Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nightmare disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare_disorder

  Nightmare disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated intense nightmares that most often center on threats to physical safety and security. The nightmares usually occur during the REM stage of sleep, and the person who experiences the nightmares typically remembers them well upon waking. More specifically, nightmare disorder is a type of parasomnia, a subset of sleep disorders categorized by abnormal movement or behavior or verbal actions during sleep or shortly before or after. Other parasomnias include sleepwalking, sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleep paralysis. […] According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, the criteria needed to diagnose a nightmare disorder are the following. First, the presence of frequent nightmares that imply danger for the person and impact mood in a negative way is needed. Second, when waking up from nightmares, the person behaves in an alert way. Finally, the disorder has to have a significant impact on the patient’s personal, social or professional functioning, in areas like mood, sleep, cognition, behaviour, fatigue, family and occupation.

• #1 Nightmare Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914428-overview

  Nightmare disorder is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) as repeated awakenings with recollection of terrifying dreams, usually involving threats to survival, safety or physical integrity. […] Polysomnography may be indicated. The hallmark of the various parasomnias is whether they occur during REM sleep, at the sleep-wake transition, or during slow-wave sleep. Polysomnographic studies demonstrate abrupt awakenings from REM sleep, usually during the second half of the night, prior to report of a nightmare. […] The specific DSM-5-TR criteria for nightmare disorder are as follows: Recurrent episodes of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival or security or physical integrity. The nightmares generally occur in the second half of a major sleep episode. On waking from the nightmare, the individual rapidly becomes oriented and alert. The episodes cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning. The symptoms cannot be explained by the effects of a drug of abuse or medication. The nightmares cannot be attributed to another mental disorder (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder, delirium) or medical condition. […] In addition, nightmare disorder is specified by duration: acute (less than 1 month), subacute (1-6 months), persistent (more than 6 months); and by the severity based on frequency: mild (less than one episode a week), moderate (multiple times a week), severe (nightly).

• #1 Nightmare disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nightmare-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353520

  There are no tests routinely done to diagnose nightmare disorder. Nightmares are only considered a disorder if disturbing dreams cause you distress or keep you from getting enough sleep. To diagnose nightmare disorder, your doctor reviews your medical history and your symptoms. Your evaluation may include: […] Nightmare disorder is usually diagnosed based on your description of your experiences. Your doctor may ask about your family history of sleep problems. Your doctor may also ask you or your partner about your sleep behaviors and discuss the possibility of other sleep disorders, if indicated. […] If your sleep is severely disturbed, your doctor may recommend an overnight sleep study to help determine if the nightmares are connected to another sleep disorder. Sensors placed on your body will record and monitor your brain waves, the oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing, as well as eye and leg movements while you sleep. You may be videotaped to document your behavior during sleep cycles.

• #1 Nightmare disorder | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/nightmare-disorder?content_id=CON-20319018

  If your child has nightmares, you can simply mention them at a routine well-child exam. However, consult your doctor if nightmares: Occur frequently and persist over time, Routinely disrupt sleep, Cause fear of going to sleep, Cause daytime behavior problems or difficulty functioning. […] To diagnose nightmare disorder, your doctor reviews your medical history and your symptoms. […] Nightmare disorder is usually diagnosed based on your description of your experiences. […] There are no tests routinely done to diagnose nightmare disorder. Nightmares are only considered a disorder if disturbing dreams cause you distress or keep you from getting enough sleep.

• #1 Nightmare Disorder DSM-5 307.47 (F51.5)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/nightmare-disorder-dsm–5-307.47-(f51.5)

  Nightmare disorder – also known as dream anxiety disorder – is a DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.) diagnosis assigned to individuals who experience frequent severe nightmares. […] There is no specific test for diagnosing nightmare disorder, so physicians may rely on a variety of diagnostic techniques, such as the patients medical history, knowledge of past or present use of drugs or medication, presence of any other sleep disorders and questions about whether family members also suffer or have suffered from sleep problems. […] Patients may also be required to keep a sleep diary for around two weeks, which will help the physician keep track of the individuals sleeping patterns and note any contributing factors or underlying causes of the disorder. […] This may be followed up by an in-lab sleep study, during which the patient spends the night in a dedicated sleep center, hospital or other agreed location, and is monitored by medical machinery (typically EEG, EOG, ECG, EMG), which measures airflow, bodily movements, heart activity and more. […] The patient may also be referred to a psychotherapist for analysis and exploration of any factors or events that may be causing the nightmare disorder.

• #1 What Is Nightmare Disorder?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/nightmare-disorder

  The diagnosis of nightmare disorder is not usually made with tests. Nightmares are regarded as a disorder only when unpleasant dreams cause distress or prevent individuals from getting enough sleep. The doctor examines the patient’s medical history and symptoms to identify a nightmare disorder. The assessment could consist of the following: […] A diagnosis of nightmare disorder is typically made after listening to a patient describe their nightmares. The doctor could inquire about any sleep disorders in the family. If necessary, the doctor may also inquire about how the patient or his partner sleeps and raise the prospect of other sleep disorders. […] The doctor can suggest an overnight sleep study if the sleep is interrupted to determine whether the nightmares are related to another sleep problem. While sleeping, sensors attached to the body will record and keep track of the brain waves, blood oxygen levels, breathing, heart rate, and eye and leg movements. To record the actions during sleep cycles, a person can be videotaped.

• #1 Diagnosis Nightmare Disorder – Alomedika

  https://www.alomedika.com/penyakit/psikiatri/nightmare-disorder/diagnosis

  Pemeriksaan fisik diperlukan untuk mendeteksi kondisi-kondisi fisik yang bisa memicu timbulnya mimpi buruk atau kondisi yang sering menjadi komorbiditas gangguan ini. […] Tidak ada pemeriksaan penunjang spesifik yang diperlukan untuk menegakkan diagnosis nightmare disorder. […] Diagnosis banding untuk nightmare disorder adalah sleep terror disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, bereavement, narkolepsi, nocturnal seizure, breating related sleep disorder, serangan panik, sleep related dissociative disorder, dan penyalahgunaan zat. […] Kriteria diagnosis untuk nightmare disorder berdasarkan ICD-X adalah: Terjaga dari tidur di malam hari atau tidur siang karena mengalami mimpi menakutkan bisa diingat dengan jelas dan detil, biasanya bertema survival, keamanan, atau integritas fisik. […] Kriteria diagnosis nightmare disorder dalam DSM-5 terdiri dari: Mengalami mimpi-mimpi buruk berulang yang panjang, yang sangat disforik, dan dapat diingat dengan baik.

• #1 Nightmare Disorder Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914428-differential

  Posttraumatic stress disorder […] Anxiety disorders […] Common comorbidities in children with parasomnias include developmental disorders such as learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, abnormal movements in sleep, sleep-disordered breathing, and epilepsy.

• #1 The Nightmare Disorder Index: development and initial validation in a sample of nurses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8521749/

  Nurses are a group at high risk for nightmares, yet little is known about the rate of nightmare disorder and associated psychosocial factors in this group in part attributable to the lack of a self-report questionnaire to assess DSM-5 criteria for nightmare disorder. […] Aims of the current study were to (1) report on development and initial validity of a self-report measure of DSM-5 nightmare disorder, and (2) examine the rate and associated factors of nightmare disorder among nurses. […] NDI is an efficient and valid self-report assessment of nightmare disorder. Nurses have high rates of nightmares and nightmare disorder which are associated with poorer psychosocial functioning. […] The Nightmare Disorder Index is the first brief, valid screening measure for nightmare disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition.

• #1 The Nightmare Disorder Index: development and initial validation in a sample of nurses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8521749/

  In the current study, the NDI had good internal consistency ( = 0.80). […] The current study found rates of subclinical or higher nightmare symptoms (51.3%) to be greater than the 35% previously reported by nurses who completed a single-item self-report measure that is likely less sensitive than the NDI. […] The NDI fills this gap in sleep disorder assessment by providing a psychometrically sound, 5-item assessment for DSM-5 nightmare disorder that can be used as both a continuous measure of nightmare severity and a categorical measure of nightmare disorder.

• #1 The Nightmare Disorder Index: development and initial validation in a sample of nurses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8521749/

  Increased screening for nightmare disorder is currently very limited but is urgently needed among essential workers like nurses. […] Among nurses, almost half reported experiencing nightmares in the past month. […] Nightmares were associated with increased psychosocial distress including symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and stress. […] Further, greater severity of nightmare disorder symptoms was associated with greater severity of psychosocial distress. […] The primary aim was to report on the development and preliminary validation of the Nightmare Disorder Index (NDI), a brief self-report screening questionnaire for DSM-5 nightmare disorder. […] The NDI is a 5-item self-report screening measure intended to evaluate symptoms of nightmare disorder according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.

• #1 Nightmares and nightmare disorder in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nightmares-and-nightmare-disorder-in-adults/print

  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) definition is similar to the ICSD-3-TR definition but adds modifiers for duration and severity as well as two additional specifications: that the nighttime symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance and that coexisting mental and medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of dysphoric dreams. […] Nightmare disorder is a clinical diagnosis. A comprehensive clinical evaluation aims to differentiate nightmares from mimics, identify causes and contributing factors, and assess the impact on physical, social, and emotional functioning. […] Polysomnography (PSG) is not indicated to confirm the diagnosis of nightmares or nightmare disorder. PSG may be indicated if a primary sleep disorder is suspected such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) or obstructive sleep apnea.

• #1 Nightmare disorder | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/nightmare-disorder

  Nightmare disorder is when nightmares happen often, cause distress, disrupt sleep, cause problems with daytime functioning or create fear of going to sleep. […] Nightmares are only considered a disorder if you experience: Frequent occurrences, Major distress or impairment during the day, such as anxiety or persistent fear, or bedtime anxiety about having another nightmare, Problems with concentration or memory, or you can’t stop thinking about images from your dreams, Daytime sleepiness, fatigue or low energy, Problems functioning at work or school or in social situations, Behavior problems related to bedtime or fear of the dark. […] To diagnose nightmare disorder, your doctor reviews your medical history and your symptoms. Your evaluation may include: Exam. You may have a physical exam to identify any conditions that may be contributing to the nightmares. If your recurrent nightmares indicate underlying anxiety, the doctor may refer you to a mental health professional.

• #1 Nightmare Disorder: Causes of Atypical Adult Dreaming

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nightmare-disorder-7487063

  Nightmare disorder affects between 3% and 8% of the general population, causing distress for those affected. […] A person with nightmare disorder has recurring nightmares that affect their daily functioning and cause distress. […] According to the DSM-5, nightmares are defined as disturbing or distressing dreams that occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and usually involve: A threat to one’s safety, security, or survival; A physical response to the dream, like sweating, shaking, or a rapid heart rate; Intense emotional reactions, like fear, anger, or sadness; Waking during the dream; Other mental or physical health conditions do not explain the nightmares. […] A mental health provider can bring comfort and coping mechanisms and track treatment progress. […] A mental health provider can develop a treatment plan to target co-occurring mental health conditions.

• #1 Nightmares | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/nightmares

  Anyone experiencing nightmares more often than once a week, or whose nightmares prevent them from getting a good night’s rest, should contact their physician. […] A physical exam may include neurological and psychological assessments, blood tests, an EEG, and tests for liver and thyroid function. If all of the above causes are ruled out, assessment by a sleep specialist who can administer a polysomnography, a test used to diagnose sleep disorders, may be necessary. […] Psychotherapy approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy or image reversal therapy can help reduce the frequency of nightmares for some patients by helping them manage their stress, anxiety, or response to trauma.

• #1 Diagnosing Sleep Disorders

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/sleep-disorders/diagnosis

  If a sleep disorder is suspected, your health care provider may refer you to a sleep clinic for an evaluation by sleep specialists. […] A sleep study may be ordered to make a diagnosis. […] An in-laboratory „sleep study, also called a polysomnogram, is a noninvasive test that records your physical state during various stages of sleep. […] If you are being tested for sleep apnea, you may undergo a „split-night” test, in which half the night will be used to diagnose your sleep problem, and the other half will be used to determine the best way to treat the problem. […] A home sleep study may be requested to evaluate for sleep apnea. […] Other tests may be ordered to determine your sleep schedule, your level of sleepiness or your ability to stay awake. […] Your doctor may order lab tests. […] This test objectively determines your degree of sleepiness. […] This test measures your ability to stay awake. […] For this test, a device called an actigraph is worn on the wrist like a watch.

• #1 How Dreams Reveal Brain Disorders | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-dreams-reveal-brain-disorders/

  It is necessary to exclude each of these possibilities before starting a therapy targeted specifically for nightmares. […] Confronting the bad dream is therefore therapeutic on its own. Although, I repeat, it is better to start by consulting a doctor, ideally a sleep specialist, in order to exclude a number of organic causes. […] More than 80 percent of patients suffering from this disorder develop a neurodegenerative pathology within 10 to 15 years of the onset of RBD. […] But we must be careful not to confuse this disorder with somnambulism. […] Dreams are therefore likely to provide valuable information about our mental and neurological health. They are still not made use of enough because they have long been the preserve of psychoanalysis.

• #1 Nightmares and nightmare disorder in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nightmares-and-nightmare-disorder-in-adults

  Polysomnography (PSG) is not indicated to confirm the diagnosis but may be useful when there is clinical suspicion for a primary sleep disorder such as RBD or obstructive sleep apnea. […] For patients who require nightmare-specific treatment, clinical guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) endorse both behavioral and pharmacologic approaches. […] The choice between psychotherapy and medication can be individualized according to patient preferences and access to a therapist. […] Prazosin, an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, is the best studied medication for nightmares and has been the preferred first-line pharmacotherapy when medication is deemed necessary.

• #1 Treating Nightmare Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleepless-in-america/201812/treating-nightmare-disorder

  Nightmare Disorder often develops in the context of stress and disrupted sleep and is estimated to affect 4% of the adult population (Morgenthaler, Auerbach, Casey, Kristo, Maganti, Ramar, Zak,2018). […] Successful treatment of Nightmare Disorder has been associated with improved quality of sleep, decreased fatigue, decreased daytime drowsiness, feeling more rested upon awakening, and decreased insomnia. […] The most recent recommendations (Morgenthaler et al, 2018) focus on the treatment of nightmares that are associated with PTSD, and nightmares when they constitute a separate disorder. […] For treatment of nightmares associated with PTSD, some evidence was found for the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy; cognitive behavioral therapy of insomnia; EMDR; image rehearsal therapy; and exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy.

• #1 Chronic Nightmare Disorder – Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/nightmare-disorder

  The treatment of nightmare disorder with medications is mostly limited to individuals diagnosed with PTSD. […] The prognosis for nightmare disorder varies by patient. In anything other than the most severe cases, stress management, therapy, and the passage of time are often successful in decreasing or eliminating the role that nightmares play in a person’s life.

• #1 Nightmare Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nightmare-disorder

  Nightmare disorder is characterised by recurrent, vivid and highly dysphoric dreams, often involving threat to the individual, that generally occur during REM sleep and that often result in awakening with anxiety. The person is rapidly oriented and alert upon awakening. […] Investigations are not usually necessary if the diagnosis is clear from the history. However, bear in mind that: Physical sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnoea and other types of sleep disordered breathing may coexist. If these problems are suspected, or the diagnosis is unclear, assessment at a sleep clinic may help. […] If the problem is occurring, say, on a more than twice-weekly basis persistently, then it may be worth referring for psychological or child-psychiatric input. Cognitive behavioural therapy may be beneficial. […] In adults, untreated nightmare disorder may persist for decades.

• #1 What is Nightmare Disorder? | Sleep Review

  https://sleepreviewmag.com/sleep-disorders/nightmare-disorder-treatable-sleep-disorder-often-hidden/

  For those who want a holistic approach, a prescription-only digital therapeutic called NightWare is cleared by the FDA for the temporary reduction of nightmares in adults 22 years or older who have nightmare disorder or have nightmares from PTSD. […] Regardless of the solution that is used, the first step remains to identify those patients who need help the most.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder and Isolated Sleep Paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8116464/

  Nightmare disorder is characterized by repeated nightmares. The dream content of these nightmares is remembered on awakening and can cause significant distress or impairment, including a subsequent fear of going back to sleep through fear that the nightmare may continue or re-occur. According to the ICSD-3, nightmare disorder consists of repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve threats to survival, security, or physical integrity. On awakening from such dreams, the individual becomes alert quickly, but the dream experience and/or the sleep disturbance caused by the dysphoric dream cause clinically significant distress that can result in mood disturbance, social and cognitive impairments, and negative impacts on other areas of social, occupational, and educational functioning. In addition to these characteristics, the American Psychiatric Association in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) also stipulates that a frequency criterion be met: nightmares should occur at least once a week for a positive diagnosis to be made.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/sleep/parasomnias/nightmare-disorder

  Nightmare disorder is a sleep disorder characterized by typically lengthy, elaborate, story-like sequences of dream imagery that seem real and that incite anxiety, fear, or other dysphoric emotions. […] Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode. […] The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] The nightmare symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication). […] Coexisting mental and medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of dysphoric dreams.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder: What Causes It and How Do You Manage It?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/nightmare-disorder

  Frequency-related specifiers for nightmare disorder in the DSM-5-TR include: Acute: Nightmares have been occurring for 1 month or less. […] Severity specifiers in the DSM-5-TR include: Mild: Fewer than one nightmare per week on average. […] Nightmare disorder can be successfully managed with medications, behavioral modification, and psychotherapy. […] According to a 2018 position statement from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), image rehearsal therapy (IRT) is the recommended treatment for nightmare disorder. […] Nightmare disorder is a sleep-wake disorder, but it’s also considered a mental health condition because it can cause significant psychological distress and impairment.

• #2 Nightmares and nightmare disorder in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nightmares-and-nightmare-disorder-in-adults/print

  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) definition is similar to the ICSD-3-TR definition but adds modifiers for duration and severity as well as two additional specifications: that the nighttime symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance and that coexisting mental and medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of dysphoric dreams. […] Nightmare disorder is a clinical diagnosis. A comprehensive clinical evaluation aims to differentiate nightmares from mimics, identify causes and contributing factors, and assess the impact on physical, social, and emotional functioning. […] Polysomnography (PSG) is not indicated to confirm the diagnosis of nightmares or nightmare disorder. PSG may be indicated if a primary sleep disorder is suspected such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) or obstructive sleep apnea.

• #2 Nightmare disorder | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/nightmare-disorder

  Nightmare disorder is usually diagnosed based on your description of your experiences. Your doctor may ask about your family history of sleep problems. Your doctor may also ask you or your partner about your sleep behaviors and discuss the possibility of other sleep disorders, if indicated. […] There are no tests routinely done to diagnose nightmare disorder. Nightmares are only considered a disorder if disturbing dreams cause you distress or keep you from getting enough sleep.

• #2 Nightmares – Sleep Education by American Academy of Sleep Medicine

  https://sleepeducation.org/sleep-disorders/nightmares/

  Nightmares that occur frequently and keep you from getting restful sleep are considered a sleep disorder. […] If you think you may have nightmare disorder, ask yourself the following questions: Do you often wake up from sleep due to a disturbing dream? […] If you answered yes to these questions, you should talk to your doctor or see a sleep doctor. A sleep doctor is trained to accurately diagnose nightmare disorder and rule out any possible underlying causes or complications. […] The doctor will need to know when you first started having nightmares, how often they occur and the content of the nightmares. […] You may be required to keep a sleep diary for two weeks. The sleep diary will help the doctor look at your sleep patterns. […] In most cases, you will not need any tests for nightmares. If your sleep is severely disturbed, or if the doctor suspects there are underlying problems, you may need to have a sleep study.

• #2 What Is Nightmare Disorder?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/nightmare-disorder

  The diagnosis of nightmare disorder is not usually made with tests. Nightmares are regarded as a disorder only when unpleasant dreams cause distress or prevent individuals from getting enough sleep. The doctor examines the patient’s medical history and symptoms to identify a nightmare disorder. The assessment could consist of the following: […] A diagnosis of nightmare disorder is typically made after listening to a patient describe their nightmares. The doctor could inquire about any sleep disorders in the family. If necessary, the doctor may also inquire about how the patient or his partner sleeps and raise the prospect of other sleep disorders. […] The doctor can suggest an overnight sleep study if the sleep is interrupted to determine whether the nightmares are related to another sleep problem. While sleeping, sensors attached to the body will record and keep track of the brain waves, blood oxygen levels, breathing, heart rate, and eye and leg movements. To record the actions during sleep cycles, a person can be videotaped.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions by Kenneth Kee | eBook | Barnes & Noble®

  https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/nightmare-disorder-a-simple-guide-to-the-condition-diagnosis-treatment-and-related-conditions-kenneth-kee/1125125024

  Nightmare disorder is a sleep disorder, producing feelings of terror or dread, and normally happens during the first hours of stage 3-4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. […] Nightmares are most frequent during the first hours of stage 3-4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep that are often in the early morning. […] Polysomnographic studies show abrupt awakenings from REM sleep, normally during the second half of the night, before report of a nightmare. […] Chapter 4 Diagnosis.

• #2 Night terrors: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/301893

  Night terrors, or sleep terrors, are common terms for episodes that cause fear at night, especially in children. […] While people talk about night terrors, this is not, in fact, a diagnosable condition, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual fifth edition (DSM-V). […] A doctor will ask a patient and, if appropriate, family members, about any signs of night terrors. They may also carry out tests to look for other possible factors, which may be physical or psychological. […] A sleep study may be recommended. […] Medication is not usually needed for night terrors. […] Treatment is normally necessary only if the episodes are having a significant negative effect on the safety of the person or their family, or if the problem is affecting their ability to function during the day. […] Anyone who is concerned about night terrors might consider seeing a sleep specialist.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/nightmare-disorder-definition-symptoms-causes-treatment-5220095

  Nightmare disorder (ND) is a sleep disorder in which a person consistently experiences frightening, vivid or disturbing dreams, defined as nightmares, that suddenly wakes them. […] Most people have a nightmare every once in a while, but when nightmares occur regularly, it may be considered nightmare disorder. […] Nightmare disorder is considered a parasomnia, a type of sleep disorder that interferes with a persons sleep by creating abnormal or undesirable experiences. […] Nightmare disorder is prevalent in 2% to 6% of adults. […] A study compared the prevalence of nightmares in older adults and college students. […] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be greatly connected to nightmare disorder. […] A review of different literature included many research studies that found correlations between nightmares and PTSD.

• #2 The Nightmare Disorder Index: development and initial validation in a sample of nurses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8521749/

  Increased screening for nightmare disorder is currently very limited but is urgently needed among essential workers like nurses. […] Among nurses, almost half reported experiencing nightmares in the past month. […] Nightmares were associated with increased psychosocial distress including symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and stress. […] Further, greater severity of nightmare disorder symptoms was associated with greater severity of psychosocial distress. […] The primary aim was to report on the development and preliminary validation of the Nightmare Disorder Index (NDI), a brief self-report screening questionnaire for DSM-5 nightmare disorder. […] The NDI is a 5-item self-report screening measure intended to evaluate symptoms of nightmare disorder according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.

• #2 Nightmares | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/nightmares

  Anyone experiencing nightmares more often than once a week, or whose nightmares prevent them from getting a good night’s rest, should contact their physician. […] A physical exam may include neurological and psychological assessments, blood tests, an EEG, and tests for liver and thyroid function. If all of the above causes are ruled out, assessment by a sleep specialist who can administer a polysomnography, a test used to diagnose sleep disorders, may be necessary. […] Psychotherapy approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy or image reversal therapy can help reduce the frequency of nightmares for some patients by helping them manage their stress, anxiety, or response to trauma.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder: Causes of Atypical Adult Dreaming

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nightmare-disorder-7487063

  Nightmare disorder affects between 3% and 8% of the general population, causing distress for those affected. […] A person with nightmare disorder has recurring nightmares that affect their daily functioning and cause distress. […] According to the DSM-5, nightmares are defined as disturbing or distressing dreams that occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and usually involve: A threat to one’s safety, security, or survival; A physical response to the dream, like sweating, shaking, or a rapid heart rate; Intense emotional reactions, like fear, anger, or sadness; Waking during the dream; Other mental or physical health conditions do not explain the nightmares. […] A mental health provider can bring comfort and coping mechanisms and track treatment progress. […] A mental health provider can develop a treatment plan to target co-occurring mental health conditions.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder: Why Do I Keep Having Bad Dreams?

  https://www.treatmyocd.com/blog/nightmare-disorder-why-do-i-keep-having-bad-dreams

  If you believe your nightmare disorder is linked to an underlying mental health condition, a professional can help guide you towards the best form of treatment. […] It is important to remember that you dont have control over the content of your dreams, and therefore, your nightmares do not define you.

• #2 Diagnosing Sleep Disorders

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/sleep-disorders/diagnosis

  If a sleep disorder is suspected, your health care provider may refer you to a sleep clinic for an evaluation by sleep specialists. […] A sleep study may be ordered to make a diagnosis. […] An in-laboratory „sleep study, also called a polysomnogram, is a noninvasive test that records your physical state during various stages of sleep. […] If you are being tested for sleep apnea, you may undergo a „split-night” test, in which half the night will be used to diagnose your sleep problem, and the other half will be used to determine the best way to treat the problem. […] A home sleep study may be requested to evaluate for sleep apnea. […] Other tests may be ordered to determine your sleep schedule, your level of sleepiness or your ability to stay awake. […] Your doctor may order lab tests. […] This test objectively determines your degree of sleepiness. […] This test measures your ability to stay awake. […] For this test, a device called an actigraph is worn on the wrist like a watch.

• #2 How Dreams Reveal Brain Disorders | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-dreams-reveal-brain-disorders/

  It is necessary to exclude each of these possibilities before starting a therapy targeted specifically for nightmares. […] Confronting the bad dream is therefore therapeutic on its own. Although, I repeat, it is better to start by consulting a doctor, ideally a sleep specialist, in order to exclude a number of organic causes. […] More than 80 percent of patients suffering from this disorder develop a neurodegenerative pathology within 10 to 15 years of the onset of RBD. […] But we must be careful not to confuse this disorder with somnambulism. […] Dreams are therefore likely to provide valuable information about our mental and neurological health. They are still not made use of enough because they have long been the preserve of psychoanalysis.

• #2 Treating Nightmare Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleepless-in-america/201812/treating-nightmare-disorder

  Nightmare Disorder often develops in the context of stress and disrupted sleep and is estimated to affect 4% of the adult population (Morgenthaler, Auerbach, Casey, Kristo, Maganti, Ramar, Zak,2018). […] Successful treatment of Nightmare Disorder has been associated with improved quality of sleep, decreased fatigue, decreased daytime drowsiness, feeling more rested upon awakening, and decreased insomnia. […] The most recent recommendations (Morgenthaler et al, 2018) focus on the treatment of nightmares that are associated with PTSD, and nightmares when they constitute a separate disorder. […] For treatment of nightmares associated with PTSD, some evidence was found for the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy; cognitive behavioral therapy of insomnia; EMDR; image rehearsal therapy; and exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy.

• #2 Treating Nightmare Disorder | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleepless-in-america/201812/treating-nightmare-disorder

  Numerous medications have been used in the treatment of nightmares associated with PTSD including olanzapine, risperidone, clonidine, fluvoxamine, gabapentin, prazosin, trazodone; and tricyclic antidepressants as well as several other agents. […] For Nightmare Disorder where the nightmares are not associated with PTSD, a number of psychological treatments have been used including cognitive behavioral therapy; exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy; hypnosis; lucid dreaming therapy; progressive muscle relaxation; sleep dynamic therapy; self-exposure therapy; and systematic desensitization. […] Prazosin is the best researched and most widely prescribed drug for treating nightmares in the practice of sleep medicine. […] Prazosin works by reducing sympathetic outflow from the brain.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder: Understanding and Managing Disturbing Dreams

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/nightmare-disorder-understanding-and-managing-disturbing-dreams-108585.html

  Nightmare disorder, also referred to as dream anxiety disorder, is characterized by frequent and intense nightmares that cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] Diagnosing nightmare disorder involves a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare provider or sleep specialist. The assessment typically includes: […] Clinical interview: Detailed questioning about sleep patterns, nightmare frequency and content, and associated distress or impairment. […] Polysomnography: In some cases, an overnight sleep study may be conducted to rule out other sleep disorders and observe sleep architecture. […] Understanding the causes and symptoms of Nightmare disorder is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment.

• #2 Nightmare Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/nightmare-disorder-definition-symptoms-causes-treatment-5220095

  After various clinical trials throughout the years examining the effectiveness of different medications on the reduction of nightmares, only prazosin exemplifies the most effective results. […] Psychotherapeutic interventions consist of methodologies that are most likely conducted during therapy sessions. […] If you are experiencing constant nightmares that are impacting your life in some way, consider speaking with a psychiatrist. […] If you are getting nightmares this frequently, it may be time to seek professional help so that you can develop a useful treatment method and gain back control of your sleep.

• #3 Nightmare Disorder DSM-5 Criteria & Example | Free PDF Download

  https://www.carepatron.com/templates/nightmare-disorder-dsm-5-criteria

  Nightmare disorder is diagnosed through several evaluations. Usually, it starts with a physical exam and evaluation of the patient’s family history to identify any underlying health issues, where patients are asked detailed questions about their sleep habits and nightmares. […] The patient’s symptoms are then compared to the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) to diagnose the mental health condition. Based on all this information, the clinician can determine if the patient has nightmare disorder and provide the best course of treatment, especially if the disorder is associated with other conditions like post traumatic stress disorder. […] The following are the diagnostic criteria for nightmare disorder according to the DSM-5: A. Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode. B. On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the individual rapidly becomes oriented and alert. C. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The nightmare symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication). E. Coexisting mental and medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of dysphoric dreams.

• #3 Nightmare Disorder and Isolated Sleep Paralysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8116464/

  It is necessary to perform a detailed sleep history that should include questions about previous psychiatric disorders, as well as a history of medication and substance intake. Due to the frequent underdetection and underreporting of nightmares, it is important that sleep history taking includes at least one question about the occurrence of nightmares. It is important to determine if any other symptoms of parasomnias, e.g., sleepwalking, dream enactment behavior, or sleep paralysis are present. […] A polysomnographic confirmation of a nightmare disorder is most often not required but should be performed when there is a suspicion that nightmares occur in the context of RBD or narcolepsy. Polysomnographic studies in patients with nightmares or nightmare disorders have been extensively reviewed and are characterized by more frequent awakenings and alteration of sleep microstructure characteristics.

• #3 Nightmares and nightmare disorder in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nightmares-and-nightmare-disorder-in-adults

  Polysomnography (PSG) is not indicated to confirm the diagnosis but may be useful when there is clinical suspicion for a primary sleep disorder such as RBD or obstructive sleep apnea. […] For patients who require nightmare-specific treatment, clinical guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) endorse both behavioral and pharmacologic approaches. […] The choice between psychotherapy and medication can be individualized according to patient preferences and access to a therapist. […] Prazosin, an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, is the best studied medication for nightmares and has been the preferred first-line pharmacotherapy when medication is deemed necessary.

• #3 Nightmare Disorder: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/nightmare-disorder-definition-symptoms-causes-treatment-5220095

  One study, in particular, discovered that nightmares after a traumatic event can trigger PTSD. […] It was determined that a history of nightmares can produce a greater chance of developing PTSD. […] Researchers also found that those with a history of nightmares reported having greater PTSD symptoms than those without. […] Additionally, nightmares related to a traumatic event are associated with more severe PTSD symptoms. […] Anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with the experience of constant nightmares, especially anxiety. […] Research has found that the prevalence of nightmare disorder is high in nurses due to anxiety, depression, and stress. […] Researchers are beginning to believe that nightmares increase ones risk of suicidality and suicidal behavior across the lifespan.

• #4 Diagnostic criteria for 307.47 Nightmare Disorder | BehaveNet

  https://www.behavenet.com/diagnostic-criteria-30747-nightmare-disorder

  A. Repeated awakenings from the major sleep period or naps with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem. The awakenings generally occur during the second half of the sleep period. […] B. On awakening from the frightening dreams, the person rapidly becomes oriented and alert (in contrast to the confusion and disorientation seen in Sleep Terror Disorder and some forms of epilepsy). […] C. The dream experience, or the sleep disturbance resulting from the awakening, causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. […] D. The nightmares do not occur exclusively during the course of another mental disorder (e.g., a Delirium, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) and are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition.

• #4 Nightmare Disorder DSM-5 307.47 (F51.5)

  https://www.theravive.com/therapedia/nightmare-disorder-dsm–5-307.47-(f51.5)

  Nightmare disorder – also known as dream anxiety disorder – is a DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.) diagnosis assigned to individuals who experience frequent severe nightmares. […] There is no specific test for diagnosing nightmare disorder, so physicians may rely on a variety of diagnostic techniques, such as the patients medical history, knowledge of past or present use of drugs or medication, presence of any other sleep disorders and questions about whether family members also suffer or have suffered from sleep problems. […] Patients may also be required to keep a sleep diary for around two weeks, which will help the physician keep track of the individuals sleeping patterns and note any contributing factors or underlying causes of the disorder. […] This may be followed up by an in-lab sleep study, during which the patient spends the night in a dedicated sleep center, hospital or other agreed location, and is monitored by medical machinery (typically EEG, EOG, ECG, EMG), which measures airflow, bodily movements, heart activity and more. […] The patient may also be referred to a psychotherapist for analysis and exploration of any factors or events that may be causing the nightmare disorder.

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