Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder is fairly common in the general population. […] Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. […] Making an accurate diagnosis of panic disorder is not possible without a thorough awareness of what constitutes panic attacks. […] Although panic attacks may originate from the direct effects of substance use, medications, or a general medical condition like hyperthyroidism or vestibular dysfunction, they must not derive solely from these. […] Panic disorder is not diagnosed when the symptoms are attributable to another disorder. […] Multiple theories and models exist which speak to the possible etiology of the panic disorder itself. Most indicate the potential role of chemical imbalance as a major factor, including abnormalities in gamma-aminobutyric acid, cortisol, and serotonin.

• #1 Panic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder

  Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. […] The exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood, however there are a number of factors linked to the disorder such as a stressful or traumatic life event, having close family members with the disorder and an imbalance of neurotransmitters. […] Panic disorder has been found to run in families, which suggests that inheritance plays a strong role in determining who will get it. […] Psychological factors, stressful life events, life transitions, and environment as well as often thinking in a way that exaggerates relatively normal bodily reactions are also believed to play a role in the onset of panic disorder. […] Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also show a much higher rate of panic disorder than the general population. […] Genetic vulnerability to panic disorder remains a gray area. However, some researchers have found strong causative links. In general, neurochemical dysfunction plays the most prominent role in genetic cause for panic disorder.

• #1 Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4451-panic-attack-panic-disorder

  Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that involves multiple unexpected panic attacks. A main feature of panic disorder is that the attacks usually happen without warning and aren’t due to another mental health or physical condition. There’s often not a specific trigger for them. […] Experts don’t know exactly why some people experience panic attacks or develop panic disorder. Your brain and nervous system play key roles in how you perceive and handle fear and anxiety. Researchers think that dysfunction of your amygdala the part of your brain that processes fear and other emotions may be at the root of these conditions. They also think chemical imbalances in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cortisol and serotonin may play a large role. […] Your risk of having panic disorder increases if you have a family history: Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, often run in families. You have a 40% increased risk of developing panic disorder if one of your first-degree relatives (biological siblings, children or parents) has the condition. […] Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are negative experiences that happen between the ages of 1 and 17. These experiences are usually traumatic events. ACEs can contribute to the development of panic attacks and panic disorder.

• #1 What Causes Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder?

  https://www.calmclinic.com/panic/causes

  Panic attacks – and panic disorder – are debilitating mental health issues. […] So what triggers panic attacks, and are there people that are more likely to get panic disorder? […] A study among identical and fraternal twins completed by the Anxiety Disorders Clinical and Research Unit at the University of Milan showed that 57% and 43% (respectively) of those with panic attacks also had siblings with panic attacks. Another study showed that as much as 40% of the risk for panic disorder is genetically based. […] Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that genetics play a role in your likelihood of developing panic disorder. […] With panic attacks, many experts believe that intelligence may play a role: research from 2012 shows a positive link between anxiety and higher intelligence.

• #1 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Some authors theorize that panic disorder may represent a state of chronic hyperventilation and carbon dioxide receptor hypersensitivity. […] The cognitive theory suggests that patients with panic disorder have a heightened sensitivity to internal autonomic cues (eg, tachycardia). […] Furthermore, stress and environmental factors may play a role in the disorder. […] Panic disorder is a common psychiatric disorder that affects 35% of the population. […] Although panic disorder is a disease with a significant genetic basis, the exact nature of the basis is unclear. The present understanding suggests that panic disorder is a multifactorial condition, with multiple genes creating susceptibility to the condition coupled with influences from the environment. […] The genetics of panic disorder is poorly understood relative to many psychiatric disorders in which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have isolated numerous loci associated with susceptibility to disease. […] Nonetheless, there are several loci that have been implicated in families with a strong history of panic disorder.

• #1 Neurochemical and genetic factors in panic disorder: a systematic review | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02966-0

  Additionally, abnormal chemoreceptor reactivity may be implicated in the etiology of PD, with inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid, cholecystokinin, adenosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine potentially playing a role in panic regulation. […] Genetic studies form a significant aspect of biological theories, proposing an inherited genetic predisposition in individuals with PD. […] The respiratory subtype of PD has demonstrated a higher familial prevalence in comparison to the non-respiratory subtype in several studies. […] Although twin studies have provided valuable insights, suggesting a link between genetic factors and the pathogenesis of PD with moderate heritability contributions, criticisms include the failure to identify a mode of inheritance aligning with Mendelian patterns. […] The review underscores the potential impact of neurochemical, genetic, and epigenetic factors on the development and expression of PD. […] The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of PD pathophysiology, providing a foundation for further research and targeted interventions.

• #1 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Panic disorder is characterized by the spontaneous and unexpected occurrence of panic attacks, the frequency of which can vary from several attacks per day to only a few attacks per year. Panic attacks are defined as a period of intense fear in which 4 or more of 13 defined symptoms develop abruptly and peak rapidly less than 10 minutes from symptom onset. […] The apparent neurochemical dysfunction behind panic disorder may involve autonomic imbalance, decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic tone, allelic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, increased adenosine receptor function, increased cortisol, diminished benzodiazepine receptor function, and disturbances in serotonin, serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and promoter (SLC6A4) genes, norepinephrine, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and interleukin 1beta.

• #1

  https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/10/well/mind/panic-attack-symptoms-causes.html

  Panic attacks revolve around terror. Though people mainly associate them with the mind, theyre actually constellations of symptoms, both physical and cognitive. […] Most people who regularly experience panic attacks do not experience all of these symptoms, but may have many of them. […] Some people may develop panic disorder, which psychologists define by repeated, unexpected panic attacks that interfere with daily functioning. […] A diverse set of stressors like traumatic events, financial worries or even public speaking can prompt panic attacks. But they can also occur unexpectedly, with no discernible trigger. […] Many researchers believe that panic attacks might occur when the brain isnt properly able to send messages between the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with logic and reasoning, and the amygdala, which governs emotional regulation. During a panic attack, the amygdala is hyperactive, while the prefrontal cortex is less responsive, causing us to spiral. […] If you experience recurrent panic attacks, you may want to seek out a therapist. Forms of cognitive behavioral therapy, in which a clinician prods you to challenge the fears and sensations you might experience during a panic attack, can be among the most effective treatments.

• #1 Causes of Panic Disorder: Anxiety and Contributing Factors

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/what-causes-panic-disorder

  Although its believed that some genes might be at play, theres still no scientific evidence that points to specific ones or certain genetical functions. […] Changes in parts of the brain such as the amygdala, temporal lobe, and medial temporal lobe may also contribute to the development of panic disorder. […] Psychosocial factors refer to how the things and people in your environment affect your thoughts and emotions. […] When it comes to the causes of panic disorder, life experiences, childhood observations, and parental influences may all increase what is known as anxiety sensitivity. […] A 2018 study showed that anxiety sensitivity is a suspected contributing cause of panic disorder. […] If you have anxiety sensitivity, youre also more likely to fear panic attacks. This might cause you to experience more of these episodes, and so a vicious cycle begins.

• #1 Panic disorder | Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/panic-disorder

  Panic disorder, anxiety disorder characterized by repeated panic attacks that leads to persistent worry and avoidance behavior in an attempt to prevent situations that could precipitate an attack. […] The underlying cause of panic disorder appears to arise from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most significant genetic variations that has been identified in association with panic disorder is mutation of a gene designated HTR2A (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A). […] Environmental and genetic factors also form the basis of the suffocation false alarm theory. This theory postulates that signals about potential suffocation arise from physiological and psychological centres involved in sensing factors associated with suffocation, such as increasing carbon dioxide and lactate levels in the brain. […] This increased sensitivity results in the misinterpretation of nonthreatening situations as terrifying events.

• #1 The Etiology of Panic Disorder

  https://internalchange.com/research-articles/etiology-panic-disorder/

  Several studies using twins also imply a genetic factor for PD (Barlow, 1988). […] Much research continues to point towards a dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS) as the cause of PD. […] It is interesting to note that many panickers trace the onset of their PD to the use of cocaine, amphetamine, or caffeine. These all increase central nervous system (CNS), noradrenergic activity, supporting the theory that noradrenergic dysfunction may be a key to the development of PD. […] In recent clinical trials Bell Nutt (1998) provide evidence that Serotonin has an instrumental role in PD and serotoergic dysfunction. […] These findings support the idea that the core abnormalities in panic disorder will be found in those central neurobiological systems that regulate SNS function. […] It has been shown that patients with panic disorder have a lower threshold for panic attacks to agents that stimulate several different neurobiological systems, including alterations of electrolyte balance (e.g., carbon dioxide and sodium lactate infusion), increased adrenergic system function, increased cholecystokinin, and impaired gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function.

• #1 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/symptoms-causes/syc-20376021

  Panic attacks and panic disorder […] It’s not known what causes panic attacks or panic disorder, but these factors may play a role: […] Some research suggests that your body’s natural fight-or-flight response to danger is involved in panic attacks. For example, if a grizzly bear came after you, your body would react instinctively. Your heart rate and breathing would speed up as your body prepared for a life-threatening situation. Many of the same reactions occur in a panic attack. But it’s unknown why a panic attack occurs when there’s no obvious danger present.

• #1 Causes – Agoraphobia – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/agoraphobia/causes/

  Agoraphobia can develop as a complication of panic disorder. […] As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder isn’t fully understood. […] However, most experts think a combination of biological and psychological factors may be involved. […] In people with panic disorder, it’s thought the fight or flight response is more intense, resulting in a panic attack.

• #1 Panic attack and panic disorder: What you need to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8872

  Panic disorder typically occurs in adulthood but can develop in children. Genetic and biological factors may increase the likelihood of having panic disorder, but researchers have yet to identify a link to any specific gene or chemical. […] The disorder may develop after exposure to environmental stressors, including major life changes such as having a first baby or leaving home. […] Anxiety and panic can be a natural response to stress. However, intense or regular panic that occurs for no apparent reason may indicate panic disorder. […] When the brain receives warnings of danger, it alerts the adrenal gland to release adrenaline, which is sometimes called epinephrine or the fight or flight hormone. […] The following factors may increase the risk of developing panic disorder: a family history of panic disorder, adverse childhood experiences, chemical imbalances in the brain. […] Doctors may diagnose panic disorder if a person experiences panic symptoms and concern about panic attacks for at least 1 month without an apparent cause.

• #1 Panic Disorder | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/panic-disorder/

  Unexpected panic attacks such as these are at the heart of panic disorder (PD). […] Researchers are not entirely sure what causes panic disorder. […] Children are at a higher risk of developing panic disorder if their parents have the disorder (Biederman et al., 2001), and family and twins studies indicate that the heritability of panic disorder is around 43% (Hettema, Neale, Kendler, 2001). […] Neurobiological theories of panic disorder suggest that a region of the brain called the locus coeruleus may play a role in this disorder. […] Previous findings have led to the theory that panic disorder may be caused by abnormal norepinephrine activity in the locus coeruleus (Bremner, Krystal, Southwick, Charney, 1996). […] Conditioning theories of panic disorder propose that panic attacks are classically conditioned responses to subtle bodily sensations resembling those normally occurring when one is anxious or frightened (Bouton, Mineka, Barlow, 2001). […] Cognitive factors may play an integral part in panic disorder. […] Generally, cognitive theories (Clark, 1996) argue that those with panic disorder are prone to interpret ordinary bodily sensations catastrophically, and these fearful interpretations set the stage for panic attacks.

• #1 What Causes Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder?

  https://www.calmclinic.com/panic/causes

  It’s possible that those with a higher IQ have a tendency to focus more internally, increasing their awareness of their physical and emotional sensations and setting into motion panic disorder. […] Hyper-sensitivity is a greater overall awareness of your body. […] Those with panic disorder, however, are over-sensitive to these sensations. […] Stress may also trigger panic attacks. […] Its likely that this link exists due to the effect that stress has on our hormones, nervous system and thinking patterns. […] Most anxiety experiences are linked to the fight or flight response. […] It’s possible that those with panic attacks have too much or too little of a neurotransmitter, or too easy a trigger for adrenaline, and this creates an internal environment in which one is more prone to panic.

• #1 What Causes Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder?

  https://www.calmclinic.com/panic/causes

  Health anxiety can also be a factor in panic attacks. […] Its also possible, however, is that panic attacks themselves lead to health anxiety, and that health anxiety contributes to more panic attacks and panic disorder. […] In some cases, panic attacks may be caused by medical conditions or drugs.

• #1 Panic disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. […] As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. But it’s thought to be linked to a combination of things, including: a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as bereavement; having a close family member with panic disorder; an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain.

• #1 Panic Disorder Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Sheppard Pratt

  https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/panic-disorder-panic-attack/

  Panic disorder can be attributed to a variety of different factors. […] Some of the risk factors for developing panic disorder include: […] A family history of anxiety disorders, panic disorder, or depression […] Exposure to trauma, violence, or tragedy […] Abuse in childhood or adulthood including domestic violence or sexual assault […] Some physical health issues including problems metabolizing caffeine or thyroid dysfunction […] Side effects from other medication […] Brain damage […] Changes in your body chemistry or your brains fight or flight response […] Substance misuse or trauma, or damage caused by previous substance misuse.

• #1 What Is Panic Disorder? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/panic-disorder/guide/

  Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by spontaneous, unexpected panic attacks. The exact causes of panic disorder are unclear. But there is some evidence for the following factors: Major life events, such as graduating from college, getting married, or having a first child, seem to be connected to panic disorder. The recent loss of or separation from a loved one has also been linked to panic disorder. If you have a family member that has panic disorder, you have an increased risk of having it yourself, particularly during stressful times in your life. Some experts suspect that panic disorder could also be rooted in a physiological false alarm, in which the fight-flight-freeze system turns on in the absence of danger, due to a biological malfunction. A person may interpret physical symptoms from other causes as the onset of a panic attack, and as a result have an actual panic attack. Factors that may increase your risk of having panic attacks or panic disorder include: Major life stressors, such as when a loved one is seriously ill, traumatic events such as sexual assault or a serious accident, smoking or excessive caffeine intake, being physically or sexually abused in childhood. […] Panic disorders also often lead to phobias. People who have specific phobias (also called simple phobias) have intense fear or anxiety about specific types of objects or situations.

• #1 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks

  https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/mental-health-panic-disorder

  Panic disorder is when you’ve had at least two panic attacks (you feel terrified and overwhelmed, even though you’re not in any danger) and constantly worry and change your routine to keep from having another one. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes panic disorder, but one possibility is that the brains of people who have it may be especially sensitive in responding to fear. There’s a link between panic attacks and phobias, like school phobia or claustrophobia. There’s also a theory that panic disorder may come from an oversensitivity to carbon dioxide, which makes your brain think you’re suffocating. […] A few things can make you more likely to have panic disorder: Someone in your family has it (though it’s not clear how much of that is because of your genes or the environment you grew up in), high levels of stress, frequent negative feelings or trouble dealing with negative emotions.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Panic-Disorder-Causes.aspx

  Panic disorder is typically characterized by frequent episodes of panic that are not triggered by any specific event. […] In the case of panic disorder, anxiety or panic attacks occur randomly and without any apparent cause. […] Some of the causes or contributors to panic attacks are thought to include: Previous traumatic life experiences. […] Traumatic experiences may include exposure to particularly frightening or stressful life events such as bereavement, parental divorce or physical or sexual abuse. […] Panic attacks may not occur immediately after or during such events, but resurface many years after the stressful situation has been resolved. […] Alterations of neurotransmitters within the brain. […] An imbalance in neurotransmitters can result in a variety of mental health conditions such as depression, schizophrenia or panic disorder.

• #1 Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961

  Panic disorder involves repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks). […] The causes of anxiety disorders aren’t fully understood. Life experiences such as traumatic events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in people who are already prone to anxiety. Inherited traits also can be a factor. […] For some people, anxiety may be linked to an underlying health issue. In some cases, anxiety signs and symptoms are the first indicators of a medical illness. […] Examples of medical problems that can be linked to anxiety include: heart disease, diabetes, thyroid problems, respiratory disorders, drug misuse or withdrawal, chronic pain or irritable bowel syndrome, and rare tumors that produce certain fight-or-flight hormones. […] These factors may increase your risk of developing an anxiety disorder: trauma, stress due to an illness, stress buildup, personality, other mental health disorders, having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder, and drugs or alcohol.

• #1 Causes of Panic Disorder: Anxiety and Contributing Factors

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/what-causes-panic-disorder

  Other possible environmental causes of panic disorder include: sexual and physical abuse, trauma during childhood or adulthood, significant childhood or adult losses, use of prescription or illicit substances, chronic physical illnesses. […] Berensin notes that the development of panic disorder may be associated with the occurrence of other mental health conditions such as: PTSD, substance use disorders, withdrawal syndromes from addictive substances, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder. […] Some external and internal factors can increase your chances of developing a panic disorder, including: chronic stress, repeated personal losses, phobias, fear of going places for reasons other than fear of a panic attack, social isolation, performance anxiety, significant lifestyle changes (such as moving to a new country that has a different language and culture). […] The exact cause of panic disorder is still unknown. Still, the condition is often linked to anxiety sensitivity and having a first-degree relative with the same or other mental health condition.

• #1 Panic attack | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/panic-attack

  Triggers for panic attacks can include overbreathing, long periods of stress, activities that lead to intense physical reactions (for example exercise, excessive coffee drinking) and physical changes occurring after illness or a sudden change of environment. […] A person who experiences recurring panic attacks is said to have panic disorder, which is a type of anxiety disorder. […] Some symptoms that are common to panic attacks may also occur in some physical conditions. Some medications and drugs such as tranquillisers, alcohol and caffeine may also induce panic-like symptoms. […] If the panic attacks are due to anxiety, treatment options can include: medications, psychotherapy, including cognitive behaviour therapy, biofeedback therapy, stress management techniques, proper breathing techniques, relaxation techniques, learning problem-solving skills, lifestyle adjustments, such as attention to diet, exercise and sleep.

• #1 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  It is believed that genetic and environmental factor plays a role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. […] Some studies show that genetic factors may play a role in the etiology of panic disorder. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Panic disorder is associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation. […] Panic disorder is associated with an increased risk of comorbid medical conditions and smoking.

• #1

  https://www.mercy.net/service/panic-disorder/

  While the exact causes of panic disorder are unknown, several risk factors may play a role in panic disorder. […] Your genetic makeup […] The use of alcohol and substances as a way to cope with panic disorder symptoms can worsen them […] Medical conditions such as thyroid disease and others can make you especially susceptible […] A family history of panic disorder […] People who have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder often have panic disorder, however its uncertain whether one condition causes the other.

• #1 Panic disorder and agoraphobia | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/panic-disorder-and-agoraphobia

  Panic disorder is not the same as anxiety or a single panic attack. […] The exact causes of panic disorder or agoraphobia are not known, but there are several risk factors, including: family history of anxiety disorders or depressive illness some studies suggest a possible genetic component […] negative life experiences extremely stressful experiences, such as childhood abuse, being made redundant or a death of a family member or friend, have been associated with recurring panic attacks […] physical medical conditions some medical conditions, such as cardiac arrhythmias, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and irritable bowel syndrome, are associated with panic disorder.

• #1 Panic Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

  https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/panic_symptoms.html

  Risk factors can be temperamental (i.e. neuroticism and anxiety sensitivity), environmental (i.e. childhood abuse and smoking), or genetic and physiological. The exact causes of panic disorder are not known, but like many other anxiety disorders, panic disorder runs in families, meaning that inheritance may play a strong role in determining who becomes affected by it. […] However, many people without a family history of panic disorder develop it. Malfunctioning in brain areas such as the amygdala and adrenaline glands may cause an overproduction of certain chemicals which produce the physical symptoms. […] Other biological factors, stressful life events, and exaggerated thinking about common bodily reactions are also believed to play a role in the onset of panic disorder. Often the first attacks are triggered by physical illnesses, major stressors, or certain medications. People who take on too many responsibilities may develop a tendency to suffer panic attacks. Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also show a much higher rate of panic disorder than other people. Some evidence suggests that hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism, mitral valve prolapse, labyrinthitis, and pheochromocytoma may trigger or worsen panic disorder.

• #1 Causes of Panic Disorder: Anxiety and Contributing Factors

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/what-causes-panic-disorder

  Once an underlying medical condition has been ruled out, other contributing factors are taken into consideration, including: genetics, biology, psychosocial influences, presence of other mental health conditions. […] Genetics appears to have a link to panic disorder in some cases. […] A 2018 literature review found a few studies that suggested that having first-degree relatives who live with panic disorder increases the chance of developing the condition. […] The same review found that females may have a higher genetic predisposition to panic disorder. […] In fact, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) notes that panic disorder is more often diagnosed in females than males at a rate of approximately 2:1. […] The manual also states that children of parents living with mental health conditions such as anxiety, bipolar, and depressive disorders might have an increased chance of developing panic disorder.

• #1 Panic Disorder Definition, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-panic-disorder-2795468

  Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by intense, recurrent, and unexpected panic attacks. […] Although the exact causes of panic disorder are not clearly understood, many mental health experts believe that a combination of environmental, biological, and psychological factors play a role: […] Panic disorder typically develops between the ages of 18 and 35. […] According to the National Institute of Mental Health, women have more than twice the risk of panic disorder than men. […] If you have a close biological family member with panic disorder, you are much more likely to develop the condition. […] Experiencing a traumatic event, such as being the victim of physical or sexual abuse, can increase risk of panic disorder as well. […] Going through a life transition or difficult life event, including the death of a loved one, divorce, marriage, having a child, or losing a job may increase also risk.

• #1 Panic Disorder

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/yourfamily/men/85,P00738

  Panic disorder is a common mental health problem. It often starts in the teens or early adulthood. But it may also begin in childhood. Women are twice as likely as men to have it. There may be a genetic link to panic disorder. It tends to run in families. […] Panic disorder may be an overreaction of the body’s normal survival instincts and behaviors. In people with panic disorder, the body may be more sensitive to hormones that trigger excited feelings in the body. […] Panic disorder causes bouts of overwhelming fear when there is no specific cause. […] It is a common disorder and can often lead to depression. […] Treatment is effective. It includes anti-anxiety medicines and antidepressants along with cognitive behavioral therapy.

• #1 Panic Attack: Symptoms, Treatment, Medication

  https://www.medicinenet.com/panic_disorder/article.htm

  Psychologically, people who develop panic attacks or another anxiety disorder are more likely to have a history of what is called anxiety sensitivity. […] While panic disorder in adolescents tends to have similar symptoms as in adults, symptoms of this condition in younger children are less likely to include the thought-based or so-called cognitive aspects. […] Symptoms of panic attacks in women tend to include more avoidance of anxiety-provoking situations, more frequent recurrence, and more often result in the use of medical care compared to panic attack symptoms in men.

• #1 Is Panic Disorder Caused by a Chemical Imbalance?

  https://www.verywellmind.com/is-panic-disorder-caused-by-a-chemical-imbalance-2583984

  Currently, most professionals who treat panic disorder rely on a multidimensional theory to understand the causes of panic and anxiety symptoms. This theory is based on the notion that a combination of factors leads to the development of panic disorder, meaning that a chemical imbalance may be partly to blame. […] Other influences, such as genetics and environmental factors, also likely play a role in a person’s experience with panic disorder.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders

  Genetics: Anxiety disorders tend to run in biological families. This suggests that genetics may play a role. You may be at an increased risk of developing one if you have a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with an anxiety disorder. […] Environmental factors: Severe or long-lasting stress can change the balance of neurotransmitters that control your mood. Experiencing a lot of stress over a long period can contribute to an anxiety disorder. Experiencing a traumatic event can also trigger anxiety disorders.

• #1 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks Therapy | Amen Clinics Amen Clinics

  https://www.amenclinics.com/conditions/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks. […] Numerous studies suggest that some people have a genetic predisposition for the disorder as it tends to run in families. […] With panic disorder, as well as other types of anxiety disorders, it is also important to look for other possible causes of your symptoms. Hormonal imbalances, exposure to toxins (such as toxic mold), and chronic infections (such as Lyme disease) may contribute to anxiety issues, including panic attacks. […] Unfortunately, traditional psychiatry typically takes a one-size-fits-all approach to diagnosis and treatment. But panic disorder isn’t a simple or single disorder. Giving everybody the same treatment will never work. You need to address all the factors in your life that contribute to your symptoms. This is why it is so important to look at the brain to identify underlying brain patterns associated with the condition.

• #1 Panic Attacks (Panic Disorder): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mental-health/anxiety/panic-attack-and-panic-disorder

  A panic attack is a severe attack of anxiety and fear which occurs suddenly, often without warning, and for no apparent reason. […] Panic attacks without panic disorder can occur for no apparent reason or be triggered by particular events or situations that are stressful. Slight abnormalities in the balance of some brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) may play a role. This is probably why medicines used for treatments for panic disorder work well. […] In panic disorder, there may be an initial event which causes panic but then the attacks after that are recurrent and unexpected. If you have panic disorder, you also have ongoing worry about having further attacks and/or worry about the symptoms that you have during attacks. […] Symptoms of panic are thought to be associated with the production of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) such as serotonin, and antidepressants are believed to interfere with the way these chemicals work.

• #1 Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms

  Panic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. […] Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. […] Some researchers think panic attacks are like false alarms where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often, too strongly, or some combination of the two. […] Researchers are studying how the brain and body interact in people with panic disorder to create more specialized treatments. […] In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder.

• #2 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  It is believed that genetic and environmental factor plays a role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. […] Some studies show that genetic factors may play a role in the etiology of panic disorder. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Panic disorder is associated with a higher risk of suicidal ideation. […] Panic disorder is associated with an increased risk of comorbid medical conditions and smoking.

• #2 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Some authors theorize that panic disorder may represent a state of chronic hyperventilation and carbon dioxide receptor hypersensitivity. […] The cognitive theory suggests that patients with panic disorder have a heightened sensitivity to internal autonomic cues (eg, tachycardia). […] Furthermore, stress and environmental factors may play a role in the disorder. […] Panic disorder is a common psychiatric disorder that affects 35% of the population. […] Although panic disorder is a disease with a significant genetic basis, the exact nature of the basis is unclear. The present understanding suggests that panic disorder is a multifactorial condition, with multiple genes creating susceptibility to the condition coupled with influences from the environment. […] The genetics of panic disorder is poorly understood relative to many psychiatric disorders in which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have isolated numerous loci associated with susceptibility to disease. […] Nonetheless, there are several loci that have been implicated in families with a strong history of panic disorder.

• #2 What Causes Panic Attacks & Panic Disorder?

  https://www.calmclinic.com/panic/causes

  Panic attacks – and panic disorder – are debilitating mental health issues. […] So what triggers panic attacks, and are there people that are more likely to get panic disorder? […] A study among identical and fraternal twins completed by the Anxiety Disorders Clinical and Research Unit at the University of Milan showed that 57% and 43% (respectively) of those with panic attacks also had siblings with panic attacks. Another study showed that as much as 40% of the risk for panic disorder is genetically based. […] Nevertheless, there is reason to believe that genetics play a role in your likelihood of developing panic disorder. […] With panic attacks, many experts believe that intelligence may play a role: research from 2012 shows a positive link between anxiety and higher intelligence.

• #2 Causes of Panic Disorder: Anxiety and Contributing Factors

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/what-causes-panic-disorder

  Once an underlying medical condition has been ruled out, other contributing factors are taken into consideration, including: genetics, biology, psychosocial influences, presence of other mental health conditions. […] Genetics appears to have a link to panic disorder in some cases. […] A 2018 literature review found a few studies that suggested that having first-degree relatives who live with panic disorder increases the chance of developing the condition. […] The same review found that females may have a higher genetic predisposition to panic disorder. […] In fact, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) notes that panic disorder is more often diagnosed in females than males at a rate of approximately 2:1. […] The manual also states that children of parents living with mental health conditions such as anxiety, bipolar, and depressive disorders might have an increased chance of developing panic disorder.

• #2 Neurochemical and genetic factors in panic disorder: a systematic review | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02966-0

  This systematic review addresses the complex nature of Panic Disorder (PD), characterized by recurrent episodes of acute fear, with a focus on updating and consolidating knowledge regarding neurochemical, genetic, and epigenetic factors associated with PD. […] Genetic and epigenetic factors have played a pivotal role in comprehending the mechanisms and etiology of PD, contributing to the present understanding of the fear circuitry in the brain. […] A prominent biological theory shedding light on the etiology of PD proposes that panic symptoms result from an imbalance in one or more neurotransmitters, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). […] Neurochemical theories suggest dysregulated functioning of neurotransmitters, such as a deficiency in the serotonergic system or excess serotonin.

• #2 Panic Disorder | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/panic-disorder/

  Unexpected panic attacks such as these are at the heart of panic disorder (PD). […] Researchers are not entirely sure what causes panic disorder. […] Children are at a higher risk of developing panic disorder if their parents have the disorder (Biederman et al., 2001), and family and twins studies indicate that the heritability of panic disorder is around 43% (Hettema, Neale, Kendler, 2001). […] Neurobiological theories of panic disorder suggest that a region of the brain called the locus coeruleus may play a role in this disorder. […] Previous findings have led to the theory that panic disorder may be caused by abnormal norepinephrine activity in the locus coeruleus (Bremner, Krystal, Southwick, Charney, 1996). […] Conditioning theories of panic disorder propose that panic attacks are classically conditioned responses to subtle bodily sensations resembling those normally occurring when one is anxious or frightened (Bouton, Mineka, Barlow, 2001). […] Cognitive factors may play an integral part in panic disorder. […] Generally, cognitive theories (Clark, 1996) argue that those with panic disorder are prone to interpret ordinary bodily sensations catastrophically, and these fearful interpretations set the stage for panic attacks.

• #2 Anxiety Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders

  Panic disorder involves multiple unexpected panic attacks. A main feature of the condition is that the attacks usually happen without warning and aren’t due to another mental health or physical condition. Some people with panic disorder also have agoraphobia. […] Researchers don’t know exactly what causes anxiety disorders. But they think a combination of factors plays a role: […] Chemical imbalances: Several neurotransmitters and hormones play a role in anxiety, including norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Imbalances in these chemicals can contribute to an anxiety disorder. […] Brain changes: A part of your brain called the amygdala plays an important role in managing fear and anxiety. Studies show that people with anxiety disorders show increased amygdala activity in response to anxiety cues.

• #2 Is Panic Disorder Caused by a Chemical Imbalance?

  https://www.verywellmind.com/is-panic-disorder-caused-by-a-chemical-imbalance-2583984

  According to chemical imbalance theories, panic disorder symptoms are related to imbalances in the naturally occurring chemical messengers in the brain known as neurotransmitters. These help communicate information between nerve cells throughout the brain. […] The human brain is thought to have hundreds of these different types of neurotransmitters, and chemical imbalance theories suggest that a person can become more susceptible to developing panic disorder symptoms if one or more of these neurotransmitters do not remain balanced. […] The neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are specifically believed to be linked to mood and anxiety disorders. […] Other theories about the causes of panic disorder look at the possibility of genetic or environmental influences. Genetic theories are based on the solid evidence of the familial link of panic disorder.

• #2 Neurochemical and genetic factors in panic disorder: a systematic review | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-02966-0

  Additionally, abnormal chemoreceptor reactivity may be implicated in the etiology of PD, with inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid, cholecystokinin, adenosine, dopamine, and norepinephrine potentially playing a role in panic regulation. […] Genetic studies form a significant aspect of biological theories, proposing an inherited genetic predisposition in individuals with PD. […] The respiratory subtype of PD has demonstrated a higher familial prevalence in comparison to the non-respiratory subtype in several studies. […] Although twin studies have provided valuable insights, suggesting a link between genetic factors and the pathogenesis of PD with moderate heritability contributions, criticisms include the failure to identify a mode of inheritance aligning with Mendelian patterns. […] The review underscores the potential impact of neurochemical, genetic, and epigenetic factors on the development and expression of PD. […] The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of PD pathophysiology, providing a foundation for further research and targeted interventions.

• #2 Panic Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/panic-disorder

  Researchers have conducted both animal and human studies to pinpoint the particular parts of the brain that are involved in anxiety and fear. Because fear evolved to deal with danger, it sets off an immediate protective response without conscious thought. This fear response is believed to be coordinated by the amygdala, a structure deep inside the brain. Although relatively small, the amygdala is quite complex, and recent studies suggest that anxiety disorders may be associated with abnormal activity within it.

• #2 Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms

  Panic disorder sometimes runs in families, but no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don’t. […] Researchers have found that several parts of the brain and certain biological processes may play a crucial role in fear and anxiety. […] Some researchers think panic attacks are like false alarms where our body’s typical survival instincts are active either too often, too strongly, or some combination of the two. […] Researchers are studying how the brain and body interact in people with panic disorder to create more specialized treatments. […] In addition, researchers are looking at the ways stress and environmental factors play a role in the disorder.

• #2 Panic Disorder or Panic Attacks: Causes and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/panic-disorder

  It is unsure what causes panic attacks and panic disorder; however, several variables may play a role. […] A particular situation often triggers panic attacks. Still, the early stages of panic disorder are often sudden and cause a person to experience attacks out of the blue. Some research suggests that panic attacks usually involve a fight-or-flight response to a life-threatening situation. For example, if a tiger chases you, your body will instinctively react whether to fight or remove yourself from the circumstance to ensure survival. The response is like the reaction during a panic attack; however, it is still unknown why a fight-or-flight mode is activated when no apparent danger is presented. […] Panic disorder symptoms usually develop in late adolescence or early adulthood. Women are reported to suffer from panic disorder more than men.

• #2 Panic Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/mental-health/disorder/panic-disorder/

  Psychological Factors: Cognitive patterns such as catastrophic thinking and heightened sensitivity to bodily sensations contribute to panic disorder. Previous experiences of trauma or significant stress also increase vulnerability to developing the condition. Anxiety sensitivity is another psychological factor that refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations. Individuals with high anxiety sensitivity are more likely to develop panic disorder, as they overreact to physical symptoms and perceive them as threatening, says research by clinical psychologist, Dr Peter K., et al published in 2023 titled Biological and cognitive theories explaining panic disorder: A narrative review. […] Environmental Contributors: Stressful life events, including the death of a loved one, divorce, or job loss, serve as triggers for panic disorder. Certain situations, like being in crowded places or enclosed spaces, also provoke panic attacks.

• #2 Panic disorder | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/panic-disorder/

  The exact cause of panic disorder isnt fully understood. […] Its thought that panic disorder is probably caused by a combination of physical and psychological factors like: traumatic life experiences like bereavement, having a close family member with panic disorder, an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, over-breathing or hyperventilating, catastrophic thinking.

• #2 Panic Disorder Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Sheppard Pratt

  https://www.sheppardpratt.org/knowledge-center/condition/panic-disorder-panic-attack/

  Panic disorder can be attributed to a variety of different factors. […] Some of the risk factors for developing panic disorder include: […] A family history of anxiety disorders, panic disorder, or depression […] Exposure to trauma, violence, or tragedy […] Abuse in childhood or adulthood including domestic violence or sexual assault […] Some physical health issues including problems metabolizing caffeine or thyroid dysfunction […] Side effects from other medication […] Brain damage […] Changes in your body chemistry or your brains fight or flight response […] Substance misuse or trauma, or damage caused by previous substance misuse.

• #2 Causes of Panic Disorder: Anxiety and Contributing Factors

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/what-causes-panic-disorder

  Other possible environmental causes of panic disorder include: sexual and physical abuse, trauma during childhood or adulthood, significant childhood or adult losses, use of prescription or illicit substances, chronic physical illnesses. […] Berensin notes that the development of panic disorder may be associated with the occurrence of other mental health conditions such as: PTSD, substance use disorders, withdrawal syndromes from addictive substances, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder. […] Some external and internal factors can increase your chances of developing a panic disorder, including: chronic stress, repeated personal losses, phobias, fear of going places for reasons other than fear of a panic attack, social isolation, performance anxiety, significant lifestyle changes (such as moving to a new country that has a different language and culture). […] The exact cause of panic disorder is still unknown. Still, the condition is often linked to anxiety sensitivity and having a first-degree relative with the same or other mental health condition.

• #2 Causes of panic disorder – Mental Health UK

  https://mentalhealth-uk.org/help-and-information/conditions/panic-disorder/causes/

  Though its not well understood, there are several possible causes of panic disorder, including: […] There may be a genetic component to panic disorder. For example, if your parents live with panic disorder, you may have an increased chance of developing the disorder. […] An imbalance of certain brain chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, may also contribute to panic disorder. […] Having experienced something that is traumatic or upsetting, such as grief or violence, or experiencing stressful situations. Panic disorder may be onset soon after the event or may only arise years later. […] Some drugs and substances, such as caffeine or alcohol, may make some people more anxious than others.

• #2 Panic Disorder Definition, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-panic-disorder-2795468

  Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by intense, recurrent, and unexpected panic attacks. […] Although the exact causes of panic disorder are not clearly understood, many mental health experts believe that a combination of environmental, biological, and psychological factors play a role: […] Panic disorder typically develops between the ages of 18 and 35. […] According to the National Institute of Mental Health, women have more than twice the risk of panic disorder than men. […] If you have a close biological family member with panic disorder, you are much more likely to develop the condition. […] Experiencing a traumatic event, such as being the victim of physical or sexual abuse, can increase risk of panic disorder as well. […] Going through a life transition or difficult life event, including the death of a loved one, divorce, marriage, having a child, or losing a job may increase also risk.

• #2 What Is Panic Disorder? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/panic-disorder/guide/

  Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by spontaneous, unexpected panic attacks. The exact causes of panic disorder are unclear. But there is some evidence for the following factors: Major life events, such as graduating from college, getting married, or having a first child, seem to be connected to panic disorder. The recent loss of or separation from a loved one has also been linked to panic disorder. If you have a family member that has panic disorder, you have an increased risk of having it yourself, particularly during stressful times in your life. Some experts suspect that panic disorder could also be rooted in a physiological false alarm, in which the fight-flight-freeze system turns on in the absence of danger, due to a biological malfunction. A person may interpret physical symptoms from other causes as the onset of a panic attack, and as a result have an actual panic attack. Factors that may increase your risk of having panic attacks or panic disorder include: Major life stressors, such as when a loved one is seriously ill, traumatic events such as sexual assault or a serious accident, smoking or excessive caffeine intake, being physically or sexually abused in childhood. […] Panic disorders also often lead to phobias. People who have specific phobias (also called simple phobias) have intense fear or anxiety about specific types of objects or situations.

• #2 Panic Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

  https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/panic_symptoms.html

  Risk factors can be temperamental (i.e. neuroticism and anxiety sensitivity), environmental (i.e. childhood abuse and smoking), or genetic and physiological. The exact causes of panic disorder are not known, but like many other anxiety disorders, panic disorder runs in families, meaning that inheritance may play a strong role in determining who becomes affected by it. […] However, many people without a family history of panic disorder develop it. Malfunctioning in brain areas such as the amygdala and adrenaline glands may cause an overproduction of certain chemicals which produce the physical symptoms. […] Other biological factors, stressful life events, and exaggerated thinking about common bodily reactions are also believed to play a role in the onset of panic disorder. Often the first attacks are triggered by physical illnesses, major stressors, or certain medications. People who take on too many responsibilities may develop a tendency to suffer panic attacks. Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also show a much higher rate of panic disorder than other people. Some evidence suggests that hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism, mitral valve prolapse, labyrinthitis, and pheochromocytoma may trigger or worsen panic disorder.

• #2 Panic attack | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/panic-attack

  Triggers for panic attacks can include overbreathing, long periods of stress, activities that lead to intense physical reactions (for example exercise, excessive coffee drinking) and physical changes occurring after illness or a sudden change of environment. […] A person who experiences recurring panic attacks is said to have panic disorder, which is a type of anxiety disorder. […] Some symptoms that are common to panic attacks may also occur in some physical conditions. Some medications and drugs such as tranquillisers, alcohol and caffeine may also induce panic-like symptoms. […] If the panic attacks are due to anxiety, treatment options can include: medications, psychotherapy, including cognitive behaviour therapy, biofeedback therapy, stress management techniques, proper breathing techniques, relaxation techniques, learning problem-solving skills, lifestyle adjustments, such as attention to diet, exercise and sleep.

• #2

  https://www.mercy.net/service/panic-disorder/

  While the exact causes of panic disorder are unknown, several risk factors may play a role in panic disorder. […] Your genetic makeup […] The use of alcohol and substances as a way to cope with panic disorder symptoms can worsen them […] Medical conditions such as thyroid disease and others can make you especially susceptible […] A family history of panic disorder […] People who have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder often have panic disorder, however its uncertain whether one condition causes the other.

• #2 Panic Disorder

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/yourfamily/men/85,P00738

  Panic disorder is a common mental health problem. It often starts in the teens or early adulthood. But it may also begin in childhood. Women are twice as likely as men to have it. There may be a genetic link to panic disorder. It tends to run in families. […] Panic disorder may be an overreaction of the body’s normal survival instincts and behaviors. In people with panic disorder, the body may be more sensitive to hormones that trigger excited feelings in the body. […] Panic disorder causes bouts of overwhelming fear when there is no specific cause. […] It is a common disorder and can often lead to depression. […] Treatment is effective. It includes anti-anxiety medicines and antidepressants along with cognitive behavioral therapy.

• #2 Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961

  Panic disorder involves repeated episodes of sudden feelings of intense anxiety and fear or terror that reach a peak within minutes (panic attacks). […] The causes of anxiety disorders aren’t fully understood. Life experiences such as traumatic events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in people who are already prone to anxiety. Inherited traits also can be a factor. […] For some people, anxiety may be linked to an underlying health issue. In some cases, anxiety signs and symptoms are the first indicators of a medical illness. […] Examples of medical problems that can be linked to anxiety include: heart disease, diabetes, thyroid problems, respiratory disorders, drug misuse or withdrawal, chronic pain or irritable bowel syndrome, and rare tumors that produce certain fight-or-flight hormones. […] These factors may increase your risk of developing an anxiety disorder: trauma, stress due to an illness, stress buildup, personality, other mental health disorders, having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder, and drugs or alcohol.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Panic-Disorder-Causes.aspx

  Panic disorder is typically characterized by frequent episodes of panic that are not triggered by any specific event. […] In the case of panic disorder, anxiety or panic attacks occur randomly and without any apparent cause. […] Some of the causes or contributors to panic attacks are thought to include: Previous traumatic life experiences. […] Traumatic experiences may include exposure to particularly frightening or stressful life events such as bereavement, parental divorce or physical or sexual abuse. […] Panic attacks may not occur immediately after or during such events, but resurface many years after the stressful situation has been resolved. […] Alterations of neurotransmitters within the brain. […] An imbalance in neurotransmitters can result in a variety of mental health conditions such as depression, schizophrenia or panic disorder.

• #2 Causes of Panic Disorder: Anxiety and Contributing Factors

  https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/what-causes-panic-disorder

  What causes panic disorder? […] You may wonder if there is one specific cause of panic disorder. Was there an event you witnessed? A genetic trait you have? Did past circumstances lead you here? […] You might say that anxiety causes panic disorder. But its not that straightforward. In fact, many people who experience panic attacks dont develop panic disorder. […] As with many mental health conditions, the root causes of panic disorder are not well understood yet. […] Many factors may come into play. In some rare cases, underlying medical conditions can also explain the condition. […] Its important to have a complete medical examination. What may appear to be panic disorder could be a medical illness, such as thyroid or other hormonal diseases, cardiac disorder, seizures or other illnesses that present themselves as panic disorder, says Beresin.

• #2 What You Need to Know About Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder

  https://www.healthline.com/health/panic-disorder

  Most people experience panic attacks once or twice in their lives. Panic disorder occurs when you experience recurring, unexpected panic attacks, often without a clear cause. […] The causes of panic disorder are not fully understood, and research is ongoing. […] Lets examine several key possibilities for developing panic disorder. […] Research on whether your genes can make you more likely to develop panic disorder is mixed. […] A 2020 study has suggested that panic disorder may have a genetic component. […] A 2018 study noted research on panic disorder and genetics is very inconsistent, and larger studies are needed before any conclusions are possible. […] Panic disorder is associated with significant life changes and stressful life events, like arguing with family. […] A tendency to be anxious and having an anxiety disorder is also connected to panic attacks and panic disorder. […] Panic disorder is often a long-term condition that can be difficult to treat. […] A preexisting anxiety condition can increase your risks of panic attacks and panic disorder.

• #2 Panic Disorder: Definition, Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/mental-health/disorder/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is caused by different factors including genetic predispositions, major life changes, chronic stress, temperament traits, changes in brain function, etc. All these triggers overwhelm an individuals coping mechanism and lead to the development of panic attacks. […] Panic disorder is caused by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. These interconnected factors contribute to the complexity of panic disorder, making it necessary to address them in treatment and management. […] The causes of panic disorder are given below: Genetic and Neurobiological Factors: A family history of anxiety disorders increases the risk of developing panic disorder. Neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly involving serotonin and norepinephrine, also play a significant role in its onset.

• #2 What is Panic Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://nexusnursinginstitute.com/what-is-panic-disorder/

  Stress is a common trigger for panic attacks in individuals with Panic Disorder. High levels of chronic stress can exacerbate symptoms and increase the frequency of panic attacks. […] Panic Disorder is not solely caused by either biological or environmental factors; rather, it typically arises from the intricate interplay between the two. […] The precise cause of panic disorder remains complex and multifaceted. Several factors contribute to its development: Genetics, Neurobiology, Stress and Trauma, Psychological Factors. […] There is evidence to suggest that panic disorder may have a genetic component. Individuals with a family history of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, may be at a higher risk of developing the condition themselves. […] Panic anxiety disorder, also known as panic disorder, is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors. Changes in brain chemistry and functioning, as well as a genetic predisposition, may contribute to the development of panic disorder. Stressful life events, trauma, or significant life transitions can also trigger panic attacks and the subsequent development of panic disorder.

• #2 Panic disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. […] As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. But it’s thought to be linked to a combination of things, including: a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as bereavement; having a close family member with panic disorder; an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain.

• #3 Panic disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. […] As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. But it’s thought to be linked to a combination of things, including: a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as bereavement; having a close family member with panic disorder; an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain.

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