Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Lifetime prevalence estimates for panic disorder in US adults range from 2.0% to 6.0%. The 12-month prevalence in adults is 2.7%, of which 44.8% are classified as severe cases. […] Panic disorder often coexists with mood disorders, and mood symptoms potentially follow the onset of panic attacks. Lifetime prevalence rates of major depression in panic disorder may be as high as 5060%. Other psychiatric disorders that occur comorbidity with panic disorder include schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, social phobia, and agoraphobia. […] There are also medical conditions that apparently share significant comorbidity with panic disorder, such as COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine headache, restless leg syndrome, and fatigue. Cardiovascular disorders (eg, mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, stroke) are also comorbid factors; panic patients are nearly twice as likely to develop coronary artery disease.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder (1). In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders (1). […] Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder are included in the priority conditions covered by WHOs mhGAP Programme. This programme aims to help countries increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance use disorders through care provided by health workers who are not specialists in mental health.

• #1 Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-023-00315-3

  Anxiety disorders comprise some of the most common mental health conditions. This study examined the global and regional burden of anxiety disorders over the last three decades. Epidemiological data relating to anxiety disorders from the latest Global Burden of Disease dataset were analyzed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates from 1990 to 2019 for 204 countries and regions. […] An estimated 4.05% of the global population has an anxiety disorder, translating to 301 million people. The number of persons affected has increased by more than 55% from 1990 to 2019. Anxiety disorder metrics show a continuous increase in prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates. […] The prevalence of anxiety disorders has been rising over the last three decades. The prevalence of anxiety appears to increase with socioeconomic development, a higher dependent older population, and urbanization.

• #1 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  Lifetime prevalence of PD is thus much lower: 1.7%. […] Twelve-month prevalence rates for PAs and PD are 4.9% and 1.0%, respectively. […] Severe role impairment in the past 12 months is reported by 45.7% of people with 12-month PD. […] Comorbidity levels are particularly high for other anxiety disorders (63.1%) and mood disorders (53.7%). […] Among respondents who ever had at least one PA, the majority had more than one PA. […] The presence of recurrent PAs may well serve as a generic marker for psychopathology, associated not only with the presence of a range of other mental disorders but also with their course.

• #1 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  The first study on the cross-national epidemiology of PD was reported by Weissman et al. It was concluded that the rates and patterns of PD were fairly consistent across countries. […] The WMH Surveys Initiative draws from a wider range of countries and employs much greater standardization of methods, thus providing a unique opportunity to study the cross-national epidemiology of both PAs and PD. […] The assessment of PD and PAs was included in 28 of the surveys included in this volume, originating from 25 countries and comprising 147,264 participants. […] Significant differences in prevalence rates of PAs and PD can be observed between country groups based on income level. […] Overall lifetime prevalence of PAs for all countries combined is 13.2%, but this figure varies from 2.1% to 18.5% for low/lower-middle-income countries, 6.0% to 20.1% for upper-middle-income countries, and 6.6% to 27.4% for high-income countries.

• #1 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. […] Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious. […] An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment. […] An estimated 2.3% of adolescents had panic disorder, and 2.3% had severe impairment. […] The prevalence of panic disorder among adolescents was higher for females (2.6%) than for males (2.0%).

• #1 The Epidemiology of DSM-IV Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/epidemiology-dsm-iv-panic-disorder-agoraphobia-united/

  Objective: To present nationally representative data on the prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV panic disorder (PAN), including the differentiation between panic with agoraphobia (PDA) and without agoraphobia (PDWA) and agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder (AG). […] Results: Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime PAN were 2.1% and 5.1%. Rates of 12-month and lifetime PDWA were 1.6% and 4.0%, exceeding those of 12-month (0.6%) and lifetime (1.1%) PDA. Rates of 12-month and lifetime AG were extremely low, 0.05% and 0.17%. […] Conclusion: PDA may be a more severe variant of PAN. Overrepresentation of PDA in treatment settings reflects increased treatment seeking and the severity of PDA relative to PDWA. The very low prevalence of AG leaves open questions about the meaning of the disorder as a distinct clinical entity as defined in the DSM-IV.

• #1

  https://psychology.org.au/for-the-public/psychology-topics/panic-disorder

  Panic disorder refers to the experience of recurrent and disabling panic attacks which last up to a few minutes and are accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shaking, shortness of breath, and dizziness. […] A recent survey by the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 3.7% of Australians had experienced panic within the last year. This rate could be up to 3.3 times higher in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. […] Women are more likely to be diagnosed with panic disorder than men. Panic disorder can occur at any age, with the typical age when problems first emerge ranging from late adolescence to early adulthood. Rates of panic disorder appear to decrease in older adults. […] Studies suggest that in individuals with panic disorder, fear circuitry in the brain may be oversensitive and be triggered by events that pose no threat to the person.

• #1 Volume 31 Issue 3 – Epidemiology of panic disorder and subthreshold panic symptoms in the Greek general population

  https://www.psychiatriki-journal.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1603&Itemid=1138&lang=en

  Panic disorder (PD) is a common anxiety disorder with severe social and health consequences in the lives of individuals who suffer from it. General population studies that attempt to measure the prevalence of this disorder across the world suggest that a 1.7% to 4.7 % of adults and adolescents suffer from Panic Disorder. […] The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence and sociodemographic associations of panic disorder (PD) and related subthreshold panic symptoms in the general population of Greece and to appraise the comorbidity, use of services and impact on quality of life of these syndromes. […] According to our findings, 1.87% of the participants (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.502.26%) met criteria for PD and 1.61% met criteria for subclinical PD (95% CI: 1.261.96%).

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2023/65120/panic_disorder__epidemiology,_disability,_and.8.aspx

  Panic disorder (PD) is one of the most common and debilitating anxiety disorder. Individuals with PD seek frequent healthcare and emergency services leading to frequent work absenteeism and economic burden. However, its prevalence patterns in the Indian context are poorly understood. Hence, this article discusses the epidemiology, disability, and treatment gap from India’s National Mental Health Survey 2016. […] The lifetime and current weighted prevalence of PD was 0.5% (95% confidence interval 0.49-0.52) and 0.3% (95% confidence interval 0.28-0.41), respectively. […] The overall treatment gap of current PD is 71.7%. […] It is the first study reporting prevalence from a nationally representative sample from the general population of India. The survey has shed light on the epidemiology and the challenges faced by those with PD which emphasizes the urgency of bridging the treatment gap. These findings are paramount to the development of more inclusive and effective mental health policies and interventions to tackle the current burden due to PD.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00208-6

  Panic disorder (PD) is a severe anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks that cause intense distress. Despite the high prevalence of panic disorder and its significant impact on life, limited research has been conducted on its prevalence and their associated factors in Saudi Arabia. […] The prevalence of PD among Saudi adults was 13.1%. […] This study demonstrates that PD is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition among Saudi Arabian adults. Non-mental health physicians should be aware of PD, as many cases remain undiagnosed. […] The findings revealed a significant prevalence of PD among Saudi adults, with an estimated 13.1% of the participants meeting the diagnostic criteria. […] The higher prevalence estimates in our study compared with those in other studies may be attributed to methodological differences, as we used self-report questionnaires instead of structured interviews.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/0501/p617.html

  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) are among the most common mental disorders in the United States, and they can negatively impact a patient’s quality of life and disrupt important activities of daily living. […] The 12-month prevalence for GAD and PD among U.S. adults 18 to 64 years of age is 2.9% and 3.1%, respectively. In this population, the lifetime prevalence is 7.7% in women and 4.6% in men for GAD, and is 7.0% in women and 3.3% in men for PD. […] The etiology of GAD is not well understood. […] The etiology of PD is also not well understood.

• #1 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorder

  Panic disorder affects 2 to 3% of the population in a 12-month period (2). Panic disorder usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and affects women about 2 times more often than men. […] Panic disorder is diagnosed after general medical disorders that can mimic anxiety are eliminated, and when symptoms meet diagnostic criteria stipulated in the DSM-5-TR. […] Panic disorder is often accompanied by at least one other comorbid condition. Other anxiety disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and mild alcohol use disorder are the most common psychiatric comorbidities. Common comorbid medical conditions include cardiac arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #1 Psychiatry.org – What are Anxiety Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders are the most common of mental disorders. They affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives. […] Panic Disorder: 2% – 3% (U.S.) […] The mean age for onset of panic disorder is 20-24. […] Women are more likely than men to experience anxiety disorders.

• #1 Panic Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26587

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Pregnant females with panic disorder are also more likely to have small birth weight infants.

• #1 4.1: Panic Disorder – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.01%3A_Panic_Disorder

  Prevalence rates for panic disorder are estimated at around 2-3% in adults and adolescents. Higher rates of panic disorder are found in American Indians and non-Latino whites. Females are more commonly diagnosed than males with a 2:1 diagnosis ratethis gender discrepancy is seen throughout the lifespan. […] Panic disorder rarely occurs in isolation, as many individuals also report symptoms of other anxiety disorders, major depression, and substance abuse. There is mixed evidence as to whether panic disorder precedes other comorbid psychological disordersestimates suggest that 1/3 of individuals with panic disorder will experience depressive symptoms prior to panic symptoms whereas the remaining 2/3 will experience depressive symptoms concurrently or after the onset of panic disorder (APA, 2013).

• #1 Panic Disorder | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/panic-disorder/

  Panic disorder is characterized by chronic recurrent episodes of panic attacks (not triggered) that are associated with significant worry about future attacks, maladaptive behavior, and impaired function for 1 month. […] Lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in the United States is 4.7%. […] Women are twice likely to be affected as men. […] Usual onset occurs in adolescence to early 30s. […] Close to 40% of those with panic disorder have a lifetime history of major depression.

• #1 4.1: Panic Disorder – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.01%3A_Panic_Disorder

  Unlike some of the other anxiety disorders, there is a high comorbid diagnosis with general medical symptoms. More specifically, individuals with panic disorder are more likely to report somatic symptoms such as dizziness, cardiac arrhythmias, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and hyperthyroidism (APA, 2013).

• #1 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Asthma is linked to a 4.5-fold increase in the risk of developing panic disorder, and people with panic disorder are 6 times as likely as those without anxiety disorders to develop asthma. […] The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in people with epilepsy is 6.6%. Approximately 1020% of patients with anxiety disorder abuse alcohol and other drugs, and about 1040% of alcoholics have a panic-related anxiety disorder. […] Pregnant mothers with panic disorder during pregnancy are more likely to have preterm labor and infants of smaller birth-weight for gestational age.

• #1 Panic Disorder (Anxiety and Phobias): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/panic-disorder

  Panic disorder is a common problem. The prevalence of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in one UK study was 1.70%. In the USA, the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in adults is estimated at 7% for women and 3.3% for men. Psychiatric case-finding studies of patients presenting with chest pain to emergency departments found that up to 25% satisfied criteria for panic disorder. […] The aetiology of panic disorder is not well understood and likely rests on an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. These include adverse childhood events, major negative life events, irregularities in specific brain structures, hyperexcitable neuronal circuitry, neurochemical imbalances (in particular, GABA, cortisol and serotonin), and dysfunctional corticolimbic interaction during emotional processing.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2023/65120/panic_disorder__epidemiology,_disability,_and.8.aspx

  Despite the huge burden associated with PD, its prevalence and its correlates are poorly understood in the Indian context. A comprehensive grasp of its epidemiology fosters greater awareness among healthcare providers and the public, reducing stigma and improving outcomes. […] The treatment gap of respondents in PD group was 71.7%. The treatment gap was more among females (74.4%) than males (66.7%). Among residents, rural areas had a higher treatment gap (74.3%) followed by urban nonmetros (70.6%) compared to urban metros (65.5%).

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00208-6

  In our study, only 38.3% of the patients who met the criteria for PD sought medical attention, primarily from non-mental health physicians. […] This suggests that most patients with PD in Saudi Arabia do not seek medical attention. Therefore, primary care physicians, internists, cardiologists, emergency physicians, and other medical specialists should be more familiar with PD and identify it early to reduce the burden of untreated illnesses and unnecessary repeat investigations.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders

  In 2019, 301 million people were living with an anxiety disorder including 58 million children and adolescents. […] Panic disorder (characterised by panic attacks) is one of the several different kinds of anxiety disorders. […] In 2020, the number of people living with anxiety and depressive disorders rose significantly because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial estimates show a 26% and 28% increase respectively for anxiety and major depressive disorders in just one year. […] Effective psychological treatment exists for anxiety disorders, and depending on the age and severity, medication may also be considered.

• #1 Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-023-00315-3

  Disease epidemiology is critical for understanding population trends, such as whether or not anxiety is increasing, covariates associated with changing trends, and factors involved in the control and management of anxiety disorders. […] A comprehensive epidemiological study of the global burden of anxiety disorders, as well as their sociodemographic associations, is needed to evaluate population-wide trends and potential factors associated with anxiety, as well as to more efficiently target health promotion efforts to reduce the economic and social burden associated with this mental health issue. […] The global prevalence of anxiety continues to increase, along with the associated social and economic burdens of anxiety disorders. Higher rates of anxiety disorders were associated with more economic development, a higher dependent older population, and urbanization.

• #1 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/symptoms-causes/syc-20376021

  Panic disorder often starts in the late teens or early adulthood and affects more women than men. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include family history of panic attacks or panic disorder, major life stress, such as the death or serious illness of a loved one, a traumatic event, such as sexual assault or a serious accident, major changes in your life, such as a divorce or the addition of a baby, smoking or excessive caffeine intake, and history of childhood physical or sexual abuse. […] Left untreated, panic attacks and panic disorder can affect almost every area of your life. You may be so afraid of having more panic attacks that you live in a constant state of fear, ruining your quality of life. […] Complications that panic attacks may cause or be linked to include development of specific phobias, such as fear of driving or leaving your home, frequent medical care for health concerns and other medical conditions, avoidance of social situations, problems at work or school, depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders, increased risk of suicide or suicidal thoughts, alcohol or other substance misuse, and financial problems.

• #1 Epidemiology of Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-71165-7_3

  Although numerous studies have been published on the prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, few such studies have used standardized psychiatric diagnostic interviews, and even fewer have used the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in its Third Revision (DSM-III 1980). […] To our knowledge only the comprehensive NIMH Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program (Regier et al. 1984; Eaton and Kessler 1985) as well as a smaller epidemiological cohort study, the Munich Follow-up Study (MFS, Wittchen et al., in prep; Wittchen and von Zerssen, in press) have reported detailed prevalence rates for most DSM-III disorders by using a standardized diagnostic interview, the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins etal. 1981). […] Thus, with one exemption (Boyd etal. 1984) only very few epidemiological data were reported, that are relevant for the current discussions and controversies about the subclassification of anxiety disorders with their suggested different therapeutic implications (Zitrin et al. 1978).

• #1 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2020-2022 | Australian Bureau of Statistics

  https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and-wellbeing/latest-release

  42.9% of people aged 16-85 years had experienced a mental disorder at some time in their life. […] 21.5% of people had a 12-month mental disorder, with Anxiety being the most common group (17.2% of people aged 16-85 years). […] In the 2020-2022 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHW), three groups of mental disorders were assessed: Anxiety, Affective, and Substance Use disorders based on definitions and criteria of the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). […] In 2020-2022, one in five Australians (21.5% or 4.3 million people) had a 12-month mental disorder: 17.2% (3.4 million people) had a 12-month Anxiety disorder. […] Panic Disorder was reported at 3.7% among 12-month mental disorders. […] The prevalence of mental disorders in people aged 16-85 years varied across different populations. […] The 2020-2022 National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing measures the prevalence of mental disorders among Australians aged 16-85 years using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0).

• #1

  https://consensus.app/questions/panic-disorder-dsm5/

  Panic disorder is a prevalent anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks and persistent concern about having more attacks. […] The changes in DSM-5 have implications for the epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks. Cross-national studies highlight the need for updated epidemiological data to understand the prevalence and impact of these conditions under the new criteria. […] The DSM-5 changes for panic disorder and agoraphobia may improve access to evidence-based treatment, but some changes may be questionable and require further research for validation. […] The scarcity of crossnational reports and the changes in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM5) regarding panic disorder (PD) and panic attacks (PAs) call for new epidemiological data on PD and PAs and its subtypes in the general population. […] Panic disorder and repeated panic attacks occur in up to one in ten of the general population, with strong comorbidity and a strong association with depression, anxiety, and phobias.

• #1 Panic Disorder Screener (PADIS) | ANU National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health

  https://nceph.anu.edu.au/research/tools-resources/panic-disorder-screener–padis

  The Panic Disorder Screener (PADIS) is a brief tool designed to identify symptoms of panic disorder, enabling early diagnosis and appropriate intervention to improve mental health care. […] This scale is designed to screen individuals in the community for presence of panic disorder and severity of panic disorder symptoms. […] The PADIS has been validated in a community-based sample of young Australians aged 18-30 (n = 12,336), with accuracy compared to diagnostic interview (social phobia caseness on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview) in a subsample of 1,674 with elevated anxiety symptoms. […] Using a cut-off score of 4 or higher to indicate criteria for panic disorder, the PADIS had 77% sensitivity and 84% specificity, with higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to the PHQ-Panic scale (57% sensitivity, 91% specificity). In an independent adult population-based sample, the PADIS had 84% sensitivity and 77% specificity compared to DSM-5 criteria, using the same criteria (PADIS=4). […] The mean severity score within the population-based sample of young people was 1.66 (sd = 2.47). Scores were not significantly different by age or gender in this sample.

• #2 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] In addition, these patients are also at a higher risk for alcoholism and substance abuse compared to the general population.

• #2 Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona: Cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys

  https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/128129

  CONTEXT: The scarcity of cross-national reports and the changes in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) regarding panic disorder (PD) and panic attacks (PAs) call for new epidemiological data on PD and PAs and its subtypes in the general population. […] OBJECTIVE: To present representative data about the cross-national epidemiology of PD and PAs in accordance with DSM-5 definitions. […] RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of PAs was 13.2% (SE 0.1%). Among persons that ever had a PA, the majority had recurrent PAs (66.5%; SE 0.5%), while only 12.8% fulfilled DSM-5 criteria for PD. Cross-national lifetime prevalence estimates were 1.7% (SE 0.0%) for PD with a median age of onset of 32 (IQR 20-47). Some 80.4% of persons with lifetime PD had a lifetime comorbid mental disorder. […] CONCLUSIONS: We extended previous epidemiological data to a cross-national context. The presence of recurrent PAs in particular is associated with subsequent onset and course of mental disorders beyond agoraphobia and PD, and might serve as a generic risk marker for psychopathology.

• #2 Panic disorder in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/panic-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Panic attacks and panic disorder are common problems in both primary and psychiatric specialty care. […] In a nationally representative study, the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in the United States population (age 15 to 54 years) was 2.7 and 4.7 percent, respectively. A systematic review of 13 European studies reported a 12-month prevalence rate of panic disorder of 1.8 percent. The prevalence of panic disorder among primary care patients is approximately twice as high as in the general population with rates of 4 to 8 percent.

• #2 Lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is about 5% in the USA | Evidence Based Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/9/4/114

  Lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is about 5% in the USA. […] The overall 12 month and lifetime prevalence rates for panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) were 2.1% and 5.1%. […] About one in 20 people in the USA have a lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder. Panic disorder is more common in women, Native Americans, the middle-aged, people with low incomes, and people who are widowed, separated, or divorced.

• #2 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. […] Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious. […] An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment. […] An estimated 2.3% of adolescents had panic disorder, and 2.3% had severe impairment. […] The prevalence of panic disorder among adolescents was higher for females (2.6%) than for males (2.0%).

• #2 Panic Disorder Statistics in the United States

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/panic-disorder-statistics/

  In the 2006 U.S. National Comorbidity Survey of adults aged 15 to 54, 37% of individuals with panic disorder had a lifetime history of major depression. […] Panic disorder most commonly affects female young adults aged between 15 and 24, with peak onset typically occurring between 15 and 19 years. The lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder is 2.5 times more likely to occur in females than males. […] The annual incidence of panic disorder in the United States is approximately 2-3% of the population. The lifetime prevalence estimates reach up to around 4.7%.

• #2 Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/anxiety-and-stressor-related-disorders/panic-attacks-and-panic-disorder

  Panic disorder affects 2 to 3% of the population in a 12-month period (2). Panic disorder usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and affects women about 2 times more often than men. […] Panic disorder is diagnosed after general medical disorders that can mimic anxiety are eliminated, and when symptoms meet diagnostic criteria stipulated in the DSM-5-TR. […] Panic disorder is often accompanied by at least one other comorbid condition. Other anxiety disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and mild alcohol use disorder are the most common psychiatric comorbidities. Common comorbid medical conditions include cardiac arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• #2

  https://psychology.org.au/for-the-public/psychology-topics/panic-disorder

  Panic disorder refers to the experience of recurrent and disabling panic attacks which last up to a few minutes and are accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, shaking, shortness of breath, and dizziness. […] A recent survey by the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 3.7% of Australians had experienced panic within the last year. This rate could be up to 3.3 times higher in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community. […] Women are more likely to be diagnosed with panic disorder than men. Panic disorder can occur at any age, with the typical age when problems first emerge ranging from late adolescence to early adulthood. Rates of panic disorder appear to decrease in older adults. […] Studies suggest that in individuals with panic disorder, fear circuitry in the brain may be oversensitive and be triggered by events that pose no threat to the person.

• #2 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  Lifetime prevalence of PD is thus much lower: 1.7%. […] Twelve-month prevalence rates for PAs and PD are 4.9% and 1.0%, respectively. […] Severe role impairment in the past 12 months is reported by 45.7% of people with 12-month PD. […] Comorbidity levels are particularly high for other anxiety disorders (63.1%) and mood disorders (53.7%). […] Among respondents who ever had at least one PA, the majority had more than one PA. […] The presence of recurrent PAs may well serve as a generic marker for psychopathology, associated not only with the presence of a range of other mental disorders but also with their course.

• #2 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Lifetime prevalence estimates for panic disorder in US adults range from 2.0% to 6.0%. The 12-month prevalence in adults is 2.7%, of which 44.8% are classified as severe cases. […] Panic disorder often coexists with mood disorders, and mood symptoms potentially follow the onset of panic attacks. Lifetime prevalence rates of major depression in panic disorder may be as high as 5060%. Other psychiatric disorders that occur comorbidity with panic disorder include schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, social phobia, and agoraphobia. […] There are also medical conditions that apparently share significant comorbidity with panic disorder, such as COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine headache, restless leg syndrome, and fatigue. Cardiovascular disorders (eg, mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, stroke) are also comorbid factors; panic patients are nearly twice as likely to develop coronary artery disease.

• #2 Panic Disorder Statistics in the United States

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/panic-disorder-statistics/

  Panic disorder affects a significant portion of the U.S. population and has lifetime prevalence rates ranging from 2% to 6%. […] Adolescents aged 13-18 experience a 2.3% prevalence rate, with the prevalence being higher among females. […] Panic disorder is more prevalent among females than males. In one study, 2.5% of females aged 15-24 were affected with panic disorder versus 1.3% of males. […] According to Medscape, the lifetime prevalence estimates for panic disorder among U.S. adults fall between 2.0% and 6.0%. […] The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions states that 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates for panic disorder were 2.1% and 5.1%, respectively. […] According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), having a drug use disorder is linked to a 1 to 1.3 times higher likelihood of developing a panic disorder.

• #2 Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-023-00315-3

  Anxiety disorders comprise some of the most common mental health conditions. This study examined the global and regional burden of anxiety disorders over the last three decades. Epidemiological data relating to anxiety disorders from the latest Global Burden of Disease dataset were analyzed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates from 1990 to 2019 for 204 countries and regions. […] An estimated 4.05% of the global population has an anxiety disorder, translating to 301 million people. The number of persons affected has increased by more than 55% from 1990 to 2019. Anxiety disorder metrics show a continuous increase in prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates. […] The prevalence of anxiety disorders has been rising over the last three decades. The prevalence of anxiety appears to increase with socioeconomic development, a higher dependent older population, and urbanization.

• #2 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  Panic attacks (PAs) are a common phenomenon that many people will experience at some point during their lives. […] The epidemiology of PD is well described. Several studies have reported the prevalence rates of PD, including the National Comorbidity Study (NCS), the National Comorbidity Study Replication (NCS-R), the Epidemiological Area Catchment Study (ECA), and the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). […] Lifetime rates are generally found in the order of 14%, with some exceptions at the higher end in specific studies or countries (e.g. NCS-R: 4.7%) and the lower end (e.g. in Taiwan: 0.5%). […] As recently summarized, risk factors for PD are fairly consistent and include female gender, smoking and alcohol problems, mental comorbidity, and low socio-economic status.

• #2 Panic attacks and panic disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/symptoms-causes/syc-20376021

  Panic disorder often starts in the late teens or early adulthood and affects more women than men. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing panic attacks or panic disorder include family history of panic attacks or panic disorder, major life stress, such as the death or serious illness of a loved one, a traumatic event, such as sexual assault or a serious accident, major changes in your life, such as a divorce or the addition of a baby, smoking or excessive caffeine intake, and history of childhood physical or sexual abuse. […] Left untreated, panic attacks and panic disorder can affect almost every area of your life. You may be so afraid of having more panic attacks that you live in a constant state of fear, ruining your quality of life. […] Complications that panic attacks may cause or be linked to include development of specific phobias, such as fear of driving or leaving your home, frequent medical care for health concerns and other medical conditions, avoidance of social situations, problems at work or school, depression, anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders, increased risk of suicide or suicidal thoughts, alcohol or other substance misuse, and financial problems.

• #2 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Asthma is linked to a 4.5-fold increase in the risk of developing panic disorder, and people with panic disorder are 6 times as likely as those without anxiety disorders to develop asthma. […] The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in people with epilepsy is 6.6%. Approximately 1020% of patients with anxiety disorder abuse alcohol and other drugs, and about 1040% of alcoholics have a panic-related anxiety disorder. […] Pregnant mothers with panic disorder during pregnancy are more likely to have preterm labor and infants of smaller birth-weight for gestational age.

• #2 Panic Disorder | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/26587

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Pregnant females with panic disorder are also more likely to have small birth weight infants.

• #2 Epidemiology of Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-71165-7_3

  Although numerous studies have been published on the prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, few such studies have used standardized psychiatric diagnostic interviews, and even fewer have used the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in its Third Revision (DSM-III 1980). […] To our knowledge only the comprehensive NIMH Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program (Regier et al. 1984; Eaton and Kessler 1985) as well as a smaller epidemiological cohort study, the Munich Follow-up Study (MFS, Wittchen et al., in prep; Wittchen and von Zerssen, in press) have reported detailed prevalence rates for most DSM-III disorders by using a standardized diagnostic interview, the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins etal. 1981). […] Thus, with one exemption (Boyd etal. 1984) only very few epidemiological data were reported, that are relevant for the current discussions and controversies about the subclassification of anxiety disorders with their suggested different therapeutic implications (Zitrin et al. 1978).

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00208-6

  Panic disorder (PD) is a severe anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks that cause intense distress. Despite the high prevalence of panic disorder and its significant impact on life, limited research has been conducted on its prevalence and their associated factors in Saudi Arabia. […] The prevalence of PD among Saudi adults was 13.1%. […] This study demonstrates that PD is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition among Saudi Arabian adults. Non-mental health physicians should be aware of PD, as many cases remain undiagnosed. […] The findings revealed a significant prevalence of PD among Saudi adults, with an estimated 13.1% of the participants meeting the diagnostic criteria. […] The higher prevalence estimates in our study compared with those in other studies may be attributed to methodological differences, as we used self-report questionnaires instead of structured interviews.

• #2 Panic Disorder Screener (PADIS) | ANU National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health

  https://nceph.anu.edu.au/research/tools-resources/panic-disorder-screener–padis

  The Panic Disorder Screener (PADIS) is a brief tool designed to identify symptoms of panic disorder, enabling early diagnosis and appropriate intervention to improve mental health care. […] This scale is designed to screen individuals in the community for presence of panic disorder and severity of panic disorder symptoms. […] The PADIS has been validated in a community-based sample of young Australians aged 18-30 (n = 12,336), with accuracy compared to diagnostic interview (social phobia caseness on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview) in a subsample of 1,674 with elevated anxiety symptoms. […] Using a cut-off score of 4 or higher to indicate criteria for panic disorder, the PADIS had 77% sensitivity and 84% specificity, with higher sensitivity but lower specificity compared to the PHQ-Panic scale (57% sensitivity, 91% specificity). In an independent adult population-based sample, the PADIS had 84% sensitivity and 77% specificity compared to DSM-5 criteria, using the same criteria (PADIS=4). […] The mean severity score within the population-based sample of young people was 1.66 (sd = 2.47). Scores were not significantly different by age or gender in this sample.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders

  An estimated 4% of the global population currently experience an anxiety disorder (1). In 2019, 301 million people in the world had an anxiety disorder, making anxiety disorders the most common of all mental disorders (1). […] Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder are included in the priority conditions covered by WHOs mhGAP Programme. This programme aims to help countries increase services for people with mental, neurological and substance use disorders through care provided by health workers who are not specialists in mental health.

• #2 Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations | Middle East Current Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-023-00315-3

  Disease epidemiology is critical for understanding population trends, such as whether or not anxiety is increasing, covariates associated with changing trends, and factors involved in the control and management of anxiety disorders. […] A comprehensive epidemiological study of the global burden of anxiety disorders, as well as their sociodemographic associations, is needed to evaluate population-wide trends and potential factors associated with anxiety, as well as to more efficiently target health promotion efforts to reduce the economic and social burden associated with this mental health issue. […] The global prevalence of anxiety continues to increase, along with the associated social and economic burdens of anxiety disorders. Higher rates of anxiety disorders were associated with more economic development, a higher dependent older population, and urbanization.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2023/65120/panic_disorder__epidemiology,_disability,_and.8.aspx

  Despite the huge burden associated with PD, its prevalence and its correlates are poorly understood in the Indian context. A comprehensive grasp of its epidemiology fosters greater awareness among healthcare providers and the public, reducing stigma and improving outcomes. […] The treatment gap of respondents in PD group was 71.7%. The treatment gap was more among females (74.4%) than males (66.7%). Among residents, rural areas had a higher treatment gap (74.3%) followed by urban nonmetros (70.6%) compared to urban metros (65.5%).

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-024-00208-6

  In our study, only 38.3% of the patients who met the criteria for PD sought medical attention, primarily from non-mental health physicians. […] This suggests that most patients with PD in Saudi Arabia do not seek medical attention. Therefore, primary care physicians, internists, cardiologists, emergency physicians, and other medical specialists should be more familiar with PD and identify it early to reduce the burden of untreated illnesses and unnecessary repeat investigations.

• #3 Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona: Cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys

  https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/128129

  CONTEXT: The scarcity of cross-national reports and the changes in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) regarding panic disorder (PD) and panic attacks (PAs) call for new epidemiological data on PD and PAs and its subtypes in the general population. […] OBJECTIVE: To present representative data about the cross-national epidemiology of PD and PAs in accordance with DSM-5 definitions. […] RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of PAs was 13.2% (SE 0.1%). Among persons that ever had a PA, the majority had recurrent PAs (66.5%; SE 0.5%), while only 12.8% fulfilled DSM-5 criteria for PD. Cross-national lifetime prevalence estimates were 1.7% (SE 0.0%) for PD with a median age of onset of 32 (IQR 20-47). Some 80.4% of persons with lifetime PD had a lifetime comorbid mental disorder. […] CONCLUSIONS: We extended previous epidemiological data to a cross-national context. The presence of recurrent PAs in particular is associated with subsequent onset and course of mental disorders beyond agoraphobia and PD, and might serve as a generic risk marker for psychopathology.

• #3 Panic disorder in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/panic-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Panic attacks and panic disorder are common problems in both primary and psychiatric specialty care. […] In a nationally representative study, the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in the United States population (age 15 to 54 years) was 2.7 and 4.7 percent, respectively. A systematic review of 13 European studies reported a 12-month prevalence rate of panic disorder of 1.8 percent. The prevalence of panic disorder among primary care patients is approximately twice as high as in the general population with rates of 4 to 8 percent.

• #3 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. […] Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious. […] An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment. […] An estimated 2.3% of adolescents had panic disorder, and 2.3% had severe impairment. […] The prevalence of panic disorder among adolescents was higher for females (2.6%) than for males (2.0%).

• #3 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] In addition, these patients are also at a higher risk for alcoholism and substance abuse compared to the general population.

• #3 Panic Disorder Statistics in the United States

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/panic-disorder-statistics/

  In the 2006 U.S. National Comorbidity Survey of adults aged 15 to 54, 37% of individuals with panic disorder had a lifetime history of major depression. […] Panic disorder most commonly affects female young adults aged between 15 and 24, with peak onset typically occurring between 15 and 19 years. The lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder is 2.5 times more likely to occur in females than males. […] The annual incidence of panic disorder in the United States is approximately 2-3% of the population. The lifetime prevalence estimates reach up to around 4.7%.

• #3 Lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is about 5% in the USA | Evidence Based Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/9/4/114

  Lifetime prevalence of panic disorder is about 5% in the USA. […] The overall 12 month and lifetime prevalence rates for panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) were 2.1% and 5.1%. […] About one in 20 people in the USA have a lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder. Panic disorder is more common in women, Native Americans, the middle-aged, people with low incomes, and people who are widowed, separated, or divorced.

• #3 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Lifetime prevalence estimates for panic disorder in US adults range from 2.0% to 6.0%. The 12-month prevalence in adults is 2.7%, of which 44.8% are classified as severe cases. […] Panic disorder often coexists with mood disorders, and mood symptoms potentially follow the onset of panic attacks. Lifetime prevalence rates of major depression in panic disorder may be as high as 5060%. Other psychiatric disorders that occur comorbidity with panic disorder include schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, social phobia, and agoraphobia. […] There are also medical conditions that apparently share significant comorbidity with panic disorder, such as COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine headache, restless leg syndrome, and fatigue. Cardiovascular disorders (eg, mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, stroke) are also comorbid factors; panic patients are nearly twice as likely to develop coronary artery disease.

• #3 Panic Disorder Statistics in the United States

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/panic-disorder-statistics/

  Panic disorder affects a significant portion of the U.S. population and has lifetime prevalence rates ranging from 2% to 6%. […] Adolescents aged 13-18 experience a 2.3% prevalence rate, with the prevalence being higher among females. […] Panic disorder is more prevalent among females than males. In one study, 2.5% of females aged 15-24 were affected with panic disorder versus 1.3% of males. […] According to Medscape, the lifetime prevalence estimates for panic disorder among U.S. adults fall between 2.0% and 6.0%. […] The epidemiology of DSM-IV panic disorder and agoraphobia in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions states that 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates for panic disorder were 2.1% and 5.1%, respectively. […] According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), having a drug use disorder is linked to a 1 to 1.3 times higher likelihood of developing a panic disorder.

• #3 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  Lifetime prevalence of PD is thus much lower: 1.7%. […] Twelve-month prevalence rates for PAs and PD are 4.9% and 1.0%, respectively. […] Severe role impairment in the past 12 months is reported by 45.7% of people with 12-month PD. […] Comorbidity levels are particularly high for other anxiety disorders (63.1%) and mood disorders (53.7%). […] Among respondents who ever had at least one PA, the majority had more than one PA. […] The presence of recurrent PAs may well serve as a generic marker for psychopathology, associated not only with the presence of a range of other mental disorders but also with their course.

• #3 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks (Chapter 7) – Mental Disorders Around the World

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mental-disorders-around-the-world/panic-disorder-and-panic-attacks/7D831D9449353B153BD6818BFEE958F2

  Panic attacks (PAs) are a common phenomenon that many people will experience at some point during their lives. […] The epidemiology of PD is well described. Several studies have reported the prevalence rates of PD, including the National Comorbidity Study (NCS), the National Comorbidity Study Replication (NCS-R), the Epidemiological Area Catchment Study (ECA), and the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). […] Lifetime rates are generally found in the order of 14%, with some exceptions at the higher end in specific studies or countries (e.g. NCS-R: 4.7%) and the lower end (e.g. in Taiwan: 0.5%). […] As recently summarized, risk factors for PD are fairly consistent and include female gender, smoking and alcohol problems, mental comorbidity, and low socio-economic status.

• #4 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. […] Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious. […] An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment. […] An estimated 2.3% of adolescents had panic disorder, and 2.3% had severe impairment. […] The prevalence of panic disorder among adolescents was higher for females (2.6%) than for males (2.0%).

• #4 Panic Disorder Statistics in the United States

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/panic-disorder-statistics/

  In the 2006 U.S. National Comorbidity Survey of adults aged 15 to 54, 37% of individuals with panic disorder had a lifetime history of major depression. […] Panic disorder most commonly affects female young adults aged between 15 and 24, with peak onset typically occurring between 15 and 19 years. The lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder is 2.5 times more likely to occur in females than males. […] The annual incidence of panic disorder in the United States is approximately 2-3% of the population. The lifetime prevalence estimates reach up to around 4.7%.

• #4 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] In addition, these patients are also at a higher risk for alcoholism and substance abuse compared to the general population.

• #4 Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona: Cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys

  https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/128129

  CONTEXT: The scarcity of cross-national reports and the changes in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) regarding panic disorder (PD) and panic attacks (PAs) call for new epidemiological data on PD and PAs and its subtypes in the general population. […] OBJECTIVE: To present representative data about the cross-national epidemiology of PD and PAs in accordance with DSM-5 definitions. […] RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of PAs was 13.2% (SE 0.1%). Among persons that ever had a PA, the majority had recurrent PAs (66.5%; SE 0.5%), while only 12.8% fulfilled DSM-5 criteria for PD. Cross-national lifetime prevalence estimates were 1.7% (SE 0.0%) for PD with a median age of onset of 32 (IQR 20-47). Some 80.4% of persons with lifetime PD had a lifetime comorbid mental disorder. […] CONCLUSIONS: We extended previous epidemiological data to a cross-national context. The presence of recurrent PAs in particular is associated with subsequent onset and course of mental disorders beyond agoraphobia and PD, and might serve as a generic risk marker for psychopathology.

• #4 Panic Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview

  Lifetime prevalence estimates for panic disorder in US adults range from 2.0% to 6.0%. The 12-month prevalence in adults is 2.7%, of which 44.8% are classified as severe cases. […] Panic disorder often coexists with mood disorders, and mood symptoms potentially follow the onset of panic attacks. Lifetime prevalence rates of major depression in panic disorder may be as high as 5060%. Other psychiatric disorders that occur comorbidity with panic disorder include schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobias, social phobia, and agoraphobia. […] There are also medical conditions that apparently share significant comorbidity with panic disorder, such as COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine headache, restless leg syndrome, and fatigue. Cardiovascular disorders (eg, mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, stroke) are also comorbid factors; panic patients are nearly twice as likely to develop coronary artery disease.

• #4 Panic disorder in adults: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/panic-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesis-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis

  Panic attacks and panic disorder are common problems in both primary and psychiatric specialty care. […] In a nationally representative study, the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of panic disorder in the United States population (age 15 to 54 years) was 2.7 and 4.7 percent, respectively. A systematic review of 13 European studies reported a 12-month prevalence rate of panic disorder of 1.8 percent. The prevalence of panic disorder among primary care patients is approximately twice as high as in the general population with rates of 4 to 8 percent.

• #5 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] In addition, these patients are also at a higher risk for alcoholism and substance abuse compared to the general population.

• #5 Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona: Cross-national epidemiology of panic disorder and panic attacks in the world mental health surveys

  https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/128129

  CONTEXT: The scarcity of cross-national reports and the changes in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) regarding panic disorder (PD) and panic attacks (PAs) call for new epidemiological data on PD and PAs and its subtypes in the general population. […] OBJECTIVE: To present representative data about the cross-national epidemiology of PD and PAs in accordance with DSM-5 definitions. […] RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of PAs was 13.2% (SE 0.1%). Among persons that ever had a PA, the majority had recurrent PAs (66.5%; SE 0.5%), while only 12.8% fulfilled DSM-5 criteria for PD. Cross-national lifetime prevalence estimates were 1.7% (SE 0.0%) for PD with a median age of onset of 32 (IQR 20-47). Some 80.4% of persons with lifetime PD had a lifetime comorbid mental disorder. […] CONCLUSIONS: We extended previous epidemiological data to a cross-national context. The presence of recurrent PAs in particular is associated with subsequent onset and course of mental disorders beyond agoraphobia and PD, and might serve as a generic risk marker for psychopathology.

• #5 Panic Disorder Statistics in the United States

  https://www.brightpathbh.com/panic-disorder-statistics/

  In the 2006 U.S. National Comorbidity Survey of adults aged 15 to 54, 37% of individuals with panic disorder had a lifetime history of major depression. […] Panic disorder most commonly affects female young adults aged between 15 and 24, with peak onset typically occurring between 15 and 19 years. The lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder is 2.5 times more likely to occur in females than males. […] The annual incidence of panic disorder in the United States is approximately 2-3% of the population. The lifetime prevalence estimates reach up to around 4.7%.

• #5 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. […] Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious. […] An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment. […] An estimated 2.3% of adolescents had panic disorder, and 2.3% had severe impairment. […] The prevalence of panic disorder among adolescents was higher for females (2.6%) than for males (2.0%).

• #6 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] In addition, these patients are also at a higher risk for alcoholism and substance abuse compared to the general population.

• #6 Panic Disorder – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/panic-disorder

  An estimated 2.7% of U.S. adults had panic disorder in the past year. […] Past year prevalence of panic disorder among adults was higher for females (3.8%) than for males (1.6%). […] An estimated 4.7% of U.S. adults experience panic disorder at some time in their lives. […] Of adults with panic disorder in the past year, degree of impairment ranged from mild to serious. […] An estimated 44.8% had serious impairment, 29.5% had moderate impairment, and 25.7% had mild impairment. […] An estimated 2.3% of adolescents had panic disorder, and 2.3% had severe impairment. […] The prevalence of panic disorder among adolescents was higher for females (2.6%) than for males (2.0%).

• #7 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] In addition, these patients are also at a higher risk for alcoholism and substance abuse compared to the general population.

• #8 Panic Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430973/

  Panic disorder has a relatively high lifetime prevalence, ranking behind only social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. […] Notably, patients suffering from panic disorder have much higher lifetime rates of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other medical problems compared to the general population. […] European Americans are more likely to suffer from panic disorder than African Americans, Asian Americans, or Latinos. […] Females are more affected than men. […] Panic disorder peaks in adolescence and early adulthood, with low prevalence in children below the age of 14. […] Patients with panic disorders also share many other comorbidities, including OCD, social phobia, asthma, COPD, irritable bowel syndrome, hypertension, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Panic disorder is not a benign disease, it can significantly affect the quality of life and lead to depression and disability. […] In addition, these patients are also at a higher risk for alcoholism and substance abuse compared to the general population.

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