Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress

  Heat Exhaustion signs and symptoms are headache, nausea, vertigo, weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompt treatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly. […] Workers suffering from heat exhaustion should be removed from the hot environment and given fluid replacement. They should also be encouraged to get adequate rest and when possible ice packs should be applied.

• #2 Severe heat stroke complicated by multiple cerebral infarctions: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02596-2

  Heat-related illnesses include symptoms such as heat syncope/cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke. […] Early management of heat stroke using anti-DIC, anti-bacterial, and fluid resuscitation therapy can help prevent complications such as intracranial hemorrhaging. […] Heat stroke is a serious and life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (20%). […] In conclusion, early management of heat stroke using DIC therapy, anti-bacterial therapy, and fluid resuscitation therapy is required. Even if there is no DIC, anti-coagulant therapy is desirable considering the possible risk of an intracranial hemorrhage.

• #3 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

• #4 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239

  Exertional heat stroke is characterised by central nervous system dysfunction in people with hyperthermia during physical activity and can be influenced by environmental factors such as heatwaves, which extend the incidence of exertional heat stroke beyond athletics only. […] Epidemiological data indicate mortality rates of about 27%, and survivors display long term negative health consequences ranging from neurological to cardiovascular dysfunction. […] The two most common outcomes of exertional heat stroke are death or recovery with long term negative consequences to health. […] The reason why some people are more susceptible to EHS than others warrants further research.

• #5 Severe heat stroke complicated by multiple cerebral infarctions: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-02596-2

  Heat-related illnesses include symptoms such as heat syncope/cramps, heat exhaustion, and life-threatening heat stroke. […] Early management of heat stroke using anti-DIC, anti-bacterial, and fluid resuscitation therapy can help prevent complications such as intracranial hemorrhaging. […] Heat stroke is a serious and life-threatening emergency, with a high mortality rate (20%). […] In conclusion, early management of heat stroke using DIC therapy, anti-bacterial therapy, and fluid resuscitation therapy is required. Even if there is no DIC, anti-coagulant therapy is desirable considering the possible risk of an intracranial hemorrhage.

• #6 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

• #7 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

• #8 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

• #9 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

• #10 eTool : Hospitals – Facilities Management – Heat Stress | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/etools/hospitals/facilities-management/heat-stress

  Worker exposure to excessive heat from working in hot environments, such as boiler rooms, can lead to heat stress-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. […] Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat exhaustion and heat stroke. At high temperatures, the body circulates significant amounts of blood to the skin in an effort to eliminate heat through perspiration. As a result, less blood is circulated to the body’s vital organs including the brain. Heat exhaustion can lead to dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and eventual collapse. If not treated promptly, by lowering the person’s body temperature, a person suffering from heat exhaustion could suffer brain damage. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid and medical treatment.

• #11 eTool : Hospitals – Facilities Management – Heat Stress | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/etools/hospitals/facilities-management/heat-stress

  Worker exposure to excessive heat from working in hot environments, such as boiler rooms, can lead to heat stress-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. […] Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat exhaustion and heat stroke. At high temperatures, the body circulates significant amounts of blood to the skin in an effort to eliminate heat through perspiration. As a result, less blood is circulated to the body’s vital organs including the brain. Heat exhaustion can lead to dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and eventual collapse. If not treated promptly, by lowering the person’s body temperature, a person suffering from heat exhaustion could suffer brain damage. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid and medical treatment.

• #12 eTool : Hospitals – Facilities Management – Heat Stress | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/etools/hospitals/facilities-management/heat-stress

  Worker exposure to excessive heat from working in hot environments, such as boiler rooms, can lead to heat stress-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. […] Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat exhaustion and heat stroke. At high temperatures, the body circulates significant amounts of blood to the skin in an effort to eliminate heat through perspiration. As a result, less blood is circulated to the body’s vital organs including the brain. Heat exhaustion can lead to dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and eventual collapse. If not treated promptly, by lowering the person’s body temperature, a person suffering from heat exhaustion could suffer brain damage. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid and medical treatment.

• #13 eTool : Hospitals – Facilities Management – Heat Stress | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/etools/hospitals/facilities-management/heat-stress

  Worker exposure to excessive heat from working in hot environments, such as boiler rooms, can lead to heat stress-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. […] Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat exhaustion and heat stroke. At high temperatures, the body circulates significant amounts of blood to the skin in an effort to eliminate heat through perspiration. As a result, less blood is circulated to the body’s vital organs including the brain. Heat exhaustion can lead to dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and eventual collapse. If not treated promptly, by lowering the person’s body temperature, a person suffering from heat exhaustion could suffer brain damage. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid and medical treatment.

• #14 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress

  Heat Stroke is the most serious heat related disorder and occurs when the body’s temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to critical levels. The condition is caused by a combination of highly variable factors, and its occurrence is difficult to predict. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that may result in death. The primary signs and symptoms of heat stroke are confusion; irrational behavior; loss of consciousness; convulsions; a lack of sweating (usually); hot, dry skin; and an abnormally high body temperature, e.g., a rectal temperature of 41°C (105.8°F). The elevated metabolic temperatures caused by a combination of work load and environmental heat, both of which contribute to heat stroke, are also highly variable and difficult to predict. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid treatment.

• #15 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress

  Heat Stroke is the most serious heat related disorder and occurs when the body’s temperature regulation fails and body temperature rises to critical levels. The condition is caused by a combination of highly variable factors, and its occurrence is difficult to predict. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that may result in death. The primary signs and symptoms of heat stroke are confusion; irrational behavior; loss of consciousness; convulsions; a lack of sweating (usually); hot, dry skin; and an abnormally high body temperature, e.g., a rectal temperature of 41°C (105.8°F). The elevated metabolic temperatures caused by a combination of work load and environmental heat, both of which contribute to heat stroke, are also highly variable and difficult to predict. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid treatment.

• #16 eTool : Hospitals – Facilities Management – Heat Stress | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/etools/hospitals/facilities-management/heat-stress

  Worker exposure to excessive heat from working in hot environments, such as boiler rooms, can lead to heat stress-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. […] Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat exhaustion and heat stroke. At high temperatures, the body circulates significant amounts of blood to the skin in an effort to eliminate heat through perspiration. As a result, less blood is circulated to the body’s vital organs including the brain. Heat exhaustion can lead to dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and eventual collapse. If not treated promptly, by lowering the person’s body temperature, a person suffering from heat exhaustion could suffer brain damage. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid and medical treatment.

• #17 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Indicators of poor prognosis during acute episodes include the following: […] Morbidity and mortality from heat stroke are related to the duration of the temperature elevation. When therapy is delayed, the mortality rate may be as high as 80%; however, with early diagnosis and immediate cooling, the mortality rate can be reduced to 10%. Mortality is highest among the elderly population, patients with preexisting disease, those confined to a bed, and those who are socially isolated.

• #18 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress

  Heat Exhaustion signs and symptoms are headache, nausea, vertigo, weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompt treatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly. […] Workers suffering from heat exhaustion should be removed from the hot environment and given fluid replacement. They should also be encouraged to get adequate rest and when possible ice packs should be applied.

• #19 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress

  Heat Exhaustion signs and symptoms are headache, nausea, vertigo, weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompt treatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly. […] Workers suffering from heat exhaustion should be removed from the hot environment and given fluid replacement. They should also be encouraged to get adequate rest and when possible ice packs should be applied.

• #20 A Systematic Review on Outcomes of Patients with Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10522494/

  The mortality reaches up to 26.5% in the intensive care units; however, 63.2% includes external and classic heat stroke. The survivor of heat stroke also suffers long-term damage in the cell injury and causes inflammation and thrombosis with the experience of neurological and cardiovascular complications. This leads to the persistent risk of death. […] The outcomes of HRIs include cause rhabdomyolysis, coma with acute and even permanent vital organ damage, and multiple organ failure (MOF). […] The prognosis factors for AKI receiving dialysis were identified as neurological status, renal function, and serum muscle enzyme at the time of admission. […] The findings on ECG described in patients with HRI include sinus tachycardia, conduction defects, QT interval prolongation, diffuse ST-T changes, as well as ST-T changes localized to the distribution of a coronary artery.

• #21 A Systematic Review on Outcomes of Patients with Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10522494/

  The mortality reaches up to 26.5% in the intensive care units; however, 63.2% includes external and classic heat stroke. The survivor of heat stroke also suffers long-term damage in the cell injury and causes inflammation and thrombosis with the experience of neurological and cardiovascular complications. This leads to the persistent risk of death. […] The outcomes of HRIs include cause rhabdomyolysis, coma with acute and even permanent vital organ damage, and multiple organ failure (MOF). […] The prognosis factors for AKI receiving dialysis were identified as neurological status, renal function, and serum muscle enzyme at the time of admission. […] The findings on ECG described in patients with HRI include sinus tachycardia, conduction defects, QT interval prolongation, diffuse ST-T changes, as well as ST-T changes localized to the distribution of a coronary artery.

• #22 A Systematic Review on Outcomes of Patients with Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10522494/

  The mortality reaches up to 26.5% in the intensive care units; however, 63.2% includes external and classic heat stroke. The survivor of heat stroke also suffers long-term damage in the cell injury and causes inflammation and thrombosis with the experience of neurological and cardiovascular complications. This leads to the persistent risk of death. […] The outcomes of HRIs include cause rhabdomyolysis, coma with acute and even permanent vital organ damage, and multiple organ failure (MOF). […] The prognosis factors for AKI receiving dialysis were identified as neurological status, renal function, and serum muscle enzyme at the time of admission. […] The findings on ECG described in patients with HRI include sinus tachycardia, conduction defects, QT interval prolongation, diffuse ST-T changes, as well as ST-T changes localized to the distribution of a coronary artery.

• #23 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Indicators of poor prognosis during acute episodes include the following: […] Morbidity and mortality from heat stroke are related to the duration of the temperature elevation. When therapy is delayed, the mortality rate may be as high as 80%; however, with early diagnosis and immediate cooling, the mortality rate can be reduced to 10%. Mortality is highest among the elderly population, patients with preexisting disease, those confined to a bed, and those who are socially isolated.

• #24 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  Indicators of poor prognosis during acute episodes include the following: […] Morbidity and mortality from heat stroke are related to the duration of the temperature elevation. When therapy is delayed, the mortality rate may be as high as 80%; however, with early diagnosis and immediate cooling, the mortality rate can be reduced to 10%. Mortality is highest among the elderly population, patients with preexisting disease, those confined to a bed, and those who are socially isolated.

• #25 Influence of prior illness on exertional heat stroke presentation and outcome | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221329

  This study indicates that PI has a minimal effect on the patient presentation, severity and treatment outcome of EHS. […] This study demonstrated that although Tc max was increased in patients with PI, this did not alter the response to cooling or the severity of EHS as indicated by patient vital signs, the blood biomarker profile taken at the point of care, or recovery days. […] Our primary finding demonstrated that PI did not have a significant role in influencing the severity of EHS (blood biomarkers and thermoregulation) beyond a higher Tc max. […] From a clinical perspective, PI has little influence on the normal course of treatment that follows EHS. However, the increase in Tc that accompanies PI may impose a greater physiological strain on organ tissues, which may have consequential effects if patients are left untreated.

• #26 Influence of prior illness on exertional heat stroke presentation and outcome | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221329

  This study indicates that PI has a minimal effect on the patient presentation, severity and treatment outcome of EHS. […] This study demonstrated that although Tc max was increased in patients with PI, this did not alter the response to cooling or the severity of EHS as indicated by patient vital signs, the blood biomarker profile taken at the point of care, or recovery days. […] Our primary finding demonstrated that PI did not have a significant role in influencing the severity of EHS (blood biomarkers and thermoregulation) beyond a higher Tc max. […] From a clinical perspective, PI has little influence on the normal course of treatment that follows EHS. However, the increase in Tc that accompanies PI may impose a greater physiological strain on organ tissues, which may have consequential effects if patients are left untreated.

• #27 Influence of prior illness on exertional heat stroke presentation and outcome | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221329

  This study indicates that PI has a minimal effect on the patient presentation, severity and treatment outcome of EHS. […] This study demonstrated that although Tc max was increased in patients with PI, this did not alter the response to cooling or the severity of EHS as indicated by patient vital signs, the blood biomarker profile taken at the point of care, or recovery days. […] Our primary finding demonstrated that PI did not have a significant role in influencing the severity of EHS (blood biomarkers and thermoregulation) beyond a higher Tc max. […] From a clinical perspective, PI has little influence on the normal course of treatment that follows EHS. However, the increase in Tc that accompanies PI may impose a greater physiological strain on organ tissues, which may have consequential effects if patients are left untreated.

• #28 Sequential organ failure assessment score as a predictor of the outcomes of patients hospitalized for classical or exertional heatstroke | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20878-1

  Heatstroke is a life-threatening event that affects people worldwide. Currently, there are no established tools to predict the outcomes of heatstroke. […] Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether the SOFA score could predict the outcome of patients hospitalized with severe heatstroke, including the classical and exertional types, by using data from a Japanese nationwide multicenter observational registry. […] Univariate and multivariable analyses showed a significant difference in the SOFA score between non-survivors and survivors in classical and exertional heatstroke cases. […] This study revealed that the SOFA score may predict mortality in patients with heatstroke and might be useful for assessing prognosis. […] In the present study, univariate and multivariable analysis revealed a significant association between the SOFA score and 28-day mortality in each classical and exertional heatstroke patients hospitalized for multiple organ dysfunction.

• #29 Sequential organ failure assessment score as a predictor of the outcomes of patients hospitalized for classical or exertional heatstroke | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-20878-1

  The results therefore suggest that the SOFA score may predict the outcome of heatstroke, particularly for severe cases. […] Based on the present results, the SOFA score may be a reliable tool for assessing the prognosis of heatstroke, a non-septic fever, as demonstrated in patients with sepsis. […] These subanalyses of a Japanese nationwide multicenter observational heatstroke database using data from 2019 revealed that the SOFA score may be useful for predicting mortality and could be used to assess the prognosis of patients with severe heatstroke.

• #30 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7

  Classic heatstroke (CHS) is a life-threatening illness characterized by extreme hyperthermia, dysfunction of the central nervous system and multiorgan failure. Accurate predictive models are useful in the treatment decision-making process and risk stratification. This study was to develop and externally validate a prediction model of survival for hospitalized patients with CHS. […] Prognostic factors were identified utilizing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis in the training cohort. […] Social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), procalcitonin (PCT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and diarrhea were found to have a significant or near-significant association with worse prognosis among hospitalized CHS patients.

• #31 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7

  Classic heatstroke (CHS) is a life-threatening illness characterized by extreme hyperthermia, dysfunction of the central nervous system and multiorgan failure. Accurate predictive models are useful in the treatment decision-making process and risk stratification. This study was to develop and externally validate a prediction model of survival for hospitalized patients with CHS. […] Prognostic factors were identified utilizing least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis in the training cohort. […] Social isolation, self-care ability, comorbidities, body temperature, heart rate, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), procalcitonin (PCT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and diarrhea were found to have a significant or near-significant association with worse prognosis among hospitalized CHS patients.

• #32 Development and validation of a prognostic model of survival for classic heatstroke patients: a multicenter study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-46529-7

  The model’s prediction and actual observation demonstrated strong concordance on the calibration curve regarding 7-day survival probability. […] According to KM survival plots, there were significant differences in survival between the low-risk and high-risk groups in the training and external validation cohorts. […] We designed and externally validated a prognostic prediction model for CHS. This model has promising predictive performance and could be applied in clinical practice for managing patients with CHS. […] The predictive model’s AUCs were 0.994 (95% [CI], 0.9750.999) for the training group and 0.901 (95% [CI], 0.7690.968) for the validation group, demonstrating the model’s high discrimination capability. […] Based on the median cutoff of the risk score, patients were categorized into two subgroups: a low-risk group (risk score0.778) and a high-risk group (risk score0.778). Survival differences between the two groups were compared using KaplanMeier curves. In the training cohort, the low-risk group exhibited a significantly higher survival rate than the high-risk group. […] In conclusion, we designed and externally validated a prognostic prediction model for CHS. This model has promising predictive performance and carries the potential to be applied in clinical practice for managing patients with CHS.

• #33 A Systematic Review on Outcomes of Patients with Heatstroke and Heat Exhaustion

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10522494/

  The mortality reaches up to 26.5% in the intensive care units; however, 63.2% includes external and classic heat stroke. The survivor of heat stroke also suffers long-term damage in the cell injury and causes inflammation and thrombosis with the experience of neurological and cardiovascular complications. This leads to the persistent risk of death. […] The outcomes of HRIs include cause rhabdomyolysis, coma with acute and even permanent vital organ damage, and multiple organ failure (MOF). […] The prognosis factors for AKI receiving dialysis were identified as neurological status, renal function, and serum muscle enzyme at the time of admission. […] The findings on ECG described in patients with HRI include sinus tachycardia, conduction defects, QT interval prolongation, diffuse ST-T changes, as well as ST-T changes localized to the distribution of a coronary artery.

• #34 eTool : Hospitals – Facilities Management – Heat Stress | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/etools/hospitals/facilities-management/heat-stress

  Worker exposure to excessive heat from working in hot environments, such as boiler rooms, can lead to heat stress-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. […] Exposure to excessive heat can result in heat exhaustion and heat stroke. At high temperatures, the body circulates significant amounts of blood to the skin in an effort to eliminate heat through perspiration. As a result, less blood is circulated to the body’s vital organs including the brain. Heat exhaustion can lead to dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and eventual collapse. If not treated promptly, by lowering the person’s body temperature, a person suffering from heat exhaustion could suffer brain damage. […] The medical outcome of an episode of heat stroke depends on the victim’s physical fitness and the timing and effectiveness of first aid and medical treatment.

• #35 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

• #36 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress

  Heat Exhaustion signs and symptoms are headache, nausea, vertigo, weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompt treatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly. […] Workers suffering from heat exhaustion should be removed from the hot environment and given fluid replacement. They should also be encouraged to get adequate rest and when possible ice packs should be applied.

• #37 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

• #38 Heat Stress Guide | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/emergency-preparedness/guides/heat-stress

  Heat Exhaustion signs and symptoms are headache, nausea, vertigo, weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompt treatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly. […] Workers suffering from heat exhaustion should be removed from the hot environment and given fluid replacement. They should also be encouraged to get adequate rest and when possible ice packs should be applied.

• #39 Heat Illness – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553117/

  The prognosis for the more benign heat illnesses described above is excellent. They are self-limited and resolve with removal from the hot environment and supportive care with rehydration and electrolyte replacement. […] For the more moderate heat illnesses, including heat exhaustion/stress and heat injury, complications are exacerbated by the patient’s age, comorbidities, the presence of organ injury, or if severe electrolyte disturbances have occurred. These patients may benefit from admission to a tertiary care center for further stabilization before discharge. Predictive factors for hospitalization include the age of equal to or greater than 65 years, the level of temperature elevation, alterations in mental status, and elevations of creatinine from baseline.

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