Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of varicose veins – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8156326/

  Epidemiology of varicose veins comprises a significant part of the surgical workload. […] This review analyses all published data on the epidemiology of varicose veins, paying particular regard to the differing epidemiological terminology, populations sampled, assessment methods and varicose vein definitions, which account for much of the variation in literature reports. […] The data suggest that female sex, increased age, pregnancy, geographical site and race are risk factors for varicose veins; there is no hard evidence that family history or occupation are factors. […] Accurate prevalence data allow provision of appropriate resources or at least aid rational debate if demand is greater than the resources available.

• #1 Prevalence of Varicose Veins and Its Risk Factors among Nurses Working at King Khalid University Hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/24/3183

  This quantitative observational cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence and level of risk scores for varicose veins among nurses, and the association between varicose veins and sociodemographic, occupational, and lifestyle risk factors. […] The worldwide prevalence of lower extremity varicose veins is 10% to 30%. […] In Saudi Arabia, there are few studies about the prevalence of and risk factors for varicose veins. […] A cross-sectional study in Riyadh showed a high prevalence of varicose veins (47.6%) among 380 females, with associated factors such as increased age, positive family history, high body mass index (BMI), educational level, the number of pregnancies, and use of oral contraceptives. […] A study in Riyadh showed that varicose veins were prevalent in 11% of the total participants (366).

• #1 Varicose Veins – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470194/

  Varicose veins are reported in up to 30 percent of the general population, with significantly increased rates in the older population. Varicose veins are seen globally and are influenced by activity and lifestyle. Overall, varicose veins are more common in women than in men. The Framingham Study examined the presence of varicose veins every two years for a 16-year duration. Accordingly, twenty-three and thirty percent of the male and female population developed varicose veins during the mentioned follow-up. However, the presence or absence of venous reflux was not evaluated. The two-year incidence of varicose veins was 39.4 to 51.9 per 1000. The incidence was highest in women in their 40s. There is an obvious racial correlation with the prevalence of varicose veins. Accordingly, the prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins in Asians is lower than non-Hispanic whites.

• #1 Varicose Veins and Spider Veins: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1085530-overview

  Approximately 23% of adults in the United States have varicose veins. This figure rises to 80% for men and 85% for women if reticular veins and spider telangiectasias are included. […] The prevalence of venous disease is higher in Westernized and industrialized countries, most likely due to alterations in lifestyle and activity. […] Because of hormonal factors, varicosities and telangiectasia are more common in women than in men at any age. […] Most varicose and spider veins in adults have their genesis in childhood. Serial examinations of children aged 10-12 years and again 4 and 8 years later showed that symptoms are experienced (and venous test results are abnormal) before any abnormal veins are visible at the surface of the skin. […] Although varicosities continue to worsen and to recruit new areas of involvement throughout life, only a small number of new cases appear after the childbearing years.

• #1 Varicose Veins: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0601/p682.html

  Varicose veins are common on the lower extremities, with widely varying estimates of prevalence. A recent study found that telangiectasias occur in 43% of men and 55% of women, and varicose veins occur in 16% of men and 29% of women. In a population with a mean age of 60 years, the prevalence of CEAP classification C0 to C6 is 29%, 29%, 23%, 10%, 9%, 1.5%, and 0.5%, respectively. […] Venous disease resulting in valvular reflux appears to be the underlying cause of varicose veins. The exact pathophysiology is debated, but it involves a genetic predisposition, incompetent valves, weakened vascular walls, and increased intravenous pressure. In most cases, the valvular dysfunction is presumed to be caused by a loss of elasticity in the vein wall, with failure of the valve leaflets to fit together.

• #1 Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/53/3/149

  STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) in the general population. […] MAIN RESULTS: In 1566 subjects examined, the age adjusted prevalence of trunk varices was 40% in men and 32% in women (p or = 0.01). […] The age adjusted prevalence of CVI was 9% in men and 7% in women (p or = 0.05). […] The prevalence of all categories of varices and of CVI increased with age (p or = 0.001). […] Approximately one third of men and women aged 18-64 years had trunk varices. […] In contrast with the findings in most previous studies, mainly conducted in the 1960s and 1970s, chronic venous insufficiency and mild varicose veins were more common in men than women. […] Changes in lifestyle or other factors might be contributing to an alteration in the epidemiology of venous disease.

• #1 Varicose veins epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Varicose_veins_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Varicose veins are a common disease. Its reported prevalence all over the world varies between 10% to 30%. The majority of the cases are reported in developed and industrialised countries. The prevalence of varicose veins in the USA is estimated to be 23% of the adult population. It is more common in women than in men. The prevalence increases with age. Heredity seems to play a major role in development of Varicose veins. 50% of the patients have a family history of the disease. The children with two affected parents are at almost 90% risk. […] Worldwide the prevalence varies between 10-30% of the population. In the USA, the prevalence is around 4500/100,000. It affects around 22 million women and 11 million men. […] Varicose Veins are more common in western and industrialized countries compared to the developing countries. The paper noted that the prevalence rates between Egypt and England was upwards of five-fold after standardization for age.

• #1 Varicose veins epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Varicose_veins_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence increases with age. The most affected age group is 40-80 years old. […] Females are twice as likely to be affected by varicose veins as compared to males. Although, males are nearly twice as likely to have visible disease. […] The San Diego Population Study, a first of its kind multi-ethnic study of Chronic venous disease noted that the prevalence of visible varicose veins was significantly higher in Hispanics; while it was lowest in Asians. […] The prevalence in developed countries tends to be more in developed countries when compared to developing countries.

• #1 Varicose veins

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/varicose-veins

  Approximately one-third of men and women aged 1864 years have varicose veins. They are more common in women and those with a family history of venous disease. […] Varicose veins are a manifestation of venous insufficiency. […] Risk factors for varicose veins include: Obesity obesity increases venous reflux and venous pressure as a result of raised intra-abdominal pressure. Age varicose veins become increasingly common with age. Pregnancy the enlarged uterus causes increased intra-abdominal pressure and direct pressure on the iliac veins; hormonal changes also cause the valves and vessels to become more malleable during pregnancy. Prolonged standing sustained pressure over time may cause venous distension and valve failure. A family history primary valvular failure is hereditary, and varicose veins may affect both identical twins in 75% of cases.

• #1 Varicose Veins: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0601/p682.html

  Established risk factors for varicose veins include family history of venous disease; female sex; older age; chronically increased intra-abdominal pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, or a tumor; prolonged standing; deep venous thrombosis causing damage to valves and secondary revascularization; and arteriovenous shunting. […] Endovenous thermal ablation is recommended as first-line treatment for nonpregnant patients with symptomatic varicose veins and documented valvular reflux, and need not be delayed for a trial of external compression. […] Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant change in the recommendations for treatment of symptomatic varicose veins. This is in large part because of the lack of evidence supporting the use of compression stockings and the rise of minimally invasive endovascular techniques.

• #1 The epidemiology of varicose veins. A survey in western Jerusalem. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/35/3/213

  The prevalence and correlates of varicose veins were investigated in a community survey in a neighbourhood of western Jerusalem in 1969-71. The prevalence was 10% among men and 29% among women aged 15 and over; it rose with age in each sex. […] In both sexes, significant associations were found with standing at work and with region of birth. Among women, varicose veins were associated with weight, the wearing of corsets, and having ever been pregnant. Among men, there was an association with inguinal hernia. The findings support the aetiological role of prolonged standing and raised intra-abdominal pressure. Varicose veins were relatively uncommon among North African-born men and women aged 45 and over. This finding, which was not accounted for by the other observed associations, is consistent with the possible aetiological role of experiences before immigration, such as behavioural patterns laid down in early life.

• #1

  https://www.msjonline.org/index.php/ijrms/article/view/780

  Chronic venous disorders are an important cause of disease and disability worldwide. These disorders have substantial medical and economic consequences. The cost to society is also enormous. Despite the gravity of the problem, little effort has been made to meritoriously prevent such chronic disorders. […] This study was planned to analyze and ascertain prevalence and risk factors of varicose veins, skin trophic changes, and venous symptoms among northern Indian population. […] 46.7% of females and 27.8% of males were found to be having varicose veins whereas 49.3% of females and 18.9% of males were having venous symptoms. […] History of varicose veins in first-degree relatives (OR 3.85, p=0.046) and age (OR 1.06, p=0.021) were significant important risk factors for varicose veins in both sexes. […] High prevalence of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs was observed in residents of studied region. Results of this study calls for planning and initiation of serious efforts to prevent such chronic disorders.

• #1 Varicose Veins and the Diagnosis of Chronic Venous Disease in the Lower Extremities

  https://www.jchestsurg.org/journal/view.html?volume=57&number=2&spage=109

  Varicose veins usually present in the superficial veins of the lower extremities and are one of the main clinical presentations of chronic venous disease (CVD). […] The prevalence of CVD in Korea has been increasing gradually. […] There have been recent efforts to improve the quality of the diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins in Korea by standardizing the diagnostic criteria and the indications for treatment. […] The global prevalence of varicose veins varies widely, with reports ranging from 1% to 73% of women and 2% to 56% of men. […] The number of patients who receive medical treatment for varicose veins in Korea has increased 5.4% every year according to recent reports from the National Health Insurance Corporation. […] The prevalence of CVD may differ according to risk factors such as geographic location, advanced age, female sex, obesity, family history, hypertension, a standing occupation, lifestyle, and smoking.

• #1 II – Epidemiology – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/ii-epidemiology/

  The VEIN CONSULT Program is an international educational survey to highlight the need for early detection and management of this chronic disease specifically amongst primary care doctors. Chronic venous disease is an extremely common condition that has a significant impact on both the individuals affected and health care systems. It is estimated that 30-35% of the general population are categorized as C0s and C1 of the CEAP classification system. This includes people with venous symptoms but no visible or palpable signs of venous disease (C0s) and those with telangiectasias or reticular veins (C1). Despite being an expensive disease to manage which results in poor quality of life for its sufferers, few people recognize that early diagnosis and early patient monitoring can prevent complications of chronic venous disease.

• #1 II – Epidemiology – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/ii-epidemiology/

  Epidemiology of varicose veins E. Rabe commented on the epidemiological results of Bonn Vein Study part I and remarked on the absence of epidemiological studies with long follow-up. This was one of the reasons for designing the second part of this study. The Bonn Vein Study part II includes the same population and procedures as in the previous phase, with a follow-up of 6.6 years. The objectives of this study were to analyze the incidence of venous disorders in the general population, progression of chronic venous disease and risk factors related to CEAP classification. Chronic venous disease, like varicose veins and venous insufficiency, is one of the most frequent diseases in the Western population due to demographic changes, increase in body weight, and increase in sedentary life. Age and a family history of venous disease increase the incidence of new varicose veins. The main risk factors for CVI are age and obesity. The prevalence of this pathology may increase in the future.

• #1 Chronic Venous Disease is a Progressive Disease that Requires Early Intervention

  https://www.annphlebology.org/journal/view.html?volume=21&number=2&spage=80

  According to previous studies, the annual incidence of trunk varicose veins ranges from 1.35% to 2%, and the disease progression rate is reported to be 3.54% per year. […] CVD is a progressive condition, and surgery has demonstrated better results than conservative management. […] Controlling potential risk factors, such as weight loss and lifestyle changes, can help prevent the progression of early-stage CVD.

• #1 Chronic Venous Disease is a Progressive Disease that Requires Early Intervention

  https://www.annphlebology.org/journal/view.html?volume=21&number=2&spage=80

  Chronic venous disease is a progressive condition, and long-term follow-up is essential for a comprehensive understanding. […] Given the gradual progression of chronic venous disease, gaining a precise understanding is crucial for guiding patient treatment. Chronic venous disease is progressive, and early interventions such as lifestyle modifications, medication, compression stockings, or surgery help slow and prevent the progression of the disease. […] The Framingham study reported the incidence of varicose veins in 1988. […] The incidence of varicose veins was 39.4 per 1,000 men and 51.9 per 1,000 women. […] A large-scale, long-term survey was conducted in Germany. […] The rate of progression of CEAP C2 disease to a higher grade C was 31.8% for patients with saphenous reflux and 19.8% for patients with non-saphenous reflux.

• #1 Epidemiology of chronic venous disease in Mexico and its impact on quality of life

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2696-130X2023000200035

  Epidemiological data on chronic venous disease (CVD) are important for developing prevention and treatment programs. […] We reviewed the epidemiological data gathered from the Mexican population on CVD and its impact on quality of life (QoL). […] The prevalence of CVD was 71.3%, predominantly in women (76.3%), and the mean age was 44.7 years. […] This review provides reliable data showing that CVD is highly prevalent in Mexico and affects QoL as it progresses. […] Nevertheless, there is still a paucity of scientific data regarding the impact of CVD on QoL. […] Gathering demographic data of CVD patients from individual countries are vital for a better understanding of the disease and developing prevention and treatment programs. […] This study represents one of the largest recent epidemiological studies focusing on vein disease in the Mexican population.

• #1 II – Epidemiology – Servier – PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology

  https://www.phlebolymphology.org/ii-epidemiology/

  The VEIN CONSULT Program is unique in that it uses the same questionnaire worldwide and the same classification (the universal CEAP classification) for description of patients. It will give a snapshot of the management of patients with chronic venous disease and reflects the reality in each country that performs the program. Finally, the VEIN CONSULT Program will be useful in: Establishing the prevalence of chronic venous disease Comparing the VCP epidemiological data with these of previous surveys Performing comparative analyses between countries and with previous surveys in the same country Evaluating resource requirements thanks to the assessment of the impact of chronic venous disease on patients quality of life and costs Building a simplified screening questionnaire for earlier detection and management of chronic venous disease Preventing progression of chronic venous disease by intervention on environmental / behavioral factors.

• #1 Overview of lower extremity chronic venous disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-lower-extremity-chronic-venous-disease

  Chronic vein abnormalities are present in up to 50 percent of individuals. However, estimates of prevalence rates of chronic venous disease vary depending on the population studied. […] Epidemiologic studies typically focus on defined population subsets based on the visible manifestations of venous disease. Study populations are generally limited to either those with mild abnormalities (telangiectasias, reticular veins), uncomplicated varicose veins with or without truncal reflux (eg, great saphenous), or chronic venous insufficiency (ie, chronic edema, skin changes, venous ulceration). While it is convenient to stratify the study of venous abnormalities in this manner, it is important to remember that these subsets represent varying levels of disease severity in a spectrum of a single pathology; risk factors for development are the same.

• #1 'Real’ epidemiology of varicose veins and chronic – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/real-epidemiology-varicose-veins-chronic-venous/docview/224832683/se-2

  The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of venous diseases and the role of concomitant/risk factors for varicose veins (VV) or chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The study was based in San Valentino in Central Italy and was a real whole-population study. The study included 30,000 subjects in eight villages/towns evaluated with clinical assessment and duplex scanning. The global prevalence of VV was 7%; for CVI, the prevalence was 0.86% with 0.48% of ulcers. Incidence (new cases per year) was 0.22% for VV and 0.18% for CVI; 34% of patients with venous disease had never been seen or evaluated. […] In conclusion, VV and CVI are more common with increasing age. The increase with age is linear. There was no important difference between males and females. These results are the basis for future real, whole population studies to evaluate…

• #1 Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients with Varicose Veins

  https://ahdbonline.com/issues/2016/november-2016-vol-9-no-8/treatment-patterns-and-outcomes-in-patients-with-varicose-veins

  Approximately 24% of adults in the United States have visible varicose veins, and an estimated 6% have evidence of advanced chronic venous disease. […] Varicose veins and venous ulcers generate a considerable economic burden, because of the high prevalence of varicose veins and the chronic nature of leg ulcers. […] Estimates of the US cost for the treatment of chronic venous disease, including leg ulcers, have been reported to be up to $3 billion annually. […] Chronic venous disease is also associated with reduced quality of life, demonstrating progressive impairment with worsening clinical, etiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology (CEAP) clinical classification from C2 (varicose veins without skin changes) to C6 (active venous ulcer). […] The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) and the American Venous Forum (AVF) have collaborated to develop clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases.

• #1 Clinical review of varicose veins: epidemiology, diagnosis and management | GPonline

  https://www.gponline.com/clinical-review-varicose-veins-epidemiology-diagnosis-management/cv-thromboembolic-disorders/article/1291408

  Lower limb venous disease affects more than 50% of the adult population, accounting for 1-2% of total healthcare spending, with varicose veins (VV) and venous ulcers comprising the majority of this group. […] Restrictions in healthcare spending have led to a reduction in NHS treatment of VV, despite evidence that it may improve quality of life. […] The causes of venous incompetence are multifactorial, but most are due to failure of valves, due to degenerative or developmental weakness. […] The Clinical impact, Etiology, Anatomy and Pathology (CEAP) classification system allows objective stratification of patients with lower limb venous disease, which can be used to guide treatment. […] Wide regional variations exist in the management of VV across the UK, in part due to an inability to identify those patients who will benefit most from treatment, and there is at present no established NHS framework for the diagnosis and management of the condition.

• #1 Clinical review of varicose veins: epidemiology, diagnosis and management | GPonline

  https://www.gponline.com/clinical-review-varicose-veins-epidemiology-diagnosis-management/cv-thromboembolic-disorders/article/1291408

  NICE guidelines suggest referral to the vascular service if patients have any of the following: Bleeding VV, Symptomatic primary or recurrent VV, Skin changes thought to be caused by chronic venous insufficiency, Superficial vein thrombosis and suspected venous incompetence, Venous leg ulcer, Healed venous leg ulcer. […] There is good evidence that quality of life is improved in patients with uncomplicated and complicated VV following surgery. […] VV recurrence following surgery has been reported at 20-60% and may be due to inaccurate initial diagnosis or surgery, disease progression, altered venous dynamics or neovascularisation.

• #1 Epidemiology of 869,220 varicose vein surgeries over 12 years in Brazil: trends, costs and mortality rate | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.03.21261223v2

  Objectives to assess the total numbers of surgical procedures performed between 2008 and 2019 for the treatment of varicose veins in the Public Health System, which exclusively insures more than 160 million Brazilians, the distribution of surgeries over time, as well as its costs and mortality rates. […] In total, 869,220 surgeries were performed to treat chronic venous disease in public hospitals and outpatient clinics in Brazil, with an average rate of 4.5 surgeries per 10,000 inhabitants per year. From 2015 on, we observed a slight downward trend in the total number of procedures. The total amount reimbursed by the government was US$ 232,775,518.11. A total of 49 deaths were registered following varicose vein surgery, corresponding to a mortality rate of 0.0056%. […] a total of 869,220 surgeries performed to treat chronic venous disease over twelve years, with an overall rate of 4.52 procedures per 10,000 inhabitants per year. The mortality rate was very low, 0.0056%.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Varicose Vein Stripping in 66,577 patients in 11 years in public hospitals in São Paulo Varicose Vein Stripping in 66,577 patients in 11 years in public hospitals in São Paulo

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/HZDcxpXd6YjcLLB6FdnRzgv/

  The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of varicose vein stripping in Brazil’s largest city, So Paulo. […] A total of 66,577 varicose vein surgeries were performed in public hospitals and outpatient clinics in So Paulo, with a statistically significant increase for both unilateral (p=0.003) and bilateral (p0.001) procedures. […] The majority of treated patients were female, over 40 years of age, and local residents. […] The in-hospital mortality rate was very low (0.0045%). […] We designed the present study to evaluate the epidemiology of VVS performed between 2008 and 2018 in public hospitals in Brazil’s largest city, So Paulo, which has an estimated population of more than 12 million. […] The trends for VVS that we observed were upward, consistent with other reports, which is probably a reflection of increasing demand. […] The low in-hospital mortality rate that we observed (0.0045%) is similar to that observed in the national study (0.0056%). […] Our findings show patients demographics and procedure trends and highlight the safety of the treatment.

• #1 Chronic Venous Disease (CVD), Epidemiology, Costs and Consequences – The Sage Group

  https://www.thesagegroup.us/reports/chronic-venous-disease-cvd-epidemiology-costs-and-consequences/

  The published literature contains widely varying venous disease prevalence and incidence estimates. […] One of the primary purposes of the report is to estimate the current U.S. prevalence and incidence of varicose veins, CVI and venous ulcers. […] Varicose veins, CVI and venous ulcers are estimated based on the 2015 U.S. population combined with the most reasonable and appropriate percentage prevalence and incidence data.

• #1 Varicose veins in hairdressers and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-885

  Varicose veins (VV) cause not only cosmetic problems but also clinical symptoms such as pain of the affected limbs. Whereas an occupation associated with orthostasis has been recognized as a risk factor of VV, epidemiological studies on working populations are limited. […] Varicose veins (VV) may cause discomfort of the affected limbs and cosmetic problems, which often need surgery or other invasive treatments, consuming health care budget and reducing productivity of the workers. This illness was due to venous valves insufficiency, with age as an aggravating and risk factor and family history as an important risk factor. […] Prolonged standing at work had been suspected as an aggravating or risk factor of VV of lower limbs, but findings in previous studies were not consistent. […] The reported prevalence rates of VV differed enormously in previous studies, ranging from 2% to 56% in men and 1% to 73% in women, probably affected by age, gender, race, and case definition.

• #1 Epidemiology of chronic venous disease in Mexico and its impact on quality of life

  https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2696-130X2023000200035&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

  Epidemiological data on chronic venous disease (CVD) are important for developing prevention and treatment programs. […] We reviewed data collected from 5,484 patients. The prevalence of CVD was 71.3%, predominantly in women (76.3%), and the mean age was 44.7 years. […] This review provides reliable data showing that CVD is highly prevalent in Mexico and affects QoL as it progresses. […] In Mexico, epidemiological information on CVD is limited, and what is available has been gathered either in regional settings or in specific occupational groups. […] This study represents one of the largest recent epidemiological studies focusing on vein disease in the Mexican population. It provides reliable data on the high prevalence of CVD and how the QoL of patients deteriorates as the disease progresses to more severe stages.

• #1 Management of Varicose Veins | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1201/p1289.html

  Although varicose veins may cause varying degrees of discomfort or cosmetic concern, they are rarely associated with significant medical complications. […] Evaluation of patient risk factors, symptoms, and typical physical examination findings help determine a diagnosis. […] Studies of treatments for varicose veins are limited by small numbers of study participants, short follow-up, and inconsistent end points (e.g., resolution of symptoms, ultrasonography measurements, appearance as judged by the patient or physician). […] The first compared surgery and sclerotherapy. Although nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) fulfilled inclusion criteria, there was insufficient evidence to recommend any single therapy. A trend of better results with sclerotherapy after one year was noted. Beyond one year, and especially after three to five years, better outcomes were noted with surgery.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01658637

  The prevalence rate of varicose veins in adults varies from less than 1% in lowland New Guinea women to over 50% in women in south Wales. […] Within populations the prevalence increases with age, is generally greater in women, is directly related to body mass, has an inconsistent relationship with occupation, and usually increases with increasing parity. […] None of these factors explain the striking geographic variation in the occurrence of varicose veins. […] Epidemiological studies are required within populations to establish the merits of these 2 competing hypotheses. […] Since varicose veins are potentially preventable, further research is well justified.

• #2 Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/53/3/149

  STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) in the general population. […] MAIN RESULTS: In 1566 subjects examined, the age adjusted prevalence of trunk varices was 40% in men and 32% in women (p or = 0.01). […] The age adjusted prevalence of CVI was 9% in men and 7% in women (p or = 0.05). […] The prevalence of all categories of varices and of CVI increased with age (p or = 0.001). […] Approximately one third of men and women aged 18-64 years had trunk varices. […] In contrast with the findings in most previous studies, mainly conducted in the 1960s and 1970s, chronic venous insufficiency and mild varicose veins were more common in men than women. […] Changes in lifestyle or other factors might be contributing to an alteration in the epidemiology of venous disease.

• #2 Varicose veins epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Varicose_veins_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Varicose veins are a common disease. Its reported prevalence all over the world varies between 10% to 30%. The majority of the cases are reported in developed and industrialised countries. The prevalence of varicose veins in the USA is estimated to be 23% of the adult population. It is more common in women than in men. The prevalence increases with age. Heredity seems to play a major role in development of Varicose veins. 50% of the patients have a family history of the disease. The children with two affected parents are at almost 90% risk. […] Worldwide the prevalence varies between 10-30% of the population. In the USA, the prevalence is around 4500/100,000. It affects around 22 million women and 11 million men. […] Varicose Veins are more common in western and industrialized countries compared to the developing countries. The paper noted that the prevalence rates between Egypt and England was upwards of five-fold after standardization for age.

• #2 Chronic Venous Disease is a Progressive Disease that Requires Early Intervention

  https://www.annphlebology.org/journal/view.html?volume=21&number=2&spage=80

  Chronic venous disease is a progressive condition, and long-term follow-up is essential for a comprehensive understanding. […] Given the gradual progression of chronic venous disease, gaining a precise understanding is crucial for guiding patient treatment. Chronic venous disease is progressive, and early interventions such as lifestyle modifications, medication, compression stockings, or surgery help slow and prevent the progression of the disease. […] The Framingham study reported the incidence of varicose veins in 1988. […] The incidence of varicose veins was 39.4 per 1,000 men and 51.9 per 1,000 women. […] A large-scale, long-term survey was conducted in Germany. […] The rate of progression of CEAP C2 disease to a higher grade C was 31.8% for patients with saphenous reflux and 19.8% for patients with non-saphenous reflux.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12262-021-02946-4

  Varicose veins affect from 40 to 60% of women and 15 to 30% men. […] In a study published on 1994, it was found that half of the adult population had minor stigmata of venous disease (women 50-55%; men 40-50%), but fewer than half of these will have visible varicose veins (women 20-25%; men 10-15%). […] However, more recently, large population studies such as Edinburgh Vein Study demonstrated an age-adjusted prevalence of truncal varices of 40% in men and 32% in women.

• #2 Varicose Veins and Spider Veins: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1085530-overview

  Approximately 23% of adults in the United States have varicose veins. This figure rises to 80% for men and 85% for women if reticular veins and spider telangiectasias are included. […] The prevalence of venous disease is higher in Westernized and industrialized countries, most likely due to alterations in lifestyle and activity. […] Because of hormonal factors, varicosities and telangiectasia are more common in women than in men at any age. […] Most varicose and spider veins in adults have their genesis in childhood. Serial examinations of children aged 10-12 years and again 4 and 8 years later showed that symptoms are experienced (and venous test results are abnormal) before any abnormal veins are visible at the surface of the skin. […] Although varicosities continue to worsen and to recruit new areas of involvement throughout life, only a small number of new cases appear after the childbearing years.

• #2 Varicose Veins – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470194/

  Varicose veins are reported in up to 30 percent of the general population, with significantly increased rates in the older population. Varicose veins are seen globally and are influenced by activity and lifestyle. Overall, varicose veins are more common in women than in men. The Framingham Study examined the presence of varicose veins every two years for a 16-year duration. Accordingly, twenty-three and thirty percent of the male and female population developed varicose veins during the mentioned follow-up. However, the presence or absence of venous reflux was not evaluated. The two-year incidence of varicose veins was 39.4 to 51.9 per 1000. The incidence was highest in women in their 40s. There is an obvious racial correlation with the prevalence of varicose veins. Accordingly, the prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins in Asians is lower than non-Hispanic whites.

• #2 Varicose Veins: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0601/p682.html

  Established risk factors for varicose veins include family history of venous disease; female sex; older age; chronically increased intra-abdominal pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, or a tumor; prolonged standing; deep venous thrombosis causing damage to valves and secondary revascularization; and arteriovenous shunting. […] Endovenous thermal ablation is recommended as first-line treatment for nonpregnant patients with symptomatic varicose veins and documented valvular reflux, and need not be delayed for a trial of external compression. […] Over the past 10 years, there has been a significant change in the recommendations for treatment of symptomatic varicose veins. This is in large part because of the lack of evidence supporting the use of compression stockings and the rise of minimally invasive endovascular techniques.

• #2 Varicose veins epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Varicose_veins_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence increases with age. The most affected age group is 40-80 years old. […] Females are twice as likely to be affected by varicose veins as compared to males. Although, males are nearly twice as likely to have visible disease. […] The San Diego Population Study, a first of its kind multi-ethnic study of Chronic venous disease noted that the prevalence of visible varicose veins was significantly higher in Hispanics; while it was lowest in Asians. […] The prevalence in developed countries tends to be more in developed countries when compared to developing countries.

• #2 Varicose veins

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/varicose-veins

  Approximately one-third of men and women aged 1864 years have varicose veins. They are more common in women and those with a family history of venous disease. […] Varicose veins are a manifestation of venous insufficiency. […] Risk factors for varicose veins include: Obesity obesity increases venous reflux and venous pressure as a result of raised intra-abdominal pressure. Age varicose veins become increasingly common with age. Pregnancy the enlarged uterus causes increased intra-abdominal pressure and direct pressure on the iliac veins; hormonal changes also cause the valves and vessels to become more malleable during pregnancy. Prolonged standing sustained pressure over time may cause venous distension and valve failure. A family history primary valvular failure is hereditary, and varicose veins may affect both identical twins in 75% of cases.

• #2 Thesis | Varicose veins : epidemiology and outcomes | ID: rv042v600 | eScholarship@McGill

  https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/rv042v600

  Varicose veins are among the most prevalent medical conditions in western populations, with a prevalence estimated at 25–35% in women and 10–20% in men. […] The main objective of this thesis was to examine the association between varicose veins and specific risk indicators and outcomes, taking into account the effects of more severe venous disorders often found in combination with varicose veins. […] In a case-control analysis, the strongest risk indicators of varicose veins were pregnancy, age and family history. […] Using a classification of varicose veins proposed to take account the concomitant presence of other signs of venous disease, varicose veins alone had no impact on a symptom score and on generic (SF-36) and disease-specific quality of life scores. […] The results suggest that symptoms and presence of varicose veins are independent outcomes, which has implications for clinical practice.

• #2 Varicose Vein Statistics and What It Means To You – Chicago Vein Institute

  https://www.chicagoveininstitute.com/varicose-vein-statistics/

  Varicose veins are a vein disorder affecting millions of Americans every year. More than 40 million people in the United States suffer from varicose veins. Almost 50% of varicose vein patients have a family history of varicose veins. If both parents have varicose veins, your chances to develop the disease are close to 90%. If one parent is affected, daughters have a 60% chance while sons have a 25% chance of developing the disease. The prevalence of varicose veins is greater in women (55%) compared to men (45%). It is estimated that 41% of women over the age of 50 have varicose veins. It is estimated that 50% of the US population over 50 years old has varicose veins. Women who are moderately overweight (BMI 25-29.9) have a 50% increased risk of developing varicose veins compared to women who are not overweight. Women with a BMI greater than 30 are three times as likely to develop varicose veins.

• #2 Prevalence of Varicose Veins and Its Risk Factors among Nurses Working at King Khalid University Hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/24/3183

  A higher prevalence of varicose veins was found among employees in emergency and intensive care units (ICU)/operation rooms who were employed for ≥5 years with >6 daily working hours. […] The incidence of varicose veins is higher among nurses with chronic constipation, on oral contraceptives, or having had ≥3 pregnancies. […] The sociodemographic risk factors for varicose veins that were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) were age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, level of education, average family income, smoking, use of hormonal therapy, gravidity, and parity. […] Chronic diseases studied and other chronic conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, thyroid diseases, and dyslipidemia were statistically significantly associated with varicose veins (p-value = 0.004). […] Our study suggests that occupational factors have a significant impact on the development of varicose veins among nurses. […] Total years of experience as a staff nurse was a risk factor for varicose veins in our study (p-value = 0.003). […] The 2030 Saudi Vision includes plans to improve employee safety and well-being.

• #2 Varicose veins and its risk factors among nurses at Dhulikhel hospital: a cross sectional study | | Full Text

  https://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12912-020-0401-8

  Women in nursing professions are at high risk for developing varicose veins as it requires physical work and prolonged standing. […] Varicose veins are a common chronic venous disorder affecting 20 to 60% of adults worldwide. […] Longitudinal studies have suggested that occupations requiring prolonged standing increase the risk of surgery and subsequent hospitalization for varicose veins. […] Multiple cross sectional studies have identified strong positive correlations between prolonged standing at work and varicose veins. […] Varicose veins was prevalent among nurses at Dhulikhel Hospital. Prolonged standing was found to be a significant factor for varicose veins. […] The overall prevalence of varicose veins among the nurses at Dhulikhel Hospital was 46%. […] The odds of having varicose veins is 27 times greater with every 1 hour increase in standing time after adjusting for age, BMI, marital status, parity, education, bowel habit, family history, work experience, time spent on standing, time spent on sitting and time spent on walking.

• #2

  https://scispace.com/papers/epidemiology-of-varicose-veins-4ile6gkete

  The data suggest that female sex, increased age, pregnancy, geographical site and race are risk factors for varicose veins; there is no hard evidence that family history or occupation are factors. […] Accurate prevalence data allow provision of appropriate resources or at least aid rational debate if demand is greater than the resources available. […] The data show the prevalence of VV and CVI to be higher or as high as the prevalence found in developed western countries, and it is proposed that studies of these conditions should be included in epidemiological surveys of other developing areas or countries, to reduce future morbidity and the related social onus. […] Results suggest that increased physical activity and weight control may help prevent varicose veins among adults at high risk, and reduce the overall risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease as well.

• #2 Varicose veins

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/varicose-veins

  Varicose veins are diagnosed clinically. A physical examination should include the entire venous system and it is usually conducted with the patient both lying down and standing up. […] A Duplex Doppler ultrasound assessment should be performed to determine the extent of disease and the level of truncal reflux (the failure of one of three of the main trunk veins) and to plan treatment options. […] Treatment for varicose veins is available from a vascular service. Options for treatment are listed below. […] Whichever treatment option is used, varicose veins may recur and can usually be treated again.

• #2 Varicose Veins: Evaluating Modern Treatments – Page 2

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/778728_2

  Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is one of the most commonly reported medical conditions in the USA with healthcare costs of associated venous ulcers exceeding US$1 billion annually. The underlying pathophysiology of CVI is venous hypertension of the lower extremities, which can lead to various clinical problems including pain, dilated or varicose veins, swelling, edema, skin changes and ulcerations. Although CVI-associated ulcers only affect up to 1% of the population, less severe manifestations of CVI, such as varicose veins, carry a prevalence of 256% worldwide. […] Risk factors associated with CVI and varicose veins have been well described. A strong familial relationship for varicose veins has been demonstrated in multiple studies. However, with the exception of a few congenital disorders associated with varicose veins (e.g., KlippelTrenaunay syndrome and Chuvash polycythemia), no specific gene has been identified with the development of varicose veins. Increased age and female gender have also been demonstrated to be linked to the development of varicose veins in large epidemiological studies. Furthermore, multiparous women have been shown to have a higher risk of developing varicose veins over time, independent of pregnancy-associated weight gain. However, obese women are three-times more likely than nonoverweight women to develop and report varicose veins while no such relationship has been shown for men. Finally, occupations that require long periods of standing have been associated with the development of varicose veins.

• #2 Varicose Veins and the Diagnosis of Chronic Venous Disease in the Lower Extremities

  https://www.jchestsurg.org/journal/view.html?volume=57&number=2&spage=109

  As noted above, the prevalence of CVD in Korea has been increasing gradually, and recent efforts have been made to improve the quality of the diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins in Korea by standardizing the diagnostic criteria and indications for treatment. […] In November 2021 the Korean Society for Phlebology created an ethics declaration to celebrate the 20th anniversary of its founding. […] They also updated their clinical practice guidelines for varicose veins, based on evidence they had accumulated over 8 years. […] This year, in collaboration with 5 other academic societies including the Korean Society for Vascular Surgery, the Korean Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, the Korean Surgical Society, the Korean Surgical Ultrasound Society, and the Korean Society of Interventional Radiology, they presented Evidence-based guideline for the use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and assessment of Varicose veins, a guideline for the use of ultrasonography to diagnose and assess varicose veins. […] This study is a comprehensive review of the clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria of CVD, based on the most recent international and domestic guidelines and reported studies.

• #2 Epidemiology of chronic venous disease in Mexico and its impact on quality of life

  https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2696-130X2023000200035&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

  Epidemiological data on chronic venous disease (CVD) are important for developing prevention and treatment programs. […] We reviewed data collected from 5,484 patients. The prevalence of CVD was 71.3%, predominantly in women (76.3%), and the mean age was 44.7 years. […] This review provides reliable data showing that CVD is highly prevalent in Mexico and affects QoL as it progresses. […] In Mexico, epidemiological information on CVD is limited, and what is available has been gathered either in regional settings or in specific occupational groups. […] This study represents one of the largest recent epidemiological studies focusing on vein disease in the Mexican population. It provides reliable data on the high prevalence of CVD and how the QoL of patients deteriorates as the disease progresses to more severe stages.

• #2 Epidemiology of chronic venous disease in Mexico and its impact on quality of life

  https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2696-130X2023000200035&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

  Overall, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that CVD is widespread, age-progressive, more commonly encountered in women, and multifactorial in etiologies. […] The unadjusted and pooled prevalence estimates were as follows: C0S: 9%, C1: 26%, C2: 19%, C3: 8%, C4: 4%, C5: 1%, and C6: 0.4%. […] Our results showed a C2 prevalence of 15.8% in Mexico, which could reflect the inclusion of a younger population. […] Current guidelines and scientific publications tend to focus on clinical and physiological aspects of CVD, as opposed to its impact on patients QoL. […] This study provides reliable data showing that CVD is highly prevalent among patients seen at primary care clinics in Mexico, especially in women, and is not limited to elderly patients, as it was detected even in younger age groups.

• #3 Management of Varicose Veins | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/1201/p1289.html

  Varicose veins are a common problem, with widely varying estimates of prevalence. In general, they are found in 10 to 20 percent of men and 25 to 33 percent of women. […] Established risk factors for varicose veins include chronic cough, constipation, family history of venous disease, female sex, obesity, occupations associated with orthostasis, older age, pregnancy, and prolonged standing. […] The etiology of varicose veins is multifactorial and may include: increased intravenous pressure caused by prolonged standing; increased intra-abdominal pressure arising from tumor, pregnancy, obesity, or chronic constipation; familial and congenital factors; secondary vascularization caused by deep venous thrombosis; or less commonly, arteriovenous shunting. […] Venous disease resulting in valve reflux appears to be the underlying pathophysiology for the formation of varicose veins.

• #3 Varicose veins in hairdressers and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional study | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-885

  The 24.2% prevalence rate of lower limb VV in hairdressers in our study was within the reported range. […] Our study found that having a family history of VV was a risk factor in the younger group (45 years old), but the effect was not statistically significant in the older group (45 years old). […] The effect of prolonged standing at work is the primary focus of this study. We found monthly standing work hours and doing housework in standing position were related to lower limb VV. […] In summary, there are sufficient evidences supporting that prolonged standing at work or home is associated with the occurrence of lower limb VV. […] In hairdressers45 years old, family history of VV is a major risk factor for developing lower limb VV, while in those who are45 years old, the effects of occupational risk factors are more prominent.

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