Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rumination syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rumination-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377330

  Rumination syndrome is a condition in which someone repeatedly regurgitates undigested or partially digested food from the stomach. The regurgitated food is then chewed again and swallowed or spit out. People with rumination syndrome don’t try to regurgitate food. It happens without any effort. […] Symptoms of rumination syndrome include: Effortless regurgitation, typically within minutes of eating. Belly pain or pressure relieved by regurgitation. A feeling of fullness. Nausea. Losing weight without trying. […] Rumination syndrome isn’t usually associated with retching. […] The exact cause of rumination syndrome isn’t clear. But it appears to be caused by an increase in abdominal pressure. […] Rumination syndrome is more likely to happen in people with anxiety, depression or other psychiatric disorders. […] Complications of rumination syndrome may include: Unhealthy weight loss. Malnutrition. Worn teeth. Bad breath. Embarrassment. Social isolation. […] Untreated, rumination syndrome can damage the tube between the mouth and stomach, called the esophagus.

• #2 Rumination Syndrome: Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17981-rumination-syndrome

  Rumination syndrome (also known as rumination disorder or merycism) is a feeding and eating disorder in which undigested food comes back up from a persons stomach into his or her mouth (regurgitation). Once the food is back in the mouth, the person may chew it and swallow it again, or spit it out. This behavior usually occurs after every meal, and may appear effortless. Rumination may follow a sensation of burping/belching and typically does not involve nausea or retching. In rumination, the regurgitated food does not tend to taste sour or bitter because it has not had time to fully mix with stomach acid and be digested. […] The signs and symptoms of rumination syndrome include: Regurgitating and re-chewing food on a regular basis. Digestive problems, such as indigestion and stomach aches. Dental problems, such as bad breath and tooth decay. Weight loss. Chapped lips.

• #3 UC San Diego Health Health Library | San Diego Hospital, Healthcare

  https://myhealth.ucsd.edu/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/134,82

  Rumination syndrome is a rare behavioral problem. It affects children and some adults. Rumination syndrome causes an automatic regurgitation of recently eaten food. Someone with this problem will often eat meals normally. But after about 10 to 15 minutes, undigested food comes back up into the mouth from the food pipe (esophagus). This may continue for about 1 to 2 hours. The person may rechew and reswallow the food. Or they may spit it out. Often this happens at every meal, day after day. Rumination is a reflex, not a conscious action. […] The symptoms of rumination syndrome may look like other health conditions or problems. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] The symptoms of rumination syndrome don’t get better with normal treatment of reflux. […] Rumination syndrome is a rare behavioral disorder in which food is brought back up from the stomach. It’s either rechewed, reswallowed, or spit out. […] The food will be described as tasting normally. This means it is still undigested. It’s not acidic-tasting, like vomit. […] Rumination syndrome should be considered in anyone who vomits after eating, has regurgitation, and weight loss.

• #4 Rumination Syndrome – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/rumination-syndrome/

  Regurgitation of food typically occurs within minutes after a meal but can continue for 1-2 hours at meals with both liquids and solid food. […] Other effects of regular rumination include dental damage, bad breath, weight loss and electrolyte imbalance. Rumination disorder can also have an impact on a person’s quality of life, though not all people experience the same level of impairment. […] In the early stages after diagnosis, it is important that nutrition, oral intake and weight is monitored as well as hydration status. If there is evidence of weight loss or malnutrition, dehydration, support from a dietetics team and supplementation may be required until the condition is effectively treated.

• #5 Rumination syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rumination-syndrome/print

  Rumination syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction characterized by effortless regurgitation of ingested food into the mouth after most meals. The material is either spat out or re-swallowed. Rumination syndrome is frequently misdiagnosed as gastroesophageal reflux disease or vomiting, resulting in a delay in diagnosis. […] Rumination syndrome can affect children and adults. In a study that surveyed 2163 children and adolescents, 110 (5 percent) fulfilled clinical criteria for rumination syndrome. In a study from the United States and another which surveyed over 50,000 participants across 26 countries, the prevalence of rumination was 3.1 and 5.8 percent, respectively. In patients with fibromyalgia or eating disorders, the prevalence of rumination syndrome may be as high as 7 to 8 percent.

• #6 Rumination Syndrome | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/rumination-syndrome

  Individuals with rumination syndrome usually experience regurgitation at every meal, day after day. […] Symptoms may be caused by a variation of the typical belching/burping reflex where instead of burping up gas, the reflex causes food to come back up. […] Some patients may have pain with eating, while others will be pain-free. Others may experience nausea. […] Rumination syndrome does not seem to do much physical damage. In rare instances, it can cause problems with the esophagus and sometimes weight loss. […] Some of the long-term complications may include: Increased risk of dehydration, malnutrition and weight loss. […] Emotional issues such as anxiety, stress and depression.

• #7 Rumination Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3061016/

  Rumination is the regurgitation of undigested food from the stomach back up into the mouth. It is a reflex response, not a conscious decision. Rumination is normal in cows; it is not a normal part of digestion in humans. However, this syndrome does occur in some otherwise healthy individuals. […] In an affected patient, rumination usually occurs for 12 hours after most meals. It is a chronic condition that typically occurs after every meal, every day. […] The causes of this condition are unknown. The belch reflex appears to become adapted. Rumination is commonly believed to be an unconscious learned disorder (ie, a behavioral issue) involving voluntary relaxation of the diaphragm. […] The syndrome can begin in childhood or adulthood. In the past, rumination was reported mainly in children with disabilities, typically mental retardation.

• #8 Rumination syndrome – Humanitas.net

  https://www.humanitas.net/diseases/rumination-syndrome/

  Symptoms can begin to manifest at any point from the ingestion of the meal to 120 minutes thereafter. However, the more common range is between 30 seconds to 1 hour after the completion of a meal. Symptoms tend to cease when the ruminated contents become acidic. […] Unlike typical vomiting, the regurgitation is typically described as effortless and unforced. There is no retching, nausea, heartburn, odour or abdominal pain associated with the regurgitation, as there is with typical vomiting. Also, the undigested food lacks the bitter taste and odour of stomach acid and bile.

• #9 Rumination Syndrome – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/rumination-syndrome/

  Rumination syndrome is the chronic (long-term) repetitive, effortless regurgitation of recently swallowed food back into the mouth. […] Rumination syndrome can often be mistaken for reflux (but regurgitated food is not generally acidic), unexplained vomiting, bulimia, anorexia nervosa and gastroparesis. […] Many people with rumination syndrome also have a diagnosis of anxiety and depression. But it is not known if the mental ill health diagnosis precedes the rumination syndrome or the rumination syndrome is the cause of anxiety or depression, as the symptoms and delay in recognition of the condition can negatively affect the persons quality of life. […] People can often experience symptoms for some time before diagnosis. Rumination syndrome is not usually accompanied by nausea, it is painless and most people with rumination syndrome do not experience any heartburn or retching. It can be preceded with a feeling you are about to burp.

• #10 Rumination syndrome | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20377320/

  Rumination syndrome is a condition in which someone repeatedly regurgitates undigested or partially digested food from the stomach. The regurgitated food is then chewed again and swallowed or spit out. People with rumination syndrome dont try to regurgitate food. It happens without any effort. […] Symptoms of rumination syndrome include: Effortless regurgitation, typically within minutes of eating. Belly pain or pressure relieved by regurgitation. A feeling of fullness. Nausea. Losing weight without trying. Rumination syndrome isnt usually associated with retching. […] Complications of rumination syndrome may include: Unhealthy weight loss. Malnutrition. Worn teeth. Bad breath. Embarrassment. Social isolation. Untreated, rumination syndrome can damage the tube between the mouth and stomach, called the esophagus.

• #11 Rumination disorder: Definition, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, or rumination syndrome, is an eating disorder. It causes the repeated and unintentional regurgitation of food, usually during or just after eating. […] People with this disorder may also experience other symptoms, such as nausea, bloating, and dizziness. […] The main symptom of rumination disorder is the frequent and effortless regurgitation of food, which usually happens 15-30 minutes after eating. People may also experience: a feeling of pressure or the need to belch beforehand, nausea, discomfort, bloating, headaches, dizziness, difficulty sleeping. […] In some cases, regurgitation may cause further symptoms, including dental damage, weight loss, heartburn. […] Rumination disorder may cause complications, such as weight loss, dental damage, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition. […] Rumination disorder does not usually cause any physical harm to the body, and breathing techniques and behavioral therapy are often effective in treating symptoms of the disorder. […] As a result, the outlook for people with this disorder is usually very good.

• #12 Rumination Syndrome | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/rumination-syndrome

  Rumination syndrome is a condition where people regurgitate and either vomit or re-swallow their food or drink soon after eating. […] This can become more frequent or worsen over time and can occur in anyone at age. […] Medical histories of patients with rumination syndrome suggest that the symptoms often begin with some „triggering” event. […] After this infection, event, or stress has gone away, the vomiting behavior remains in place, almost similar to a habit. […] While the symptoms listed above are common to patients with rumination syndrome, each patient we see has a different presentation. […] Some patients feel pain with eating. Others feel nausea. Some patients do not report any sensations before the rumination begins. […] While rumination syndrome itself is not life-threatening, the problems that develop around the rumination are quite debilitating.

• #13 12 Tips to Help You Stop Ruminating | Signs and Symptoms of Rumination Disorder

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/rumination-disorder/

  Rumination disorder signs and symptoms may include: […] Regurgitation […] Spitting out food […] Malnutrition […] Weight loss or failure to thrive […] Putting hands to mouth before regurgitation […] Gagging […] Tooth decay […] Bad breath […] Choking […] Chapped lips. […] Many effects of rumination disorder result from food and acid returning to the mouth. These effects and other rumination disorder health risks may include: […] Bad breath […] Tooth decay […] Malnutrition […] Weight loss […] Chapped lips […] Loose esophageal sphincter […] Acid reflux. […] Rumination disorder, or rumination eating disorder, is characterized by the regurgitation of food, possibly re-chewing it, and then re-swallowing the food. […] Infants are most commonly affected by rumination disorder, and the age of onset is usually between three and 12 months. Infants tend to outgrow the syndrome, but some people carry these behaviors into adulthood. […] The main risk factor for rumination disorder is being institutionalized due to profound intellectual disability. […] Rumination disorder treatment consists of non-aversive and mild aversive techniques that are supportive and psychodynamic.

• #14 What Is Rumination Disorder? | Symptoms & Treatment

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, also referred to as rumination syndrome, is a rare and chronic condition that is characterized by an individuals uncontrollable regurgitation after most meals. […] In rumination disorder, the food is effortlessly regurgitated, without actively retching. The regurgitated food is either re-chewed and swallowed, or spit out. This usually occurs within 30 minutes of eating, before stomach acid can break down the food, thus eliminating the acidic taste of digested food. […] The severity and frequency of rumination disorder vary between individuals. Identifying the signs and symptoms of the condition is an important part of getting a quick diagnosis. […] Here are some warning signs that could indicate a rumination disorder: Regurgitation that is not preceded by retching or forced, 30 to 120 minutes after eating; Burping before regurgitation; Abdominal pain, which is relieved following regurgitation; Indigestion; Unplanned or unintentional weight loss; Halitosis (chronic bad breath); Chapped lips and/or dry lips; Tooth decay; Depression and/or anxiety; Malnutrition; Avoiding social events or eating with others; Hunger and irritability between regurgitation episodes.

• #15 Rumination Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rumination-syndrome.html

  Rumination syndrome happens when just-swallowed food comes back up into the mouth from the stomach. When this happens, a person chews and swallows the food again or spits it out. Rumination syndrome isnt the same as vomiting (throwing up), which is when fully digested food comes back up. The condition seems to be a reflex kids dont do it on purpose but it can start after an illness that causes vomiting. […] Most young children with rumination syndrome outgrow it. In kids ages 10 and older, though, the condition can last longer and be tougher to manage. […] Rumination syndrome may cause these signs and symptoms: just-swallowed food comes back up into the mouth and doesnt taste bitter or sour (like vomit), feeling full or having nausea (feeling sick to the stomach), upset stomach or belly pain, weight loss, chapped lips, bad breath.

• #16 Rumination syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_syndrome

  Abdominal pain (38.1%), lack of fecal production or constipation (21.1%), nausea (17.0%), diarrhea (8.2%), bloating (4.1%), and dental decay (3.4%) are also described as common symptoms in day-to-day life. […] Weight loss is often observed (42.2%) at an average loss of 9.6 kilograms, and is more common in cases where the disorder has gone undiagnosed for a longer period of time, though this may be expected of the nutrition deficiencies that often accompany the disorder as a consequence of its symptoms. […] Depression has also been linked with rumination syndrome, though its effects on rumination syndrome are unknown.

• #17 Rumination Syndrome | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/rumination-syndrome

  Some of these problems include heightened GI sensitivity resulting in severe abdominal pain, nausea, bloating and/or pressure that makes having food or fluid in the stomach intolerable. […] Greater risk for dehydration, malnutrition and weight loss. […] Poor school attendance (35% of the patients we have seen have switched to home schooling or home-bound instruction due to their problems with rumination syndrome). […] Emotional struggles with anxiety, depression and stress.

• #18 Rumination Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment – thewaveclinic.com

  https://thewaveclinic.com/blog/rumination-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Rumination syndrome is still a relatively unknown condition. This means that young people living with the condition often go unnoticed, or their condition is misdiagnosed. Being aware of the signs and symptoms of rumination syndrome is important so that you can spot the development of the disorder in a child and help them get the support they require. […] Some of the signs of rumination disorder include: Repeated regurgitation of food that has been partly digested, Re-chewing and swallowing food regurgitated food, Hiding their behaviour, such as by coughing or covering their mouth, Avoiding eating around others or before socialising, Malnutrition, Weight loss, Bad breath, Experiencing abdominal pain, Feeling hungry and irritable before they regurgitate their food. […] Rumination disorder can cause severe damage to a young persons physical health and prevent them from growing and developing healthily. It can also cause interpersonal difficulties, affecting how they socialise and build relationships. However, with effective treatment, young people can learn to manage symptoms and live a healthy and inspired life.

• #19 Rumination Disorder

  https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/other-eating-feeding-problems/rumination-disorder/

  Rumination disorder is an illness that involves repetitive, habitual bringing up of food that might be partly digested. […] Vomiting in rumination disorder is different to the kind of sickness you might get with a stomach bug, for example the person wont appear to feel sick or experience involuntary retching. […] Rumination disorder can lead to malnutrition, weight loss, dental erosions, and electrolyte disturbances if left untreated. […] Possible signs of rumination disorder include vomiting food that has been partly digested on a regular basis, no obvious physical illness that causes this behaviour, re-chewing and swallowing food that theyve brought up, hiding their behaviour, avoiding eating around others, avoiding eating before socialising, weight loss, malnutrition, not making expected weight gains, straining and arching the back with the head held back, making sucking movements with their tongue, appearance of finding the behaviour satisfying, and being hungry and irritable between instances of bringing up their food.

• #20 Rumination Syndrome – About Kids GI

  https://aboutkidsgi.org/upper-gi/rumination-syndrome/

  Rumination syndrome is characterized by the effortless regurgitation of recently ingested food into the mouth followed usually by expulsion, though in some people, or under certain circumstances, it is followed by re-chewing and re-swallowing. […] In order for rumination syndrome to be diagnosed, a person should have symptoms that persist over weeks or months, not acute vomiting that has lasted only a few days as occurs in gastroenteritis (gastrointestinal flu). […] The primary symptom in rumination syndrome is the regurgitation of recently ingested food. […] However, many children and adolescents with rumination have additional symptoms. In our experience, other common symptoms include nausea, heartburn, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and/or constipation. […] The severity of regurgitation in children with rumination syndrome is quite variable.

• #20 Rumination Syndrome – About Kids GI

  https://aboutkidsgi.org/upper-gi/rumination-syndrome/

  For some, regurgitation occurs at nearly every meal and the amount of weight loss can be significant. […] On the other hand, many children and adolescents with rumination syndrome are able to maintain and even gain weight despite frequent regurgitation. […] The outcome for children and adolescents with rumination syndrome who undergo behavioral treatment is very good. The vast majority will have significant improvement of their symptoms, and many report complete resolution of symptoms following treatment.

• #21 Rumination Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, or rumination syndrome, is a condition in which someone regularly regurgitates their food after eating it. The core symptom of rumination disorder is regurgitating ones food, after which the food may be swallowed again or spat out. In rumination disorder, regurgitation is not due to throwing up involuntarily, and the person doesnt view the behavior with disgust. Regurgitating food several times a week, for a period of a month or longer, would lead to a diagnosis of rumination disorder. Rumination can lead to psychological distress, because people may struggle with embarrassment and isolation, potentially avoiding settings where they would need to eat with other people such as at school or work. […] Adults with rumination disorder may try to hide their regurgitation by coughing into their hand or their napkin while eating. They may also avoid eating with other people. Babies with rumination disorder may make sucking movements with their tongue, display hunger and irritability between regurgitation sessions, and struggle to gain weight, according to the DSM-5. […] Rumination can occur throughout ones lifetime. It often emerges in childhood, but it can begin in adulthood as well. In infancy, the disorder most commonly appears between 3 and 12 months, according to the DSM-5.

• #22 Rumination Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576404/

  Rumination syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined as the effortless regurgitation of recently ingested food from the stomach back into the oral cavity in the absence of organic disease. The regurgitation usually occurs within the first 15 minutes after the completion of a meal. A simultaneous remastication and expectoration or re-swallowing of indigested food is commonly observed and can continue for up to two hours after each meal. […] Rumination syndrome can be present in both children and adults and is classified as a functional gastrointestinal disorder by the Rome IV criteria and as an eating disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Rumination disorder is often misdiagnosed as gastroesophageal reflux disease or vomiting, which results in unnecessary testing and treatments, leading to delay in therapies that will help alleviate the problem.

• #23 Rumination Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/eating-disorders/rumination

  Rumination Disorder is a feeding and eating disorder characterized by repeated regurgitation of food occurring after feeding or eating over a period of at least one month. […] The age at onset in infants is usually between ages 3 to 12 months. […] In infants, the disorder frequently remits spontaneously. However the course can be protracted in some cases, and can even result in medical emergencies (e.g. – severe malnutrition). […] In older children, adolescents, and adults, social functioning is likely to be adversely affected. […] Weight loss is a common feature, and malnutrition may occur despite the infant’s apparent hunger and the ingestion of relatively large amounts of food. […] Children and adults with rumination can also have malnutrition, especially when the regurgitation is accompanied by restriction of intake. The behaviours may be disguised by placing a hand over the mouth or coughing. Some may avoid eating with others because they are aware of the social undesirability of their behaviours (e.g. – avoiding breakfast because it may be followed by regurgitation). […] Individuals may describe the behaviour as being habitual or outside of their control.

• #24 Rumination Disorder in Infants and Children

  https://www.webmd.com/children/eating-disorders-in-children-rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder (also called merycism) is an eating disorder in which a person — usually an infant or young child — brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed. In most cases, the re-chewed food is then swallowed again; but occasionally, the child will spit it out. […] Symptoms of rumination disorder in babies and young kids include: Repeated regurgitation of food, Repeated re-chewing of food, Weight loss, Bad breath and tooth decay, Repeated stomach aches and indigestion, Raw and chapped lips. […] In addition, infants with rumination may make unusual movements that are typical of the disorder. These include straining and arching the back, holding the head back, tightening the abdominal muscles, and making sucking movements with the mouth. These movements may be done as the infant is trying to bring back up the partially digested food.

• #25 Rumination Disorder: Treatment in Children vs. Adults, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, also known as rumination syndrome, is a rare and chronic condition. It affects infants, children, and adults. […] People with this disorder regurgitate food after most meals. Regurgitation occurs when recently ingested food rises into the esophagus, throat, and mouth, but isn’t involuntarily or forcefully expelled from the mouth as it is in vomiting. […] The main symptom of this disorder is the repeated regurgitation of undigested food. Regurgitation typically occurs between a half hour to two hours after eating. People with this condition regurgitate every day and after almost every meal. […] Other symptoms may include: bad breath, weight loss, stomach aches or indigestion, tooth decay, dry mouth or lips. […] Signs and symptoms of rumination disorder are the same in both children and adults. Adults are more likely to spit out regurgitated food. Children are more likely to rechew and reswallow the food.

• #26 GiKids – Rumination Disorder

  https://gikids.org/digestive-topics/rumination-disorder/

  Rumination symptoms may begin after an infection, stressful event, or gastrointestinal disease. However, many cases have no obvious trigger. […] For most children, the regurgitation is thought to start as the body’s way of releasing uncomfortable pressure in the abdomen. It then becomes associated with a positive outcome, such as a pleasant food taste and/or less abdominal discomfort. This reinforces the behavior. Repeated over time, this loop can become a habit that continues even after the original trigger is no longer there. […] Relapses or flares can occur, and retreatment may be needed. Similar to all diseases, stress, poor sleep, illness, or other physiologic triggers may contribute to recurrence of rumination disorder. However, once the skills to manage rumination are learned, they can be reused if symptoms come back.

• #27 Rumination syndrome. A review article | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-rumination-syndrome-a-review-article-articulo-S2255534X21000311

  The presence of an inciting event prior to the diagnosis of rumination syndrome, such as illness, or the psychosocial stress of divorce, a death in the family, or problems at school or work, has been described in some patients. […] Few studies provide information on the long-term results in patients with rumination syndrome, but the limited data available suggest that symptoms can recur after successful treatment.

• #28 Rumination Syndrome: An Update on Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies – Practical Gastro

  https://practicalgastro.com/2016/09/02/rumination-syndrome-an-update-on-diagnostic-and-treatment-strategies/

  Rumination syndrome is a disorder characterized by the regurgitation of swallowed food with the decision to re-swallow the material or vomit within minutes after eating. […] The diagnosis of rumination syndrome was made based on his symptoms in the setting of a negative evaluation. […] The onset of primary rumination syndrome is usually preceded by a stressful life event, such as loss of a family member, job loss, financial hardship, relocation, relationship hardships including divorce and others. […] Over time, the decreased oral intake leads to a gradual weight loss (83%) and dehydration, resulting in visits to the emergency department or primary care physician. […] In the secondary form of RS, or conditioned vomiting, the organic vomiting disorder conditions the patients to expect and experience postprandial vomiting.

• #29 Rumination Syndrome: Signs, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2019/09/rumination-syndrome

  Symptoms of rumination syndrome usually begin with a triggering event, such as a stressful change in a child’s life, an infection or viral illness, like a cold. […] In addition to the effortless regurgitation of food or fluids after intake, other symptoms associated with rumination syndrome can include: Dehydration, Weight loss, Bad breath, Nausea, Fatigue or decreased energy, Decreased quality of life. […] Sometimes, the weight loss and dehydration are severe enough to require enteral feeding, which is the administration of food and drink through a tube to maintain nutrition and hydration. […] Treatment of rumination does not necessarily cure a patient of the symptoms. Most patients say they learn skills to manage their symptoms so they are less bothersome and interfere less with daily functioning. Some patients do stop having regurgitation altogether, but some continue to have some symptoms at times. Symptoms can sometimes return after a period of time, often triggered by an illness such as a gastrointestinal virus. In such circumstances, patients are usually able to regain control of their symptoms by using strategies they previously learned from treatment.

• #30 Rumination Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/rumination-syndrome.html

  Rumination syndrome can lead to problems from poor nutrition. Kids may not get enough vitamins, minerals, and protein. They may not grow well or could become dehydrated (have too little water in the body). […] Some kids with rumination disorder may feel stressed because of it. They may have trouble doing their normal routines and activities, like school or sports. […] Rumination syndrome seems to be a reflex, meaning that the child doesnt bring food or fluids back up on purpose. The condition usually starts or is triggered by something that causes a child to throw up, like a virus. […] Rumination syndrome most often affects babies as well as children who have developmental delays. It also can happen in kids who have long-term constipation problems, and those with depression, anxiety, or another mental health problem. Kids of any age can have the condition.

• #31 What Is Rumination Disorder?  – National Alliance for Eating Disorders

  https://www.allianceforeatingdisorders.com/what-is-rumination-disorder/

  Rumination syndrome often starts due to a triggering event, like a viral disease, GI disorder, or change in stress levels. However, once the trigger passes, the person continues to experience regurgitation. […] Recognizing the symptoms of rumination disorder is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention, as this disorder often persists untreated for extended periods. Typical symptoms include: […] Involuntary and easy regurgitation: Occurs within minutes of eating. […] Unchanged taste of regurgitated food: As digestive acids haven’t initiated the nutrient breakdown process, the taste remains the same. […] Abdominal pain: Some individuals may experience abdominal discomfort as a form of pressure relief after regurgitation. […] Nausea: Some people may experience nausea before or after regurgitation episodes.

• #32 Rumination Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-behavior/rumination-syndrome

  Symptoms of rumination syndrome may include: regurgitation of undigested food or drink after meals, and not during sleep […] actions involving rechewing, re-swallowing, or spitting out the regurgitated food […] regurgitation that typically occurs due to reflexes, not a voluntary or conscious decision, or that feels effortless […] regurgitation following or long after a particular event, such as emotional grief or stress, gastrointestinal illness, infection, or physical injury […] sensations of discomfort or nausea before regurgitation […] indigestion […] otherwise unexplained weight loss […] social anxiety. […] Symptoms may vary from person to person. For example, a person experiencing rumination syndrome may not experience nausea, retching, or disgust with the food, however, others may. […] The onset of symptoms after eating may also vary. Some people regurgitate food after one or two bites, whereas others may be able to eat substantial amounts of food before regurgitation. […] In some cases, people may experience regurgitation for up to 2 hours after eating. However, regurgitation commonly occurs within the first 15 minutes after finishing a meal.

• #33 Rumination Disorder Symptoms

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/rumination-disorder-symptoms

  In order for rumination disorder to be diagnosed, the symptoms must have last for at least one (1) month. […] The individual will repeatedly regurgitate and rechew food for a period of at least 1 month following a period of normal functioning. […] Rumination disorder is most often diagnosed in childhood and among infants and usually remits spontaneously on its own, with little to no intervention or targeted treatment.

• #34 Rumination disorder Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder is a condition in which a person keeps bringing up food from the stomach into the mouth (regurgitation) and rechewing the food. […] Symptoms include: Repeatedly bringing up (regurgitating) food. This is effortless and is different from vomiting. The food that comes up is usually undigested. Repeatedly rechewing food. Symptoms must go on for at least 1 month to fit the definition of rumination disorder. People do not appear to be upset, retching, or disgusted when they bring up food. It may appear to cause pleasure. […] In some cases, rumination disorder will disappear on its own, and the child will go back to eating normally without treatment. In other cases, treatment is needed.

• #35 Rumination Disorder in Infants and Children

  https://www.webmd.com/children/eating-disorders-in-children-rumination-disorder

  Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder in infants and children are: Malnutrition, Less resistance to infections and diseases, Failure to grow and thrive, Weight loss, Stomach diseases such as ulcers, Dehydration, Bad breath and tooth decay, Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs), Choking, Death. […] In most cases, babies and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally. For older children, this disorder can continue for months.

• #36 Rumination Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576404/

  Patients with rumination syndrome commonly report dyspepsia, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The syndrome is characterized by rapid (usually within 10 minutes) regurgitation after a meal. The regurgitation can persist for 1 to 2 hours after finishing a meal. […] Symptoms are usually chronic, and a diagnosis of rumination syndrome may take on average 21 to 77 months. […] Rumination syndrome is considered an acquired habit and is therefore reversible. Diaphragmatic breathing proved in multiple studies to be of benefit by decreasing regurgitations. Additionally, pharmacologic (baclofen, buspirone) and non-pharmacologic treatment modalities (CBT, chewing gum, general relaxation) are available. […] Moreover, limited data suggest that symptoms in patients with rumination syndrome can recur. A 2018 study evaluating 47 adolescents with rumination syndrome over 12 months reported continued improvement in rumination symptoms over time with a cessation of rumination symptoms for at least six months in 20% of the patients.

• #37 What is Rumination Disorder? Signs, Statistics & Causes

  https://breakbingeeating.com/rumination-disorder/

  Rumination disorder (or rumination syndrome) is a type of DSM-5 feeding disorder that is characterised by recurrent postprandial, effortless regurgitation. […] In this disorder, recently ingested food returns from the stomach to the oral cavity where it is re-chewed and then either spat out or re-swallowed. […] Rumination typically happens during or after every meal, and people report that some foods (e.g., watery-based) are more easily dispelled than others. […] There are numerous symptoms that are associated with rumination syndrome. Some of the more common symptoms include: effortless regurgitation during or shortly after eating, abdominal pain or pressure relieved by regurgitation, feeling of fullness, bad breath, nausea, unintentional weight loss, chest pain. […] The syndrome is most common in children and in individuals with intellectual disabilities.

• #38 Rumination: How it Affects Kids

  https://health.clevelandclinic.org/rumination-this-rare-eating-disorder-most-often-affects-kids

  Rumination is a rare eating disorder characterized by repeated regurgitation of undigested or partially digested food after eating, without any nausea or retching. […] Unlike with other eating disorders, a child who ruminates eats food normally. Only, after they eat usually within 30 minutes to an hour some of the food they ate flows backward from their esophagus and stomach up into their mouth. […] The good news, she notes, is that most kids are eventually able to overcome their rumination symptoms. However, its important for parents to know that they may be at risk for developing other anxiety disorders later in life. […] Sometimes, the rumination disorder gets better and they go years and years with no symptoms, and later we might see sleeping problems or headaches or stomach aches, Dr. Falcone explains.

• #39 Rumination Disorder: Bobbi’s Story | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/gastroenterology/rumination-disorder-bobbis-story/

  After talking with Bobbi, Dr. Schurman suspected stress might have triggered the disorder years earlier, but she had learned to suppress it. […] Rumination disorder is probably more common than we think, Dr. Schurman said. […] At some point, Bobbis esophagus had learned to push food up in response to stress, and that she needed to retrain those muscles to push food down instead. […] Dr. Schurman used the information gained from the biofeedback sessions to teach Bobbi additional skills to reduce stress, balance her nervous system, and reduce or eliminate physical symptoms. […] Bobbi was committed to changing this habit, and was a very compliant patient, making her treatment all the more effective, Dr. Schurman said. […] As Bobbi faces these new challenges, she knows theres a possibility the rumination disorder could flare up again, but this time shell be ready for it.

• #40 Rumination Syndrome: Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17981-rumination-syndrome

  If it is not treated, rumination syndrome can damage the esophagus (the tube leading from the mouth to the stomach). Other complications may include: Embarrassment, Poor nutrition, Failure to grow, Electrolyte imbalance, Dehydration, Aspiration (inhalation of food into the airway [trachea/lungs]), Choking, Pneumonia, Death. […] Many people with rumination syndrome live otherwise healthy lives. Rumination syndrome usually does not affect a persons daily routines.

• #41 Rumination Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576404/

  Rumination syndrome is generally considered a benign condition, but it can cause mental and physical distress affecting the quality of life. Frequent regurgitations can also result in significant weight loss, especially in adolescents, and could result in a diagnosis of an eating disorder disguised as rumination syndrome.

• #42 Rumination Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3061016/

  Because rumination is likely behavioral in origin, it can be unlearned, which is the most effective method for its management. […] I am not aware of any particular damage that results in these patients, except for esophagitis in a minority of cases, and occasionally weight loss in adolescent patients. […] Rumination is easy to diagnose if physicians know what to look for; establishing a diagnosis by asking a few simple questions takes only a few minutes.

• #43 Rumination Disorder (307.53) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/rumination-disorder-307-53/

  A child or infant with rumination disorder will often experience repeated regurgitation and/or re-chewing of food as well as weight loss, bad breath and tooth decay, repeated stomachaches and indigestion, and raw and chapped lips. Vomitus may be seen on the individuals chin, neck, and clothing, but the regurgitation is often not visible to others. When associated weight loss and growth failure occurs, it can often seem unexplained. […] In children and adults, regurgitation typically occurs within minutes of a meal and may last several hours. It generally occurs regularly after most meals. The individual with rumination disorder may appear to gain satisfaction from mouthing the regurgitated food rather than being disgusted by the vomitus, as well. […] The adult also experiences tooth decay and erosion as well as aspiration, but generally does not experience weight loss as with children and infants. The aspiration associated with this disorder can cause recurrent bronchitis or pneumonia, bronchospasms, reflex laryngospasms, and asthma.

• #44 Rumination Syndrome | Safe Harbor Treatment Center

  https://safeharbortreatmentcenter.com/what-we-treat/co-occurring-disorders/rumination-syndrome/

  Aside from the uncomfortable symptoms that rumination syndrome presents, there are also various health effects that can occur if rumination syndrome goes untreated. […] Some possible effects are: Excessive weight loss, Severe abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, Dental erosion, Embarrassment, Lowered school attendance, Anxiety, Stress, Esophageal problems, Malnutrition, Bad breath, Social isolation, No longer participating in sports or athletic activities, Depression. […] Early treatment is recommended in order to minimize the health risks and social effects that can occur from untreated rumination syndrome.

• #45 What Is Rumination Disorder? | Symptoms & Treatment

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/rumination-disorder

  If left untreated, the long-term effects of rumination disorder can be serious and life-limiting. Medically, long-term regurgitation can result in significant weight loss, which may lead to developmental delays in children. Malnutrition can also occur, with the associated nutritional deficiencies potentially resulting in a weakened immune system. […] Rumination disorder can also have psychological and social effects. Sufferers often avoid social situations and develop mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression. […] Recovery from rumination disorder is possible.

• #46 Rumination disorder | UKAT

  https://www.ukat.co.uk/eating-disorders/rumination-disorder/

  Weight loss or nutritional deficiencies: Due to the loss of nutrients from regurgitated food. […] Stomach discomfort and indigestion: Frequent regurgitation can lead to digestive issues. […] Both the core and secondary rumination disorder symptoms can have profound impacts on your physical health, emotional well-being and quality of life. Early detection not only aids in accurate rumination disorder diagnosis but also opens the door to timely and appropriate treatment strategies. […] Continuous food loss through regurgitation can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies. […] Rumination disorder can lead to or exacerbate anxiety, depression and feelings of shame or guilt. […] For children and adolescents, rumination disorder can interfere with education, leading to absenteeism or difficulty concentrating in school. Adults may find it challenging to maintain regular employment due to the need for frequent breaks and the potential embarrassment caused by rumination syndrome in a professional setting.

• #46 Rumination disorder | UKAT

  https://www.ukat.co.uk/eating-disorders/rumination-disorder/

  Rumination syndrome does not discriminate; it can affect individuals of any age, gender or background. However, the condition disorder is notably prevalent among infants, young children and individuals with intellectual disabilities. […] Recognising the symptoms and signs of rumination disorder is a critical step towards seeking help and beginning the journey to recovery. This disorder manifests in a variety of ways, each symptom contributing to the complexity of the condition and its impact on your life. By understanding both the core and secondary symptoms, we can better comprehend the full scope of the disorder and the importance of early detection and rumination disorder treatment. […] Chronic regurgitation: The hallmark of rumination syndrome involves the involuntary return of partially digested food from the stomach to the mouth without nausea or disgust.

• #47 Experts Tell You Everything You Need To Know About Rumination Disorder

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/experts-tell-you-everything-need-know-rumination-isaac-nunoofio

  According to Professor Carter, rumination syndrome can lead to several complications, including: Malnutrition: Repeated regurgitation of food can lead to malnutrition, as nutrients are not properly absorbed and utilized by the body. […] Depression and anxiety: Rumination syndrome can also have a significant impact on an individual’s mental health, leading to depression and anxiety.

• #48 Functional Rumination Syndrome | Dr Nir Fireman

  https://www.dr-tummy.com/rumination-syndrome

  Some children will experience pain or discomfort when they have Rumination Syndrome, while others may not. Additionally, some children might have nausea or the sensation that they are about to vomit. […] If a kid starts to avoid certain foods or drinks, or lowers the amount of food they consume at mealtimes, this could indicate RS as the child might be trying to limit RS symptoms with these actions. […] The management of RS is a holistic combination of both medical and behavioural treatments. According to recent research, the best way to inhibit rumination syndrome symptoms is for your child to relearn the process of eating and digesting. […] The long-term outlook for a child with Rumination Syndrome is good. Because the reasons why RS starts are not clear, the symptoms are managed with medicines while behavioural therapy is ongoing.

• #49 Rumination syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rumination-syndrome/print

  Rumination syndrome has been associated with anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and constipation from a rectal evacuation disorder. While some studies have suggested that rumination syndrome occurs predominantly among children and adults with development delay, this has not been substantiated by most studies. […] The pathogenesis of rumination syndrome is unclear, but unperceived abdominal wall activation in the postprandial period appears to be a key pathogenetic feature. The exact trigger for this abdominal wall activation is not well established; however, as there is overlap between rumination syndrome and functional dyspepsia, it is possible that rumination events occur in response to post-prandial dyspeptic symptoms. The retrograde flow of ingested gastric content into the mouth in patients with rumination syndrome occurs due to a combination of raised intra-abdominal pressure coupled with negative intrathoracic pressure, resulting in a permissive esophagogastric gradient. On postprandial esophageal high resolution impedance manometry, rumination follows gastric pressurizations exceeding 30 mmHg, which is associated with lower and upper esophageal relaxation at the time of gastric pressurization. This indicates that raised intra-abdominal pressure alone cannot explain rumination and that upper and lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction also likely play a role.

• #50 Rumination Eating Disorder: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Nourish

  https://www.usenourish.com/blog/rumination-eating-disorder

  Rumination eating disorder is a medical condition that causes a person to regurgitate their food after they eat. […] Regurgitating food on a continuous basis leads to a number of physical symptoms. A few of the most notable include: Stomach Pain. […] Frequent vomiting will eventually damage the esophagus, as it exposes a persons food passage to gastric acid. […] A lot of people with rumination eating disorder lose weight as it becomes more and more difficult to keep food down. […] The acid in our stomachs is strong enough to erode the enamel of our teeth. […] High levels of stress that continue for a prolonged period of time can induce a rumination disorder. […] There have been recorded cases of ruminating eating disorders being triggered by a severe illness, such as gastroenteritis or food poisoning. […] Some mental illnesses, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, have been linked to rumination syndrome. […] Because rumination eating disorder is a habitual behavior due to stress, mental health, or other factors, the main form of treatment is behavioral therapy.

• #51 Rumination Disorder: Treatment in Children vs. Adults, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder has been linked to other eating disorders, in particular bulimia nervosa, but how these conditions are related is still unclear. […] Diagnosing rumination disorder can be a difficult and lengthy process. Once a diagnosis has been made, the outlook is excellent. Treatment for rumination disorder is effective in the majority of people. In some cases, rumination disorder even goes away on its own.

• #52 Rumination Syndrome: An Update on Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies – Practical Gastro

  https://practicalgastro.com/2016/09/02/rumination-syndrome-an-update-on-diagnostic-and-treatment-strategies/

  Gastric emptying is delayed in up to 40% of patients with RS. […] Hypokalemia, not usually present in gastroparesis, often suggests the diagnosis of RS. […] A multidisciplinary team consisting of the gastroenterologist, nutritionist and mental health specialist is recommended to manage rumination syndrome. […] The mainstay of treatment in RS consists of behavioral therapy focusing on breathing and relaxation techniques. […] Nutritional support prevents the complications including dehydration, vitamin deficiencies and marked hypokalemia which may require frequent hospitalizations. […] The jejunostomy tube may be placed laparoscopically, endoscopically or by interventional radiology depending on the center. […] As success is achieved, the jejunostomy tube can be clamped and subsequently removed usually within three to six months.

• #53 Rumination Syndrome: Alicia’s Story | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/stories/rumination-syndrome-alicias-story

  Any time I drank or ate something, it came back up, Alicia says. […] Medication can help soothe some contributing factors of rumination syndrome but cannot reverse the condition. Instead, the primary focus of treatment is to relearn how to properly eat and digest food. […] It was during this hospitalization that Alicia was diagnosed with a second GI condition, gastroparesis, which affects the spontaneous movement of the muscles in the stomach, delaying food from being digested or expelled by the body in a timely fashion. […] With more complete details about her condition and new treatments started Alicia began to improve. […] Slowly, with her doctors guidance and familys support, she began reintroducing herself to eating food by mouth, starting with one cracker and one ounce of water every few hours. […] By July 4, Alicia no longer needed the feeding tube. Today, she describes herself as happy and healthy. She must remain careful with her food portions to avoid sporadic regurgitation or lingering gastroparesis symptoms.

• #54 Rumination Syndrome

  https://cerneribportal.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Bedside/134,82

  Rumination syndrome causes an automatic regurgitation of recently eaten food. […] The symptoms of rumination syndrome may look like other health conditions or problems. […] The symptoms of rumination syndrome don’t get better with normal treatment of reflux. […] Rumination syndrome is a rare behavioral disorder in which food is brought back up from the stomach. It’s either rechewed, reswallowed, or spit out. […] The food will be described as tasting normally. This means it is still undigested. It’s not acidic-tasting, like vomit. […] Rumination syndrome should be considered in anyone who vomits after eating, has regurgitation, and weight loss.

• #55 Rumination Syndrome | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688626/all/Rumination_Syndrome?q=Dysphagia

  Pathogenesis of rumination syndrome is unclear. Postprandial regurgitation is thought to occur secondary to coordinated increased intragastric pressures, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation, and decreased intrathoracic pressures resulting in a pressure gradient between the esophagus and stomach that exceeds the barrier pressure of the LES. Additionally, there may be an additional central reflex mechanism associated with episodes of rumination. […] Gastroduodenal manometry has shown R (rumination) waves, likely due to an abrupt increase in intra-abdominal pressure associated with rumination episodes; high-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance has shown gastric pressures 30 mm Hg associated with rumination events; abdominal wall electromyography (EMG) shows activation of abdominal wall musculature associated with rumination events.

• #56 Rumination syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis and practical management | Frontline Gastroenterology

  https://fg.bmj.com/content/13/5/440

  Rumination syndrome should be considered in any patient who presents with recurrent regurgitation without associated retching or significant nausea. […] Behavioural therapies including diaphragmatic breathing and biofeedback are effective treatments for rumination syndrome and have the largest evidence bases. […] Following treatment, most patients have large reductions in their frequency of regurgitation. […] The key feature of rumination syndrome is the effortless regurgitation of recently ingested food or fluids which results in patients either masticating and reswallowing the regurgitant or spitting it from their mouths. […] Importantly, this behaviour is not preceded by nausea or retching. […] Food and fluids can be repeatedly regurgitated for up to 2 hours after initial ingestion.

• #57 Rumination syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis and practical management | Frontline Gastroenterology

  https://fg.bmj.com/content/13/5/440

  Behavioural interventions have the greatest evidence base for the treatment of rumination syndrome. […] Diaphragmatic breathing can be taught at the bedside by clinicians, nurse specialists, speech and language therapists or behavioural therapists. […] When the response to diaphragmatic breathing is incomplete, more advanced behavioural therapy with biofeedback may be an effective tool for rumination syndrome. […] Baclofen may however be a reasonable option as second-line management option following behavioural approaches. […] Limited evidence from case series suggests that in refractory cases, rumination syndrome can be treated with Nissens fundoplication in order to enhance the resting pressure of the LOS and to partially negate the intragastric propulsive force provided by contraction of anterior wall musculature by reducing concurrent LOS relaxation. […] Rumination syndrome is a poorly recognised, infrequently diagnosed, yet easily manageable disorder of gut-brain interaction.

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