy. AI can also predict suicide risk in teens with allergic rhinitis with 83.3% sensitivity.
  • #72
    https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx
    Sensitization to house dust mites, pollens, fungi, and insects is an important intermediate step in the development of clinical allergies, including allergic rhinitis. […] Air pollution includes gaseous, liquid, and solid particulate matter (SPM) emissions from a variety of sources such as traffic, industries, and power generators are common sources of outdoor pollution and fossil fuels (biomass) burning for cooking and heating for indoor pollution. […] Studies have confirmed that air pollution constituents (NO2, NO, SO2, SPM, and diesel exhaust particles) have been associated with new onset of allergies as well as exacerbations of existing allergies. […] One of the most important modifiable risk factors for allergies includes active as well as passive smoking. […] There is a need for longitudinal studies, especially in low-middle-income countries (LMIC), to study the exposomes related to allergic rhinitis.
  • #73 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In recent decades there has been a sharp increase in food allergies, which has been greater in developed countries. The prevalence peaks at age 1 year at 6%8% and then declines through the end of childhood, when it reaches values of 3%4% that remain stable through the years. The prevalence of primary food allergy seems to be stabilized, but there is evidence of an increase in the frequency of cross-reactivity reactions. […] The increase in allergic diseases may be related to many factors, such as the advance in diagnostic methods, the discovery of new allergens, an increased population awareness environmental pollution, changes in dietary habits and the hygiene hypothesis, among others. This increase in prevalence has taken place parallel to the progress in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
  • #74 Can what you eat during pregnancy and breastfeeding affect whether your child develops food allergies?
    https://theconversation.com/can-what-you-eat-during-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding-affect-whether-your-child-develops-food-allergies-255114
    A food allergy occurs when the body’s immune system responds to a particular food as if it was harmful to the body. […] In pregnancy, food allergens can cross the placenta and can be detected in amniotic fluid, from which they reach the baby’s gastrointestinal tract when the baby swallows. […] This is thought to help the baby’s developing immune system to accept food allergens when they’re introduced once the child starts eating solids. […] Along with food allergens, babies also receive beneficial antibodies in breast milk. Levels of food allergen-specific antibodies, which could offer protection against allergies, have been found to be higher in babies whose mothers ate more of foods including egg, peanut, cows milk and wheat during early breastfeeding. […] While there are scientific explanations for how a woman’s diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding could influence her child’s likelihood of developing a food allergy, we don’t have conclusive evidence to tell us exactly what the best diet is to prevent allergies.
  • #75 Can what you eat during pregnancy and breastfeeding affect whether your child develops food allergies?
    https://theconversation.com/can-what-you-eat-during-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding-affect-whether-your-child-develops-food-allergies-255114
    A food allergy occurs when the body’s immune system responds to a particular food as if it was harmful to the body. […] In pregnancy, food allergens can cross the placenta and can be detected in amniotic fluid, from which they reach the baby’s gastrointestinal tract when the baby swallows. […] This is thought to help the baby’s developing immune system to accept food allergens when they’re introduced once the child starts eating solids. […] Along with food allergens, babies also receive beneficial antibodies in breast milk. Levels of food allergen-specific antibodies, which could offer protection against allergies, have been found to be higher in babies whose mothers ate more of foods including egg, peanut, cows milk and wheat during early breastfeeding. […] While there are scientific explanations for how a woman’s diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding could influence her child’s likelihood of developing a food allergy, we don’t have conclusive evidence to tell us exactly what the best diet is to prevent allergies.
  • #76
    https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx
    Sensitization to house dust mites, pollens, fungi, and insects is an important intermediate step in the development of clinical allergies, including allergic rhinitis. […] Air pollution includes gaseous, liquid, and solid particulate matter (SPM) emissions from a variety of sources such as traffic, industries, and power generators are common sources of outdoor pollution and fossil fuels (biomass) burning for cooking and heating for indoor pollution. […] Studies have confirmed that air pollution constituents (NO2, NO, SO2, SPM, and diesel exhaust particles) have been associated with new onset of allergies as well as exacerbations of existing allergies. […] One of the most important modifiable risk factors for allergies includes active as well as passive smoking. […] There is a need for longitudinal studies, especially in low-middle-income countries (LMIC), to study the exposomes related to allergic rhinitis.
  • #77 The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma – the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum
    https://www.termedia.pl/The-importance-of-specific-IgE-antibodies-in-epidemiology-of-allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma-the-Epidemiology-of-Allergic-Diseases-in-Poland-ECAP-survey-part-one-Influence-of-allergy-risk-factors-on-conc,7,30857,1,1.html
    IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents declaring an allergic disease of immediate relatives. […] An early beginning to attend school, kindergarten or nursery increases the frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Regular sleeping in the same room as other children, before a respondent was 5 years old, decreases frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Carpets and rugs capture a portion of mite, epidermal, mould allergens located at home, wherefore absence of a carpet or rug causes greater stimulation of an immune system by these allergens; as a consequence, IgE antibodies are the most frequently detected in respondents. […] IgE antibodies against cat dander are more frequently detected in respondents keeping a cat, nonetheless household contacts of the respondents, at the age of 1 to 4 years, with cats induced partial immune tolerance to this allergen.
  • #78 The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma – the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum
    https://www.termedia.pl/The-importance-of-specific-IgE-antibodies-in-epidemiology-of-allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma-the-Epidemiology-of-Allergic-Diseases-in-Poland-ECAP-survey-part-one-Influence-of-allergy-risk-factors-on-conc,7,30857,1,1.html
    IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents declaring an allergic disease of immediate relatives. […] An early beginning to attend school, kindergarten or nursery increases the frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Regular sleeping in the same room as other children, before a respondent was 5 years old, decreases frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Carpets and rugs capture a portion of mite, epidermal, mould allergens located at home, wherefore absence of a carpet or rug causes greater stimulation of an immune system by these allergens; as a consequence, IgE antibodies are the most frequently detected in respondents. […] IgE antibodies against cat dander are more frequently detected in respondents keeping a cat, nonetheless household contacts of the respondents, at the age of 1 to 4 years, with cats induced partial immune tolerance to this allergen.
  • #79 Allergic Disease Epidemiology
    https://www.helmholtz-munich.de/en/epi/research-groups/allergic-disease-epidemiology
    We investigate the longitudinal development of common chronic diseases, focusing on allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. […] The research group Allergic Disease Epidemiology aims to investigate how our environment and life-style play a role in the onset and progression of common chronic health problems, with a focus on allergic diseases. […] Applying an epidemiological life-course approach, we aim to describe the natural course and trends in prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases. […] Exposures during early childhood and genetic predisposition can impact the development of the immune system and the onset of allergic diseases. […] Our goal is to better understand how allergic diseases are influenced by life-style (e.g. diet, physical activity), environment (e.g. neighborhood and build environment characteristics, greenness and air pollution), genetic and metabolic factors, and their interplay.
  • #80 The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma – the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum
    https://www.termedia.pl/The-importance-of-specific-IgE-antibodies-in-epidemiology-of-allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma-the-Epidemiology-of-Allergic-Diseases-in-Poland-ECAP-survey-part-one-Influence-of-allergy-risk-factors-on-conc,7,30857,1,1.html
    IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents declaring an allergic disease of immediate relatives. […] An early beginning to attend school, kindergarten or nursery increases the frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Regular sleeping in the same room as other children, before a respondent was 5 years old, decreases frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Carpets and rugs capture a portion of mite, epidermal, mould allergens located at home, wherefore absence of a carpet or rug causes greater stimulation of an immune system by these allergens; as a consequence, IgE antibodies are the most frequently detected in respondents. […] IgE antibodies against cat dander are more frequently detected in respondents keeping a cat, nonetheless household contacts of the respondents, at the age of 1 to 4 years, with cats induced partial immune tolerance to this allergen.
  • #81 The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma – the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum
    https://www.termedia.pl/The-importance-of-specific-IgE-antibodies-in-epidemiology-of-allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma-the-Epidemiology-of-Allergic-Diseases-in-Poland-ECAP-survey-part-one-Influence-of-allergy-risk-factors-on-conc,7,30857,1,1.html
    IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents declaring an allergic disease of immediate relatives. […] An early beginning to attend school, kindergarten or nursery increases the frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Regular sleeping in the same room as other children, before a respondent was 5 years old, decreases frequency of IgE antibodies detection in respondents. […] Carpets and rugs capture a portion of mite, epidermal, mould allergens located at home, wherefore absence of a carpet or rug causes greater stimulation of an immune system by these allergens; as a consequence, IgE antibodies are the most frequently detected in respondents. […] IgE antibodies against cat dander are more frequently detected in respondents keeping a cat, nonetheless household contacts of the respondents, at the age of 1 to 4 years, with cats induced partial immune tolerance to this allergen.
  • #82 IJERPH | Special Issue : The Epidemiology of Allergy
    https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special_issues/The_Epidemiology_of_Allergy
    The academic study of the epidemiology of allergy has undergone a transformation over the last 20 years, from around 150 citations of „epidemiology and allergy” in 1995 to over 8500 in 2016. […] Epidemiological studies have laid the ground work for examining a range of exciting theories, as well as acting as hypothesis generating tools. Highlights have included probing the ubiquitousness of the hygiene hypothesis, exploring the nexus with gut and skin flora, examining the timing of introduction of allergens to diet, genetic factors and exposure to greenspace/more natural environments altering risk of allergy. […] The epidemiology of allergy is increasing flagged as important in the large populations of developing economies, with increasing urbanisation seeing a fundamental shift in exposures. […] Clinical medicine is also using knowledge derived from epidemiology, moving away from guidelines based on historic practice, to those emphasising evidence-based medicine, to aid patients and prevent disease onset.
  • #83 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In recent decades there has been a sharp increase in food allergies, which has been greater in developed countries. The prevalence peaks at age 1 year at 6%8% and then declines through the end of childhood, when it reaches values of 3%4% that remain stable through the years. The prevalence of primary food allergy seems to be stabilized, but there is evidence of an increase in the frequency of cross-reactivity reactions. […] The increase in allergic diseases may be related to many factors, such as the advance in diagnostic methods, the discovery of new allergens, an increased population awareness environmental pollution, changes in dietary habits and the hygiene hypothesis, among others. This increase in prevalence has taken place parallel to the progress in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
  • #84 West Sweden Asthma Study – clinical epidemiology on asthma and allergies | University of Gothenburg
    https://www.gu.se/en/research/west-sweden-asthma-study-clinical-epidemiology-on-asthma-and-allergies
    Regarding rhinitis, we have been able to show that the protective effect of growing up on a farm on the occurrence of rhinitis, previously shown in studies in children, remains throughout life. […] In the case of allergic sensitization, in particular, pollen sensitization has increased, as has multisensitization, where the latter is strongly correlated with asthma. […] The study focuses on issues of severe asthma in an epidemiological setting. […] Preliminary data from our cohort show that the prevalence of severe asthma in the population is 0.5-1%.
  • #85
    https://journals.lww.com/jalh/fulltext/2022/02010/epidemiology_and_risk_factors_for_allergic.2.aspx
    The exposome analysis includes multiple domains such as the internal and external. […] The external domain includes social, cultural, dietary, economic, geographic, environmental, and psychological factors. […] A systematic review of nearly 4000 adolescents observed a male:female sex ratio for the prevalence of allergic rhinitis of 0.8 (0.7-0.90), indicating that it was higher in females. […] In children 10 years of age, among more than 56,000 children, the sex ratio was 1.25 (1.19-1.32), indicating that it was more common among male children. […] A detailed systematic review by Chong and Chew in Asia observed other relevant factors influencing allergic rhinitis including reduced sleep and increased stress, higher parental education and household income, smaller family size of 3, higher computer usage, especially above 4 h per day, lower duration of exclusive breastfeeding, earlier introduction of other foods, maternal depression and parasitic infestations, home renovation, and use of carpets as risk factors for the development of allergic rhinitis.
  • #86 Exploring the feasibility of occupational allergy surveillance using routine public-health data: A retrospective analysis – National Institute for Occupational Health
    https://www.nioh.ac.za/exploring-the-feasibility-of-occupational-allergy-surveillance-using-routine-public-health-data-a-retrospective-analysis/
    This retrospective study aimed to assess allergic sensitisation among adult patients tested at National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratories across nine provinces in South Africa. […] The overarching objective was to ascertain the potential value of leveraging routine public-health data for comprehensive occupational allergy (OA) surveillance, attempting to fill a critical gap in existing South African OA data. […] Of the 31 913 NHLS laboratory records, 48.48% of adults tested positive for ImmunoCAP Phadiatop, indicative of atopy. […] Occupational allergens, including latex, alpha-amylase and chlorhexidine, manifested as noteworthy contributors to sensitisation, shedding light on potential workplace hazards. […] Drawing from these insights, the study concluded that routine NHLS data are of critical importance for trend analysis and preventive strategies. […] This study, bridging the gap in OA data, lays the groundwork for future research exploring the intricate associations between routine allergen sensitisation testing and OA surveillance.
  • #87 Real-Time Allergy Mapping with Internet-Based Surveillance – EMJ
    https://www.emjreviews.com/allergy-immunology/news/real-time-allergy-mapping-with-internet-based-surveillance/
    Seasonal allergies, which affect around 26% of Americans, come with significant economic and productivity costs, especially as climate change drives higher pollen and mould levels. […] Traditional monitoring methods, including patient visits and pollen tracking, have limitations, such as low spatiotemporal resolution and inadequate capture of population-level trends. […] These gaps highlight the need for innovative approaches, prompting researchers to explore internet-based surveillance to track allergy trends in real-time across the U.S. […] Internet-based surveillance, widely applied to track diseases like influenza and COVID-19, can potentially map trends in allergic diseases. […] This multi-source approach combines internet-based and traditional surveillance for more robust allergy tracking. […] With further refinement, internet-based allergy tracking could complement real-time aeroallergen monitoring, informing public health efforts and enabling timely, geographically targeted responses to seasonal allergy trends across the U.S.
  • #88 Real-Time Allergy Mapping with Internet-Based Surveillance – EMJ
    https://www.emjreviews.com/allergy-immunology/news/real-time-allergy-mapping-with-internet-based-surveillance/
    Seasonal allergies, which affect around 26% of Americans, come with significant economic and productivity costs, especially as climate change drives higher pollen and mould levels. […] Traditional monitoring methods, including patient visits and pollen tracking, have limitations, such as low spatiotemporal resolution and inadequate capture of population-level trends. […] These gaps highlight the need for innovative approaches, prompting researchers to explore internet-based surveillance to track allergy trends in real-time across the U.S. […] Internet-based surveillance, widely applied to track diseases like influenza and COVID-19, can potentially map trends in allergic diseases. […] This multi-source approach combines internet-based and traditional surveillance for more robust allergy tracking. […] With further refinement, internet-based allergy tracking could complement real-time aeroallergen monitoring, informing public health efforts and enabling timely, geographically targeted responses to seasonal allergy trends across the U.S.
  • #89 Deep learning for pollen allergy surveillance from twitter in Australia | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making | Full Text
    https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-019-0921-x
    The paper introduces a deep learning-based approach for real-time detection and insights generation about one of the most prevalent chronic conditions in Australia – Pollen allergy. […] According to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) [1], in 201415 nearly 1 in 5 Australian suffered from Pollen allergy, which amounts to 4.5 mln of citizens, predominantly working-aged adults. […] The potential of social media for public health mining has already been demonstrated in previous studies on allergy surveillance [1317], and so on. […] Given the limitations of traditional approaches for allergies surveillance, the alternative sources of data increase in importance to closer reflect the state of the condition within the population. […] Previous studies conducted in UK and US have already investigated the potential of Twitter for allergies surveillance.
  • #90 Deep learning for pollen allergy surveillance from twitter in Australia | BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making | Full Text
    https://bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12911-019-0921-x
    The study performed in the US has reported similar findings – strong correlations between (1) pollen rates and tweets reporting Hay fever symptoms (r=0.95), and (2) pollen rates and tweets reporting the use of antihistamines (r=0.93) [16]. […] The state-of-the-art Deep Learning approach has been applied and validated in the context of Australian Hay fever surveillance from Twitter, following its superior performance on text classification tasks over conventional machine learning techniques. […] The Pollen Allergy Surveillance System (PASS) has been introduced to further address the challenges of lexicon-based methods, reliant on pre-defined dictionaries and limited in their ability of emerging symptoms/treatments detection.
  • #91 Pollen and Climate Change | Washington State Department of Health
    https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/climate-and-health/pollen
    Longer, stronger pollen seasons may increase the following symptoms for those who suffer from allergic rhinitis or hay fever. […] The Department of Health is building a pollen surveillance network that will consist of 11 monitors with at least one in each climate zone in Washington state. The pollen surveillance system is intended to help people who suffer from seasonal allergies by providing real-time pollen detection information.
  • #92 Pollen and Climate Change | Washington State Department of Health
    https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/climate-and-health/pollen
    Longer, stronger pollen seasons may increase the following symptoms for those who suffer from allergic rhinitis or hay fever. […] The Department of Health is building a pollen surveillance network that will consist of 11 monitors with at least one in each climate zone in Washington state. The pollen surveillance system is intended to help people who suffer from seasonal allergies by providing real-time pollen detection information.
  • #93 Exploring the feasibility of occupational allergy surveillance using routine public-health data: A retrospective analysis – National Institute for Occupational Health
    https://www.nioh.ac.za/exploring-the-feasibility-of-occupational-allergy-surveillance-using-routine-public-health-data-a-retrospective-analysis/
    This retrospective study aimed to assess allergic sensitisation among adult patients tested at National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratories across nine provinces in South Africa. […] The overarching objective was to ascertain the potential value of leveraging routine public-health data for comprehensive occupational allergy (OA) surveillance, attempting to fill a critical gap in existing South African OA data. […] Of the 31 913 NHLS laboratory records, 48.48% of adults tested positive for ImmunoCAP Phadiatop, indicative of atopy. […] Occupational allergens, including latex, alpha-amylase and chlorhexidine, manifested as noteworthy contributors to sensitisation, shedding light on potential workplace hazards. […] Drawing from these insights, the study concluded that routine NHLS data are of critical importance for trend analysis and preventive strategies. […] This study, bridging the gap in OA data, lays the groundwork for future research exploring the intricate associations between routine allergen sensitisation testing and OA surveillance.
  • #94 Exploring the feasibility of occupational allergy surveillance using routine public-health data: A retrospective analysis – National Institute for Occupational Health
    https://www.nioh.ac.za/exploring-the-feasibility-of-occupational-allergy-surveillance-using-routine-public-health-data-a-retrospective-analysis/
    This retrospective study aimed to assess allergic sensitisation among adult patients tested at National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratories across nine provinces in South Africa. […] The overarching objective was to ascertain the potential value of leveraging routine public-health data for comprehensive occupational allergy (OA) surveillance, attempting to fill a critical gap in existing South African OA data. […] Of the 31 913 NHLS laboratory records, 48.48% of adults tested positive for ImmunoCAP Phadiatop, indicative of atopy. […] Occupational allergens, including latex, alpha-amylase and chlorhexidine, manifested as noteworthy contributors to sensitisation, shedding light on potential workplace hazards. […] Drawing from these insights, the study concluded that routine NHLS data are of critical importance for trend analysis and preventive strategies. […] This study, bridging the gap in OA data, lays the groundwork for future research exploring the intricate associations between routine allergen sensitisation testing and OA surveillance.
  • #95 Exploring the feasibility of occupational allergy surveillance using routine public-health data: A retrospective analysis – National Institute for Occupational Health
    https://www.nioh.ac.za/exploring-the-feasibility-of-occupational-allergy-surveillance-using-routine-public-health-data-a-retrospective-analysis/
    This retrospective study aimed to assess allergic sensitisation among adult patients tested at National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratories across nine provinces in South Africa. […] The overarching objective was to ascertain the potential value of leveraging routine public-health data for comprehensive occupational allergy (OA) surveillance, attempting to fill a critical gap in existing South African OA data. […] Of the 31 913 NHLS laboratory records, 48.48% of adults tested positive for ImmunoCAP Phadiatop, indicative of atopy. […] Occupational allergens, including latex, alpha-amylase and chlorhexidine, manifested as noteworthy contributors to sensitisation, shedding light on potential workplace hazards. […] Drawing from these insights, the study concluded that routine NHLS data are of critical importance for trend analysis and preventive strategies. […] This study, bridging the gap in OA data, lays the groundwork for future research exploring the intricate associations between routine allergen sensitisation testing and OA surveillance.
  • #96 Exploring the feasibility of occupational allergy surveillance using routine public-health data: A retrospective analysis – National Institute for Occupational Health
    https://www.nioh.ac.za/exploring-the-feasibility-of-occupational-allergy-surveillance-using-routine-public-health-data-a-retrospective-analysis/
    This retrospective study aimed to assess allergic sensitisation among adult patients tested at National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) laboratories across nine provinces in South Africa. […] The overarching objective was to ascertain the potential value of leveraging routine public-health data for comprehensive occupational allergy (OA) surveillance, attempting to fill a critical gap in existing South African OA data. […] Of the 31 913 NHLS laboratory records, 48.48% of adults tested positive for ImmunoCAP Phadiatop, indicative of atopy. […] Occupational allergens, including latex, alpha-amylase and chlorhexidine, manifested as noteworthy contributors to sensitisation, shedding light on potential workplace hazards. […] Drawing from these insights, the study concluded that routine NHLS data are of critical importance for trend analysis and preventive strategies. […] This study, bridging the gap in OA data, lays the groundwork for future research exploring the intricate associations between routine allergen sensitisation testing and OA surveillance.
  • #97 AI Usage in Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Food Allergy Management
    https://www.hcplive.com/view/ai-usage-in-asthma-allergic-rhinitis-food-allergy-management
    AI enhances prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies, offering personalized, efficient care. […] A recent study highlights how artificial intelligence (AI) improves the prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and management of allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and urticaria. […] Many studies support AIs effectiveness in aiding clinicians across various stages of allergy care. […] AI can predict allergic rhinitis using pollution data (NO, PM10); the Random Forest model had an AUC of 0.84. Deep learning also forecasts daily allergic rhinitis cases from pollution trends. […] Models also assist in allergic rhinitis diagnoses using clinical data and detect nasal polyps with 98.3% accuracy. AI can also predict suicide risk in teens with allergic rhinitis with 83.3% sensitivity.
  • #98 AI Usage in Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Food Allergy Management
    https://www.hcplive.com/view/ai-usage-in-asthma-allergic-rhinitis-food-allergy-management
    AI enhances prediction, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies, offering personalized, efficient care. […] A recent study highlights how artificial intelligence (AI) improves the prediction, diagnosis, treatment, and management of allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and urticaria. […] Many studies support AIs effectiveness in aiding clinicians across various stages of allergy care. […] AI can predict allergic rhinitis using pollution data (NO, PM10); the Random Forest model had an AUC of 0.84. Deep learning also forecasts daily allergic rhinitis cases from pollution trends. […] Models also assist in allergic rhinitis diagnoses using clinical data and detect nasal polyps with 98.3% accuracy. AI can also predict suicide risk in teens with allergic rhinitis with 83.3% sensitivity.
  • #99 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis
    Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There is a higher incidence of allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases in general in urban and industrialized areas when compared with rural areas. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.
  • #100 The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma – the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum
    https://www.termedia.pl/The-importance-of-specific-IgE-antibodies-in-epidemiology-of-allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma-the-Epidemiology-of-Allergic-Diseases-in-Poland-ECAP-survey-part-one-Influence-of-allergy-risk-factors-on-conc,7,30857,1,1.html
    Scientific studies accomplished within the last 20 years demonstrate that allergy and asthma are the most rapidly proliferating diseases in childrens population, and affect even more than 30% of infants in developed countries. […] Epidemiological analysis shows that inhabitants of urban areas redevelop allergies more frequently than inhabitants of rural areas. […] Numerous studies were performed as part of the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey, proving epidemiological significance of these diseases and great diversity of allergy risk factors. […] The present study is a continuation of the ECAP survey, epidemiological studies of allergy and asthma, performed in 9 regions of Poland. […] The aim of the study described in this article was to determine influence of allergy risk factors on the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum.
  • #101 Allergic Disease Epidemiology
    https://www.helmholtz-munich.de/en/epi/research-groups/allergic-disease-epidemiology
    We further aim to disentangle allergic diseases from frequently-associated comorbidities, such as adiposity and mental health, and their determinants. […] The aim of ALLERGENE is to understand the complex interplay of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, and to identify involved mechanisms that distinguish between young adults free of allergic diseases and those suffering from allergic multimorbidity. […] The aim of COVGENAIR is to assess the role of chronic diseases, environmental and genetic variation and their interplay on the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the long-term post-COVID-19 health outcomes on the respiratory, cardiometabolic and neurological system. […] The aim of the GINIplus study is to describe health and disease development from infancy to young adulthood, specifically allergic diseases and to assess the impact of different feeding regimens in infancy, environmental exposures, life-style factors and genetic predisposition. […] The aims of the LISA study are to monitor the development and natural course of atopic diseases and to investigate the influence of life-style and environmental factors.
  • #102 Allergic Disease Epidemiology
    https://www.helmholtz-munich.de/en/epi/research-groups/allergic-disease-epidemiology
    We further aim to disentangle allergic diseases from frequently-associated comorbidities, such as adiposity and mental health, and their determinants. […] The aim of ALLERGENE is to understand the complex interplay of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, and to identify involved mechanisms that distinguish between young adults free of allergic diseases and those suffering from allergic multimorbidity. […] The aim of COVGENAIR is to assess the role of chronic diseases, environmental and genetic variation and their interplay on the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the long-term post-COVID-19 health outcomes on the respiratory, cardiometabolic and neurological system. […] The aim of the GINIplus study is to describe health and disease development from infancy to young adulthood, specifically allergic diseases and to assess the impact of different feeding regimens in infancy, environmental exposures, life-style factors and genetic predisposition. […] The aims of the LISA study are to monitor the development and natural course of atopic diseases and to investigate the influence of life-style and environmental factors.
  • #103 West Sweden Asthma Study – clinical epidemiology on asthma and allergies | University of Gothenburg
    https://www.gu.se/en/research/west-sweden-asthma-study-clinical-epidemiology-on-asthma-and-allergies
    Asthma and allergies are among the major public health diseases. The research project studies the prevalence and clinical characteristics of asthma and allergies in a population setting. […] The overall purpose of the study is an epidemiological update on the prevalence, incidence, remission and relapse of asthma as well as the factors that correlate with these. […] Among our recent results, we have been able to show that the prevalence of asthma has increased slightly in 2008-2016 and is now just over 11%, the largest increase seen in the 16-25 age group. […] The occurrence of allergic rhinitis was the most common symptom and it also showed the greatest increase. […] Preliminary data show that the incidence of asthma remains at approximately 2/1000 / year and co-varies with female sex and prevalence of allergic rhinitis.
  • #104 Health Surveillance for Laboratory Animal Allergy (LAA) Guideline / Document / Policy and Procedure Library
    https://policies.uq.edu.au/document/view-current.php?id=411
    (2) This Guideline outlines the health surveillance processes that is in place at UQ to manage the risk of work-caused allergies to workers, students and others working in areas exposed to laboratory animal allergies (LAA) and applies to all UQ animal workers, students and others working in areas exposed to small laboratory animals. […] (11) The purpose of health surveillance is to ensure that control measures are effective and to provide an opportunity to reinforce specific preventive measures and safe work practices. […] (12) There are three types of health surveillance: […] (14) Animal workers will be required to undergo Level 3 health surveillance. More frequent surveillance may be necessary if an allergy develops, and further testing may be required. […] (17) For most researchers and postgraduate students, Level 2 health surveillance will be undertaken except where there is evidence of existing animal allergy, or a specific high-risk environment where Level 3 may be appropriate.
  • #105 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    Allergy is the most common chronic disease in Europe. Up to 20% of patients with allergies struggle daily with the fear of a possible asthma attack, anaphylactic shock, or even death from an allergic reaction (EAACI, 2016) […] Allergy is a very common ailment, affecting more than 20% of the populations of most developed countries (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] More than 150 million Europeans suffer from chronic allergic diseases and the current prediction is that by 2025 half of the entire EU population will be affected (EAACI, 2016) […] Seven times as many people were admitted to hospital with severe allergic reactions in Europe in 2015 than in 2005 (Nwaru BI & Group., 2014) […] The avoidable indirect costs of failure to properly treat allergy in the EU is estimated to range between 55 and 151 billion Euro per annum (EAACI, 2016)
  • #106 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity
    https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/
    In the same year, 19.2% of emergency admissions were for anaphylactic reactions and 19.2% were for ‘Other’ allergic reactions. The lowest number of emergency admissions was for allergic rhinitis (1.0%). (HSCIC, 2014) […] In the UK, allergic diseases across all ages costs the NHS an estimated £900 million a year, mostly through prescribed treatments in primary care, representing 10% of the GP prescribing budget. (Venter, 2009) […] The prevalence of asthma in the UK is 16.1% – 18.4% in Scotland; 16.8% in Wales; 15.3% in England; 14.6% in Ireland (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), 2013) […] It is estimated by the World Health Organisation that 300 million individuals have asthma worldwide, and that with current rising trends this will reach 400 million by 2025. Approximately 250,000 people die prematurely each year from asthma; almost all these deaths are avoidable (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] Anaphylaxis-type reactions occur in approximately 1 in 1000 of the general population. Anaphylaxis during general anaesthesia occurs in 1 in 10,000–20,000 anaesthetics. These patients may be denied general anaesthesia in the future unless a safe combination of drugs can be identified (NICE, 2014)
  • #107 National Asthma and Allergy Awareness Month: Economic Costs, Threats to Access, and the Impact of Policy Changes
    https://www.ajmc.com/view/national-asthma-and-allergy-awareness-month-economic-costs-threats-to-access-and-the-impact-of-policy-changes
    Allergies and asthma affect millions in the US, with significant economic costs, especially for food allergies and asthma treatments. […] Every year, more than 100 million people in the US experience various types of allergies, including seasonal, eczema, and food allergies, affect nearly 1 in 3 adults and more than 1 in 4 children. […] The annual costs of allergies vary depending on the type of allergic reaction and the specific treatment necessary. […] More than 28 million people in the US have received an asthma diagnosis, with the highest rates in Black adults. […] Reports indicate that the annual economic costs of asthma treatment are around $82 billion and medical costs make up almost $50.3 billion. […] Underinsurance or lack of insurance often exacerbates disparities for individuals with allergies.
  • #108
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40629-021-00189-z
    Peanut and hazelnut allergies frequently occur at preschool age, in 55% of children by 2 years of age and in 92% by 7 years of age. […] The development of primary allergy to peanut after previous problem-free consumption is a rarity. […] Approximately one third of patients are clinically allergic both to peanuts and to tree nuts. […] Peanut allergy mostly manifests as isolated cutaneous symptoms (94%), or as respiratory tract (42%) and/or gastrointestinal system (33%) symptoms. […] In large cohort studies, approximately one third of patients reacted with the clinical symptoms of anaphylaxis to accidental consumption. […] The daily burden due to peanut allergy can be substantial. […] A recent Europe-wide study shows that peanut allergy has a day-to-day impact on more than 80% of affected children and their parents/caregivers. […] The presence of peanut allergy leads to high costs for the healthcare system. […] While many studies examining the socioeconomic impact of peanut allergy have limitations, the overall trend toward increased cost to the healthcare system is apparent.
  • #109 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview
    Allergic rhinitis can frequently lead to significant impairment of quality of life. Symptoms such as fatigue, drowsiness (due to the disease or to medications), and malaise can lead to impaired work and school performance, missed school or work days, and traffic accidents. […] Allergic rhinitis occurs in persons of all races. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis seems to vary among different populations and cultures, which may be due to genetic differences, geographic factors or environmental differences, or other population-based factors.
  • #110 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview
    The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the United States is estimated to be 7.7% affecting roughly 19.2 million adults each year. In 2018, 7.2% of children younger than 18 years reported symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the past 12 months. […] Throughout the world, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis has slightly escalated. Currently, approximately 10 to 30% of adults and 40% of children are affected. […] While allergic rhinitis itself is not life-threatening (unless accompanied by severe asthma or anaphylaxis), morbidity from the condition can be significant. Allergic rhinitis often coexists with other disorders, such as asthma, and may be associated with asthma exacerbations. […] Numerous complications that can lead to increased morbidity or even mortality can occur secondary to allergic rhinitis. Possible complications include otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction, acute sinusitis, and chronic sinusitis.
  • #111 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In recent decades there has been a sharp increase in food allergies, which has been greater in developed countries. The prevalence peaks at age 1 year at 6%8% and then declines through the end of childhood, when it reaches values of 3%4% that remain stable through the years. The prevalence of primary food allergy seems to be stabilized, but there is evidence of an increase in the frequency of cross-reactivity reactions. […] The increase in allergic diseases may be related to many factors, such as the advance in diagnostic methods, the discovery of new allergens, an increased population awareness environmental pollution, changes in dietary habits and the hygiene hypothesis, among others. This increase in prevalence has taken place parallel to the progress in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
  • #112 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    In the last decades, allergic diseases have increased exponentially and although pediatric asthma prevalence is stabilizing, it is estimated around 10% in Spain. Not the same with food allergy and anaphylaxis which are clearly increasing, becoming a significant public health problem. Taking into account epidemiological trends, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) estimates that in less than 15 years more than half of the European population will suffer from some type of allergic disorder. […] Based on data from the Alergolgica 2015 study, respiratory allergies continue to be the most frequent type of allergy in Spain, with an increase in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and a tendency towards a plateau in asthma. This study found that bronchial asthma accounted for 30.2% of the total medical visits compared to 34.6% in the Alergolgica 2005 study. The prevalence of bronchial asthma in Spain is estimated at 10%, with 85% considered extrinsic and 9% poorly controlled. There has also been an increase in the frequency of food allergies compared to 2005.
  • #113 The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context
    https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/9/2043
    There is a lack of high-quality evidence based on the gold standard of oral food challenges to determine food allergy prevalence. Nevertheless, studies using surrogate measures of food allergy, such as health service utilization and clinical history, together with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), provide compelling data that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. […] Food allergy is increasingly recognized as a growing public health burden and has been referred to as the “second wave” of the allergy epidemic, following asthma. Current evidence suggests that food allergies are common, affecting up to 10% of infants in some countries, and have been increasing in prevalence in the last few decades. These increases in prevalence have preferentially affected industrialized regions, although there is now also growing evidence of increasing prevalence in rapidly developing countries commensurate with rising economic growth.
  • #114 Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-allergic-diseases/
    A strong correlation was found between the findings from children as assessed by the ISAAC Study and the rates in adults as reported by the ECRHS questionnaire. […] Dissociations between the prevalence of asthma and atopy have, however, been documented in developing countries. […] The prevalence of asthma was significantly lower in all study areas in eastern Europe compared to western Europe. […] The rates of allergic illnesses have been rising rapidly. […] The prevalence of asthma and allergies is not only increasing with westernization and affluence, but also with urbanization. […] Data collected over the last 40 years in industrialized countries indicate a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis in repeated cross-sectional surveys using identical questionnaires. […] Recent studies suggest that in some areas this trend may have reached a plateau. […] On a global scale, time trends in the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis have been assessed in ISAAC Phase III.
  • #115 Real-Time Allergy Mapping with Internet-Based Surveillance – EMJ
    https://www.emjreviews.com/allergy-immunology/news/real-time-allergy-mapping-with-internet-based-surveillance/
    Seasonal allergies, which affect around 26% of Americans, come with significant economic and productivity costs, especially as climate change drives higher pollen and mould levels. […] Traditional monitoring methods, including patient visits and pollen tracking, have limitations, such as low spatiotemporal resolution and inadequate capture of population-level trends. […] These gaps highlight the need for innovative approaches, prompting researchers to explore internet-based surveillance to track allergy trends in real-time across the U.S. […] Internet-based surveillance, widely applied to track diseases like influenza and COVID-19, can potentially map trends in allergic diseases. […] This multi-source approach combines internet-based and traditional surveillance for more robust allergy tracking. […] With further refinement, internet-based allergy tracking could complement real-time aeroallergen monitoring, informing public health efforts and enabling timely, geographically targeted responses to seasonal allergy trends across the U.S.
  • #116 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241030/New-study-uses-internet-data-to-map-seasonal-allergy-patterns-across-the-US.aspx
    The study shows that Internet-derived data can complement traditional surveillance in predicting seasonal allergy prevalence. […] By providing a fine-grained view of allergy timing and location, this approach can improve allergy predictions, especially as global ecosystem changes alter allergy patterns.
  • #117 Changes in epidemiology and clinical practice in IgE-mediated Allergy in children | Anales de Pediatría
    https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-changes-in-epidemiology-clinical-practice-articulo-S2341287921001071
    The management of respiratory allergies mainly consists of allergen exposure avoidance measures and pharmacotherapy to control symptoms and underlying inflammation. However, a significant proportion of patients continue to experience symptoms in spite of receiving the standard of care. […] Advances in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the phenotype and endotype of allergic diseases have allowed the development of new therapeutic options.

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zapalenie zatok Europejska Akademia Alergologii i Immunologii Klinicznej anafilaksja przeciwciało IgE lek przeciwhistaminowy astma oskrzelowa katar sienny zapalenie ucha środkowego alergia sezonowa zanieczyszczenie powietrza pyłek alergiczny nieżyt nosa karmienie piersią atopowe zapalenie skóry atopia astma alergiczna alergia wziewna alergia zawodowa alergiczna choroba skóry roztocze kurzu domowego alergia na orzeszki ziemne hipoteza higieniczna alergia pokarmowa reakcja anafilaktyczna choroba alergiczna nadzór epidemiologiczny