Złamanie nosa – Epidemiologia

Złamanie nosa
Epidemiologia

Złamanie nosa (fractura ossis nasalis) stanowi około 40% wszystkich urazów kostnych twarzoczaszki i 50% złamań twarzoczaszki u dorosłych, z przewagą mężczyzn (74,8%) i szczytem zachorowań w wieku 15-39 lat. Diagnostyka obrazowa, zwłaszcza RTG, ma ograniczoną wartość ze względu na niską czułość (60-70%) i specyficzność. Etiologia złamań nosa jest zróżnicowana i zależy od wieku: u dzieci dominują urazy sportowe (59,3%) i bójki (10,8%), u dorosłych bójki (36,3%), wypadki komunikacyjne (20,8%) i sport (15,3%), natomiast u osób starszych (65+) głównymi przyczynami są upadki (51,3%) i wypadki komunikacyjne (25%). Tępy uraz odpowiada za około 90% złamań nosa, a przegroda nosowa jest uszkodzona w 20% przypadków. Powikłania, takie jak deformacje kosmetyczne, krwawienia, krwiaki przegrody nosowej (0,8-1,6%) i niedrożność dróg oddechowych, są częstsze przy złamaniach obustronnych, wieloodłamowych i z przemieszczeniem.

Epidemiologia złamania nosa

Różnice płciowe i wiekowe
Etiologia złamania nosa
Wpływ czynników socjoekonomicznych
Wpływ pandemii COVID-19

Powikłania i współtowarzyszące urazy
Zapobieganie i implikacje zdrowia publicznego

Nadzór epidemiologiczny
Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia złamania nosa

Złamanie nosa (łac. kości nosowej” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”89577″>fractura ossis nasalis) to jedno z najczęstszych urazów w obrębie twarzoczaszki, stanowiące około 40% wszystkich urazów kostnych w tej okolicy¹ i około 50% wszystkich złamań twarzoczaszki u dorosłych²³. Kości nosowe są jednymi z najczęściej łamanych kości w ludzkim ciele, ustępując jedynie złamaniom obojczyka i nadgarstka⁴. Szacuje się, że w Stanach Zjednoczonych ponad 50 000 osób rocznie doznaje złamania nosa⁵.

Rzeczywista częstość występowania złamań nosa jest trudna do oszacowania, ponieważ wielu pacjentów z niewielkimi urazami nie szuka pomocy medycznej⁶. Dodatkowo, rentgen nosa nie jest zalecany w diagnostyce, gdyż wnosi niewiele do procesu leczenia, a charakteryzuje się niską czułością (60-70%) i swoistością⁷.

Różnice płciowe i wiekowe

Złamania nosa występują prawie dwukrotnie częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet⁸. Analiza krajowa czynników ryzyka złamań nosa w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykazała, że prawie 3 na 4 osoby zgłaszające się na oddział ratunkowy z powodu złamania nosa to mężczyźni (74,8%), przy średniej wieku 45,6 lat⁹. Podobnie, w badaniu przeprowadzonym w Brazylii, mężczyźni stanowili 80,2% pacjentów ze złamaniem nosa¹⁰.

Największa częstość występowania złamań nosa obserwowana jest w grupie wiekowej 15-39 lat¹¹¹². W szczególności, szczyt zachorowań przypada na wiek 20-30 lat¹³ lub, według niektórych badań, 11-30 lat¹⁴. W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez Hwang i współpracowników, grupa wiekowa 11-20 lat miała najwyższą częstość występowania złamań kości twarzy związanych z uprawianiem sportu (40,3%), z wyraźną przewagą mężczyzn we wszystkich grupach wiekowych (stosunek 13,75:1)¹⁵.

U dzieci ryzyko złamania nosa jest ogólnie niższe niż u dorosłych, ponieważ niedojrzałe kości dziecka są zwykle mniej kruche i bardziej elastyczne¹⁶. Jednakże, gdy już dochodzi do urazów twarzoczaszki u dzieci, złamania nosa są najczęstsze (51,3%), a następnie kompleks jarzmowo-oczodołowy (25,4%)¹⁷.

Etiologia złamania nosa

Tępy uraz jest przyczyną około 90% wszystkich złamań nosa¹⁸. Etiologia i epidemiologia złamań kości nosa różnią się znacznie w zależności od obszaru geograficznego, środowiska życia oraz kontekstu społecznego, kulturowego, edukacyjnego i ekonomicznego analizowanej populacji¹⁹.

Główne przyczyny złamania nosa

W badaniu przeprowadzonym przez Erdmanna i współpracowników, którzy analizowali dokumentację medyczną 437 pacjentów z 929 złamaniami twarzy, najczęstszą przyczyną urazu twarzy była napaść (36%), a następnie wypadki komunikacyjne (32%), upadki (18%), sport (11%), wypadki w pracy (3%) i rany postrzałowe (2%)²⁰.

W zależności od grupy wiekowej, główne przyczyny złamań nosa różnią się:²¹

U dzieci: sport (59,3%), bójki (10,8%)
U dorosłych: bójki (36,3%), wypadki komunikacyjne (20,8%), sport (15,3%)
U osób starszych: upadki (51,3%), wypadki komunikacyjne (25%)

²²

Warto zauważyć, że przyczyny złamań nosa są powiązane z grupą wiekową²³. Badanie przeprowadzone w Iranie wykazało, że 26,6% pacjentów doznało złamań nosa w wyniku wypadków drogowych, 25,5% w wyniku upadków, a 19,4% w wyniku kłótni i konfliktów²⁴.

Urazy sportowe

W badaniu pacjentów, którzy zgłosili się na oddziały ratunkowe w USA z powodu złamania nosa związanego ze sportem lub rekreacją, Xiao i współpracownicy ustalili, że najczęstszymi przyczynami urazu były: koszykówka (23,2%), baseball (17,1%), softball (9,8%), piłka nożna (7,4%) i futbol amerykański (7%). Wśród pacjentów pediatrycznych najczęstszą przyczyną był baseball (25,1%)²⁵.

W badaniu fińskim dotyczącym złamań nosa związanych ze sportem, większość złamań (56%) była związana ze sportami zespołowymi, a kontakt z innym zawodnikiem był najczęstszą przyczyną urazu (52% złamań). Wśród sportów zespołowych koszykówka stwarzała najwyższe ryzyko złamania nosa²⁶.

Z analizy 128 izolowanych złamań nosa w jednym szpitalu, piłka nożna odpowiadała za 39% tych urazów, baseball za 18%, koszykówka za 12,5%, sztuki walki za 5%, a narciarstwo lub snowboarding za 5%²⁷.

Urazy u osób starszych

U osób starszych (powyżej 65 roku życia) wzorzec złamań nosa różni się od obserwowanego u dzieci, ale wykazuje podobieństwa do młodych i dorosłych w średnim wieku²⁸. Dwie główne przyczyny złamań nosa u pacjentów w podeszłym wieku to upadki lub poślizgnięcia oraz wypadki drogowe, które łącznie stanowią ponad trzy czwarte złamań nosa, a odsetek pacjentów z tymi urazami był znacznie wyższy niż w innych grupach wiekowych²⁹.

Osoby starsze mają gorszą znajomość zasad ruchu drogowego, niższe przestrzeganie przepisów oraz mniejszą gotowość na ryzyko i wrażliwość na ryzyko w niebezpiecznych warunkach drogowych³⁰. W badaniu Plaweckiego i współpracowników oceniono częstość występowania złamań twarzy związanych z aktywnością rekreacyjną u 20 519 pacjentów w wieku 55 lat lub starszych, którzy zgłosili się na oddział ratunkowy. Badanie wykazało, że roczna częstość występowania złamań twarzy wzrosła o 45,3% w latach 2011-2015. Złamania nosa były najczęstszym miejscem złamania (65,4%), a kolarstwo (26,6%) było najczęstszą przyczyną w tej kohorcie starszych pacjentów³¹.

Wpływ czynników socjoekonomicznych

Badania wykazują, że istnieje związek między poziomem wykształcenia, zatrudnieniem i miejscem zamieszkania a ryzykiem złamania nosa. W badaniu irańskim 37,5% wszystkich pacjentów było samozatrudnionych, a większość z nich pochodziła z obszarów miejskich³². Wypadki komunikacyjne z udziałem pojazdów, motocykli i rowerów były głównymi przyczynami złamań nosa, które były częstsze u młodych, samozatrudnionych mężczyzn z wykształceniem na poziomie dyplomu lub niższym³³.

U kobiet najczęstszymi przyczynami złamań nosa były upadki, przypadkowe uderzenia i pobicia, co było częstsze u młodych gospodyń domowych z niższym poziomem wykształcenia³⁴. Główną etiologią złamań kości nosa była przemoc międzyludzka, która dotykała głównie mężczyzn w wieku 20-39 lat, z niskim poziomem wykształcenia, mieszkających na obszarach miejskich³⁵.

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19

Badanie przeprowadzone przez Guptę i współpracowników w brytyjskim głównym centrum urazowym wykazało, że pandemia COVID-19 mogła zmniejszyć liczbę pacjentów zgłaszających się na oddział ratunkowy z powodu złamań nosa. Badacze stwierdzili, że liczba pacjentów z podejrzeniem lub potwierdzonym złamaniem nosa w 2020 roku była o 51,4% niższa niż w 2019 roku³⁶³⁷.

Powikłania i współtowarzyszące urazy

Niezależnie od klasyfikacji złamania nosa, przegroda nosowa jest zaangażowana w 20% urazów³⁸. Częstość występowania powikłań jest najwyższa w złamaniach obustronnych, złamaniach wieloodłamowych i złamaniach z ciężkim odchyleniem przegrody nosowej. Gdy złamania nosa nie są leczone, pacjenci są narażeni na deformację kosmetyczną, krwawienie z nosa, wyciek płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego, krwiak przegrody nosowej, deformację siodełkowatą nosa i niedrożność dróg oddechowych³⁹.

Krwiaki przegrody nosowej są rzadkie, ale mogą dotyczyć każdej grupy wiekowej. Nie ma dokładnych danych na temat częstości ich występowania, ponieważ wiele przypadków pozostaje niezdiagnozowanych. Jednak wśród pacjentów, którzy odwiedzili klinikę otolaryngologiczną z powodu krwiaków przegrody nosowej, odsetek ten wynosił od 0,8% do 1,6%⁴⁰.

Stopień przesunięcia złamanych fragmentów kostnych jest bezpośrednio proporcjonalny do częstości powikłań pooperacyjnych⁴¹. Częstość występowania towarzyszących urazów tkanek miękkich koreluje ze stopniem przemieszczenia kości i związkiem z zewnętrznym środowiskiem złamań nosa, wykazując zwiększoną częstość występowania wszystkich urazów tkanek miękkich w przypadku złamań przemieszczonych i otwartych⁴².

Zapobieganie i implikacje zdrowia publicznego

Unikanie konfliktów fizycznych może zapobiec złamaniom nosa, ponieważ bójki są główną przyczyną złamań nosa wśród dorosłych⁴³. Zwiększone stosowanie pełnych osłon twarzy i ochronnych masek na twarz w ostatnich latach przyczyniło się do znacznego zmniejszenia liczby złamań nosa wśród sportowców⁴⁴.

Zwiększone stosowanie pasów bezpieczeństwa i poduszek powietrznych w ciągu ostatnich trzech dekad dramatycznie zmniejszyło liczbę osób, które łamią nos uderzając w deskę rozdzielczą podczas wypadku samochodowego⁴⁵.

Wdrażanie praw mających na celu zwalczanie agresji międzyludzkiej i podnoszenie poziomu edukacji ludności prowadziłoby do znacznego zmniejszenia częstości występowania tej patologii⁴⁶. W świetle charakterystycznych wzorców występujących u pacjentów w podeszłym wieku, konieczne jest podjęcie kroków w celu zmniejszenia częstości występowania i ciężkości złamań poprzez wzmocnienie indywidualnych czynników bezpieczeństwa i rozszerzenie sieci bezpieczeństwa społecznego⁴⁷.

Okresowe badania epidemiologiczne są konieczne w celu wdrożenia niezbędnych środków zapobiegania tej patologii, redystrybucji zasobów finansowych w opiece zdrowotnej i zapewnienia wysokiej jakości zdrowia publicznego⁴⁸.

Nadzór epidemiologiczny

Ze względu na różnice w etiologii i epidemiologii złamań nosa w zależności od regionu geograficznego i czynników społeczno-ekonomicznych, istotne jest prowadzenie regularnego nadzoru epidemiologicznego. Określenie etiologii, epidemiologii, wzorca i leczenia złamań kości nosowej oraz towarzyszących urazów tkanek miękkich w populacji będzie korzystne dla zapobiegania, szybkiej i prawidłowej diagnozy oraz odpowiedniego zarządzania tą patologią w celu zminimalizowania powikłań pooperacyjnych⁴⁹.

Konieczne jest podjęcie kroków w celu poprawy jakości życia osób starszych i przygotowania się na nadchodzące społeczeństwo super-starzejące się poprzez podjęcie kroków w celu zmniejszenia częstości występowania i ciężkości złamań⁵⁰. Może to obejmować edukację w zakresie indywidualnej świadomości bezpieczeństwa, dostępność i wykorzystanie urządzeń bezpieczeństwa oraz strefy ochronne dla osób starszych⁵¹.

Grupa wiekowa	Główne przyczyny złamania nosa	Odsetek	Płeć dominująca
Dzieci	Sport Bójki	59,3% 10,8%	Chłopcy
Dorośli	Bójki Wypadki komunikacyjne Sport	36,3% 20,8% 15,3%	Mężczyźni (80,2%)
Osoby starsze (65+)	Upadki Wypadki komunikacyjne	51,3% 25,0%	Bardziej równomierny rozkład płci
Wszystkie grupy (średnia)	Napaść Wypadki komunikacyjne Upadki Sport	36% 32% 18% 11%	Mężczyźni (74,8%)

Kolejne rozdziały

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Nasal Fracture
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Nose/NslFrctr.htm
Nasal Fractures account for 40% of bone injuries in facial Trauma […] Nasal XRay is not recommended (adds little to management) […] Low Test Sensitivity for Nasal Fracture: 60 to 70% […] Low Test Specificity.
#2 Broken Nose (Fractured Nose): Symptoms and Treatments
https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-nose-8702951
A broken nose, also known as a nasal bone fracture, can cause swelling, bruising, and pain. A nasal fracture occurs when bones or cartilage in the nose crack or break during sports, accidents, or physical altercations. Blunt trauma accounts for 9 out of 10 broken noses. […] The nasal bone is one of the most frequently broken bones in the human body. Nasal fractures account for over 50% of all facial fractures in adults. […] Blunt force trauma causes about 90% of all broken noses. […] A 2017 study on the reason for nasal bone fractures ranked the most common causes of a broken nose for adults and children. […] A 2021 study of nasal bone fractures during team sports found that about 1 in 4 broken noses happen while playing basketball, followed by baseball (17.1%), softball (9.8%), soccer (7.4%), and football (7%).
#3 Nasal and Septal Fractures: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/878595-overview
Nasal fractures are the third most common types of fractures, behind fractures of the clavicle and wrist. Nasal fractures are often cited as the most common type of facial fracture, accounting for approximately half of all facial fractures in several studies. […] A British study, by Gupta et al, found at a major trauma center that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have reduced the number of patients coming to the emergency department for treatment of nasal fractures. The investigators reported that the number of patients presenting with suspected or confirmed nasal fractures in 2020 was 51.4% less than in 2019.
#4 Nasal and Septal Fractures: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/878595-overview
Nasal fractures are the third most common types of fractures, behind fractures of the clavicle and wrist. Nasal fractures are often cited as the most common type of facial fracture, accounting for approximately half of all facial fractures in several studies. […] A British study, by Gupta et al, found at a major trauma center that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have reduced the number of patients coming to the emergency department for treatment of nasal fractures. The investigators reported that the number of patients presenting with suspected or confirmed nasal fractures in 2020 was 51.4% less than in 2019.
#5 Diagnosis and Management of Nasal Bone FracturesÂ – Clinical Advisor
https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/diagnosis-management-nasal-bone-fractures/
Nasal bone fractures account for approximately 40% of all facial fractures. In the United States, more than 50,000 people suffer NBFs each year. […] In children, the most common cause of nasal bone fractures (NBFs) is sports (59.3%), followed by being in fights (10.8%). Adults are more likely to have NBFs due to fights (36.3%) and traffic accidents (20.8%). Sports are to blame for 15.3% of adult NBFs. In elderly patients, falls (51.3%) and traffic accidents (25%) are to blame. […] Regardless of the categorization of NBF, the nasal septum is involved in 20% of injuries. […] The incidence of complications is highest in bilateral fractures, comminuted fractures, and fractures with severe nasal septum deviation. When NBFs are not treated, patients are at risk of cosmetic deformity, epistasis, CSF leak, septal hematoma, saddle-nose deformity, and airway obstruction.
#6 Broken Nose (Nasal Fracture) – Harvard Health
https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/broken-nose-nasal-fracture-a-to-z
Health care professionals do not know how often people break their noses, because many people who have mild nasal fractures do not seek treatment. […] Among adults and teenagers treated by doctors, the most common causes of nasal fractures include contact sports, car crashes, motorcycle accidents and violent assaults. […] The increased use of seat belts and airbags over the past three decades has dramatically reduced the number of people who break their noses by hitting the dashboard during a car crash. […] In general, children tend to be at lower risk of a broken nose than adults because a child’s immature bones are generally less brittle and more flexible.
#7 Nasal Fracture
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ENT/Nose/NslFrctr.htm
Nasal Fractures account for 40% of bone injuries in facial Trauma […] Nasal XRay is not recommended (adds little to management) […] Low Test Sensitivity for Nasal Fracture: 60 to 70% […] Low Test Specificity.
#8 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
Nasal fractures occur nearly twice as often in males as in females. Athletic injuries and interpersonal altercations account for the greatest proportion of causes. Less common causes include falls and motor vehicle accidents. […] In a retrospective study, Erdmann et al investigated the medical records of 437 patients with 929 facial fractures. These authors noted that the most common etiology of facial trauma was assault (36%), followed by motor vehicle collision (MVC, 32%), falls (18%), sports (11%), occupations (3%), and gunshot wounds (2%). Of the facial fractures sustained, the most common fracture type was nasal bone fracture. […] A study by Plawecki et al evaluated the incidence of 20,519 patients, 55 years of age or older, who went to the ED for recreational activity-associated facial fractures. The study reported that the annual incidence of facial fractures increased by 45.3% from 2011 through 2015. Nasal fractures were the most common site of fracture (65.4%) and cycling (26.6%) was the most common cause in this cohort of older patients.
#9 Broken Nose (Fractured Nose): Symptoms and Treatments
https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-nose-8702951
A national analysis of risk factors for nasal fractures in the United States found that almost 3 out of 4 people who showed up at the emergency room with a nasal fracture were male (74.8%) with an average age of 45.6 years. […] Manual realignment by a healthcare provider is the most common medical treatment for a broken nose. […] If you wait too long to fix a broken nose, it’s less likely to appear the same after healing. […] Avoiding physical altercations can prevent broken noses. Fights are the leading cause of nasal fractures among adults. […] The increased use of full-face guards and protective facial shields in recent years has contributed to a notable reduction of nasal fractures among athletes. […] Broken noses are the most common facial fracture.
#10 Fracture of Nasal Bones: An Epidemiologic Analysis
https://arquivosdeorl.org.br/additional/acervo_eng.asp?id=562
The male sex, as verified in other studies, was widely the most affected (80.2%). […] The three most common causes of nasal fracture in our service were physical aggression, fall from their own height and motorcycle accident. […] Physical aggression is an important etiology in this type of fracture. In our study, there was a trend for association of fall from their own height with the age above 40 years of age.
#11 Fracture of Nasal Bones: An Epidemiologic Analysis
https://arquivosdeorl.org.br/additional/acervo_eng.asp?id=562
Fracture of Nasal Bones: An Epidemiologic Analysis Fratura de Ossos Nasais: Uma Anlise Epidemiolgica […] One of the most common diseases in the otorhinolaryngology emergency room is the nasal bones fracture. The peak of incidence is between 15 and 25 years of age. Generally men are more affected. […] The most common age was between 21 and 39 years (46.1%). […] The nasal fractures are one of the most frequent services performed by the otorhinolaryngologist. Like other facial traumas, they affect mostly the male sex and the mostly affected age is between 20 and 30 years of age. […] Among this affection most frequent causes are the interpersonal violence, the physical activities, falls, car crashes, motorcycles accidents, impact not relating to fall, occupational accident and unspecified etiology.
#12 SciELO Brazil – Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019 Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019
https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/kNwkqYzRRjWDsbPB9Lf9Y9C/?lang=en
One of the most observed diseases in the otorhinolaryngology emergency, compared with the other facial fractures, is related to nasal bone fractures (NBFs). The peak of incidence is seen in the age group ranging from 11 to 30 years old. […] The present evaluation was devoted to the etiology and epidemiological study of NBFs. […] The study revealed that 76.9% of the patients were male and 23.1% were female; 37.5% of all patients were self-employed, and most of them were from urban areas. Traffic accident (26.6%) and falling (25.5%) were the main reasons for NBF. […] The results showed that the incidence of NBFs in young men without higher education level and self-employed were high which can be related to the traffic accidents and fights. […] The incidence of nasal fractures in both young and old men is almost twice as high as that in women, with the peak prevalence in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life.
#13 Fracture of Nasal Bones: An Epidemiologic Analysis
https://arquivosdeorl.org.br/additional/acervo_eng.asp?id=562
Fracture of Nasal Bones: An Epidemiologic Analysis Fratura de Ossos Nasais: Uma Anlise Epidemiolgica […] One of the most common diseases in the otorhinolaryngology emergency room is the nasal bones fracture. The peak of incidence is between 15 and 25 years of age. Generally men are more affected. […] The most common age was between 21 and 39 years (46.1%). […] The nasal fractures are one of the most frequent services performed by the otorhinolaryngologist. Like other facial traumas, they affect mostly the male sex and the mostly affected age is between 20 and 30 years of age. […] Among this affection most frequent causes are the interpersonal violence, the physical activities, falls, car crashes, motorcycles accidents, impact not relating to fall, occupational accident and unspecified etiology.
#14 SciELO Brazil – Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019 Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019
https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/kNwkqYzRRjWDsbPB9Lf9Y9C/?lang=en
One of the most observed diseases in the otorhinolaryngology emergency, compared with the other facial fractures, is related to nasal bone fractures (NBFs). The peak of incidence is seen in the age group ranging from 11 to 30 years old. […] The present evaluation was devoted to the etiology and epidemiological study of NBFs. […] The study revealed that 76.9% of the patients were male and 23.1% were female; 37.5% of all patients were self-employed, and most of them were from urban areas. Traffic accident (26.6%) and falling (25.5%) were the main reasons for NBF. […] The results showed that the incidence of NBFs in young men without higher education level and self-employed were high which can be related to the traffic accidents and fights. […] The incidence of nasal fractures in both young and old men is almost twice as high as that in women, with the peak prevalence in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life.
#15 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
In a study of patients who presented to US emergency departments (EDs) with sports- or recreation-related nasal fracture, Xiao et al found that the most common causes of injury were basketball (23.2%), baseball (17.1%), softball (9.8%), soccer (7.4%), and football (7%). Among pediatric patients, the most frequent cause was baseball (25.1%). […] In a retrospective study of Brazilian children aged 5-17 years, Cavalcanti and Melo found that facial injuries were most frequent in males (78.1%; 3-fold more common than in females) aged 13-17 years (60.9%), and the most common causes of these injuries were falls (37.9%) and traffic accidents (21.1%). Of the facial injuries, nasal fractures were also most common (51.3%), followed by the zygomatic-orbital complex (25.4%). […] In another retrospective study, Hwang et al reviewed and analyzed the medical records of 236 patients with facial bone fractures from various sports who were treated at one hospital between 1996 and 2007. The investigators noted the age group with the highest frequency of such injuries was 11-20 years (40.3%), with a significant male predominance across all age groups (13.75:1). There were 128 isolated nasal fractures, with soccer accounting for 39% of these; baseball, 18%; basketball, 12.5%; martial arts, 5%; and skiing or snowboarding, 5%.
#16 Broken Nose (Nasal Fracture) – Harvard Health
https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/broken-nose-nasal-fracture-a-to-z
Health care professionals do not know how often people break their noses, because many people who have mild nasal fractures do not seek treatment. […] Among adults and teenagers treated by doctors, the most common causes of nasal fractures include contact sports, car crashes, motorcycle accidents and violent assaults. […] The increased use of seat belts and airbags over the past three decades has dramatically reduced the number of people who break their noses by hitting the dashboard during a car crash. […] In general, children tend to be at lower risk of a broken nose than adults because a child’s immature bones are generally less brittle and more flexible.
#17 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
In a study of patients who presented to US emergency departments (EDs) with sports- or recreation-related nasal fracture, Xiao et al found that the most common causes of injury were basketball (23.2%), baseball (17.1%), softball (9.8%), soccer (7.4%), and football (7%). Among pediatric patients, the most frequent cause was baseball (25.1%). […] In a retrospective study of Brazilian children aged 5-17 years, Cavalcanti and Melo found that facial injuries were most frequent in males (78.1%; 3-fold more common than in females) aged 13-17 years (60.9%), and the most common causes of these injuries were falls (37.9%) and traffic accidents (21.1%). Of the facial injuries, nasal fractures were also most common (51.3%), followed by the zygomatic-orbital complex (25.4%). […] In another retrospective study, Hwang et al reviewed and analyzed the medical records of 236 patients with facial bone fractures from various sports who were treated at one hospital between 1996 and 2007. The investigators noted the age group with the highest frequency of such injuries was 11-20 years (40.3%), with a significant male predominance across all age groups (13.75:1). There were 128 isolated nasal fractures, with soccer accounting for 39% of these; baseball, 18%; basketball, 12.5%; martial arts, 5%; and skiing or snowboarding, 5%.
#18 Broken Nose (Fractured Nose): Symptoms and Treatments
https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-nose-8702951
A broken nose, also known as a nasal bone fracture, can cause swelling, bruising, and pain. A nasal fracture occurs when bones or cartilage in the nose crack or break during sports, accidents, or physical altercations. Blunt trauma accounts for 9 out of 10 broken noses. […] The nasal bone is one of the most frequently broken bones in the human body. Nasal fractures account for over 50% of all facial fractures in adults. […] Blunt force trauma causes about 90% of all broken noses. […] A 2017 study on the reason for nasal bone fractures ranked the most common causes of a broken nose for adults and children. […] A 2021 study of nasal bone fractures during team sports found that about 1 in 4 broken noses happen while playing basketball, followed by baseball (17.1%), softball (9.8%), soccer (7.4%), and football (7%).
#19
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Determining the etiology, epidemiology, pattern, and treatment of nasal bone fractures and the associated soft tissue injuries in a population will be beneficial for the prevention, rapid and correct diagnosis, and adequate management of this pathology in order to minimize postoperative complications. […] The etiology and epidemiology of nasal bone fractures differ significantly depending on the geographic area, living environment, and the social, cultural, educational, and economic context of the analyzed population. […] Given these discrepancies, periodic epidemiological studies are required in order to implement necessary means for preventing this pathology, redistributing financial resources in health care and ensuring high-quality public health. […] The main etiology of nasal bone fractures was interpersonal violence, which mainly affected men, aged 2039 years, with a low level of education, living in urban areas.
#20 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
Nasal fractures occur nearly twice as often in males as in females. Athletic injuries and interpersonal altercations account for the greatest proportion of causes. Less common causes include falls and motor vehicle accidents. […] In a retrospective study, Erdmann et al investigated the medical records of 437 patients with 929 facial fractures. These authors noted that the most common etiology of facial trauma was assault (36%), followed by motor vehicle collision (MVC, 32%), falls (18%), sports (11%), occupations (3%), and gunshot wounds (2%). Of the facial fractures sustained, the most common fracture type was nasal bone fracture. […] A study by Plawecki et al evaluated the incidence of 20,519 patients, 55 years of age or older, who went to the ED for recreational activity-associated facial fractures. The study reported that the annual incidence of facial fractures increased by 45.3% from 2011 through 2015. Nasal fractures were the most common site of fracture (65.4%) and cycling (26.6%) was the most common cause in this cohort of older patients.
#21 Diagnosis and Management of Nasal Bone FracturesÂ – Clinical Advisor
https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/diagnosis-management-nasal-bone-fractures/
Nasal bone fractures account for approximately 40% of all facial fractures. In the United States, more than 50,000 people suffer NBFs each year. […] In children, the most common cause of nasal bone fractures (NBFs) is sports (59.3%), followed by being in fights (10.8%). Adults are more likely to have NBFs due to fights (36.3%) and traffic accidents (20.8%). Sports are to blame for 15.3% of adult NBFs. In elderly patients, falls (51.3%) and traffic accidents (25%) are to blame. […] Regardless of the categorization of NBF, the nasal septum is involved in 20% of injuries. […] The incidence of complications is highest in bilateral fractures, comminuted fractures, and fractures with severe nasal septum deviation. When NBFs are not treated, patients are at risk of cosmetic deformity, epistasis, CSF leak, septal hematoma, saddle-nose deformity, and airway obstruction.
#22 Diagnosis and Management of Nasal Bone FracturesÂ – Clinical Advisor
https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/diagnosis-management-nasal-bone-fractures/
Nasal bone fractures account for approximately 40% of all facial fractures. In the United States, more than 50,000 people suffer NBFs each year. […] In children, the most common cause of nasal bone fractures (NBFs) is sports (59.3%), followed by being in fights (10.8%). Adults are more likely to have NBFs due to fights (36.3%) and traffic accidents (20.8%). Sports are to blame for 15.3% of adult NBFs. In elderly patients, falls (51.3%) and traffic accidents (25%) are to blame. […] Regardless of the categorization of NBF, the nasal septum is involved in 20% of injuries. […] The incidence of complications is highest in bilateral fractures, comminuted fractures, and fractures with severe nasal septum deviation. When NBFs are not treated, patients are at risk of cosmetic deformity, epistasis, CSF leak, septal hematoma, saddle-nose deformity, and airway obstruction.
#23
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Implementing laws to fight interpersonal aggression and increase the education level of the population would lead to a considerable reduction in the incidence of this pathology. […] The traumatic etiology of the nasal bone fractures was correlated with the age group. […] The correlation of the incidence of associated soft tissue injuries with the degree of bone displacement and the relationship with the external environment of the nasal fractures shows an increased incidence of all soft tissue injuries in the case of displaced and open fractures. […] The rate of postoperative complications was directly proportional to the degree of displacement of the fractured bone fragments.
#24 SciELO Brazil – Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019 Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019
https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/kNwkqYzRRjWDsbPB9Lf9Y9C/?lang=en
The results of the present study showed that 26.6% of the patients suffered nasal fractures due to traffic accidents, 25.5% due to falls, and 19.4% due to quarrels and conflicts. […] In the present study, traffic accidents involving vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles were the main causes of nasal fractures, which were more common in self-employed young men, diploma and lower education level. In women, the most common causes of nasal fractures were falls, accidental blows, and beatings, which was more common in young housewives with lower education level.
#25 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
In a study of patients who presented to US emergency departments (EDs) with sports- or recreation-related nasal fracture, Xiao et al found that the most common causes of injury were basketball (23.2%), baseball (17.1%), softball (9.8%), soccer (7.4%), and football (7%). Among pediatric patients, the most frequent cause was baseball (25.1%). […] In a retrospective study of Brazilian children aged 5-17 years, Cavalcanti and Melo found that facial injuries were most frequent in males (78.1%; 3-fold more common than in females) aged 13-17 years (60.9%), and the most common causes of these injuries were falls (37.9%) and traffic accidents (21.1%). Of the facial injuries, nasal fractures were also most common (51.3%), followed by the zygomatic-orbital complex (25.4%). […] In another retrospective study, Hwang et al reviewed and analyzed the medical records of 236 patients with facial bone fractures from various sports who were treated at one hospital between 1996 and 2007. The investigators noted the age group with the highest frequency of such injuries was 11-20 years (40.3%), with a significant male predominance across all age groups (13.75:1). There were 128 isolated nasal fractures, with soccer accounting for 39% of these; baseball, 18%; basketball, 12.5%; martial arts, 5%; and skiing or snowboarding, 5%.
#26 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
In a Finnish study of patients with sports-related nasal fractures, the majority of fractures (56%) were associated with team sports and contact with another player was the most frequent cause of injury (52% of fractures). Among team sports, basketball posed the highest risk of nasal fracture. […] A study by Gupta et al found at a British major trauma center that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have reduced the number of patients presenting to the ED with nasal fractures. The investigators reported that the number of patients with suspected or confirmed nasal fractures in 2020 was 51.4% less than in 2019.
#27 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
In a study of patients who presented to US emergency departments (EDs) with sports- or recreation-related nasal fracture, Xiao et al found that the most common causes of injury were basketball (23.2%), baseball (17.1%), softball (9.8%), soccer (7.4%), and football (7%). Among pediatric patients, the most frequent cause was baseball (25.1%). […] In a retrospective study of Brazilian children aged 5-17 years, Cavalcanti and Melo found that facial injuries were most frequent in males (78.1%; 3-fold more common than in females) aged 13-17 years (60.9%), and the most common causes of these injuries were falls (37.9%) and traffic accidents (21.1%). Of the facial injuries, nasal fractures were also most common (51.3%), followed by the zygomatic-orbital complex (25.4%). […] In another retrospective study, Hwang et al reviewed and analyzed the medical records of 236 patients with facial bone fractures from various sports who were treated at one hospital between 1996 and 2007. The investigators noted the age group with the highest frequency of such injuries was 11-20 years (40.3%), with a significant male predominance across all age groups (13.75:1). There were 128 isolated nasal fractures, with soccer accounting for 39% of these; baseball, 18%; basketball, 12.5%; martial arts, 5%; and skiing or snowboarding, 5%.
#28 acfs :: Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
https://e-acfs.org/m/journal/view.php?number=883
Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial bone fracture, but are under-studied in adults above 65 years of age. […] Therefore, we investigated the epidemiology and patterns of nasal bone fractures among older adults in comparison to different age groups. […] The elderly showed similar patterns of nasal bone fractures to those observed in young and middle-aged adults, but significant differences from preschoolers (in the injury vector and plane of fracture) and from school-age children (in the sex ratio and plane of fracture). […] However, elderly patients presented significantly different epidemiological characteristics compared to the other three groups. […] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of life of the elderly and prepare for the upcoming super-aged society by taking steps to reduce the incidence and severity of fractures.
#29 acfs :: Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
https://e-acfs.org/m/journal/view.php?number=883
The elderly have poorer knowledge of transportation, lower compliance with laws, and less risk readiness and risk sensitivity in dangerous traffic conditions. […] The top two causes of nasal fractures among elderly patients were falling or slipping down and road traffic accidents; these accounted for over three-fourths of nasal fractures, and the proportions of patients with these injuries were significantly higher than in other age groups. […] In light of these distinct patterns among elderly patients, it is necessary to take steps to reduce the incidence and severity of fractures by strengthening individual safety factors and expanding the social safety net.
#30 acfs :: Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
https://e-acfs.org/m/journal/view.php?number=883
The elderly have poorer knowledge of transportation, lower compliance with laws, and less risk readiness and risk sensitivity in dangerous traffic conditions. […] The top two causes of nasal fractures among elderly patients were falling or slipping down and road traffic accidents; these accounted for over three-fourths of nasal fractures, and the proportions of patients with these injuries were significantly higher than in other age groups. […] In light of these distinct patterns among elderly patients, it is necessary to take steps to reduce the incidence and severity of fractures by strengthening individual safety factors and expanding the social safety net.
#31 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
Nasal fractures occur nearly twice as often in males as in females. Athletic injuries and interpersonal altercations account for the greatest proportion of causes. Less common causes include falls and motor vehicle accidents. […] In a retrospective study, Erdmann et al investigated the medical records of 437 patients with 929 facial fractures. These authors noted that the most common etiology of facial trauma was assault (36%), followed by motor vehicle collision (MVC, 32%), falls (18%), sports (11%), occupations (3%), and gunshot wounds (2%). Of the facial fractures sustained, the most common fracture type was nasal bone fracture. […] A study by Plawecki et al evaluated the incidence of 20,519 patients, 55 years of age or older, who went to the ED for recreational activity-associated facial fractures. The study reported that the annual incidence of facial fractures increased by 45.3% from 2011 through 2015. Nasal fractures were the most common site of fracture (65.4%) and cycling (26.6%) was the most common cause in this cohort of older patients.
#32 SciELO Brazil – Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019 Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019
https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/kNwkqYzRRjWDsbPB9Lf9Y9C/?lang=en
One of the most observed diseases in the otorhinolaryngology emergency, compared with the other facial fractures, is related to nasal bone fractures (NBFs). The peak of incidence is seen in the age group ranging from 11 to 30 years old. […] The present evaluation was devoted to the etiology and epidemiological study of NBFs. […] The study revealed that 76.9% of the patients were male and 23.1% were female; 37.5% of all patients were self-employed, and most of them were from urban areas. Traffic accident (26.6%) and falling (25.5%) were the main reasons for NBF. […] The results showed that the incidence of NBFs in young men without higher education level and self-employed were high which can be related to the traffic accidents and fights. […] The incidence of nasal fractures in both young and old men is almost twice as high as that in women, with the peak prevalence in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life.
#33 SciELO Brazil – Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019 Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019
https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/kNwkqYzRRjWDsbPB9Lf9Y9C/?lang=en
The results of the present study showed that 26.6% of the patients suffered nasal fractures due to traffic accidents, 25.5% due to falls, and 19.4% due to quarrels and conflicts. […] In the present study, traffic accidents involving vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles were the main causes of nasal fractures, which were more common in self-employed young men, diploma and lower education level. In women, the most common causes of nasal fractures were falls, accidental blows, and beatings, which was more common in young housewives with lower education level.
#34 SciELO Brazil – Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019 Etiology and Epidemiology of Nasal Bone Fractures in Patients Referred to the Otorhinolaryngology Section, 2019
https://www.scielo.br/j/iao/a/kNwkqYzRRjWDsbPB9Lf9Y9C/?lang=en
The results of the present study showed that 26.6% of the patients suffered nasal fractures due to traffic accidents, 25.5% due to falls, and 19.4% due to quarrels and conflicts. […] In the present study, traffic accidents involving vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles were the main causes of nasal fractures, which were more common in self-employed young men, diploma and lower education level. In women, the most common causes of nasal fractures were falls, accidental blows, and beatings, which was more common in young housewives with lower education level.
#35
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Determining the etiology, epidemiology, pattern, and treatment of nasal bone fractures and the associated soft tissue injuries in a population will be beneficial for the prevention, rapid and correct diagnosis, and adequate management of this pathology in order to minimize postoperative complications. […] The etiology and epidemiology of nasal bone fractures differ significantly depending on the geographic area, living environment, and the social, cultural, educational, and economic context of the analyzed population. […] Given these discrepancies, periodic epidemiological studies are required in order to implement necessary means for preventing this pathology, redistributing financial resources in health care and ensuring high-quality public health. […] The main etiology of nasal bone fractures was interpersonal violence, which mainly affected men, aged 2039 years, with a low level of education, living in urban areas.
#36 Nasal Fracture: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/84829-overview
In a Finnish study of patients with sports-related nasal fractures, the majority of fractures (56%) were associated with team sports and contact with another player was the most frequent cause of injury (52% of fractures). Among team sports, basketball posed the highest risk of nasal fracture. […] A study by Gupta et al found at a British major trauma center that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have reduced the number of patients presenting to the ED with nasal fractures. The investigators reported that the number of patients with suspected or confirmed nasal fractures in 2020 was 51.4% less than in 2019.
#37 Nasal and Septal Fractures: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/878595-overview
Nasal fractures are the third most common types of fractures, behind fractures of the clavicle and wrist. Nasal fractures are often cited as the most common type of facial fracture, accounting for approximately half of all facial fractures in several studies. […] A British study, by Gupta et al, found at a major trauma center that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have reduced the number of patients coming to the emergency department for treatment of nasal fractures. The investigators reported that the number of patients presenting with suspected or confirmed nasal fractures in 2020 was 51.4% less than in 2019.
#38 Diagnosis and Management of Nasal Bone FracturesÂ – Clinical Advisor
https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/diagnosis-management-nasal-bone-fractures/
Nasal bone fractures account for approximately 40% of all facial fractures. In the United States, more than 50,000 people suffer NBFs each year. […] In children, the most common cause of nasal bone fractures (NBFs) is sports (59.3%), followed by being in fights (10.8%). Adults are more likely to have NBFs due to fights (36.3%) and traffic accidents (20.8%). Sports are to blame for 15.3% of adult NBFs. In elderly patients, falls (51.3%) and traffic accidents (25%) are to blame. […] Regardless of the categorization of NBF, the nasal septum is involved in 20% of injuries. […] The incidence of complications is highest in bilateral fractures, comminuted fractures, and fractures with severe nasal septum deviation. When NBFs are not treated, patients are at risk of cosmetic deformity, epistasis, CSF leak, septal hematoma, saddle-nose deformity, and airway obstruction.
#39 Diagnosis and Management of Nasal Bone FracturesÂ – Clinical Advisor
https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/diagnosis-management-nasal-bone-fractures/
Nasal bone fractures account for approximately 40% of all facial fractures. In the United States, more than 50,000 people suffer NBFs each year. […] In children, the most common cause of nasal bone fractures (NBFs) is sports (59.3%), followed by being in fights (10.8%). Adults are more likely to have NBFs due to fights (36.3%) and traffic accidents (20.8%). Sports are to blame for 15.3% of adult NBFs. In elderly patients, falls (51.3%) and traffic accidents (25%) are to blame. […] Regardless of the categorization of NBF, the nasal septum is involved in 20% of injuries. […] The incidence of complications is highest in bilateral fractures, comminuted fractures, and fractures with severe nasal septum deviation. When NBFs are not treated, patients are at risk of cosmetic deformity, epistasis, CSF leak, septal hematoma, saddle-nose deformity, and airway obstruction.
#40 Nasal septal hematoma – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septal_hematoma
Septal hematomas are rare but can effect everyone in every age group. There is no exact number of the incidence that occur because a lot of the cases will remain undiagnosed. Although, patients that have visited an ear, nose and throat clinic for nasal septal hematomas, reported to be in between 0.8% to 1.6% of patients. […] 65.6% of nasal septal hematoma cases in Nigeria had unknown cause, where 30.4% were caused by trauma. […] Within 10 years at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, there was a total of 53 patients that ranged from 5 to 65 years of age. Consisted of 37 males and 16 females. The highest age group with nasal septal hematoma was 10-18 years of age followed by 19 years of age.
#41
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Implementing laws to fight interpersonal aggression and increase the education level of the population would lead to a considerable reduction in the incidence of this pathology. […] The traumatic etiology of the nasal bone fractures was correlated with the age group. […] The correlation of the incidence of associated soft tissue injuries with the degree of bone displacement and the relationship with the external environment of the nasal fractures shows an increased incidence of all soft tissue injuries in the case of displaced and open fractures. […] The rate of postoperative complications was directly proportional to the degree of displacement of the fractured bone fragments.
#42
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Implementing laws to fight interpersonal aggression and increase the education level of the population would lead to a considerable reduction in the incidence of this pathology. […] The traumatic etiology of the nasal bone fractures was correlated with the age group. […] The correlation of the incidence of associated soft tissue injuries with the degree of bone displacement and the relationship with the external environment of the nasal fractures shows an increased incidence of all soft tissue injuries in the case of displaced and open fractures. […] The rate of postoperative complications was directly proportional to the degree of displacement of the fractured bone fragments.
#43 Broken Nose (Fractured Nose): Symptoms and Treatments
https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-nose-8702951
A national analysis of risk factors for nasal fractures in the United States found that almost 3 out of 4 people who showed up at the emergency room with a nasal fracture were male (74.8%) with an average age of 45.6 years. […] Manual realignment by a healthcare provider is the most common medical treatment for a broken nose. […] If you wait too long to fix a broken nose, it’s less likely to appear the same after healing. […] Avoiding physical altercations can prevent broken noses. Fights are the leading cause of nasal fractures among adults. […] The increased use of full-face guards and protective facial shields in recent years has contributed to a notable reduction of nasal fractures among athletes. […] Broken noses are the most common facial fracture.
#44 Broken Nose (Fractured Nose): Symptoms and Treatments
https://www.verywellhealth.com/broken-nose-8702951
A national analysis of risk factors for nasal fractures in the United States found that almost 3 out of 4 people who showed up at the emergency room with a nasal fracture were male (74.8%) with an average age of 45.6 years. […] Manual realignment by a healthcare provider is the most common medical treatment for a broken nose. […] If you wait too long to fix a broken nose, it’s less likely to appear the same after healing. […] Avoiding physical altercations can prevent broken noses. Fights are the leading cause of nasal fractures among adults. […] The increased use of full-face guards and protective facial shields in recent years has contributed to a notable reduction of nasal fractures among athletes. […] Broken noses are the most common facial fracture.
#45 Broken Nose (Nasal Fracture) – Harvard Health
https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/broken-nose-nasal-fracture-a-to-z
Health care professionals do not know how often people break their noses, because many people who have mild nasal fractures do not seek treatment. […] Among adults and teenagers treated by doctors, the most common causes of nasal fractures include contact sports, car crashes, motorcycle accidents and violent assaults. […] The increased use of seat belts and airbags over the past three decades has dramatically reduced the number of people who break their noses by hitting the dashboard during a car crash. […] In general, children tend to be at lower risk of a broken nose than adults because a child’s immature bones are generally less brittle and more flexible.
#46
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Implementing laws to fight interpersonal aggression and increase the education level of the population would lead to a considerable reduction in the incidence of this pathology. […] The traumatic etiology of the nasal bone fractures was correlated with the age group. […] The correlation of the incidence of associated soft tissue injuries with the degree of bone displacement and the relationship with the external environment of the nasal fractures shows an increased incidence of all soft tissue injuries in the case of displaced and open fractures. […] The rate of postoperative complications was directly proportional to the degree of displacement of the fractured bone fragments.
#47 acfs :: Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
https://e-acfs.org/m/journal/view.php?number=883
The elderly have poorer knowledge of transportation, lower compliance with laws, and less risk readiness and risk sensitivity in dangerous traffic conditions. […] The top two causes of nasal fractures among elderly patients were falling or slipping down and road traffic accidents; these accounted for over three-fourths of nasal fractures, and the proportions of patients with these injuries were significantly higher than in other age groups. […] In light of these distinct patterns among elderly patients, it is necessary to take steps to reduce the incidence and severity of fractures by strengthening individual safety factors and expanding the social safety net.
#48
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Determining the etiology, epidemiology, pattern, and treatment of nasal bone fractures and the associated soft tissue injuries in a population will be beneficial for the prevention, rapid and correct diagnosis, and adequate management of this pathology in order to minimize postoperative complications. […] The etiology and epidemiology of nasal bone fractures differ significantly depending on the geographic area, living environment, and the social, cultural, educational, and economic context of the analyzed population. […] Given these discrepancies, periodic epidemiological studies are required in order to implement necessary means for preventing this pathology, redistributing financial resources in health care and ensuring high-quality public health. […] The main etiology of nasal bone fractures was interpersonal violence, which mainly affected men, aged 2039 years, with a low level of education, living in urban areas.
#49
https://journals.lww.com/njcp/fulltext/2021/24110/etiology,_pattern,_and_treatment_of_nose.16.aspx
Determining the etiology, epidemiology, pattern, and treatment of nasal bone fractures and the associated soft tissue injuries in a population will be beneficial for the prevention, rapid and correct diagnosis, and adequate management of this pathology in order to minimize postoperative complications. […] The etiology and epidemiology of nasal bone fractures differ significantly depending on the geographic area, living environment, and the social, cultural, educational, and economic context of the analyzed population. […] Given these discrepancies, periodic epidemiological studies are required in order to implement necessary means for preventing this pathology, redistributing financial resources in health care and ensuring high-quality public health. […] The main etiology of nasal bone fractures was interpersonal violence, which mainly affected men, aged 2039 years, with a low level of education, living in urban areas.
#50 acfs :: Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
https://e-acfs.org/m/journal/view.php?number=883
Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial bone fracture, but are under-studied in adults above 65 years of age. […] Therefore, we investigated the epidemiology and patterns of nasal bone fractures among older adults in comparison to different age groups. […] The elderly showed similar patterns of nasal bone fractures to those observed in young and middle-aged adults, but significant differences from preschoolers (in the injury vector and plane of fracture) and from school-age children (in the sex ratio and plane of fracture). […] However, elderly patients presented significantly different epidemiological characteristics compared to the other three groups. […] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of life of the elderly and prepare for the upcoming super-aged society by taking steps to reduce the incidence and severity of fractures.
#51 acfs :: Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
https://www.e-acfs.org/m/journal/view.php?number=883
The elderly have poorer knowledge of transportation, lower compliance with laws, and less risk readiness and risk sensitivity in dangerous traffic conditions. […] The top two causes of nasal fractures among elderly patients were falling or slipping down and road traffic accidents; these accounted for over three-fourths of nasal fractures, and the proportions of patients with these injuries were significantly higher than in other age groups. Therefore, it is important to expand the social safety net, with possible steps including education on individual safety awareness, the availability of and use of safety devices, and protection zones for the elderly. […] This paper addressed a gap in the literature by investigating the epidemiology and patterns of nasal bone fractures in the elderly (65 years) through a comparative analysis with different age groups. Particularly notable findings include the more even sex ratio in elderly patients, as well as increased fracture severity, a lower proportion of injuries caused by violence and sports, and a higher proportion of injuries caused by falling or slipping down and road traffic accidents. In light of these distinct patterns among elderly patients, it is necessary to take steps to reduce the incidence and severity of fractures by strengthening individual safety factors and expanding the social safety net.