Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety

  An estimated 600 million almost 1 in 10 people in the world fall ill after eating contaminated food and 420 000 die every year. […] The burden of foodborne diseases on public health and economies has often been underestimated due to underreporting and difficulty in establishing causal relationships between food contamination and resulting illness or death. […] The 2015 WHO report on the estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases presented the first-ever estimates of disease burden caused by 31 foodborne agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and chemicals) at global and sub-regional levels, highlighting that more than 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses and 420 000 deaths could occur in a year. […] The 2019 World Bank report on the economic burden of foodborne diseases indicated that the total productivity loss associated with foodborne disease in low- and middle-income countries was estimated at US$ 95.2 billion per year, and the annual cost of treating foodborne illnesses is estimated at US$ 15 billion.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/activities/estimating-the-burden-of-foodborne-diseases

  Each year worldwide, unsafe food causes 600 million cases of foodborne diseases and 420 000 deaths. […] WHO estimated that 33 million years of healthy lives are lost due to eating unsafe food globally each year, and this number is likely an underestimation. […] having a reliable data on the actual national burden of foodborne diseases is essential to draw public attention and mobilize political will and resources to combat foodborne diseases. […] World Health Assembly Resolution 73.5 (WHA73.5) mandated WHO to monitor regularly and to report to Member States on the global burden of foodborne and zoonotic diseases at national, regional and international levels. […] It also mandated the preparation of a new report by 2025 on the global burden of foodborne diseases with up-to-date estimates of global foodborne disease incidence, mortality and disease burden in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

• #2 Foodborne Illness Surveillance | doh

  https://dchealth.dc.gov/service/foodborne-illness-surveillance

  The Foodborne Illness Surveillance program is responsible for the surveillance and investigation of foodborne outbreaks and illnesses occurring in the District of Columbia. Foodborne illnesses are a major public health concern. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Each year 1 in 6 Americans gets sick by consuming contaminated foods or beverages […] Each year about 48 million people get sick from a foodborne illness, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die […] More than 250 different foodborne illnesses have been described […] Most of these illnesses are infections caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. When a foodborne illness outbreak is detected, DC Health works with the DC Public Health Laboratory to collect as much information as quickly as possible to find out what is causing the illnesses and to take action to prevent more people from getting ill.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/activities/estimating-the-burden-of-foodborne-diseases

  The burden of foodborne diseases is not spread equally across the globe but correlates with the socio-economic development of countries. […] Global cooperation towards enhanced surveillance of foodborne diseases. […] Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a laboratory technique that has the potential to change how we detect and monitor microbial hazards in the food chain.

• #3 Foodborne illness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness

  Globally, infants are a group that is especially vulnerable to foodborne disease. […] A CDC report for the period 2017-2019 found that 41% of outbreaks at restaurants were caused by a sick employee. […] In the United States, using FoodNet data from 2000 to 2007, the CDC estimated there were 47.8 million foodborne illnesses per year with 9.4 million of these caused by 31 known identified pathogens. […] According to a 2012 report from the Food Standards Agency, there were around a million cases of foodborne illness per year in the United Kingdom. […] A study by the Australian National University published in 2022 for Food Standards Australia New Zealand estimated there are 4.67 million cases of food poisoning in Australia each year that result in 47,900 hospitalisations, 38 deaths and a cost to the economy of $2.1 billion. […] The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. […] Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety

  An estimated 600 million almost 1 in 10 people in the world fall ill after eating contaminated food and 420 000 die every year. […] The burden of foodborne diseases on public health and economies has often been underestimated due to underreporting and difficulty in establishing causal relationships between food contamination and resulting illness or death. […] The 2015 WHO report on the estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases presented the first-ever estimates of disease burden caused by 31 foodborne agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and chemicals) at global and sub-regional levels, highlighting that more than 600 million cases of foodborne illnesses and 420 000 deaths could occur in a year. […] The 2019 World Bank report on the economic burden of foodborne diseases indicated that the total productivity loss associated with foodborne disease in low- and middle-income countries was estimated at US$ 95.2 billion per year, and the annual cost of treating foodborne illnesses is estimated at US$ 15 billion.

• #4 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  Food borne diseases are usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food. They have a significant impact on peoples health, along with economic consequences, and represent a growing public health problem. Outbreaks of food borne disease attract media attention and raise consumer concern in developing as well as developed countries. […] The global incidence of food borne diseases is difficult to estimate although many people fall ill and die as a result of eating unsafe food. In industrialized countries, 30% of the people are affected by food borne diseases annually, and the problem is likely to be even more widespread in developing countries. […] The increased incidence of food borne diseases with widespread outbreaks, the emergence of new food borne pathogens and the development of antimicrobial resistance were recognized as threats to our food safety agenda.

• #5 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  Foodborne illness estimates can serve as a foundation for future public health action. […] Surveillance systems and surveys provide vital information about the burden of foodborne illness in the United States, but they do not capture every illness. […] We need periodic assessments of the total burden of illness to set public health goals, allocate resources, and measure the economic impact of disease. […] CDC estimated the average number of U.S. foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths in 2019 caused by seven major pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, invasive Listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Toxoplasma gondii. […] An estimated 53,300 hospitalizations resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens.

• #6 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  Foodborne illness estimates can serve as a foundation for future public health action. […] Surveillance systems and surveys provide vital information about the burden of foodborne illness in the United States, but they do not capture every illness. […] We need periodic assessments of the total burden of illness to set public health goals, allocate resources, and measure the economic impact of disease. […] CDC estimated the average number of U.S. foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths in 2019 caused by seven major pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, invasive Listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Toxoplasma gondii. […] An estimated 53,300 hospitalizations resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens.

• #7 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  An estimated 931 deaths resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens. […] Norovirus was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses (5.5 million) and hospitalizations from these illnesses (22,400). […] Salmonella was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses resulting in death (238). […] Non-O157 serogroups caused 76% of STEC illnesses compared with 24% caused by O157 serotypes. […] Invasive Listeria caused 1,050 non-pregnancy-associated illnesses and 198 pregnancy-associated illnesses.

• #8 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  An estimated 931 deaths resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens. […] Norovirus was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses (5.5 million) and hospitalizations from these illnesses (22,400). […] Salmonella was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses resulting in death (238). […] Non-O157 serogroups caused 76% of STEC illnesses compared with 24% caused by O157 serotypes. […] Invasive Listeria caused 1,050 non-pregnancy-associated illnesses and 198 pregnancy-associated illnesses.

• #9 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  An estimated 931 deaths resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens. […] Norovirus was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses (5.5 million) and hospitalizations from these illnesses (22,400). […] Salmonella was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses resulting in death (238). […] Non-O157 serogroups caused 76% of STEC illnesses compared with 24% caused by O157 serotypes. […] Invasive Listeria caused 1,050 non-pregnancy-associated illnesses and 198 pregnancy-associated illnesses.

• #10 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  An estimated 931 deaths resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens. […] Norovirus was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses (5.5 million) and hospitalizations from these illnesses (22,400). […] Salmonella was the leading cause of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses resulting in death (238). […] Non-O157 serogroups caused 76% of STEC illnesses compared with 24% caused by O157 serotypes. […] Invasive Listeria caused 1,050 non-pregnancy-associated illnesses and 198 pregnancy-associated illnesses.

• #11 Foodborne illness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness

  The action of monitoring food to ensure that it will not cause foodborne illness is known as food safety. […] In 2000, the United Kingdom reported the individual bacteria involved as the following: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia coli O157:H7 1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%. […] In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. […] The most common bacterial foodborne pathogens are: Campylobacter jejuni which can lead to secondary Guillain-Barr syndrome and periodontitis, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) which can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome. […] Governments have the primary mandate of ensuring safe food for all, however all actors in the food chain are responsible to ensure only safe food reaches the consumer, thus preventing foodborne illnesses.

• #12 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  Foodborne illness estimates can serve as a foundation for future public health action. […] Surveillance systems and surveys provide vital information about the burden of foodborne illness in the United States, but they do not capture every illness. […] We need periodic assessments of the total burden of illness to set public health goals, allocate resources, and measure the economic impact of disease. […] CDC estimated the average number of U.S. foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths in 2019 caused by seven major pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, invasive Listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Toxoplasma gondii. […] An estimated 53,300 hospitalizations resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens.

• #13 Estimates: Burden of Foodborne Illness in the United States | Food Safety | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/food-safety/php/data-research/foodborne-illness-burden/index.html

  Foodborne illness estimates can serve as a foundation for future public health action. […] Surveillance systems and surveys provide vital information about the burden of foodborne illness in the United States, but they do not capture every illness. […] We need periodic assessments of the total burden of illness to set public health goals, allocate resources, and measure the economic impact of disease. […] CDC estimated the average number of U.S. foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths in 2019 caused by seven major pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, invasive Listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, nontyphoidal Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Toxoplasma gondii. […] An estimated 53,300 hospitalizations resulted from domestically acquired foodborne illnesses caused by the seven pathogens.

• #14 Foodborne Illness Active Disease Surveillance – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/foodborne/surveillance.html

  Reporting an Infectious Disease Healthcare providers are required to report to the Minnesota Department of Health all confirmed or suspected cases of foodborne disease, including: […] Epidemiologists conduct telephone interviews with all persons who have been diagnosed with one of the reportable foodborne diseases. These interviews include questions about symptoms, food consumption, and contact with water, animals, and children. The information from these reports and interviews enables epidemiologists to: Describe the epidemiology of new and emerging bacterial, parasitic, and viral foodborne pathogens. […] The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) is the principal foodborne disease component of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program (EIP). The project consists of active surveillance for foodborne diseases and related epidemiologic studies designed to help public health officials better understand the epidemiology of foodborne diseases in the United States.

• #15

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/emerginginfections/pages/foodbornediseasesactivesurveillance.aspx

  Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) is a core component of U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Emerging Infections Programs network (EIP), a collaboration between CDC, state health departments, and universities. FoodNet is an active laboratory and population-based surveillance system to monitor the incidence of foodborne diseases of local and national public health importance. […] Objectives are to: Determine the burden of foodborne illness, Monitor trends in the burden of specific foodborne illnesses over time, Attribute the burden of foodborne illness to specific foods and settings, Develop and assess interventions to reduce the burden of foodborne illness. […] Surveillance is conducted for eight bacterial and one parasitic pathogen: Campylobacter, Cyclospora, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Listeria, Salmonella, Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and non-O157, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia.

• #16 Epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2011 to 2016 in Shandong Province, China

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6250508/

  Foodborne disease is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. China has established a nationwide Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in China. Each provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducts the system working. […] During 2011 to 2016, Shandong CDC received reports of 1043 foodborne disease outbreaks, resulting in 8078 illnesses, 2442 hospitalizations, and 17 deaths. […] Timely investigation, disposal and reporting of foodborne disease outbreaks provides information that might help FDOSS to make full use of efficiency and FDOSS should be continued and strengthened even more in Shandong Province, such as an increase in diagnostic laboratory capacities.

• #17

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/foodborne-and-non-foodborne-gastrointestinal-outbreaks-surveillance

  Outbreaks reported to PHE’s electronic foodborne and non-foodborne gastrointestinal outbreak surveillance system (eFOSS). […] The investigation and reporting of foodborne outbreaks within the European Union (EU) is statutory with Directive 2003/99/EC. […] Information from the surveillance of foodborne disease outbreaks are provided on an annual basis to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for inclusion in the EU community summary reports on: trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance, foodborne outbreaks. […] The UK reports data for general outbreaks of foodborne infections. […] Reported data on foodborne disease outbreaks are valuable in establishing a link between foodborne illness and specific foods or situations that caused it. […] Outbreak information from eFOSS is also provided to the following government departments and European agencies to support public health policies and foodborne disease reduction strategies: Food Standards Agency, Department for Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs, Department of Health, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).

• #18 Foodborne Illness Surveillance | doh

  https://dchealth.dc.gov/service/foodborne-illness-surveillance

  The Foodborne Illness Surveillance program is responsible for the surveillance and investigation of foodborne outbreaks and illnesses occurring in the District of Columbia. Foodborne illnesses are a major public health concern. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Each year 1 in 6 Americans gets sick by consuming contaminated foods or beverages […] Each year about 48 million people get sick from a foodborne illness, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die […] More than 250 different foodborne illnesses have been described […] Most of these illnesses are infections caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. When a foodborne illness outbreak is detected, DC Health works with the DC Public Health Laboratory to collect as much information as quickly as possible to find out what is causing the illnesses and to take action to prevent more people from getting ill.

• #19 Foodborne Illness Active Disease Surveillance – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/foodborne/surveillance.html

  Reporting an Infectious Disease Healthcare providers are required to report to the Minnesota Department of Health all confirmed or suspected cases of foodborne disease, including: […] Epidemiologists conduct telephone interviews with all persons who have been diagnosed with one of the reportable foodborne diseases. These interviews include questions about symptoms, food consumption, and contact with water, animals, and children. The information from these reports and interviews enables epidemiologists to: Describe the epidemiology of new and emerging bacterial, parasitic, and viral foodborne pathogens. […] The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) is the principal foodborne disease component of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program (EIP). The project consists of active surveillance for foodborne diseases and related epidemiologic studies designed to help public health officials better understand the epidemiology of foodborne diseases in the United States.

• #20 OzFoodNet network | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/our-work/ozfoodnet-network

  The OzFoodNet network monitors and responds to foodborne diseases in Australia. Learn about how it monitors, investigates and responds to foodborne diseases to protect Australians from food poisoning. […] Surveillance of foodborne disease helps reduce cases of food poisoning. […] OzFoodNet’s Guidelines for the epidemiological investigation of multi-jurisdictional outbreaks that are potentially foodborne provide clear guidance for coordinating national epidemiological investigations of outbreaks that cross state, territory and country borders. […] We fund state and territory health departments to maintain an OzFoodNet site in each jurisdiction. A coordinating epidemiologist oversees all OzFoodNet sites to ensure consistent methodologies to monitor and investigate foodborne disease and outbreaks. […] You can see data collected through OzFoodNet via National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System reports.

• #21 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  The true dimension of the burden of food borne diseases is still unknown as a result of poor documentation and absence of reliable data, thus limiting our understanding of its public health importance and impeding our efforts to secure the resources and support necessary for effective control of food borne diseases. […] Improving surveillance on human food borne disease and monitoring of food contaminants will help greatly in establishing and evaluating priorities in the prevention and control of food borne diseases and reduce uncertainties in its mitigation strategies. […] Food borne disease surveillance assists in the assessment of the burden of food borne diseases, identification of public health priorities, setting of policies, evaluating program performance and the prevention, detection and control of outbreaks and in the process stimulating research.

• #22 Epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2011 to 2016 in Shandong Province, China

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6250508/

  The study objective was to describe demographic and epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks reported in Shandong Province, China, 20112016. To identify and determine the magnitude of the problem, risk factors, monitoring and surveillance and measures of control. Results of this analysis can help guide efforts to prevent foodborne illness. […] In China, foodborne infectious diseases are not reported in the FDOSS. […] Nearly 36% of all foodborne disease outbreaks reported to SDCDC from 2011 to 2016 involved in a hotel setting. This likely indicates foodborne disease outbreaks involved foods prepared most often in commercial settings. […] The likelihood that public health authorities are alerted about an outbreak depends on many factors, including its size and the severity of illnesses; consumer and physician awareness, interest, and motivation to report the incident; and the resources and disease surveillance activities of state and local public health and environmental agencies. […] Continued surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks is important to understand changes in the foods, settings, and pathogens associated with illness.

• #23 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks Reported to National Surveillance, United States, 2009–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9155876/

  Foodborne outbreaks reported to national surveillance systems represent a subset of all outbreaks in the United States; not all outbreaks are detected, investigated, and reported. […] We described the structural factors and outbreak characteristics of outbreaks reported during 20092018. […] Analysis revealed considerable variation across states in the number and types of foodborne outbreaks reported. High-reporting states reported 4 times more outbreaks than low reporters. […] Low reporters were more likely than high reporters to report larger outbreaks and less likely to implicate a setting or food vehicle; however, we did not observe a significant difference in the types of food vehicles identified. […] Per capita funding was strongly associated with increased reporting. Investments in public health programming have a measurable effect on outbreak reporting.

• #24 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks Reported to National Surveillance, United States, 2009–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9155876/

  Foodborne outbreaks reported to national surveillance systems represent a subset of all outbreaks in the United States; not all outbreaks are detected, investigated, and reported. […] We described the structural factors and outbreak characteristics of outbreaks reported during 20092018. […] Analysis revealed considerable variation across states in the number and types of foodborne outbreaks reported. High-reporting states reported 4 times more outbreaks than low reporters. […] Low reporters were more likely than high reporters to report larger outbreaks and less likely to implicate a setting or food vehicle; however, we did not observe a significant difference in the types of food vehicles identified. […] Per capita funding was strongly associated with increased reporting. Investments in public health programming have a measurable effect on outbreak reporting.

• #25 Using Big Data to Identify Outbreaks of Food Poisoning – Consumer Data Research Centre

  https://www.cdrc.ac.uk/17664-2/

  Every year there are around 500 000 known cases of food poisoning in the UK and a further 10 million cases of gastrointestinal illnesses which may be food related. […] The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is a case partner for this project and they are particularly interested in how big data and social media can be used to more effectively monitor cases and outbreaks of food poisoning in the UK. […] The timely reporting of foodborne illness is an essential component in avoiding a large-scale epidemic. […] Social media data and online restaurant reviews can be collected in near-real time and are therefore much timelier than traditional data sources such as GP visits or FSA inspection reports which can take up to two weeks to process. […] For this reason, these data sources may not be suitable for monitoring food-borne illness caused by certain pathogens.

• #26 A Novel Foodborne Illness Detection and Web Application Tool Based on Social Media

  https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2769

  Foodborne diseases and outbreaks are significant threats to public health, resulting in millions of illnesses and deaths worldwide each year. Traditional foodborne disease surveillance systems rely on data from healthcare facilities, laboratories, and government agencies to monitor and control outbreaks. […] Recently, there is a growing recognition of the potential value of incorporating social media data into surveillance systems. This paper explores the use of social media data as an alternative surveillance tool for foodborne diseases by collecting large-scale Twitter data, building food safety data storage models, and developing a novel frontend foodborne illness surveillance system. Descriptive and predictive analyses of the collected data were conducted in comparison with ground truth data reported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The results indicate that the most implicated food categories and the distributions from both Twitter and the CDC were similar. The system developed with Twitter data could complement traditional foodborne disease surveillance systems by providing near-real-time information on foodborne illnesses, implicated foods, symptoms, locations, and other information critical for detecting a potential foodborne outbreak.

• #27 A Novel Foodborne Illness Detection and Web Application Tool Based on Social Media

  https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/14/2769

  Foodborne diseases and outbreaks are significant threats to public health, resulting in millions of illnesses and deaths worldwide each year. Traditional foodborne disease surveillance systems rely on data from healthcare facilities, laboratories, and government agencies to monitor and control outbreaks. […] Recently, there is a growing recognition of the potential value of incorporating social media data into surveillance systems. This paper explores the use of social media data as an alternative surveillance tool for foodborne diseases by collecting large-scale Twitter data, building food safety data storage models, and developing a novel frontend foodborne illness surveillance system. Descriptive and predictive analyses of the collected data were conducted in comparison with ground truth data reported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The results indicate that the most implicated food categories and the distributions from both Twitter and the CDC were similar. The system developed with Twitter data could complement traditional foodborne disease surveillance systems by providing near-real-time information on foodborne illnesses, implicated foods, symptoms, locations, and other information critical for detecting a potential foodborne outbreak.

• #28 Machine-learned epidemiology: real-time detection of foodborne illness at scale | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0045-1

  Machine learning has become an increasingly powerful tool for solving complex problems, and its application in public health has been underutilized. The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of a machine-learned model of foodborne illness detection in a real-world setting. To this end, we built FINDER, a machine-learned model for real-time detection of foodborne illness using anonymous and aggregated web search and location data. We computed the fraction of people who visited a particular restaurant and later searched for terms indicative of food poisoning to identify potentially unsafe restaurants. […] Additionally, FINDER enables us to ascertain previously intractable epidemiological information, for example, in 38% of cases the restaurant potentially causing food poisoning was not the last one visited, which may explain the lower precision of complaint-based inspections. We found that FINDER is able to reliably identify restaurants that have an active lapse in food safety, allowing for implementation of corrective actions that would prevent the potential spread of foodborne illness.

• #29 Machine-learned epidemiology: real-time detection of foodborne illness at scale | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0045-1

  Machine learning has become an increasingly powerful tool for solving complex problems, and its application in public health has been underutilized. The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of a machine-learned model of foodborne illness detection in a real-world setting. To this end, we built FINDER, a machine-learned model for real-time detection of foodborne illness using anonymous and aggregated web search and location data. We computed the fraction of people who visited a particular restaurant and later searched for terms indicative of food poisoning to identify potentially unsafe restaurants. […] Additionally, FINDER enables us to ascertain previously intractable epidemiological information, for example, in 38% of cases the restaurant potentially causing food poisoning was not the last one visited, which may explain the lower precision of complaint-based inspections. We found that FINDER is able to reliably identify restaurants that have an active lapse in food safety, allowing for implementation of corrective actions that would prevent the potential spread of foodborne illness.

• #30 Machine-learned epidemiology: real-time detection of foodborne illness at scale | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0045-1

  Our primary goal was to use this model to identify restaurants with potentially unsafe health code violations that could contribute to foodborne illness spread, with the hypothesis that our model would be able to more accurately identify a restaurant with serious health code violations than systems currently in place. […] This model can be expanded by public health departments to reduce the burden of foodborne illness across the United States, and can also be expanded to assist in monitoring a variety of other diseases globally. […] FINDER was deployed in Las Vegas between May and August 2016; during that period a total of 5038 inspections were completed, 61 of which were prompted by FINDER. A similar deployment occurred in Chicago between November 2016 and March 2017, where 5880 inspections were completed, 71 of which were prompted by FINDER.

• #31 Machine-learned epidemiology: real-time detection of foodborne illness at scale | npj Digital Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-018-0045-1

  Of all the restaurants identified by FINDER, 52.3% were deemed unsafe upon inspection, compared to 24.7% for BASELINE restaurants. […] The former were 3.06 times (95% CI: 2.14-4.35) as likely to be unsafe as the latter, when accounting for restaurant risk level and city in our models (p<0.001). [...] FINDER has several advantages over the existing inspection mechanisms. Compared to routine inspections, FINDER has a much higher precision rate of identifying unsafe restaurants, and it can discover health violations that might not be found by traditional protocols. [...] Our findings suggest that large-scale real-time monitoring systems offer a promising way to bolster food inspection efforts and reduce foodborne illness in a large population.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/activities/estimating-the-burden-of-foodborne-diseases

  The burden of foodborne diseases is not spread equally across the globe but correlates with the socio-economic development of countries. […] Global cooperation towards enhanced surveillance of foodborne diseases. […] Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a laboratory technique that has the potential to change how we detect and monitor microbial hazards in the food chain.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety

  WHO aims to strengthen national food control systems to facilitate global prevention, detection and response to public health threats associated with unsafe food. […] strengthening surveillance of and response to foodborne diseases globally by supporting countries to improve their current foodborne disease surveillance and response activities (including through the use of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)) and integrate them into existing national surveillance and response systems required by the IHR 2005.

• #34 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks Reported to National Surveillance, United States, 2009–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9155876/

  Low reporters were significantly less likely than middle and high reporters to report outbreaks with an identified etiology (57% low, 73% middle, 79% high) and reported fewer norovirus outbreaks (5% low, 60% middle, 36% high). […] These trends were similar across all pathogen groups. […] The structural characteristic most closely associated with outbreak reporting rates was per capita ELC funding. High reporters received 3 times as much funding as low reporters. […] Outbreak investigations provide critical information on the epidemiology of foodborne diseases and the foods that cause illness.

• #35 Epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2011 to 2016 in Shandong Province, China

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6250508/

  Foodborne disease is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. China has established a nationwide Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in China. Each provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducts the system working. […] During 2011 to 2016, Shandong CDC received reports of 1043 foodborne disease outbreaks, resulting in 8078 illnesses, 2442 hospitalizations, and 17 deaths. […] Timely investigation, disposal and reporting of foodborne disease outbreaks provides information that might help FDOSS to make full use of efficiency and FDOSS should be continued and strengthened even more in Shandong Province, such as an increase in diagnostic laboratory capacities.

• #36 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks Reported to National Surveillance, United States, 2009–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9155876/

  We integrated data from a variety of sources to examine structural factors and describe outbreak characteristics of foodborne outbreaks involving Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, norovirus, and bacterial toxins that were reported to national surveillance. […] During 20092018, a total of 8,131 single-state outbreaks involving 131,525 outbreak-associated illnesses were reported. […] The etiology was confirmed for 49% of the outbreaks (range across states 21%84%). […] A confirmed or suspected food vehicle was identified for 36% of the total outbreaks (range by state 11%77%). […] Overall, states reported a mean of 29 outbreaks per 10 million population per year (range by state: 586 outbreaks) and a mean of 9 (range 0.552) norovirus outbreaks, 5 Salmonella (range 111) outbreaks, 3 (range 0.18) bacterial toxin outbreaks, and 0.9 (range 0.13) STEC O157 outbreaks per 10 million population per year.

• #37

  https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-Conditions/Pages/Food-Poisoning.aspx

  There were 211 notifications of food poisoning involving 1599 cases in 2009 compared with 136 notifications and 1252 cases in 2008. […] In December 2003/Jan 2004, 305 cases of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported in 14 separate outbreaks in different parts of Singapore. It was traced to the consumption of imported half-shelled chilled oysters. […] In Nov/Dec 2007, an outbreak of 216 cases of salmonellosis caused by S. enteritidis was traced to the consumption of cream cakes produced in a factory and distributed to various retail outlets. In April 2009, there was an outbreak caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which was believed to be due to cross-contamination between Indian rojak and raw seafood ingredients harbouring the bacteria. A total of 154 cases, including 2 deaths were reported, with 48 cases hospitalised.

• #38

  https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-Conditions/Pages/Food-Poisoning.aspx

  There were 211 notifications of food poisoning involving 1599 cases in 2009 compared with 136 notifications and 1252 cases in 2008. […] In December 2003/Jan 2004, 305 cases of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported in 14 separate outbreaks in different parts of Singapore. It was traced to the consumption of imported half-shelled chilled oysters. […] In Nov/Dec 2007, an outbreak of 216 cases of salmonellosis caused by S. enteritidis was traced to the consumption of cream cakes produced in a factory and distributed to various retail outlets. In April 2009, there was an outbreak caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which was believed to be due to cross-contamination between Indian rojak and raw seafood ingredients harbouring the bacteria. A total of 154 cases, including 2 deaths were reported, with 48 cases hospitalised.

• #39 Food poisoning outbreak investigation in Dewachefa woreda, Oromia Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2018 | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-019-4407-9

  A total of 35 food poisoning cases with no death were reported. The overall attack rate was 25.58/10,000. Eating raw meat [adjusted odd ratio (AOR)=11.04; 95% CI 3.0340.17], drinking raw milk AOR=4.81; 95% CI 1.4216.23), sex (AOR=3.57; 95% CI 1.379.32), hand washing before eating (AOR=13.42; 95% CI 3.6349.72) and Sources of drinking water (AOR=11.50; 95 CI 1.9667.49) were significantly associated with food poisoning. Food poisoning outbreak were occurred in Dewachfa woreda. Sex of study participants, eating raw meat, drinking raw milk, hand washing before eating, materials use to clean food utensils and source of drinking waters were factors of food poisoning. Food poisoning is an acute illness with recent consumption of contaminated food or water. It can be infectious or noninfectious. Infectious food poisoning is caused by eating food or water contaminated by bacteria, viruses, parasites or their toxins. Food poisoning outbreak is the incidence of two or more cases of a similar foodborne disease resulting from the ingestion of a common food. The most common microorganisms that cause food poisoning are Norvirus, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter and Staphylococcus aurous. Hospitalizations due to food poisoning are mostly caused by Salmonella, Norvirus, Campylobacter, Toxoplasma gondii and Escherichia coli. Salmonella, Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, Norvirus and Campylobacter can cause deaths. Depending on the cause of food poisoning, the duration of the majority of food poisoning usually ranges from a few hours after exposure to contaminated food or fluid to several days. Eggs, poultry, and meats, unpasteurized milk, cheese, raw or unwashed fruits and vegetables, nuts and spices are most commonly associated with food poisoning illness. Factors associated with food poisoning outbreaks also include consumption of inadequately cooked or thawed meat or poultry, cross-contamination of food from infected food handlers, presence of flies, cockroaches, rats, in the food environment that acts as vectors of the disease. Globally, 48 million people get sick from a foodborne illness, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3000 die in each year. This investigation aimed to verify occurrence of outbreak, describe cases in person, time and place and identify factors associated with the outbreak in Dewachefa woreda. Food poisoning outbreak was occurred among lunch ceremony participants in Dewachefa woreda. The etiology of this outbreak was bacteria because the laboratory results showed that pus cells this is one of the indications of bacterial infection. This outbreak specifically might be caused by Salmonella and Escherichia coli because of smaller number pus cells of 20 per high power field in the laboratory results. The finding of multivariable analysis revealed that eating raw meat, drinking raw milk, not hand washing before meal, materials use to clean food utensils (using soap) and source of drinking water (well water) were independent predictors of food poisoning. This study showed that people who had not hand washing before meal were almost 13 times more likely develop food poisoning illness than who had hand washing before meal. Therefore, health education should be strength about food handling practice during lunch ceremony.

• #40 Second FAO/WHO Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators

  https://www.fao.org/4/ae187e/ae187e.htm

  In the Food Sanitation Act, food poisoning is defined as infectious or toxic diseases caused by microorganisms or toxic agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food. […] The KFDA is a main body to control and prevent national food poisoning in Korea and the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) is an agency to control contagious diseases. […] For epidemiologic investigation of food poisoning outbreaks, KFDA is operating a Central Food Poisoning Headquarter which is made up of experts from KFDA, KCDC and MOE (Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development). […] In these days, food poisoning outbreaks showed different patterns in compared to the past in Korea. […] Control and improvement of hygienic condition for group meal is the most important field in the prevention of food poisoning in Korea at present. […] KFDA devotes its all strength to prevent and control food poisoning in Korea. Major efforts, among others, are: […] In the globalization era, food poisoning is no longer a sole issue in a country or region.

• #41 Review of Food Poisoning Outbreaks Related to Food Premises and Food Business in 2019

  https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_164_01.html

  Food poisoning is a statutory notifiable disease in Hong Kong. The Centre for Food Safety (CFS) of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, in collaboration with the Department of Health (DH), is responsible for the investigation and control of food poisoning outbreaks related to local food premises and food business. […] In 2019, the CFS received 184 food poisoning outbreaks referred from the DH, affecting 805 persons in total. The number of food poisoning outbreaks showed a generally decreasing trend over the past decade, although a slight increase was observed in 2019. […] Bacterial foodborne agents remained the leading causes (88.6%) of all foodborne disease outbreaks in 2019, with the top three commonest bacterial agents similar to those in 2018. […] In June 2019, the DH reported to the CFS 17 clusters of food poisoning outbreaks related to one restaurant, affecting a total of 40 persons. […] The number of food poisoning outbreaks has remained below 200 over the past three years. Improper food handling is the leading contributory factor for food poisoning outbreaks.

• #42 Foodborne illness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness

  Globally, infants are a group that is especially vulnerable to foodborne disease. […] A CDC report for the period 2017-2019 found that 41% of outbreaks at restaurants were caused by a sick employee. […] In the United States, using FoodNet data from 2000 to 2007, the CDC estimated there were 47.8 million foodborne illnesses per year with 9.4 million of these caused by 31 known identified pathogens. […] According to a 2012 report from the Food Standards Agency, there were around a million cases of foodborne illness per year in the United Kingdom. […] A study by the Australian National University published in 2022 for Food Standards Australia New Zealand estimated there are 4.67 million cases of food poisoning in Australia each year that result in 47,900 hospitalisations, 38 deaths and a cost to the economy of $2.1 billion. […] The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. […] Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district.

• #43 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  The true dimension of the burden of food borne diseases is still unknown as a result of poor documentation and absence of reliable data, thus limiting our understanding of its public health importance and impeding our efforts to secure the resources and support necessary for effective control of food borne diseases. […] Improving surveillance on human food borne disease and monitoring of food contaminants will help greatly in establishing and evaluating priorities in the prevention and control of food borne diseases and reduce uncertainties in its mitigation strategies. […] Food borne disease surveillance assists in the assessment of the burden of food borne diseases, identification of public health priorities, setting of policies, evaluating program performance and the prevention, detection and control of outbreaks and in the process stimulating research.

• #44 Foodborne Illness Surveillance | doh

  https://dchealth.dc.gov/service/foodborne-illness-surveillance

  The Foodborne Illness Surveillance program is responsible for the surveillance and investigation of foodborne outbreaks and illnesses occurring in the District of Columbia. Foodborne illnesses are a major public health concern. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Each year 1 in 6 Americans gets sick by consuming contaminated foods or beverages […] Each year about 48 million people get sick from a foodborne illness, 128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die […] More than 250 different foodborne illnesses have been described […] Most of these illnesses are infections caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. When a foodborne illness outbreak is detected, DC Health works with the DC Public Health Laboratory to collect as much information as quickly as possible to find out what is causing the illnesses and to take action to prevent more people from getting ill.

• #45 Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/recalls-outbreaks-emergencies/outbreaks-foodborne-illness

  When two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink, the event is called a foodborne illness outbreak. […] FDA investigates outbreaks to control them, so more people do not get sick in the outbreak, and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks from happening in the future. […] FDAs Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation (CORE) Network was created to manage not just outbreak response, but surveillance and post-response activities related to incidents involving multiple illnesses linked to FDA-regulated human food, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products. […] Outbreak Investigations are managed by FDAs CORE Response Teams. […] Public health advisories are issued for outbreak investigations that have resulted in specific, actionable steps for consumers to take to protect themselves.

• #46 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  The implementation of food safety measures, for example hazard analysis and critical control point systems (HACCP), from farm to table, along with certification of food/farm service outlets using national standards for food safety and introduction of continuous employee training on safe food preparation would greatly reduce contamination of food. […] Sources of surveillance data for food borne diseases include disease notifications, laboratory reports, environmental indices (food establishment inspection sources; agriculture, veterinary and food analyses), outbreak investigation reports, research studies, morbidity reports, case investigations, sentinel reports, surveys, census and media reports. […] Effective and efficient food borne disease surveillance will help ensure the quality and safety of food consumed.

• #47

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/foodborne-and-non-foodborne-gastrointestinal-outbreaks-surveillance

  Outbreaks reported to PHE’s electronic foodborne and non-foodborne gastrointestinal outbreak surveillance system (eFOSS). […] The investigation and reporting of foodborne outbreaks within the European Union (EU) is statutory with Directive 2003/99/EC. […] Information from the surveillance of foodborne disease outbreaks are provided on an annual basis to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for inclusion in the EU community summary reports on: trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance, foodborne outbreaks. […] The UK reports data for general outbreaks of foodborne infections. […] Reported data on foodborne disease outbreaks are valuable in establishing a link between foodborne illness and specific foods or situations that caused it. […] Outbreak information from eFOSS is also provided to the following government departments and European agencies to support public health policies and foodborne disease reduction strategies: Food Standards Agency, Department for Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs, Department of Health, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).

• #48

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/foodborne-and-non-foodborne-gastrointestinal-outbreaks-surveillance

  Outbreaks reported to PHE’s electronic foodborne and non-foodborne gastrointestinal outbreak surveillance system (eFOSS). […] The investigation and reporting of foodborne outbreaks within the European Union (EU) is statutory with Directive 2003/99/EC. […] Information from the surveillance of foodborne disease outbreaks are provided on an annual basis to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for inclusion in the EU community summary reports on: trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance, foodborne outbreaks. […] The UK reports data for general outbreaks of foodborne infections. […] Reported data on foodborne disease outbreaks are valuable in establishing a link between foodborne illness and specific foods or situations that caused it. […] Outbreak information from eFOSS is also provided to the following government departments and European agencies to support public health policies and foodborne disease reduction strategies: Food Standards Agency, Department for Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs, Department of Health, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).

• #49

  https://www.who.int/activities/estimating-the-burden-of-foodborne-diseases

  Each year worldwide, unsafe food causes 600 million cases of foodborne diseases and 420 000 deaths. […] WHO estimated that 33 million years of healthy lives are lost due to eating unsafe food globally each year, and this number is likely an underestimation. […] having a reliable data on the actual national burden of foodborne diseases is essential to draw public attention and mobilize political will and resources to combat foodborne diseases. […] World Health Assembly Resolution 73.5 (WHA73.5) mandated WHO to monitor regularly and to report to Member States on the global burden of foodborne and zoonotic diseases at national, regional and international levels. […] It also mandated the preparation of a new report by 2025 on the global burden of foodborne diseases with up-to-date estimates of global foodborne disease incidence, mortality and disease burden in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

• #50 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks Reported to National Surveillance, United States, 2009–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9155876/

  Foodborne outbreaks reported to national surveillance systems represent a subset of all outbreaks in the United States; not all outbreaks are detected, investigated, and reported. […] We described the structural factors and outbreak characteristics of outbreaks reported during 20092018. […] Analysis revealed considerable variation across states in the number and types of foodborne outbreaks reported. High-reporting states reported 4 times more outbreaks than low reporters. […] Low reporters were more likely than high reporters to report larger outbreaks and less likely to implicate a setting or food vehicle; however, we did not observe a significant difference in the types of food vehicles identified. […] Per capita funding was strongly associated with increased reporting. Investments in public health programming have a measurable effect on outbreak reporting.

• #51 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks Reported to National Surveillance, United States, 2009–2018

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9155876/

  Low reporters were significantly less likely than middle and high reporters to report outbreaks with an identified etiology (57% low, 73% middle, 79% high) and reported fewer norovirus outbreaks (5% low, 60% middle, 36% high). […] These trends were similar across all pathogen groups. […] The structural characteristic most closely associated with outbreak reporting rates was per capita ELC funding. High reporters received 3 times as much funding as low reporters. […] Outbreak investigations provide critical information on the epidemiology of foodborne diseases and the foods that cause illness.

• #52 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  The implementation of food safety measures, for example hazard analysis and critical control point systems (HACCP), from farm to table, along with certification of food/farm service outlets using national standards for food safety and introduction of continuous employee training on safe food preparation would greatly reduce contamination of food. […] Sources of surveillance data for food borne diseases include disease notifications, laboratory reports, environmental indices (food establishment inspection sources; agriculture, veterinary and food analyses), outbreak investigation reports, research studies, morbidity reports, case investigations, sentinel reports, surveys, census and media reports. […] Effective and efficient food borne disease surveillance will help ensure the quality and safety of food consumed.

• #53 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  All countries have different public health systems, giving rise to a wide variation in surveillance systems, with each having a different focus within the realm of food borne diseases. […] In Malaysia the current mandatory notification of certain priority food borne diseases has been useful for surveillance, but is inadequate in the event of new emerging food borne diseases. […] A systematic approach for the early detection of unknown aetiological agents and notification is therefore needed. […] The Ministry of Health also conducts laboratory-based surveillance of specific infectious diseases and includes food borne diseases due to Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Salmonella typhi and Vibrio spp. […] Improper food handling and unhygienic practices among food handlers have contributed to food poisoning episodes.

• #54 Epidemiology of foodborne disease outbreaks from 2011 to 2016 in Shandong Province, China

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6250508/

  Foodborne disease is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. China has established a nationwide Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in China. Each provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducts the system working. […] During 2011 to 2016, Shandong CDC received reports of 1043 foodborne disease outbreaks, resulting in 8078 illnesses, 2442 hospitalizations, and 17 deaths. […] Timely investigation, disposal and reporting of foodborne disease outbreaks provides information that might help FDOSS to make full use of efficiency and FDOSS should be continued and strengthened even more in Shandong Province, such as an increase in diagnostic laboratory capacities.

• #55 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  Therefore the system should be comprehensive and integrated with food monitoring data along the entire feed-food chain. […] The capacity building component in surveillance of food borne diseases in these countries may need to be considered, not only at the national level but also extended to regional and international levels. […] Food borne diseases should be integrated into the revision of International Health Regulations. […] Surveillance of food borne diseases provides valuable information in the estimation of the burden of food borne diseases and in the rapid detection and response to outbreaks. […] It must be emphasized that strong leadership with political commitment and collaboration and coordination of activities of the related agencies at the national, regional and global levels are of paramount importance in strengthening and enhancing the existing surveillance systems and in the process, lowering the risk of food borne diseases.

• #56 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  Countries of the region should strengthen their capacity for surveillance of food borne diseases to facilitate the timely recognition of emerging food borne diseases through national, regional and international surveillance networking, as evidenced in the recent SARS and Avian Flu outbreaks. […] Improve food borne disease surveillance and food contaminants data collection by the relevant agencies, to enable proper documentation and evaluation of the burden of food borne diseases. […] Establish sentinel sites for the surveillance of food borne diseases to allow access to data, measurement of the burden of food borne diseases and to appropriately priorities areas of concern in the prevention and control of food borne diseases.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/activities/estimating-the-burden-of-foodborne-diseases

  The burden of foodborne diseases is not spread equally across the globe but correlates with the socio-economic development of countries. […] Global cooperation towards enhanced surveillance of foodborne diseases. […] Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a laboratory technique that has the potential to change how we detect and monitor microbial hazards in the food chain.

• #58 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  Therefore the system should be comprehensive and integrated with food monitoring data along the entire feed-food chain. […] The capacity building component in surveillance of food borne diseases in these countries may need to be considered, not only at the national level but also extended to regional and international levels. […] Food borne diseases should be integrated into the revision of International Health Regulations. […] Surveillance of food borne diseases provides valuable information in the estimation of the burden of food borne diseases and in the rapid detection and response to outbreaks. […] It must be emphasized that strong leadership with political commitment and collaboration and coordination of activities of the related agencies at the national, regional and global levels are of paramount importance in strengthening and enhancing the existing surveillance systems and in the process, lowering the risk of food borne diseases.

• #59 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  Therefore the system should be comprehensive and integrated with food monitoring data along the entire feed-food chain. […] The capacity building component in surveillance of food borne diseases in these countries may need to be considered, not only at the national level but also extended to regional and international levels. […] Food borne diseases should be integrated into the revision of International Health Regulations. […] Surveillance of food borne diseases provides valuable information in the estimation of the burden of food borne diseases and in the rapid detection and response to outbreaks. […] It must be emphasized that strong leadership with political commitment and collaboration and coordination of activities of the related agencies at the national, regional and global levels are of paramount importance in strengthening and enhancing the existing surveillance systems and in the process, lowering the risk of food borne diseases.

• #60 Food Poisoning: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175569-overview

  In March 2012, the CDC reported a rise in foodborne disease outbreaks caused by imported food in 2009 and 2011. Nearly 50% of the outbreaks implicated food that was imported from regions not previously associated with outbreaks. Outbreaks reported to CDCs Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 2005-2010 implicated 39 outbreaks and 2,348 illnesses that were linked to imported food from 15 countries. […] Transnational trade; travel; and migration and globalization of food production, manufacturing, and marketing pose greater risk of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases and food-borne illness. A travel history should be obtained because traveler’s diarrhea is the leading cause of travel-related illness. Onset occurs 3 days to 2 weeks after arrival. Illness is self-limiting within 5 days. Enterotoxigenic E coli is the most common isolate.

• #61 Original ArticleEpidemiological Study of Laboratory-Based Surveillance for Bacteria-Related Food Poisoning in Taiwan, 2018–2020 – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/EpidemicTheme/Detail/hQ4XhaZAzUmNe2ksY4tjMA?archiveId=31jBQjZMZx3Aix-0ucOUhw

  Epidemiological Study of Laboratory-Based Surveillance for Bacteria-Related Food Poisoning in Taiwan, 20182020 […] According to Taiwans Communicable Disease Control Act, all suspected gastroenteritis outbreaks must be reported, and stool samples should be collected and sent to Taiwan Centers for Disease Control through the Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. […] An upward trend of diarrhea outbreaks had been observed in recent years, and endemic cases also exhibiting increased incidence rates in Taiwan. […] Acute gastroenteritis from food poisoning, caused by contamination and microbial growth due to improper food handling or storage, increased annually. […] Rising average temperatures caused by global warming, weather fluctuations, and climate changes may affect the incidence and the spread of foodborne diseases. […] Continued monitoring of diarrhea outbreaks may provide a complete profile of epidemic patterns, which could be important to reduce the frequency of foodborne illnesses.

• #62 Original ArticleEpidemiological Study of Laboratory-Based Surveillance for Bacteria-Related Food Poisoning in Taiwan, 2018–2020 – Taiwan Centers for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.tw/En/EpidemicTheme/Detail/hQ4XhaZAzUmNe2ksY4tjMA?archiveId=31jBQjZMZx3Aix-0ucOUhw

  Epidemiological Study of Laboratory-Based Surveillance for Bacteria-Related Food Poisoning in Taiwan, 20182020 […] According to Taiwans Communicable Disease Control Act, all suspected gastroenteritis outbreaks must be reported, and stool samples should be collected and sent to Taiwan Centers for Disease Control through the Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. […] An upward trend of diarrhea outbreaks had been observed in recent years, and endemic cases also exhibiting increased incidence rates in Taiwan. […] Acute gastroenteritis from food poisoning, caused by contamination and microbial growth due to improper food handling or storage, increased annually. […] Rising average temperatures caused by global warming, weather fluctuations, and climate changes may affect the incidence and the spread of foodborne diseases. […] Continued monitoring of diarrhea outbreaks may provide a complete profile of epidemic patterns, which could be important to reduce the frequency of foodborne illnesses.

• #63 FAO-WHO Regional Conference on Food Safety for Asia and the Pacific

  https://www.fao.org/4/j2381e/j2381e.htm

  Therefore the system should be comprehensive and integrated with food monitoring data along the entire feed-food chain. […] The capacity building component in surveillance of food borne diseases in these countries may need to be considered, not only at the national level but also extended to regional and international levels. […] Food borne diseases should be integrated into the revision of International Health Regulations. […] Surveillance of food borne diseases provides valuable information in the estimation of the burden of food borne diseases and in the rapid detection and response to outbreaks. […] It must be emphasized that strong leadership with political commitment and collaboration and coordination of activities of the related agencies at the national, regional and global levels are of paramount importance in strengthening and enhancing the existing surveillance systems and in the process, lowering the risk of food borne diseases.

• #64 Foodborne illness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness

  The action of monitoring food to ensure that it will not cause foodborne illness is known as food safety. […] In 2000, the United Kingdom reported the individual bacteria involved as the following: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia coli O157:H7 1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%. […] In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. […] The most common bacterial foodborne pathogens are: Campylobacter jejuni which can lead to secondary Guillain-Barr syndrome and periodontitis, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) which can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome. […] Governments have the primary mandate of ensuring safe food for all, however all actors in the food chain are responsible to ensure only safe food reaches the consumer, thus preventing foodborne illnesses.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-safety

  WHO aims to strengthen national food control systems to facilitate global prevention, detection and response to public health threats associated with unsafe food. […] strengthening surveillance of and response to foodborne diseases globally by supporting countries to improve their current foodborne disease surveillance and response activities (including through the use of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)) and integrate them into existing national surveillance and response systems required by the IHR 2005.

• #66 Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/recalls-outbreaks-emergencies/outbreaks-foodborne-illness

  The FDA has produced a video that shows what FDA does to ensure the food supply is safe and how we identify and remove FDA regulated food products from the market that are causing people to get sick. […] FDA released the Foodborne Outbreak Response Improvement Plan to enhance the speed, effectiveness, coordination, and communication of investigations into outbreaks of foodborne illness.

• #67 Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/food/recalls-outbreaks-emergencies/outbreaks-foodborne-illness

  When two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink, the event is called a foodborne illness outbreak. […] FDA investigates outbreaks to control them, so more people do not get sick in the outbreak, and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks from happening in the future. […] FDAs Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation (CORE) Network was created to manage not just outbreak response, but surveillance and post-response activities related to incidents involving multiple illnesses linked to FDA-regulated human food, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products. […] Outbreak Investigations are managed by FDAs CORE Response Teams. […] Public health advisories are issued for outbreak investigations that have resulted in specific, actionable steps for consumers to take to protect themselves.

• #68 Department of Public Health – Acute Communicable Disease Control

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/food.htm

  Foodborne Disease Surveillance […] The Foodborne Disease Surveillance team works to identify and decrease the risk to the public from foodborne illness. […] We do this by monitoring occurrences of bacterial pathogens and by responding to public complaints of possible foodborne outbreaks of disease. […] Protecting county residents from foodborne illness is best accomplished through cooperation between the Foodborne Disease Surveillance team, the Public Health Laboratory and Environmental Health Bureau of Consumer Protection’s Food Milk Program. […] Together, we are working to improve basic surveillance of foodborne diseases and to coordinate our response to outbreaks.

• #69 Department of Public Health – Acute Communicable Disease Control

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/food.htm

  Foodborne Disease Surveillance […] The Foodborne Disease Surveillance team works to identify and decrease the risk to the public from foodborne illness. […] We do this by monitoring occurrences of bacterial pathogens and by responding to public complaints of possible foodborne outbreaks of disease. […] Protecting county residents from foodborne illness is best accomplished through cooperation between the Foodborne Disease Surveillance team, the Public Health Laboratory and Environmental Health Bureau of Consumer Protection’s Food Milk Program. […] Together, we are working to improve basic surveillance of foodborne diseases and to coordinate our response to outbreaks.

• #70 Foodborne Illness Active Disease Surveillance – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/foodborne/surveillance.html

  Reporting an Infectious Disease Healthcare providers are required to report to the Minnesota Department of Health all confirmed or suspected cases of foodborne disease, including: […] Epidemiologists conduct telephone interviews with all persons who have been diagnosed with one of the reportable foodborne diseases. These interviews include questions about symptoms, food consumption, and contact with water, animals, and children. The information from these reports and interviews enables epidemiologists to: Describe the epidemiology of new and emerging bacterial, parasitic, and viral foodborne pathogens. […] The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) is the principal foodborne disease component of CDC’s Emerging Infections Program (EIP). The project consists of active surveillance for foodborne diseases and related epidemiologic studies designed to help public health officials better understand the epidemiology of foodborne diseases in the United States.

• #71 Report a Problem with Food

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/food-safety/report-a-problem-with-food.html

  If you think you or a family member has food poisoning or that food from a store or restaurant is contaminated, it is important to report the problem quickly and effectively. […] If you believe you or someone you know became ill from eating a certain food, contact your local health department. […] To help public health investigate your concerns, be prepared to tell the local health department information about the illness, the food, and share photos or details.

• #72 Report a Problem with Food

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/food-safety/report-a-problem-with-food.html

  If you think you or a family member has food poisoning or that food from a store or restaurant is contaminated, it is important to report the problem quickly and effectively. […] If you believe you or someone you know became ill from eating a certain food, contact your local health department. […] To help public health investigate your concerns, be prepared to tell the local health department information about the illness, the food, and share photos or details.

• #73 Foodborne Illness (Food Poisoning) : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : What We Do : East-Central District Health Department

  https://ecdhd.ne.gov/our-programs/infectious-disease/public-health-surveillance-and-infectious-disease/foodborne-illness.html

  Foodborne illness, also known as food poisoning, is caused by consuming contaminated food, beverages, or water and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, parasites, viruses and/or toxins. […] Reporting illnesses to state and local health departments helps them identify potential outbreaks of foodborne disease. […] Public health officials investigate outbreaks to control them, so more people do not get sick and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks from happening in the future.

• #74 Foodborne Illness (Food Poisoning) : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : Public Health Surveillance and Infectious Disease : What We Do : East-Central District Health Department

  https://ecdhd.ne.gov/our-programs/infectious-disease/public-health-surveillance-and-infectious-disease/foodborne-illness.html

  Foodborne illness, also known as food poisoning, is caused by consuming contaminated food, beverages, or water and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, parasites, viruses and/or toxins. […] Reporting illnesses to state and local health departments helps them identify potential outbreaks of foodborne disease. […] Public health officials investigate outbreaks to control them, so more people do not get sick and to learn how to prevent similar outbreaks from happening in the future.

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