Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rumination Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576404/

  Rumination syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined as the effortless regurgitation of recently ingested food from the stomach back into the oral cavity in the absence of organic disease. […] The etiology of rumination syndrome is likely multifactorial; however, the exact causes are poorly understood. Several risk factors have been associated with the condition, which includes the following: Emotional neglect (in infants), Emotional stress, Presence of mental health diagnoses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Developmental delay, Fibromyalgia, Rectal evacuation disorder. […] Rumination syndrome is believed to be an unintentionally acquired habit, possibly a learned adaptation of the belch reflex. […] The maintenance of rumination is often associated with psychosocial diseases. Several smaller studies suggest that many patients with rumination syndrome have a higher burden of underlying somatic disorders, depression, or anxiety.

• #1 Rumination Syndrome: Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17981-rumination-syndrome

  Rumination syndrome (also known as rumination disorder or merycism) is a feeding and eating disorder in which undigested food comes back up from a persons stomach into his or her mouth (regurgitation). […] The exact causes of rumination syndrome are not known. Some people may develop this syndrome if they have emotional problems or if they are undergoing stressful events. […] Mechanically, one explanation is that food expands the stomach, which is followed by an increase in abdominal pressure and a relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (the juncture where the esophagus [food tube from mouth] meets the stomach). The sequence of events allows stomach contents to be regurgitated.

• #1 Rumination syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rumination-syndrome/print

  Rumination syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction characterized by effortless regurgitation of ingested food into the mouth after most meals. The material is either spat out or re-swallowed. […] The pathogenesis of rumination syndrome is unclear, but unperceived abdominal wall activation in the postprandial period appears to be a key pathogenetic feature. The exact trigger for this abdominal wall activation is not well established; however, as there is overlap between rumination syndrome and functional dyspepsia, it is possible that rumination events occur in response to post-prandial dyspeptic symptoms. […] The retrograde flow of ingested gastric content into the mouth in patients with rumination syndrome occurs due to a combination of raised intra-abdominal pressure coupled with negative intrathoracic pressure, resulting in a permissive esophagogastric gradient.

• #1 Rumination Syndrome | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688626/all/Rumination_Syndrome?q=Dysphagia

  Pathogenesis of rumination syndrome is unclear. Postprandial regurgitation is thought to occur secondary to coordinated increased intragastric pressures, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation, and decreased intrathoracic pressures resulting in a pressure gradient between the esophagus and stomach that exceeds the barrier pressure of the LES. Additionally, there may be an additional central reflex mechanism associated with episodes of rumination (1,2)[C]. […] Gastroduodenal manometry has shown R (rumination) waves, likely due to an abrupt increase in intra-abdominal pressure associated with rumination episodes; high-resolution esophageal manometry with impedance has shown gastric pressures 30 mm Hg associated with rumination events; abdominal wall electromyography (EMG) shows activation of abdominal wall musculature associated with rumination events.

• #1 Rumination Syndrome | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/rumination-syndrome

  Rumination syndrome falls into a category of GI conditions called functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). […] The problem results from dysregulation in the way the brain and the GI system communicate. Other factors such as nerve sensitivity in the GI tract or psychological stressors can make rumination symptoms worse. […] Medical histories of patients with rumination syndrome suggest that the symptoms often begin with some „triggering” event. This can be a viral infection, a GI disease, or even stress happening in the patients life. After this infection, event, or stress has gone away, the vomiting behavior remains in place, almost similar to a habit. […] There is no retching. […] No evidence of an inflammatory, anatomic, metabolic or neoplastic process considered likely to be an explanation for the patients symptoms.

• #1 Rumination Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3061016/

  Rumination is the regurgitation of undigested food from the stomach back up into the mouth. It is a reflex response, not a conscious decision. Rumination is commonly believed to be an unconscious learned disorder (ie, a behavioral issue) involving voluntary relaxation of the diaphragm. […] The causes of this condition are unknown. The belch reflex appears to become adapted. The syndrome can begin in childhood or adulthood. In the past, rumination was reported mainly in children with disabilities, typically mental retardation. […] It is still a common misconception that rumination occurs only in cows and children with mental retardation.

• #1 What Is Rumination Disorder?  – National Alliance for Eating Disorders

  https://www.allianceforeatingdisorders.com/what-is-rumination-disorder/

  Rumination disorder develops due to miscommunications between the GI tract and the brain. […] Rumination syndrome often starts due to a triggering event, like a viral disease, GI disorder, or change in stress levels. […] Rumination disorder may emerge after an illness or during periods of heightened stress. […] The physiological mechanisms underlying rumination syndrome involve the involuntary contraction of abdominal muscles paired with the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). […] Rumination disorder is a complex and habitual reaction to the miscommunications between the brain and the digestive tract. […] Rumination disorder develops because of a hiccup in the connection between these two systems, training the body to automatically regurgitate food after eating.

• #1 Rumination Syndrome | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/rumination-syndrome

  Rumination syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder. Like other functional disorders, no organic disease or physical abnormality is present. However, the patients symptoms are very real and result from the way the brain and the digestive system interact. […] In many cases, rumination symptoms begin with a trigger event such as a viral illness, a GI disease or changes in the patients life causing stress. The individual may develop increased sensitivity in the digestive tract. This can make having food or liquid in the stomach uncomfortable. As a result, the body has learned to contract the abdominal muscles, causing pressure resulting in food and/or fluids leaving the stomach (coming back up through the esophagus). Even after the trigger event has resolved, the regurgitation reflex remains in place, like a learned habit.

• #1 Rumination disorder: Definition, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, or rumination syndrome, is an eating disorder. […] Researchers do not know the exact causes of rumination disorder. In children, possible causes include: severe stress, rejection, a previous eating disorder, such as bulimia nervosa, lack of environmental stimulation, neglect. […] The authors of a 2019 review suggest that rumination disorder in older children, adolescents, and adults may occur in response to a physical or psychological trigger, such as: gastroenteritis, a medical procedure, a respiratory infection, psychological stress, eating disorder history. […] Researchers still need further evidence to confirm these connections and determine exactly what causes rumination disorder.

• #1 Rumination Disorder: Austin’s Story | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/gastroenterology/austins-story/

  Rumination syndrome causes people to repeatedly, and unintentionally, regurgitate undigested or partially digested food shortly after eating or drinking as a result of dysregulated communication between the brain and GI system. […] Its often initially prompted by a viral illness, allergy, nerve sensitivity in the GI tract, food poisoning or stress, but continues even after the triggering event passes. […] Rumination is your body saying, hey, this worked before, Im going to do it again, Dr. Schurman said. […] But its trying to do its job too well. […] Medication for heartburn, antihistamine for the allergic reaction and eliminating dairy and gluten from Austins diet helped him feel better, but the regurgitation continued. […] Once the triggering physical event has passed, Ill work on habit reversal to let the body know that having a little pressure in your stomach is safe and it doesnt have to do this anymore, Dr. Schurman said.

• #1 Rumination syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rumination-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377330

  Rumination syndrome is a condition in which someone repeatedly regurgitates undigested or partially digested food from the stomach. […] The exact cause of rumination syndrome isn’t clear. But it appears to be caused by an increase in abdominal pressure. […] Rumination syndrome is more likely to happen in people with anxiety, depression or other psychiatric disorders.

• #1 Rumination Syndrome – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/rumination-syndrome/

  Rumination syndrome is the chronic (long-term) repetitive, effortless regurgitation of recently swallowed food back into the mouth. […] The exact reason why some people can ruminate their food is not fully understood. […] The cause is currently unknown. Some people report symptoms following an acute illness, surgeries, stress or a major life event. It is suggested that psychological symptoms may cause rumination syndrome, but also make it worse. […] Many people with rumination syndrome also have a diagnosis of anxiety and depression. But it is not known if the mental ill health diagnosis precedes the rumination syndrome or the rumination syndrome is the cause of anxiety or depression, as the symptoms and delay in recognition of the condition can negatively affect the persons quality of life.

• #1 Rumination Syndrome – Kidshealth | Akron Children’s

  https://www.akronchildrens.org/kidshealth/en/parents/rumination-syndrome.html

  Rumination syndrome happens when just-swallowed food comes back up into the mouth from the stomach. […] Doctors dont know exactly what causes rumination syndrome. It could be due to problems with how the digestive system and brain talk to each other. […] Rumination syndrome seems to be a reflex, meaning that the child doesnt bring food or fluids back up on purpose. The condition usually starts or is triggered by something that causes a child to throw up, like a virus. […] Doctors also think that rumination syndrome develops in some kids as a source of comfort. Rechewing food may make them feel better if theyre feeling worried or stressed. […] Rumination syndrome most often affects babies as well as children who have developmental delays. It also can happen in kids who have long-term constipation problems, and those with depression, anxiety, or another mental health problem. Kids of any age can have the condition.

• #1 Rumination Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment – thewaveclinic.com

  https://thewaveclinic.com/blog/rumination-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Its unclear what causes rumination syndrome, although certain mental and physical health conditions may make developing the condition more likely. […] Its not clear what exactly causes rumination syndrome. Some young people develop the syndrome after a stressful life event, acute illness, or surgery. Many people with rumination disorder also have other mental illnesses like anxiety or depression. However, it is unclear to what extent these co-occurring disorders cause rumination syndrome and to what extent they are a consequence. […] Some of the risk factors for developing rumination disorder include: Emotional neglect (in infants), Emotional stress, Presence of mental health diagnoses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Developmental delay, Fibromyalgia, a chronic disorder that causes pain throughout the body.

• #1 Rumination syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_syndrome

  Rumination syndrome, or merycism, is a chronic motility disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of most meals following consumption, due to the involuntary contraction of the muscles around the abdomen. […] The cause of rumination syndrome is unknown. However, studies have drawn a correlation between hypothesized causes and the history of patients with the disorder. In infants and the cognitively impaired, the disease has normally been attributed to overstimulation and under-stimulation from parents and caregivers, causing the individual to seek self-gratification and self-stimulus due to the lack or abundance of external stimuli. The disorder has also commonly been attributed to a bout of illness, a period of stress in the individual’s recent past, and to changes in medication.

• #1 Rumination disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001539.htm

  Rumination disorder most often starts after age 3 months, following a period of normal digestion. It occurs in infants and is rare in children and teenagers. The cause is often unknown. Certain problems, such as lack of stimulation of the infant, neglect, and high-stress family situations have been linked with the disorder. […] Rumination disorder may also occur in adults. […] There is no known prevention. However, normal stimulation and healthy parent-child relationships may help reduce the odds of rumination disorder.

• #1 Mental Health: Rumination Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder is a feeding and eating disorder in which a person — usually an infant or young child — brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed. […] The exact cause of rumination disorder is not known; however, there are several factors that may contribute to its development: Physical illness or severe stress may trigger the behavior. Neglect of or an abnormal relationship between the child and the mother or other primary caregiver may cause the child to engage in self-comfort. For some children, the act of chewing is comforting. It may be a way for the child to gain attention.

• #1 Rumination syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_syndrome

  In adults and adolescents, hypothesized causes generally fall into one of either category: habit-induced, and trauma-induced. Habit-induced individuals generally have a history of bulimia nervosa or of intentional regurgitation (magicians and professional regurgitators, for example), which though initially self-induced, forms a subconscious habit that can continue to manifest itself outside the control of the affected individual. Trauma-induced individuals describe an emotional or physical injury (such as recent surgery, psychological distress, concussions, deaths in the family, etc.), which preceded the onset of rumination, often by several months.

• #1 12 Tips to Help You Stop Ruminating | Signs and Symptoms of Rumination Disorder

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/rumination-disorder/

  Other theories surrounding the cause for rumination disorder are based on negative or positive reinforcement. Increased attention from other people as a response to the regurgitation, or to cure boredom may be other causes. Psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety might be other causes of rumination disorder. […] Physical conditions may predispose a person to rumination disorder. Some of these conditions include: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), Belching or heartburn, Over- or under-active muscles of the gastrointestinal tract (spasms), Abnormal tongue movements, Low stomach acid, Poor chewing, Swallowing air, Hand or finger sucking.

• #1 Rumination syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis and practical management | Frontline Gastroenterology

  https://fg.bmj.com/content/13/5/440

  Rumination syndrome is thought to be an acquired behavioural disorder. […] Rumination syndrome is an acquired behavioural disorder and, in some cases, a detailed history can reveal a particular priming episode of psychological stress or gastrointestinal (GI) upset (eg, gastroenteritis) which occurred prior to rumination being noticed. […] This initial priming episode, later maintained and reinforced, leads to patients habitually tensing their abdomen postprandially. […] While rumination is almost always a primary condition, it is recognised that rumination can occasionally be a secondary response to gastro-oesophageal reflux episodes (secondary rumination), where the rumination behaviour is thought to be a conditioned, maladaptive response to oesophageal discomfort caused by GORD. […] In summary, further research is required to firmly establish the role of invasive surgery in this acquired behavioural condition.

• #1 Common, serious gut disorder is under- and often misdiagnosed

  https://www.massgeneral.org/news/press-release/common-serious-gut-disorder-is-under-and-often-misdiagnosed

  Rumination syndrome is little known, but relatively common. It involves effortless, repeated regurgitation. […] Proper diagnosis is important because the treatment is very different from what is advised for similar gastrointestinal conditions. […] Rumination syndrome is a behavioral problem, in which patients effortlessly and repeatedly regurgitate food into their mouths while eating and sitting upright. It is a learned behavior that is classified as a disorder of the gut-brain interaction (DGBI). Many experts think that regurgitations develop as a habit involving an uncomfortable, mounting sensation or inner tension (similar to patients with tics) that results in contraction of the abdominal walls after eating. […] One reason rumination symptoms are missed is because they overlap with other DGBIs, such as functional dyspepsia (stomach pain or indigestion) or gastroparesis, which is when patients feel nauseous and full after eating just a small amount.

• #1 Rumination syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of a not so uncommon disorder | Anales de Pediatría

  https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-rumination-syndrome-diagnostic-therapeutic-difficulties-articulo-S234128791730220X

  Rumination syndrome is an uncommon gastrointestinal functional disorder that may be difficult to diagnose, as not many physicians are aware of this condition. […] When the correct diagnosis is eventually made, therapy for the syndrome can be difficult and complex because of its multifactorial nature. […] Rumination results from various aetiological and pathogenic factors. […] There is also evidence suggesting that at the same time, the gastroesophageal junction is displaced into the thorax, all of which would explain the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the oesophagus. […] An intercurrent infectious process may cause nausea and vomiting that do not disappear when the infection is resolved. […] A specific trigger, such as an intercurrent disease or psychosocial stressor, may often precede the onset of rumination symptoms, something that occurs in other functional gastrointestinal disorders.

• #1 Rumination Disorder: Treatment in Children vs. Adults, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, also known as rumination syndrome, is a rare and chronic condition. […] Researchers dont completely understand what causes rumination disorder. […] Regurgitation is thought to be unintentional, but the action required to regurgitate is likely learned. […] More research is needed to better understand this condition. […] Some sources suggest rumination disorder is more likely to affect females, but additional studies are needed to confirm this. […] More research is needed to identify how these factors contribute to rumination disorder.

• #2 Rumination Syndrome – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/rumination-syndrome/

  Rumination syndrome is the chronic (long-term) repetitive, effortless regurgitation of recently swallowed food back into the mouth. […] The exact reason why some people can ruminate their food is not fully understood. […] The cause is currently unknown. Some people report symptoms following an acute illness, surgeries, stress or a major life event. It is suggested that psychological symptoms may cause rumination syndrome, but also make it worse. […] Many people with rumination syndrome also have a diagnosis of anxiety and depression. But it is not known if the mental ill health diagnosis precedes the rumination syndrome or the rumination syndrome is the cause of anxiety or depression, as the symptoms and delay in recognition of the condition can negatively affect the persons quality of life.

• #2 Rumination syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rumination-syndrome/print

  Rumination syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction characterized by effortless regurgitation of ingested food into the mouth after most meals. The material is either spat out or re-swallowed. […] The pathogenesis of rumination syndrome is unclear, but unperceived abdominal wall activation in the postprandial period appears to be a key pathogenetic feature. The exact trigger for this abdominal wall activation is not well established; however, as there is overlap between rumination syndrome and functional dyspepsia, it is possible that rumination events occur in response to post-prandial dyspeptic symptoms. […] The retrograde flow of ingested gastric content into the mouth in patients with rumination syndrome occurs due to a combination of raised intra-abdominal pressure coupled with negative intrathoracic pressure, resulting in a permissive esophagogastric gradient.

• #2 Rumination syndrome: Critical review | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition–382-articulo-rumination-syndrome-critical-review-S2444382422000189

  Regurgitation events in rumination syndrome occur when there is a gastro-oesophageal gradient that enables the stomach contents to flow towards the mouth. […] This gradient is produced when there is an increase in intra-abdominal pressure associated with negative intrathoracic pressure and a permissive gastro-oesophageal junction. […] The sensation of regurgitation is believed to temporarily resolve the premonitory urge, thus reinforcing the phenomenon of involuntary thoracoabdominal contractions. […] Furthermore, secondary behaviour mechanisms that positively reinforce regurgitation events have been reported, including: the association of symptoms with different foods in particular, the perception of postprandial abdominal discomfort (hypervigilance) and specific social situations (stress).

• #2 Rumination syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rumination-syndrome

  Rumination syndrome is a disorder of gut-brain interaction characterized by effortless regurgitation of ingested food into the mouth after most meals. The pathogenesis of rumination syndrome is unclear, but unperceived abdominal wall activation in the postprandial period appears to be a key pathogenetic feature. The exact trigger for this abdominal wall activation is not well established; however, as there is overlap between rumination syndrome and functional dyspepsia, it is possible that rumination events occur in response to post-prandial dyspeptic symptoms. […] The retrograde flow of ingested gastric content into the mouth in patients with rumination syndrome occurs due to a combination of raised intra-abdominal pressure coupled with negative intrathoracic pressure, resulting in a permissive esophagogastric gradient. On postprandial esophageal high resolution impedance manometry, rumination follows gastric pressurizations exceeding 30 mmHg, which is associated with lower and upper esophageal relaxation at the time of gastric pressurization. This indicates that raised intra-abdominal pressure alone cannot explain rumination and that upper and lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction also likely play a role.

• #2 Rumination syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis and practical management | Frontline Gastroenterology

  https://fg.bmj.com/content/13/5/440

  Rumination syndrome is thought to be an acquired behavioural disorder. […] Rumination syndrome is an acquired behavioural disorder and, in some cases, a detailed history can reveal a particular priming episode of psychological stress or gastrointestinal (GI) upset (eg, gastroenteritis) which occurred prior to rumination being noticed. […] This initial priming episode, later maintained and reinforced, leads to patients habitually tensing their abdomen postprandially. […] While rumination is almost always a primary condition, it is recognised that rumination can occasionally be a secondary response to gastro-oesophageal reflux episodes (secondary rumination), where the rumination behaviour is thought to be a conditioned, maladaptive response to oesophageal discomfort caused by GORD. […] In summary, further research is required to firmly establish the role of invasive surgery in this acquired behavioural condition.

• #2 UC San Diego Health Health Library | San Diego Hospital, Healthcare

  https://myhealth.ucsd.edu/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/134,82

  Rumination syndrome is a rare behavioral problem. […] Experts think rumination is unconscious. But they also believe that the voluntary muscle relaxation of the diaphragm becomes a learned habit. […] This problem is a psychological disorder. It may be mistaken for vomiting or other digestive problems. […] Rumination syndrome should be considered in anyone who vomits after eating, has regurgitation, and weight loss.

• #2 Rumination Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-behavior/rumination-syndrome

  Rumination is a reflex, not a conscious action. Clinicians classify it as a functional gastrointestinal disorder, meaning there is no one known problem or damage to the gut. […] Experts believe a variety of factors may contribute to the onset of rumination syndrome. These may include a “trigger event,” such as illness, injury, or emotional stress. […] However, you may not be aware of or experience any obvious trigger leading up to symptoms of rumination syndrome. Rumination syndrome can also continue long after the trigger occurs. […] Sometimes, feelings such as discomfort, stress, or nausea may also prompt regurgitation as a response. In such cases, the act of regurgitation may provide temporary relief, which can contribute to continuing the behavior. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing rumination syndrome include: emotional neglect in infants, stressful life events or experiencing emotional stress, developmental delays, mental health conditions, such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, adjustment disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, fibromyalgia, and rectal evacuation disorder. […] Risk factors for developing rumination syndrome include experiencing developmental delays, a recent stressful event, or having a mental health condition. […] There is no known cause, but experts believe specific stressful events or feelings such as discomfort or nausea may trigger the condition.

• #2 Rumination Disorder: Austin’s Story | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/gastroenterology/austins-story/

  Rumination syndrome causes people to repeatedly, and unintentionally, regurgitate undigested or partially digested food shortly after eating or drinking as a result of dysregulated communication between the brain and GI system. […] Its often initially prompted by a viral illness, allergy, nerve sensitivity in the GI tract, food poisoning or stress, but continues even after the triggering event passes. […] Rumination is your body saying, hey, this worked before, Im going to do it again, Dr. Schurman said. […] But its trying to do its job too well. […] Medication for heartburn, antihistamine for the allergic reaction and eliminating dairy and gluten from Austins diet helped him feel better, but the regurgitation continued. […] Once the triggering physical event has passed, Ill work on habit reversal to let the body know that having a little pressure in your stomach is safe and it doesnt have to do this anymore, Dr. Schurman said.

• #2 What Is Rumination Disorder? | Symptoms & Treatment

  https://withinhealth.com/learn/articles/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, also referred to as rumination syndrome, is a rare and chronic condition that is characterized by an individuals uncontrollable regurgitation after most meals. […] The causes of rumination disorder are not currently clear, but researchers believe the action to regurgitatesuch as contracting the diaphragm musclesis learned. But certain factors may increase the risk of developing rumination disorder, including: […] Having an acute illness […] Experiencing a mental illness or psychiatric disturbance […] Undergoing major surgery […] Undergoing a stressful life event.

• #2 Rumination Disorder Clinic | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/gastroenterology/rumination-disorder-clinic/

  Rumination disorder, sometimes called rumination syndrome, causes the backward flow of recently eaten food from the stomach to the mouth, where it is reswallowed or spit out. […] Rumination disorder is frequently triggered by another gastroenterological (GI) condition, such as reflux, viral illness or allergies. […] Rumination can be exacerbated by illness and stress. […] The Gastroenterology team diagnosed her with rumination disorder, a rare syndrome often caused by stress.

• #2 Rumination Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment – thewaveclinic.com

  https://thewaveclinic.com/blog/rumination-disorder-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Its unclear what causes rumination syndrome, although certain mental and physical health conditions may make developing the condition more likely. […] Its not clear what exactly causes rumination syndrome. Some young people develop the syndrome after a stressful life event, acute illness, or surgery. Many people with rumination disorder also have other mental illnesses like anxiety or depression. However, it is unclear to what extent these co-occurring disorders cause rumination syndrome and to what extent they are a consequence. […] Some of the risk factors for developing rumination disorder include: Emotional neglect (in infants), Emotional stress, Presence of mental health diagnoses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Developmental delay, Fibromyalgia, a chronic disorder that causes pain throughout the body.

• #2 Rumination Disorder: Austin’s Story | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/gastroenterology/austins-story/

  But we want to be sure we treat the medical issue first before we start asking patients to do the hard work around habit reversal, or they will still be vulnerable. […] Thats why its important to have a multidisciplinary approach to treating rumination. […] Rumination can be embarrassing, socially isolating and psychologically distressing for kids. […] The right combination of individualized support from a multidisciplinary team of professionals who can address both the physical and psychological effects of the condition make it possible for kids to get it under control and keep it under control for the long term.

• #2 Rumination Disorder: The ED Not About Weight Loss – Grow Therapy

  https://growtherapy.com/blog/what-is-rumination-disorder/

  Rumination syndrome is believed to be unintentionally acquired. According to a paper published in the National Library of Medicine, the risk factors for someone developing rumination disorder might include: […] While experts believe that rumination disorder is unconscious, they also think that the voluntary muscle relation of the diaphragm becomes a learned habit similar to a typical belching (burping) reflex. […] There may have been a particular priming episode of psychological stress or gastrointestinal (GI) upset (such as gastroenteritis) before any symptoms of rumination disorder were noticed. This episode or event might have been small and quickly forgotten, but its thought that this prompts patients to tense their abdominal walls to relieve discomfort. […] The National Library of Medicine published research in 2019 that stated rumination can help alleviate psychological distress (such as anxiety) or provide a soothing/pleasant sensation (for example, in infants and individuals with developmental disabilities and those who seek out foods or times to ruminate). […] Rumination disorder is often a primary condition, but its been recognized that it can occasionally be a secondary response to GERD episodes and is a maladaptive response to the discomfort caused by them.

• #2 Rumination Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/131534

  Rumination syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined as the effortless regurgitation of recently ingested food from the stomach back into the oral cavity in the absence of organic disease. […] The etiology of rumination syndrome is likely multifactorial; however, the exact causes are poorly understood. Several risk factors have been associated with the condition, which includes the following: Emotional neglect (in infants), Emotional stress, Presence of mental health diagnoses such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Developmental delay, Fibromyalgia, Rectal evacuation disorder. […] Rumination syndrome is believed to be an unintentionally acquired habit, possibly a learned adaptation of the belch reflex. The pathophysiology of rumination syndrome is not entirely understood and includes multiple overlapping mechanisms. […] The maintenance of rumination is often associated with psychosocial diseases. Several smaller studies suggest that many patients with rumination syndrome have a higher burden of underlying somatic disorders, depression, or anxiety.

• #2 12 Tips to Help You Stop Ruminating | Signs and Symptoms of Rumination Disorder

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/rumination-disorder/

  Other theories surrounding the cause for rumination disorder are based on negative or positive reinforcement. Increased attention from other people as a response to the regurgitation, or to cure boredom may be other causes. Psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety might be other causes of rumination disorder. […] Physical conditions may predispose a person to rumination disorder. Some of these conditions include: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), Belching or heartburn, Over- or under-active muscles of the gastrointestinal tract (spasms), Abnormal tongue movements, Low stomach acid, Poor chewing, Swallowing air, Hand or finger sucking.

• #2 Mental Health: Rumination Disorder

  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder is a feeding and eating disorder in which a person — usually an infant or young child — brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed. […] The exact cause of rumination disorder is not known; however, there are several factors that may contribute to its development: Physical illness or severe stress may trigger the behavior. Neglect of or an abnormal relationship between the child and the mother or other primary caregiver may cause the child to engage in self-comfort. For some children, the act of chewing is comforting. It may be a way for the child to gain attention.

• #2 Rumination disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001539.htm

  Rumination disorder most often starts after age 3 months, following a period of normal digestion. It occurs in infants and is rare in children and teenagers. The cause is often unknown. Certain problems, such as lack of stimulation of the infant, neglect, and high-stress family situations have been linked with the disorder. […] Rumination disorder may also occur in adults. […] There is no known prevention. However, normal stimulation and healthy parent-child relationships may help reduce the odds of rumination disorder.

• #2 Common, serious gut disorder is under- and often misdiagnosed

  https://www.massgeneral.org/news/press-release/common-serious-gut-disorder-is-under-and-often-misdiagnosed

  Thirty-one of the 242 (12.8%) patients met criteria for rumination syndrome, which is determined using a gastric symptom scoring system. […] The treatment for rumination is behavioral and involves the practice of diaphragmatic, or deep, breathing. Comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy for rumination syndrome (CBT-RS) is also recommended.

• #2 Rumination syndrome and gastroparesis: Linked entities? | Revista de Gastroenterología de México

  https://www.revistagastroenterologiamexico.org/en-rumination-syndrome-gastroparesis-linked-entities-articulo-S2255534X2100027X

  Variants of rumination have been identified and can be differentiated by specific patterns. […] Increase in intragastric pressure followed by regurgitation is the most important characteristic distinguishing rumination from other disorders, such as gastroesophageal reflux. […] The diagnosis of RS in adults is based on the ROME IV criteria. […] Although clinical suspicion is important, postprandial esophageal high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) supports the diagnosis. […] Finally, RS diagnosis is a challenge in itself, not only because its most important differential diagnosis is the highly prevalent GERD, but also because the therapeutic approach is difficult, and the results are not always encouraging. […] We interpret the case as RS associated with idiopathic gastroparesis. […] We were unable to establish a causality association but there could be a common pathophysiologic mechanism behind the 2 disorders.

• #2 Rumination syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of a not so uncommon disorder | Anales de Pediatría

  https://www.analesdepediatria.org/en-rumination-syndrome-diagnostic-therapeutic-difficulties-articulo-S234128791730220X

  This is a complex disorder whose pathophysiology is not yet well understood and where physiological, sensory and/or psychological factors contribute to the onset and persistence of symptoms, potentially causing significant impairment. […] Due to the rarity of the disease and a limited knowledge of its clinical presentation on the part of clinicians, patients are misdiagnosed and are often subjected to tests and treatments that are unnecessary, invasive and costly. […] The diagnosis of rumination syndrome is based on the Rome IV criteria. […] The evaluation must focus on the identification of potential underlying infection, malignancy, metabolic and/or structural disorder before diagnosing rumination syndrome. […] The treatment of rumination syndrome aims to modify the underlying mechanism that causes it, that is, the voluntary contraction of the abdominal wall, by abdominal retraining techniques.

• #2 Rumination disorder | UKAT

  https://www.ukat.co.uk/eating-disorders/rumination-disorder/

  Rumination syndrome does not discriminate; it can affect individuals of any age, gender or background. […] Like many psychological and behavioural disorders, rumination syndrome arises from a combination of various factors. These factors can range from physiological to environmental, each playing a role in the onset and persistence of the disorder. […] Physical triggers: Sometimes, a physical illness or discomfort can initiate the rumination behaviour, which then becomes a learned response. […] Psychological stressors: Emotional distress, anxiety or mental health challenges can contribute to the development of rumination disorder. […] Behavioural conditioning: In some cases, what starts as an involuntary response can become habitual behaviour due to conditioning. […] Neurological factors: Especially in children and those with intellectual disabilities, neurological differences might play a role in rumination syndromes onset.

• #2 Rumination disorder: Definition, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/rumination-disorder

  Rumination disorder, or rumination syndrome, is an eating disorder. […] Researchers do not know the exact causes of rumination disorder. In children, possible causes include: severe stress, rejection, a previous eating disorder, such as bulimia nervosa, lack of environmental stimulation, neglect. […] The authors of a 2019 review suggest that rumination disorder in older children, adolescents, and adults may occur in response to a physical or psychological trigger, such as: gastroenteritis, a medical procedure, a respiratory infection, psychological stress, eating disorder history. […] Researchers still need further evidence to confirm these connections and determine exactly what causes rumination disorder.

• #3 Rumination Disorder: Austin’s Story | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/gastroenterology/austins-story/

  Rumination syndrome causes people to repeatedly, and unintentionally, regurgitate undigested or partially digested food shortly after eating or drinking as a result of dysregulated communication between the brain and GI system. […] Its often initially prompted by a viral illness, allergy, nerve sensitivity in the GI tract, food poisoning or stress, but continues even after the triggering event passes. […] Rumination is your body saying, hey, this worked before, Im going to do it again, Dr. Schurman said. […] But its trying to do its job too well. […] Medication for heartburn, antihistamine for the allergic reaction and eliminating dairy and gluten from Austins diet helped him feel better, but the regurgitation continued. […] Once the triggering physical event has passed, Ill work on habit reversal to let the body know that having a little pressure in your stomach is safe and it doesnt have to do this anymore, Dr. Schurman said.

• #3 Rumination disorder | UKAT

  https://www.ukat.co.uk/eating-disorders/rumination-disorder/

  Stressful life events: Significant changes or traumas can trigger or exacerbate rumination disorder. […] Lack of stimulation: Particularly in infants, lack of engagement or stimulation during and after feeding can contribute to the development of rumination behaviours. […] Family dynamics: The family environment, including parental responses to initial rumination behaviour, can influence its persistence or cessation.

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