Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tooth abscess – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350907

  In addition to examining your tooth and the area around it, your dentist may: […] Recommend an X-ray. An X-ray of the aching tooth can help identify an abscess. Your dentist may also use X-rays to determine whether the infection has spread, causing abscesses in other areas. […] Recommend a computed tomography (CT) scan. If the infection has spread to other areas within your neck, a CT scan may be used to see how severe the infection is.

• #2 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10943-abscessed-tooth

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus (infection). It damages oral tissues and can spread to other areas of your body, causing serious health issues in some cases. An abscessed tooth wont heal on its own and requires treatment from a dental healthcare provider. […] In addition to examining the tooth and surrounding tissue for signs of infection, your dentist may: […] Recommend a dental X-ray: This can help identify sources of dental disease that may have led to the abscessed tooth. Your dentist can also use X-rays to determine if the infection has spread and may be affecting other areas. […] How is an abscessed tooth diagnosed? […] A tooth abscess should clear up after treatment. Temporary sensitivity is common, and it may take a few days to feel completely back to normal. […] A tooth abscess wont go away on its own. Pain may stop if an infection causes the pulp inside your tooth to die.

• #3 Dental Abscess- Diagnosis and Treatment | Kirkland Premier Dentistry

  https://www.kirklandpremierdentistry.com/dental-abscess-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  How Is an Abscessed Tooth Diagnosed? […] Recommend an X-ray to help recognize the origin of the dental disease that might have led to the infection. X-rays can also be used to determine if the infection has spread to or is affecting other areas. […] Suggest a CT scan to ascertain if the infection has spread to other areas within the neck and also to identify the extent of the infection. […] Tap and press on the teeth as the tooth that has an abscess at its root is typically sensitive to touch or pressure. […] Recommend Thermal tests to determine the health of the pulpal tissues.

• #4 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/abscessed-tooth

  How Is an Abscessed Tooth Diagnosed? An abscessed tooth wont go away on its own. See your dentist right away if you have signs of one. Its important to treat it because theres a chance it could spread to your jaw or other parts of your head or neck. This is especially true if your immune system is weak because of a health condition such as AIDS or if you are being treated for certain conditions such as cancer or an organ transplant. […] To find out if you have an abscessed tooth, your dentist probably will: Tap on your teeth. If you have an abscess, itll hurt when they touch the affected tooth. […] Take an X-ray. This can tell your dentist if you have an abscess and if it has spread to other parts of your mouth. […] Do a CT scan if the dentist suspects the infection has spread to other areas. […] If your dentist cant diagnose the abscess on their own, theyll probably send you to an endodontist, whos specially trained to work on abscessed teeth. They can tell for sure if you have an abscess and treat it if you do.

• #5 Dental Abscess- Diagnosis and Treatment | Kirkland Premier Dentistry

  https://www.kirklandpremierdentistry.com/dental-abscess-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  How Is an Abscessed Tooth Diagnosed? […] Recommend an X-ray to help recognize the origin of the dental disease that might have led to the infection. X-rays can also be used to determine if the infection has spread to or is affecting other areas. […] Suggest a CT scan to ascertain if the infection has spread to other areas within the neck and also to identify the extent of the infection. […] Tap and press on the teeth as the tooth that has an abscess at its root is typically sensitive to touch or pressure. […] Recommend Thermal tests to determine the health of the pulpal tissues.

• #6 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  In periodontal abscesses, the swelling usually precedes the pain, and in periapical abscesses, the pain usually precedes the swelling. […] A history of toothache with sensitivity to hot and cold suggests previous pulpitis, and indicates that a periapical abscess is more likely. […] If the tooth gives normal results on pulp sensibility testing, is free of dental caries and has no large restorations; it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] A dental radiograph is of little help in the early stages of a dental abscess, but later usually the position of the abscess, and hence indication of endodontal/periodontal etiology can be determined. […] Generally, periodontal abscesses will be more tender to lateral percussion than to vertical, and periapical abscesses will be more tender to apical percussion.

• #7 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intraoral and/or extraoral edema, intraoral and/or extraoral erythema, intraoral and/or extraoral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, and hypotension. […] 1st tests to order include CBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Tests to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, ESR, serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #8 Signs of Tooth Abscess: Stages and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/dental-abscess/

  If a dental abscess is suspected, the affected person should visit the dentist as soon as possible. […] The dentist will perform an examination of the affected area. They may test the affected tooth by pressing on it or tapping it with an instrument. If the tooth is infected, it will usually be very sensitive to pressure or tapping (percussion), and may often be painful. Further, if the abscess is periapical, the swelling at the root will push the tooth upwards in its socket, and it will feel higher than the surrounding teeth. […] While laboratory testing is not usually needed to establish whether or not an abscess is present, dentists will usually do an X-ray of the affected tooth and the mouth as a whole to establish the exact location and the size of the abscess. […] The abscess may be aspirated and the pus cultured to determine which strains of bacteria are involved. This helps to guide antibiotic therapy if it is needed.

• #9 Dental Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493149/

  Dental infections, while relatively straightforward regarding diagnosis and access, can be challenging to manage acutely. […] Identifying, treating, and educating patients about a dental abscess will grant symptomatic relief and prevent dangerous complications. This activity explains when this condition should be considered for differential diagnosis, articulates how to evaluate this condition properly, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Assess the examination and evaluation process for dental abscesses, including any necessary diagnostic imaging. […] CT and MRI are sensitive modalities in detecting abscesses. Initial workup should include an x-ray of the head and neck and a complete blood cell count. […] A dental abscess should be considered when patients report severe pain, admit to poor dental hygiene and lack of adequate dental follow-up, admit to dental trauma that was not repaired, localized pain that is reproducible with palpation, facial erythema, trismus, dysphagia, fever, lymphadenopathy.

• #10 Tooth Abscess: Definition, Stages, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://ssfamilydentistry.com/blog/tooth-abcsess-symptoms-and-treatment/

  If an abscess progresses undetected and is left untreated for months or even years, there is a danger of losing not only the tooth but also the bone. […] Since early detection is critical, you should see a dentist for regular dental checkups. […] A dentist will recommend one or a combination of the following: […] An X-ray can help identify sources of dental disease that may have led to the abscessed tooth. […] The X-ray can also determine if the infection has spread and may be affecting other areas. […] If the infection has spread to other areas within your neck, the CT scan will help to identify the extent of the infection. […] An abscessed tooth will probably be sensitive to touch or pressure. […] Thermal tests will help determine the health of your tooth pulp.

• #11 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #12 Dental Abscess: Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.dezy.com/blogs/dental-abscess-signs-and-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-cost

  In addition to looking for symptoms of infection in the tooth and surrounding tissue, the dentist may: […] Recommend an X-ray to help identify the source of the oral condition that may have caused the infection. X-rays can also be used to see if the illness has spread to or is affecting other parts of the body. […] Suggest a CT scan to determine whether the infection has spread to other parts of the neck and to determine the degree of the infection. […] Tap and press on the teeth since an abscessed tooth is usually sensitive to touch or pressure. […] Recommend Thermal tests are used to assess the health of the pulpal tissues. […] Severe toothache, facial or gum swelling, fever, sensitivity to warmth and cold, and foul taste in the mouth are common symptoms. […] How is an abscess in the mouth diagnosed?

• #13 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #14 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  A periodontal abscess may be difficult to distinguish from a periapical abscess. […] Since the management of a periodontal abscess is different from that of a periapical abscess, this differentiation is important to make. […] If the swelling is over the area of the root apex, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess; if it is closer to the gingival margin, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] Similarly, in a periodontal abscess pus most likely discharges via the periodontal pocket, whereas a periapical abscess generally drains via a parulis nearer to the apex of the involved tooth. […] If the tooth has pre-existing periodontal disease, with pockets and loss of alveolar bone height, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess; whereas if the tooth has relatively healthy periodontal condition, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess.

• #15 Signs of Tooth Abscess: Stages and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/dental-abscess/

  If a dental abscess is suspected, the affected person should visit the dentist as soon as possible. […] The dentist will perform an examination of the affected area. They may test the affected tooth by pressing on it or tapping it with an instrument. If the tooth is infected, it will usually be very sensitive to pressure or tapping (percussion), and may often be painful. Further, if the abscess is periapical, the swelling at the root will push the tooth upwards in its socket, and it will feel higher than the surrounding teeth. […] While laboratory testing is not usually needed to establish whether or not an abscess is present, dentists will usually do an X-ray of the affected tooth and the mouth as a whole to establish the exact location and the size of the abscess. […] The abscess may be aspirated and the pus cultured to determine which strains of bacteria are involved. This helps to guide antibiotic therapy if it is needed.

• #16 Dental Abscess: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-overview

  A dentoalveolar abscess is an acute lesion characterized by localization of pus in the structures that surround the teeth. Most patients are treated easily with analgesia, antibiotics, drainage, and/or referral to a dentist or oral-maxillofacial surgeon. However, the physician should be aware of potential complications of simple dentoalveolar abscess. […] For uncomplicated dental abscess, no laboratory studies are needed. […] For complicated abscess (accompanying cellulitis), the following are recommended: Complete blood cell (CBC) count, Blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before starting parenteral antibiotic therapy, Needle aspirate for Gram staining and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Depending on the severity of the abscess based on clinical presentation, the following is recommended: Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation, Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations.

• #17 Tooth abscess – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350907

  In addition to examining your tooth and the area around it, your dentist may: […] Recommend an X-ray. An X-ray of the aching tooth can help identify an abscess. Your dentist may also use X-rays to determine whether the infection has spread, causing abscesses in other areas. […] Recommend a computed tomography (CT) scan. If the infection has spread to other areas within your neck, a CT scan may be used to see how severe the infection is.

• #18 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10943-abscessed-tooth

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus (infection). It damages oral tissues and can spread to other areas of your body, causing serious health issues in some cases. An abscessed tooth wont heal on its own and requires treatment from a dental healthcare provider. […] In addition to examining the tooth and surrounding tissue for signs of infection, your dentist may: […] Recommend a dental X-ray: This can help identify sources of dental disease that may have led to the abscessed tooth. Your dentist can also use X-rays to determine if the infection has spread and may be affecting other areas. […] How is an abscessed tooth diagnosed? […] A tooth abscess should clear up after treatment. Temporary sensitivity is common, and it may take a few days to feel completely back to normal. […] A tooth abscess wont go away on its own. Pain may stop if an infection causes the pulp inside your tooth to die.

• #19 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #20 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | ILAJAK Medical

  https://www.ilajak.com/en/blog/tooth-abscess

  Diagnosing a dental abscess includes a set of procedures and examinations after the doctor has performed a theoretical examination. These procedures include the following: […] Examination of the teeth by percussion on them with a medical instrument to ensure the extent of the sensitivity of the teeth. […] Dental x-rays to identify infected areas. […] Performing a computed tomography (CT) scan, in case the infection has spread to areas inside the neck.

• #21 Dental Abscess Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-workup

  Uncomplicated (ie, simple) dental abscess: No laboratory studies are required. […] The CBC count may reveal leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance. […] Obtain a blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before initiating parenteral antibiotics. […] Needle aspirate is indicated for Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation. It provides a localized view of the tooth and its supporting structures. Widening of the periodontal ligament space or a poorly defined radiolucency may be noted. […] Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations because it provides the most information for all teeth and supporting structures. […] Confirm presence of the abscess via needle aspiration. […] If pus is obtained, do not aspirate more than 1-2 drops. Leave the abscess as large as possible to make the area easier to find for further management. […] If pus cannot be aspirated, manage medically until a more localized infection develops. […] Incision and drainage may be performed only if pus can be aspirated.

• #22 Dental Abscess: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-overview

  A dentoalveolar abscess is an acute lesion characterized by localization of pus in the structures that surround the teeth. Most patients are treated easily with analgesia, antibiotics, drainage, and/or referral to a dentist or oral-maxillofacial surgeon. However, the physician should be aware of potential complications of simple dentoalveolar abscess. […] For uncomplicated dental abscess, no laboratory studies are needed. […] For complicated abscess (accompanying cellulitis), the following are recommended: Complete blood cell (CBC) count, Blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before starting parenteral antibiotic therapy, Needle aspirate for Gram staining and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Depending on the severity of the abscess based on clinical presentation, the following is recommended: Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation, Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations.

• #23 Dental Abscess Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-workup

  Uncomplicated (ie, simple) dental abscess: No laboratory studies are required. […] The CBC count may reveal leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance. […] Obtain a blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before initiating parenteral antibiotics. […] Needle aspirate is indicated for Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation. It provides a localized view of the tooth and its supporting structures. Widening of the periodontal ligament space or a poorly defined radiolucency may be noted. […] Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations because it provides the most information for all teeth and supporting structures. […] Confirm presence of the abscess via needle aspiration. […] If pus is obtained, do not aspirate more than 1-2 drops. Leave the abscess as large as possible to make the area easier to find for further management. […] If pus cannot be aspirated, manage medically until a more localized infection develops. […] Incision and drainage may be performed only if pus can be aspirated.

• #24 Dental abscess | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dental-abscess?lang=us

  Dental (periapical) abscesses are an acute infection of the periapical tissue around the root of the tooth. […] Patients may present with pain, edema, and purulent discharge localized to the site of pathology with or without fever and tender cervical lymphadenopathy. […] Early dental abscesses, within the first ten days, may not have any radiographic features. […] Some dental abscesses will spontaneously resolve but dental surgery and antibiotics are generally required. […] Most (~90%) will show some evidence of healing (bone filling the lucency) one-year post-treatment. […] Possible differential considerations include periapical cyst and periapical granuloma.

• #25 Dental abscess | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dental-abscess?lang=us

  Dental (periapical) abscesses are an acute infection of the periapical tissue around the root of the tooth. […] Patients may present with pain, edema, and purulent discharge localized to the site of pathology with or without fever and tender cervical lymphadenopathy. […] Early dental abscesses, within the first ten days, may not have any radiographic features. […] Some dental abscesses will spontaneously resolve but dental surgery and antibiotics are generally required. […] Most (~90%) will show some evidence of healing (bone filling the lucency) one-year post-treatment. […] Possible differential considerations include periapical cyst and periapical granuloma.

• #26 Tooth abscess – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350907

  In addition to examining your tooth and the area around it, your dentist may: […] Recommend an X-ray. An X-ray of the aching tooth can help identify an abscess. Your dentist may also use X-rays to determine whether the infection has spread, causing abscesses in other areas. […] Recommend a computed tomography (CT) scan. If the infection has spread to other areas within your neck, a CT scan may be used to see how severe the infection is.

• #27 Periapical Abscess: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24896-periapical-abscess

  In some cases, your dentist may request a CT (computed tomography) scan, especially if they think the infection may have spread to your neck. A dental CT gives your dentist a 3D view of your mouth. […] Periapical abscess treatment depends on how far the infection has spread. Options include medicine and procedures, such as antibiotics, incision and draining, root canal therapy, and tooth extraction. […] Dentists often prescribe antibiotics to keep abscesses from spreading further. It’s important to understand that antibiotics won’t keep the infection from coming back. You’ll still need to treat the tooth. […] During this procedure, your dentist will create a small incision (cut) into the abscess. This allows infection (pus) to drain out. […] Your dentist may recommend a root canal to save your tooth. […] If the infection is too severe, your dentist may recommend a tooth extraction. […] If you have symptoms of a periapical abscess, you should schedule an appointment with a dentist right away. The sooner you treat the issue, the better chance of saving your tooth.

• #28 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | ILAJAK Medical

  https://www.ilajak.com/en/blog/tooth-abscess

  Diagnosing a dental abscess includes a set of procedures and examinations after the doctor has performed a theoretical examination. These procedures include the following: […] Examination of the teeth by percussion on them with a medical instrument to ensure the extent of the sensitivity of the teeth. […] Dental x-rays to identify infected areas. […] Performing a computed tomography (CT) scan, in case the infection has spread to areas inside the neck.

• #29 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1206

  Dental abscess covers a clinical spectrum from minor well-localized infection to severe life-threatening complications involving multiple fascial spaces. […] Common presenting symptoms include dental pain/toothache; intraoral and/or extraoral edema, erythema, or discharge; and thermal hypersensitivity. […] Panoramic dental radiograph reveals the source of infection in most cases; however, a periapical radiograph may also be helpful. A computed tomography scan is recommended if there is suspicion of a fascial space infection or if panoramic or periapical radiographs are not available. […] Prompt operative intervention to identify and eliminate the source of infection and provide a path for drainage, along with antibiotic therapy and supportive care, is required. Operative treatment is considered the cornerstone of successful management.

• #30 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Dental abscess covers a clinical spectrum from minor well-localised infection to severe life-threatening complications involving multiple fascial spaces. […] Common presenting symptoms include dental pain/toothache; intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, erythema, or discharge; and thermal hypersensitivity. […] Panoramic dental radiograph reveals the source of infection in most cases; however, a periapical radiograph may also be helpful. A computed tomography scan is recommended if there is suspicion of a fascial space infection or if panoramic or periapical radiographs are not available. […] Prompt operative intervention to identify and eliminate the source of infection and provide a path for drainage, along with antibiotic therapy and supportive care, is required. Operative treatment is considered the cornerstone of successful management.

• #31 Dental Abscess: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-overview

  If cellulitis swelling extends beyond the local area, the following is indicated: Lateral and anteroposterior neck views, CT scanning with intravenous contrast. […] The primary therapeutic modality is surgical drainage of any pus collection. A pulpectomy or incision and drainage is the recommended management of a localized acute apical abscess in the permanent dentition. Most dental abscesses respond to surgical treatment (incision and drainage, root canal, or extraction) and elimination of the source of infection. The addition of antibiotics is not recommended for a localized dental abscess.

• #32 Dental Abscess: Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.dezy.com/blogs/dental-abscess-signs-and-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-cost

  Dental X-rays, clinical examinations, and occasionally additional imaging methods are used by dentists to identify dental abscesses. […] The X-rays assist in determining the proper course of treatment and the extent of the infection. […] A tooth abscess can cause major consequences if left untreated, including the infection spreading to nearby tissues, bones, or even the bloodstream. […] Severe circumstances may lead to systemic health problems. […] To remove the pus and cure the illness, draining the abscess is a common treatment method. […] This might be accomplished by removing the damaged tooth or performing a root canal. […] To manage the infection, prescription antibiotics are also given. […] Dental abscesses can be avoided by maintaining appropriate oral hygiene practices, such as routine flossing, brushing, and dental examinations.

• #33 Recognizing Signs of Tooth Infection – Dentistry of West Bend

  https://www.dentistryofwestbend.com/recognizing-signs-of-tooth-infection/

  Diagnosing a tooth infection involves a combination of dental x-rays, CT scans, and physical examinations. These diagnostic approaches help the dentist identify the location and extent of the infection and determine the most appropriate treatment plan. […] Dental X-rays are commonly used to visualize the tooth and surrounding structures. They can reveal signs of tooth decay, abscesses, and other dental abnormalities. CT scans may be used in more complex cases to provide a detailed, three-dimensional image of the teeth, jawbone, and surrounding tissues. […] In addition to imaging studies, a physical examination of the tooth and surrounding gums is conducted to assess for signs of infection, such as swelling, redness, or discharge. By combining these diagnostic approaches, dentists can accurately diagnose tooth infections and develop an effective treatment plan.

• #34 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #35

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11282-022-00646-7

  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in odontogenic maxillofacial infections, the clinical and surgical significance of MRI findings, and whether MRI can identify the tooth responsible for the infection. […] The diagnostic accuracy of MRI in identifying abscesses was studied relative to surgical findings. […] Imaging showed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.95, 0.84, and 0.92, respectively, for MRI diagnosis of an odontogenic abscess. […] MRI showed bone marrow edema in the majority of patients, and multi-reader assessment showed good reliability. […] MRI was also able to predict the causative tooth accurately. […] Emergency neck MRI can accurately detect odontogenic abscesses and reliably point to the causative tooth. […] These results can increase the utility and reliance on emergency MRI in clinical decision-making.

• #36 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #37 Dental Abscess: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-overview

  A dentoalveolar abscess is an acute lesion characterized by localization of pus in the structures that surround the teeth. Most patients are treated easily with analgesia, antibiotics, drainage, and/or referral to a dentist or oral-maxillofacial surgeon. However, the physician should be aware of potential complications of simple dentoalveolar abscess. […] For uncomplicated dental abscess, no laboratory studies are needed. […] For complicated abscess (accompanying cellulitis), the following are recommended: Complete blood cell (CBC) count, Blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before starting parenteral antibiotic therapy, Needle aspirate for Gram staining and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Depending on the severity of the abscess based on clinical presentation, the following is recommended: Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation, Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations.

• #38 Dental Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493149/

  Dental infections, while relatively straightforward regarding diagnosis and access, can be challenging to manage acutely. […] Identifying, treating, and educating patients about a dental abscess will grant symptomatic relief and prevent dangerous complications. This activity explains when this condition should be considered for differential diagnosis, articulates how to evaluate this condition properly, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Assess the examination and evaluation process for dental abscesses, including any necessary diagnostic imaging. […] CT and MRI are sensitive modalities in detecting abscesses. Initial workup should include an x-ray of the head and neck and a complete blood cell count. […] A dental abscess should be considered when patients report severe pain, admit to poor dental hygiene and lack of adequate dental follow-up, admit to dental trauma that was not repaired, localized pain that is reproducible with palpation, facial erythema, trismus, dysphagia, fever, lymphadenopathy.

• #39 Dental Abscess Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-workup

  Uncomplicated (ie, simple) dental abscess: No laboratory studies are required. […] The CBC count may reveal leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance. […] Obtain a blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before initiating parenteral antibiotics. […] Needle aspirate is indicated for Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation. It provides a localized view of the tooth and its supporting structures. Widening of the periodontal ligament space or a poorly defined radiolucency may be noted. […] Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations because it provides the most information for all teeth and supporting structures. […] Confirm presence of the abscess via needle aspiration. […] If pus is obtained, do not aspirate more than 1-2 drops. Leave the abscess as large as possible to make the area easier to find for further management. […] If pus cannot be aspirated, manage medically until a more localized infection develops. […] Incision and drainage may be performed only if pus can be aspirated.

• #40 Dental Abscess: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-overview

  A dentoalveolar abscess is an acute lesion characterized by localization of pus in the structures that surround the teeth. Most patients are treated easily with analgesia, antibiotics, drainage, and/or referral to a dentist or oral-maxillofacial surgeon. However, the physician should be aware of potential complications of simple dentoalveolar abscess. […] For uncomplicated dental abscess, no laboratory studies are needed. […] For complicated abscess (accompanying cellulitis), the following are recommended: Complete blood cell (CBC) count, Blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before starting parenteral antibiotic therapy, Needle aspirate for Gram staining and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Depending on the severity of the abscess based on clinical presentation, the following is recommended: Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation, Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations.

• #41 Dental Abscess Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-workup

  Uncomplicated (ie, simple) dental abscess: No laboratory studies are required. […] The CBC count may reveal leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance. […] Obtain a blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before initiating parenteral antibiotics. […] Needle aspirate is indicated for Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation. It provides a localized view of the tooth and its supporting structures. Widening of the periodontal ligament space or a poorly defined radiolucency may be noted. […] Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations because it provides the most information for all teeth and supporting structures. […] Confirm presence of the abscess via needle aspiration. […] If pus is obtained, do not aspirate more than 1-2 drops. Leave the abscess as large as possible to make the area easier to find for further management. […] If pus cannot be aspirated, manage medically until a more localized infection develops. […] Incision and drainage may be performed only if pus can be aspirated.

• #42 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #43 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #44 Dental Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493149/

  Treatment involves draining the abscess, providing antibiotic support, controlling pain, and removing infectious tooth sources. […] Most dental abscesses can be treated with antibiotics to cover gram negatives, facultative anaerobes, and strict anaerobes. […] The differential diagnoses for dental abscesses include: Buccal bifurcation cyst, Eosinophilic granuloma, Gingival abscess, Langerhans cells histiocytosis, Lateral periodontal cyst, Osteomyelitis, Periapical abscess, Peritonsillar abscess, Periapical granuloma or cyst, Vertical root fracture. […] For complicated dental abscesses, consult maxillofacial surgery or a dentist if there is 1 on staff. […] Patients with a dental abscess usually present with oral cavity pain, fever, and difficulty chewing. Healthcare workers outside the dental profession should promptly refer these patients to an oral surgeon.

• #45 Dental Abscess | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20350

  Most dental abscesses can be treated with antibiotics to cover gram negatives, facultative anaerobes, and strict anaerobes. […] The differential diagnoses for dental abscesses include: Buccal bifurcation cyst, Eosinophilic granuloma, Gingival abscess, Langerhans cells histiocytosis, Lateral periodontal cyst, Osteomyelitis, Periapical abscess, Peritonsillar abscess, Periapical granuloma or cyst, Vertical root fracture. […] Surgical management of a dental abscess can include a root canal or tooth extraction. […] The prognosis for a dental abscess is very good. However, if the abscess is left untreated, the prognosis can be quite poor; the mortality rate can increase to 40% if patients develop mediastinitis from descending infection. […] For complicated dental abscesses, consult maxillofacial surgery or a dentist if there is 1 on staff. […] Patients with a dental abscess usually present with oral cavity pain, fever, and difficulty chewing.

• #46 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  A periodontal abscess may be difficult to distinguish from a periapical abscess. […] Since the management of a periodontal abscess is different from that of a periapical abscess, this differentiation is important to make. […] If the swelling is over the area of the root apex, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess; if it is closer to the gingival margin, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] Similarly, in a periodontal abscess pus most likely discharges via the periodontal pocket, whereas a periapical abscess generally drains via a parulis nearer to the apex of the involved tooth. […] If the tooth has pre-existing periodontal disease, with pockets and loss of alveolar bone height, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess; whereas if the tooth has relatively healthy periodontal condition, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess.

• #47 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  In periodontal abscesses, the swelling usually precedes the pain, and in periapical abscesses, the pain usually precedes the swelling. […] A history of toothache with sensitivity to hot and cold suggests previous pulpitis, and indicates that a periapical abscess is more likely. […] If the tooth gives normal results on pulp sensibility testing, is free of dental caries and has no large restorations; it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] A dental radiograph is of little help in the early stages of a dental abscess, but later usually the position of the abscess, and hence indication of endodontal/periodontal etiology can be determined. […] Generally, periodontal abscesses will be more tender to lateral percussion than to vertical, and periapical abscesses will be more tender to apical percussion.

• #48 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10943-abscessed-tooth

  Left untreated, a tooth abscess will eventually spread to the surrounding tissues and beyond, wreaking havoc on your oral and overall health. […] You can reduce the risk of developing a tooth abscess by seeing your dentist routinely and getting regular dental check-ups and cleanings. […] If you develop mouth pain, a toothache or a red, swollen bump on your gums, schedule an appointment with a dentist right away. The sooner you get treatment, the less likely it is that the infection will spread beyond your tooth.

• #49 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #50 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10943-abscessed-tooth

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus (infection). It damages oral tissues and can spread to other areas of your body, causing serious health issues in some cases. An abscessed tooth wont heal on its own and requires treatment from a dental healthcare provider. […] In addition to examining the tooth and surrounding tissue for signs of infection, your dentist may: […] Recommend a dental X-ray: This can help identify sources of dental disease that may have led to the abscessed tooth. Your dentist can also use X-rays to determine if the infection has spread and may be affecting other areas. […] How is an abscessed tooth diagnosed? […] A tooth abscess should clear up after treatment. Temporary sensitivity is common, and it may take a few days to feel completely back to normal. […] A tooth abscess wont go away on its own. Pain may stop if an infection causes the pulp inside your tooth to die.

• #51 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #52 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #53 Dental Abscess: Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.dezy.com/blogs/dental-abscess-signs-and-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-cost

  Treating gum disease and cavities as soon as possible can help lower the chance of an abscess forming. […] A tooth abscess is regarded as a dental emergency because of the excruciating pain and its consequences. […] It’s critical to get dental care right away if you think you may have a dental abscess to stop the infection.

• #54 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #55 Dental abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dental-abscess/

  A dental abscess is a build-up of pus in the teeth or gums caused by an infection. It needs urgent treatment by a dentist. A dental abscess will not go away on its own. […] Signs of a dental abscess include: intense toothache or pain in your gums, redness inside the mouth, or outside the mouth on the face or jaw, sensitivity to hot or cold food and drink in the affected area, a bad taste in your mouth, difficulty opening your mouth and chewing food, a swollen face or jaw, a high temperature. […] Urgent advice: Ask for an urgent dentist appointment or get help from NHS 111 if you think you have a dental abscess. […] Dental abscesses are usually treated by a dentist. The dentist will drain away the pus. […] If a problem with your tooth has caused the abscess, you may need root canal treatment, or the tooth may be removed. You’ll be given a local anaesthetic, so you do not feel any pain. […] You may be offered painkillers to take for a few days after treatment and may also be given antibiotics.

• #56 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1206

  Dental abscess covers a clinical spectrum from minor well-localized infection to severe life-threatening complications involving multiple fascial spaces. […] Common presenting symptoms include dental pain/toothache; intraoral and/or extraoral edema, erythema, or discharge; and thermal hypersensitivity. […] Panoramic dental radiograph reveals the source of infection in most cases; however, a periapical radiograph may also be helpful. A computed tomography scan is recommended if there is suspicion of a fascial space infection or if panoramic or periapical radiographs are not available. […] Prompt operative intervention to identify and eliminate the source of infection and provide a path for drainage, along with antibiotic therapy and supportive care, is required. Operative treatment is considered the cornerstone of successful management.

• #57 Periapical Abscess: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24896-periapical-abscess

  In some cases, your dentist may request a CT (computed tomography) scan, especially if they think the infection may have spread to your neck. A dental CT gives your dentist a 3D view of your mouth. […] Periapical abscess treatment depends on how far the infection has spread. Options include medicine and procedures, such as antibiotics, incision and draining, root canal therapy, and tooth extraction. […] Dentists often prescribe antibiotics to keep abscesses from spreading further. It’s important to understand that antibiotics won’t keep the infection from coming back. You’ll still need to treat the tooth. […] During this procedure, your dentist will create a small incision (cut) into the abscess. This allows infection (pus) to drain out. […] Your dentist may recommend a root canal to save your tooth. […] If the infection is too severe, your dentist may recommend a tooth extraction. […] If you have symptoms of a periapical abscess, you should schedule an appointment with a dentist right away. The sooner you treat the issue, the better chance of saving your tooth.

• #58 Dental Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542165/

  Dental infections are not an uncommon presentation in the medical setting, mainly in emergency departments. […] Of all dental-related visits, dental abscesses account for the majority of cases. […] Medical practitioners often have limited knowledge regarding dental infections, making these conditions challenging to manage. […] Furthermore, medical practitioners in the primary care setting have a unique opportunity to identify the early stages of dental infections, provide oral education, and make the appropriate referral to dental practitioners. […] An apical abscess can further complicate pulp necrosis. […] An apical abscess is usually a localized infection that does not require antimicrobials before referral to the dentist. […] Antibiotics are only indicated when there are signs of systemic spread of the infection, eg, fever or cellulitis.

• #59 Dental Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542165/

  The standard of care for dental infections is surgically controlling the infection source. […] Definitive treatment can only be administered by a dental practitioner. […] The prognosis for uncomplicated dental infections is good. […] Dental infections that spread to deeper neck structures carry a worse prognosis and significant mortality rate. […] Serious complications can arise from dental infections as they spread to potential head and neck fascial planes. […] There are different paths for the dissemination of the infection. […] Patients should receive counseling on proper dental hygiene to prevent dental infections.

• #60 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #61 Complications, diagnosis, and treatment of odontogenic infections – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/complications-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-odontogenic-infections

  COMPLICATIONS […] Suppurative odontogenic infections may extend to potential fascial spaces in the orofacial area (orofacial space infections) or deep in the head and neck (peripharyngeal space infections). The latter complication is often life threatening. […] DIAGNOSIS […] Specimen collection and processing […] Imaging techniques […] The complications, diagnosis, and treatment of odontogenic infections will be reviewed here. […] Periodontal infection can also be associated with a number of systemic disorders. These include fever of unknown origin, bacteremic seeding of heart valves and prosthetic devices, preterm birth of low birth weight children, and an increased risk for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular events.

• #62 Dental Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542165/

  The standard of care for dental infections is surgically controlling the infection source. […] Definitive treatment can only be administered by a dental practitioner. […] The prognosis for uncomplicated dental infections is good. […] Dental infections that spread to deeper neck structures carry a worse prognosis and significant mortality rate. […] Serious complications can arise from dental infections as they spread to potential head and neck fascial planes. […] There are different paths for the dissemination of the infection. […] Patients should receive counseling on proper dental hygiene to prevent dental infections.

• #63 Common Dental Emergencies | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0201/p511.html

  Cellulitis may follow apical periodontitis if the infection spreads into the surrounding tissues. […] The examination should focus on determining if the cellulitis remains localized or has spread regionally. […] Patients with localized cellulitis that is deemed appropriate for outpatient therapy should be treated by the physician with antistreptococcal oral antibiotics. […] If pericoronitis is well localized, hot salty mouthwashes and irrigation under the flap can resolve symptoms in the majority of cases. Localized cases that do not respond to mechanical therapy and more severe disseminated cases with spreading cellulitis should be treated with penicillin and appropriate pain medication. […] Patients require referral to a dentist within 24 hours for drainage and debridement of the infected periodontal area.

• #64 Dental Health | Sepsis Alliance

  https://www.sepsis.org/sepsisand/dental-health/

  A dental infection within or below a tooth can be caused by tooth decay or a broken tooth that causes the pulp to become infected. […] When an infection occurs, bacteria can move out of the tooth to the bone or tissue below, forming a dental abscess. […] A dental infection can lead to sepsis.

• #65 Tooth Abscess: Definition, Stages, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://ssfamilydentistry.com/blog/tooth-abcsess-symptoms-and-treatment/

  If an abscess progresses undetected and is left untreated for months or even years, there is a danger of losing not only the tooth but also the bone. […] Since early detection is critical, you should see a dentist for regular dental checkups. […] A dentist will recommend one or a combination of the following: […] An X-ray can help identify sources of dental disease that may have led to the abscessed tooth. […] The X-ray can also determine if the infection has spread and may be affecting other areas. […] If the infection has spread to other areas within your neck, the CT scan will help to identify the extent of the infection. […] An abscessed tooth will probably be sensitive to touch or pressure. […] Thermal tests will help determine the health of your tooth pulp.

• #66 Complications, diagnosis, and treatment of odontogenic infections – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/complications-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-odontogenic-infections

  COMPLICATIONS […] Suppurative odontogenic infections may extend to potential fascial spaces in the orofacial area (orofacial space infections) or deep in the head and neck (peripharyngeal space infections). The latter complication is often life threatening. […] DIAGNOSIS […] Specimen collection and processing […] Imaging techniques […] The complications, diagnosis, and treatment of odontogenic infections will be reviewed here. […] Periodontal infection can also be associated with a number of systemic disorders. These include fever of unknown origin, bacteremic seeding of heart valves and prosthetic devices, preterm birth of low birth weight children, and an increased risk for coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular events.

• #67 Dental Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542165/

  The standard of care for dental infections is surgically controlling the infection source. […] Definitive treatment can only be administered by a dental practitioner. […] The prognosis for uncomplicated dental infections is good. […] Dental infections that spread to deeper neck structures carry a worse prognosis and significant mortality rate. […] Serious complications can arise from dental infections as they spread to potential head and neck fascial planes. […] There are different paths for the dissemination of the infection. […] Patients should receive counseling on proper dental hygiene to prevent dental infections.

• #68 Dental Abscess | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20350

  Most dental abscesses can be treated with antibiotics to cover gram negatives, facultative anaerobes, and strict anaerobes. […] The differential diagnoses for dental abscesses include: Buccal bifurcation cyst, Eosinophilic granuloma, Gingival abscess, Langerhans cells histiocytosis, Lateral periodontal cyst, Osteomyelitis, Periapical abscess, Peritonsillar abscess, Periapical granuloma or cyst, Vertical root fracture. […] Surgical management of a dental abscess can include a root canal or tooth extraction. […] The prognosis for a dental abscess is very good. However, if the abscess is left untreated, the prognosis can be quite poor; the mortality rate can increase to 40% if patients develop mediastinitis from descending infection. […] For complicated dental abscesses, consult maxillofacial surgery or a dentist if there is 1 on staff. […] Patients with a dental abscess usually present with oral cavity pain, fever, and difficulty chewing.

• #69 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #70 Periapical Abscess: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24896-periapical-abscess

  In some cases, your dentist may request a CT (computed tomography) scan, especially if they think the infection may have spread to your neck. A dental CT gives your dentist a 3D view of your mouth. […] Periapical abscess treatment depends on how far the infection has spread. Options include medicine and procedures, such as antibiotics, incision and draining, root canal therapy, and tooth extraction. […] Dentists often prescribe antibiotics to keep abscesses from spreading further. It’s important to understand that antibiotics won’t keep the infection from coming back. You’ll still need to treat the tooth. […] During this procedure, your dentist will create a small incision (cut) into the abscess. This allows infection (pus) to drain out. […] Your dentist may recommend a root canal to save your tooth. […] If the infection is too severe, your dentist may recommend a tooth extraction. […] If you have symptoms of a periapical abscess, you should schedule an appointment with a dentist right away. The sooner you treat the issue, the better chance of saving your tooth.

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