Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heat exhaustion – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-exhaustion/symptoms-causes/syc-20373250

  Heat exhaustion is a condition that happens when your body overheats. […] Causes of heat illness include exposure to high temperatures, particularly when there is also high humidity, and strenuous physical activity. […] Besides hot weather and strenuous activity, other causes of heat exhaustion include: Dehydration, which lessens your body’s ability to sweat and keep a normal temperature. Alcohol use, which can affect your body’s ability to regulate your temperature. Overdressing, particularly in clothes that don’t allow sweat to evaporate easily. […] If heat exhaustion isn’t treated, it can lead to heatstroke. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition. It happens when your core body temperature reaches 104 F (40 C) or higher.

• #2 Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21480-heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion occurs when your body loses too much water and/or sodium (a key electrolyte) through your sweat. Heavy manual labor or a strenuous workout in a hot environment are common activities that cause this to happen. When you’re sweating a lot, it can be hard to take in enough fluids and electrolytes to replenish what you’re losing. […] Heat exhaustion causes heavy sweating, muscle cramps, headache, dizziness, nausea and many other symptoms.

• #3 Heat Exhaustion Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is when the body becomes overheated due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures, excessive physical activity, or insufficient hydration. […] Hot weather is the primary heat exhaustion cause, as high temperatures can overwhelm the body’s cooling mechanisms, making it difficult to maintain a normal body temperature. […] Additional factors that contribute to heat exhaustion: Alcohol can impair the body’s ability to regulate temperature and increase the risk of dehydration. […] Wearing excessive or non-breathable clothing can trap heat, preventing the body from cooling itself effectively. […] A lack of proper hydration reduces the body’s ability to produce sweat, which is crucial for dissipating heat. […] Spending extended periods in direct sunlight can intensify the effects of heat on the body, increasing the risk of heat exhaustion. […] Intense exercise generates body heat, and in hot environments, this can overwhelm the body’s cooling mechanisms.

• #4 Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/heat-exhaustion?srsltid=AfmBOorUiD8UVgNn9PsML_BcdbfZbIlCpbPlt1Knygel5VAjb5b6uaYN

  Environmental temperatures that are greater than 100 F (38 C) increase risk. However, if someone is unaccustomed to labor or exercise in the heat, they can develop a heat-related illness at lower environmental temperatures. Other factors, such as humid air, inadequate fluid intake, heavy clothing and personal characteristics (e.g., the presence of certain medical conditions, taking certain medications and the persons age, especially older adults and young children and infants) can increase the risk for heat-related illness.

• #4 Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/heat-exhaustion?srsltid=AfmBOorUiD8UVgNn9PsML_BcdbfZbIlCpbPlt1Knygel5VAjb5b6uaYN

  Heat exhaustion occurs when fluids lost through sweating are not replaced. […] Heat exhaustion is often accompanied by dehydration, as the bodys excessive production of sweat in an attempt to cool itself depletes fluid levels in the body. […] Yes. The first is not getting enough fluids. Heat exhaustion occurs when fluids lost through sweating are not replaced. The bodys primary mechanism of cooling itself is through sweating. As sweat evaporates from the body, it takes body heat with it, cooling the body. If a person does not take in enough fluids, the body does not have what it needs to make adequate amounts of sweat. Heat exhaustion is often accompanied by dehydration. […] Also, humid environments and environments without good air circulation can make it difficult for the sweat to evaporate. Under these conditions, a person may develop heat exhaustion.

• #5 Heat Exhaustion Signs and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/heat-exhaustion

  What Causes Heat Exhaustion? […] Usually, you can count on your sweat to act as your body’s air conditioner: As your sweat dries, it carries heat away from your skin. But when the air is hot and moist, sweat is slower to evaporate and your body struggles to stay cool, especially when you’re active. The more you sweat, the more you deplete your body’s fluids and essential minerals (electrolytes), such as sodium and potassium. Those losses of water and minerals cause the main symptoms of heat exhaustion. […] Heat exhaustion is strongly related to the heat index, which is a measurement of how hot you feel when the effects of relative humidity and air temperature are combined. […] The risk of heat-related illness dramatically increases when the heat index climbs to 90 degrees or more. So it’s important, especially during heat waves, to pay attention to the reported heat index and remember that the heat index is even higher when you are in full sunshine.

• #6 Heat Exhaustion: 5 Symptoms to Watch For | Riverside Health

  https://www.riversideonline.com/en/patients-and-visitors/healthy-you-blog/blog/h/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion occurs when the body loses too much water and salt, typically from sweating, and is different from heat stroke. […] The main cause of heat exhaustion is the body’s inability to cool itself. Other common causes of heat exhaustion include: Over-exercising or working or playing strenuously in hot weather or a heated room, Dehydration, Wearing heavier, tight clothing, Consuming alcohol. […] Other factors can cause you to be at higher risk for heat exhaustion, such as: Taking certain prescription medications, such as those used to treat high blood pressure or heart conditions, which may affect your ability to stay hydrated. Sudden temperature changes can cause you to have more trouble regulating your body temperature. High heat index. The heat index measures humidity along with the outside temperature to determine how hot it feels to you and your body. If the heat index is greater than 91F, be sure to focus on preventing heat exhaustion.

• #7 Heat Illness Prevention | What Causes Heat Illness?

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/whatcauses.htm

  Heat illness can be caused by environmental and personal risk factors. […] Environmental risk factors for heat illness means working conditions that create the possibility that heat illness could occur, including: Air temperature, Relative humidity, Radiant heat from the sun and other sources, Conductive heat sources such as the ground, Air movement, Workload severity and duration, Protective clothing and personal protective equipment worn by employees. […] Personal risk factors for heat illness means factors such as: Water consumption, Alcohol consumption, Degree of acclimatization, Caffeine consumption, Use of prescription medications that affect the body’s water retention or other physiological responses to heat, An individual’s age, Health. […] Heat illness results when the body is out of heat balance. Heat balance means that the heat the body produces equals the heat it loses. When the body is out of heat balance it produces and retains more heat than it loses causing heat illness.

• #8 Heat Illness Prevention | What Causes Heat Illness?

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/whatcauses.htm

  Heat build-up inside the body from physical work activities is the major source of heat load. In combination with this, working where the environmental and personal risk factors listed above are present, creates an even greater possibility that heat illness could occur. […] Environmental risk factors can increase the external heat load on the body. Personal risk factors may increase an individual’s susceptibility to developing heat illness. […] During high heat the air temperatures and other environmental risk factors are more severe. This greatly increases the risk of developing heat illness (i.e., it can develop faster and be more serious and widespread among employees). […] Heat build-up inside the body from physical work activities is the major source of heat load on the body. During a high heat period, the external heat load on the body from working in extremely hot temperatures is much greater.

• #9 Heat Exposure and Reactions

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/heat-exposure-and-reactions/

  Heat waves. The first heat wave of the summer can cause heat problems. It takes 8 to 10 days for you to become used to high summer temperatures. This sudden change in temperature can also happen on vacations. […] Exposure to a very high temperature. Examples are being inside a hot car or in a steam tent. Being indoors without air-conditioning during heat waves is the main cause of heat stroke in the elderly. […] Health and risk factors. Babies are less able to sweat when hot. Obese children also have a decreased ability to give off heat.

• #10 Heat Stroke: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/heat-stroke?srsltid=AfmBOoqPwTC0xc_TgBRWfabX6yTzJbwvj6hMXcOdvz_ja7pPjbhnuZ6u

  Environmental temperatures that are greater than 100 F (38 C) increase risk. However, if someone is unaccustomed to labor or exercise in the heat, they can develop a heat-related illness at lower environmental temperatures. Other factors, such as humid air, inadequate fluid intake, heavy clothing and personal characteristics (e.g., the presence of certain medical conditions, taking certain medications and the persons age, especially older adults and young children and infants) can increase the risk for heat-related illness.

• #11 Heat exhaustion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is a heat-related illness characterized by the body’s inability to effectively cool itself, typically occurring in high ambient temperatures or during intense physical exertion. […] Climate change and increasing global temperatures have led to more frequent and intense heat waves, raising the incidence of heat exhaustion. Risk factors include hot and humid weather, prolonged heat exposure, intense physical exertion, limited access to water or cooling, and certain medications that can exacerbate fluid and serum electrolyte losses including diuretics, antihypertensives, anticholinergics, and antidepressants. […] Common causes of heat exhaustion and other heat-related illnesses include prolonged exposure to hot, sunny, or humid weather conditions, extended time spent in high-temperature environments without adequate cooling, engaging in strenuous activities through work, exercise, or sports, particularly in hot conditions, insufficient fluid intake leading to dehydration, overconsumption of fluids without adequate electrolyte replacement, wearing tight or non-breathable clothing that does not allow heat to escape, trapping heat close to the body, use of certain medications that impair thermoregulation, and sudden exposure to high temperatures without gradual acclimatization.

• #12 Heat exhaustion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exhaustion

  There is increasing evidence linking higher temperatures to a variety of diseases and disorders as well as elevated mortality and morbidity rates. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that temperatures will rise by up to 1.5 C in the future due to ongoing greenhouse gas emissions.

• #13 Heat exhaustion – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30459023/

  Heat exhaustion is part of a spectrum of heat-related illnesses that can affect all individuals, although children, older adults, and those with chronic disease are particularly vulnerable due to their impaired ability to dissipate heat. […] Exposure to a hot environment for a prolonged period and performing exercise or work in the heat can overwhelm the body’s ability to cool itself, causing heat exhaustion. […] Heat exhaustion can be worsened by dehydration due to inadequate access to water or insufficient fluid replacement. […] Heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion can be prevented by increasing public awareness of the risks associated with exposure to high temperatures and prolonged exercise.

• #14 Heat Illness Prevention | What Causes Heat Illness?

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/whatcauses.htm

  The more the body is covered with materials which limit cooling, the greater the potential risk for heat illness. […] In warm or hot conditions, drinking enough water (one quart per hour during the entire work shift) to stay healthy is vital for maintaining a normal body temperature. […] Dehydration increases a person’s susceptibility to heat illness and deteriorates their work performance. […] Lack of acclimatization – In general, individuals are more susceptible to heat illness until their bodies have had time to adjust. Adjusting to working in the heat is called acclimatization. […] In any large group of workers, remember that there are wide differences in the ability of individuals to adapt to the heat. These differences in individuals cannot be accurately predicted prior to exposure to warm or hot conditions.

• #15 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis

  Exertional heat illness (EHI) is among the leading causes of death in young athletes each year. A report by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that EHI occurs both during practice and competition and noted a disturbing trend of increasing incidence. […] The United States military reported that the crude incidence of heat stroke and heat exhaustion during the 2019 to 2023 surveillance period were 31.7 and 172.7 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively. While the rates of incident heat stroke declined during this period, the rates of incident heat exhaustion increased. […] According to several large reviews and reports, common risk factors for all types of EHI include the following: Strenuous exercise in high ambient temperature and humidity, Lack of acclimatization, Poor physical fitness, Obesity, Dehydration, Acute illness, External load, including clothing, equipment, and protective gear, High motivation to excel at demanding physical tasks.

• #16 Heat – Overview: Working in Outdoor and Indoor Heat Environments | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure

  Millions of U.S. workers are exposed to heat in their workplaces. Although illness from exposure to heat is preventable, every year, thousands become sick from occupational heat exposure, and some cases are fatal. Most outdoor fatalities, 50% to 70%, occur in the first few days of working in warm or hot environments because the body needs to build a tolerance to the heat gradually over time. The process of building tolerance is called heat acclimatization. Lack of acclimatization represents a major risk factor for fatal outcomes. […] Occupational risk factors for heat illness include heavy physical activity, warm or hot environmental conditions, lack of acclimatization, and wearing clothing that holds in body heat. […] Hazardous heat exposure can occur indoors or outdoors, and can occur during any season if the conditions are right, not only during heat waves.

• #17 Heat – Overview: Working in Outdoor and Indoor Heat Environments | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/heat-exposure

  Heat stroke is the most severe heat-related illness. Workers suffering from heat stroke experience mental dysfunction such as unconsciousness, confusion, disorientation, or slurred speech. […] During heat waves, workers may experience a combination of two kinds of heat-related illness. „Exertional heat illness” results primarily from exertion (metabolic heat generated by muscle activity in the body). On the other hand, „environmental heat illness,” is attributed primarily to ambient conditions, including heat and relative humidity, and is related to heat waves and death in the elderly, urban heat islands, and hot motor vehicles. […] Heat-related illness is preventable, especially with management commitment to providing the most effective controls. […] Workers who have not spent time recently in warm or hot environments and/or being physically active will need time to build tolerance (acclimatize or, less frequently used, acclimate) to the heat.

• #18 Heat Injury and Heat Exhaustion – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/heat-injury-and-heat-exhaustion/

  Heat-related illnesses are preventable. Prevention begins with understanding the causes of heat illness, and making sure to stay cool and hydrated during hot weather. […] When we exercise, our bodies cool off by sweating. As we perspire, we lose necessary body fluids. If we do not replace these fluids, we become dehydrated. This makes it difficult to sweat and cool down, which can result in a heat injury. […] Many factors can hinder heat release and perspiration. These include: Environment. Air temperature, combined with humidity, wind speed, and sun affect how well our bodies cool themselves. […] Dehydration. Even mild levels of dehydration (3 to 5% of body weight) can hurt athletic performance. If you have not had enough fluids, your body will not be able to effectively cool itself through sweat and evaporation.

• #19 Heat Exhaustion Symptoms & First Aid | St John Ambulance

  https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/effects-of-heat-and-cold/heat-exhaustion/

  Heat exhaustion is caused by a loss of salt and water from the body, usually through excessive sweating. […] Heat exhaustion isn’t always caused by weather and can be a consequence of the body producing more heat than it can lose during vigorous and/or endurance exercise. […] Some prescribed medication can make people more susceptible to heat illness (for example, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors like Sertraline and Tricyclic Antidepressants like Amitryptaline). Recreational drugs such as ecstasy can also affect a person’s ability to regulate their temperature.

• #20 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis

  Congenital disorders associated with increased risk include ectodermal dysplasia and anhidrosis, which impair the ability to sweat, thereby limiting thermotolerance. Other genetic disorders that may increase the risk for EHI include malignant hyperthermia and sickle cell trait (SCT). […] Drugs and dietary supplements may increase the risk for EHI through a number of mechanisms, including impaired sweating, cardiovascular disturbances, increased heat production, disturbances in water and electrolyte balance, and decreased perception of fatigue, which might hinder the voluntary termination of exercise. […] Heat exhaustion is characterized by the inability to maintain adequate cardiac output due to strenuous physical exercise and environmental heat stress. Acute dehydration may be present, but is not required for the diagnosis.

• #21 Heat Injury and Heat Exhaustion – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/heat-injury-and-heat-exhaustion/

  You are at risk for this type of heat exhaustion when you do not sufficiently replace normal body salts and minerals. This can sometimes happen during prolonged exercise if water alone is used to replenish fluids. Body minerals, such as those found in sports drinks, must also be replaced. […] Heat exhaustion is brought on by heavy sweating and results in extreme weight loss. As heat exhaustion sets in, perspiration decreases, and skin and body temperatures rise. Core body temperature typically rises to 104 F. […] Common signs of heat exhaustion due to salt depletion are nausea and vomiting, frequent muscle cramps, and dizziness. Core body temperature is typically up to 104 F. […] Heat stroke is medically defined as core body temperature greater than 104 F. Organ system failure can result from this high of a body temperature.

• #22

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/sports-health/conditions/heat-exhaustion

  Not consuming enough fluids (dehydration) is the primary cause of heat exhaustion. […] Another factor is the environment. When you exercise in hot, humid conditions or under direct sun exposure, it makes it more difficult for your body to cool itself. Your level of exertion also makes a difference. […] To prevent heat exhaustion, stay hydrated and adjust your activity level when you’re in hot or humid conditions.

• #23 Heat-related health problems | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/heat-stress-and-heat-related-illness

  Heat can cause serious and potentially fatal health problems such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, trigger sudden events like heart attack or stroke, or worsen existing medical conditions like kidney or lung disease. […] Heat-related health problems occur when our bodies cant cool down well enough to maintain a healthy temperature, or become dehydrated through sweating. […] Heat-related health problems happen when these protective changes in the body, combined with the actions people take are not enough to avoid overheating or dehydration, and organ systems begin to malfunction. […] A major rise in body temperature, due to a build-up of heat, leads to conditions such as heat exhaustion, and eventually heat stroke, which is a medical emergency. […] An increase in sweating can lead to dehydration if fluid loss is not replaced by drinking enough. Dehydration can cause weakness and fainting, lead to kidney problems and worsen other medical conditions.

• #24 Heat exhaustion: Symptoms, treatment, risks, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319570

  Heat exhaustion occurs when the body becomes dehydrated and is unable to regulate its internal body temperature. […] Heat exhaustion is a type of heat-related illness. It occurs when the body overheats, typically due to high temperatures or intense physical exertion. […] Heat exhaustion often occurs due to a combination of physical exertion and warm weather, which results in excessive sweating. […] Additionally, other factors that may increase the risk of heat-related illnesses include older age, being less-abled, living with certain medical conditions, or taking certain medications, being pregnant, being an infant or child, performing outdoor, manual work, living in sub-par housing conditions, or lacking access to cooling, those experiencing homelessness, athletes and attendees of outdoor events, being in poor physical shape, using alcohol before exercising, having a chronic illness, being unfamiliar with hotter climates.

• #25 Heat exhaustion and heatstroke

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heat-exhaustion-heatstroke/

  Heat exhaustion does not usually need emergency medical help if you can cool down within 30 minutes. If it turns into heatstroke, it needs to be treated as an emergency. […] There’s a high risk of heat exhaustion or heatstroke during hot weather or exercise. […] Children, older people and people with long-term health conditions (such as diabetes or heart problems) are more at risk of heat exhaustion or heatstroke.

• #26 Heat Exhaustion – Causes | Signs | Symptoms | Risk Factors | Manage | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/diseases-and-disorders-common-medical-conditions/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of heat. […] Heat exhaustion is a moderate form of other heat-related illnesses. This condition occurs when the body is exposed to too much heat. […] Heat exhaustion is a not-so-rare yet preventable condition of the body that occurs when a person is exposed to high heat levels. This condition occurs especially when high humidity meets high levels of heat, accompanied by high-intensity physical activities. […] Heat exhaustion is more common than one might think. It happens when people overexert themselves in high-intensity sports or workouts at high temperatures and humidity. In addition, heat exhaustion occurs when the body finds it hard to cool itself down. […] Following are some of the risk factors for heat exhaustion: Age: Kids below four and older adults above 65 struggle to cope with high heat and humidity. Therefore, they are at a higher risk of suffering from heat exhaustion.

• #27

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health

  Heat is an important environmental and occupational health hazard. […] Heat stress is the leading cause of weather-related deaths and can exacerbate underlying illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, asthma, and can increase the risk of accidents and transmission of some infectious diseases. […] Vulnerability to heat is shaped by both physiological factors, such as age and health status, and exposure factors such as occupation and socio-economic conditions. […] The bodys inability to regulate internal temperature and eliminate heat gain in such conditions increases the risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] The strain put on the body as it tries to cool itself also stresses the heart and kidneys. […] As a result, heat extremes can worsen health risks from chronic conditions (cardiovascular, mental, respiratory and diabetes related conditions) and cause acute kidney injury. […] Individual vulnerability to heat for physiological or clinical factors in adults is well described. […] Heat can affect health through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms. […] There is limited research on the impact of chronic (sustained) exposure to high temperatures and humidity.

• #28 Heat Stroke (Hyperthermia) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/heat-stroke-hyperthermia-a-to-z

  The first symptoms of heat illness occur as the body temperature climbs above normal, and can include headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps and fatigue. These early symptoms sometimes are called heat exhaustion. If steps are not taken to reduce body temperature, heat exhaustion can worsen and become heat stroke. […] There are two main causes of heat stroke: […] Exertional heat stroke occurs when someone is vigorously active in a hot environment, such as playing sports on a hot summer day or participating in military training activities. […] Non-exertional heat stroke tends to occur in people who have a diminished ability to regulate body temperature, such as older people, very young children or people with chronic illnesses. […] Factors that can contribute to heat stroke include dehydration from not drinking enough water, wearing bulky or heavy clothing, being overweight, sleep deprivation, being unaccustomed to the heat, some medications, being confined to a poorly ventilated or non-air-conditioned living space, having had heat stroke in the past, and use of illicit drugs.

• #29 Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention Tips

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/heatstroke-vs-heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is a mild form of heat-related illness that typically occurs due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures combined with inadequate fluid intake. […] Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing heat-related illnesses like heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Understanding these risk factors can help in preventing these conditions and ensuring timely intervention. […] High temperatures and humidity: Prolonged exposure to hot and humid weather increases the risk. […] Dehydration: Inadequate fluid intake makes it difficult for the body to regulate temperature. […] Chronic illnesses: Conditions such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, and obesity increase the risk. […] Previous heat-related illness: Having had heat exhaustion or heat stroke before can increase susceptibility. […] By being aware of these risk factors, individuals can take preventative measures to reduce their likelihood of developing heat exhaustion or heatstroke, especially during periods of extreme heat.

• #30 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239

  Obesity is associated with decreased cardiovascular fitness and impaired microvascular function at the skin, potentially leading to impaired thermoregulatory responses. […] Although EHS is more prevalent in young cohorts, ageing can be considered a risk factor because it is known to hinder several thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses. […] When an organism has an immunological challenge, the innate and adaptive immune systems are activated. […] Increased adiposity is well known to cause chronic inflammation and metabolic disease, which are thought to be predisposing EHS risk factors.

• #30 Exertional heat stroke: pathophysiology and risk factors | BMJ Medicine

  https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000239

  Exertional heat stroke, the third leading cause of mortality in athletes during physical activity, is the most severe manifestation of exertional heat illnesses. […] The pathophysiology of exertional heat stroke involves thermoregulatory and cardiovascular overload, resulting in severe hyperthermia and subsequent multiorgan injury due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and coagulopathy. […] Research about risk factors for exertional heat stroke remains limited, but dehydration, sex differences, ageing, body composition, and previous illness are thought to increase risk. […] Understanding the pathophysiology and the risk factors that lead to EHS is important for the correct diagnosis and the choice of mitigation strategies. […] No direct evidence indicates that dehydration has a causative role in EHS. But to hypothesise that it will be a risk factor is logical, given the known impact of dehydration on human physiology.

• #31 Heat Stroke Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-clinical

  Clinically, 2 forms of heat stroke are differentiated: classic, or nonexertional, heat stroke (NEHS) and exertional heat stroke (EHS). NEHS occurs because of failure of the body’s heat dissipating mechanisms. […] EHS results from increased heat production, which overwhelms the body’s ability to dissipate heat. […] Risk factors that increase the likelihood of heat-related illnesses include a preceding viral infection, dehydration, fatigue, obesity, lack of sleep, poor physical fitness, and lack of acclimatization. Although lack of acclimatization is a risk factor for heat stroke, EHS also can occur in acclimatized individuals who are subjected to moderately intense exercise. […] Classic heat stroke most commonly occurs during episodes of prolonged elevations in ambient temperatures. It affects people who are unable to control their environment and water intake (eg, infants, elderly persons, individuals who are chronically ill), people with reduced cardiovascular reserve (eg, elderly persons, patients with chronic cardiovascular illnesses), and people with impaired sweating (eg, from skin disease or ingestion of anticholinergic or psychiatric drugs).

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-heat-stroke.aspx

  Heat stroke and other heat related conditions occur when the body is exposed to high levels of heat and is unable to cool itself. […] A severe lack of sweating may be caused by dehydration and lack of body water. This may lead to increased core body temperature as the body fails to cool itself by its own. […] Thus not only the environmental temperature but other factors like humid weather and physical exertion may also lead to heat strokes. […] In the elderly and those with long term health conditions the thermoregulation of the brain is not adequate. This puts these individuals at a higher risk of getting heat exhaustion and heatstroke. […] High risk groups include those with Alzheimers disease, disabled and bed ridden patients, babies and infants, those who have taken too much alcohol – since alcohol causes dehydration, those with anorexia, those with cystic fibrosis, those with epilepsy, those with diabetes insipidus, those with gastroenteritis and diarrhea, those with Parkinsons disease, those with thyroid overactivity and thyrotoxicosis, those with low potassium levels in blood etc., people who are obese, those who are unused to exertion when they undergo an unusual session of physical activity, those wearing tight fitting, non-cotton and inappropriate clothing, sleep deprived, those with a sweat gland dysfunction. […] In addition, certain drugs also raise the risk of heat related health conditions.

• #33 Heat emergencies: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000056.htm

  Heat emergencies or illnesses are caused by exposure to extreme heat or sun. Heat injuries can occur due to high temperatures and humidity. You are more likely to feel the effects of heat sooner if: […] The following make it harder for the body to regulate its temperature, and make a heat emergency more likely: Drinking alcohol before or during exposure to heat or high humidity […] Heart disease […] Certain medicines: Examples are beta-blockers, water pills or diuretics, some medicines used to treat depression, psychosis, or ADHD […] Sweat gland problems

• #34 Heat Exhaustion – Causes | Signs | Symptoms | Risk Factors | Manage | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/diseases-and-disorders-common-medical-conditions/heat-exhaustion

  Excessive Alcohol Intake: Excess intake of alcohol generally leads to dehydration. It also makes it hard for the body to regulate temperatures, which, as a result, might lead to heat exhaustion. […] Over-Exertion: People who overexert themselves with high-intensity sports or workouts during a hot day are at a higher risk of developing heat exhaustion. […] Medications: Certain medications, such as antihypertensives (beta-blockers), diuretics (medications prescribed to help heart failure, which reduce the amount of fluid in the body, which might lead to dehydration), and chemotherapy drugs (drugs that treat cancer), can cause heat exhaustion. […] Obesity: People who are obese (overweight) are at a higher risk of developing heat exhaustion, especially when exposed to high temperatures.

• #35 Heatstroke (sunstroke): Signs, Symptoms, First Aid, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/heat-stroke-symptoms-and-treatment

  Heat exhaustion is a milder condition, with symptoms such as sweating a lot, dizziness, headache, nausea, and weakness. […] However, without proper treatment, it can lead to heatstroke. […] This type of heatstroke is caused by doing intense physical activity in hot weather. […] Heatstroke is most likely to affect older people who live in apartments or homes that don’t have air conditioning or good airflow. […] Other high-risk groups include people of any age who don’t drink enough water, have chronic diseases, or drink too much alcohol. […] Heatstroke is strongly related to the heat index, which is a measurement of how hot you feel when relative humidity and air temperature are combined. […] Other risk factors associated with heat-related illness include health conditions such as heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn, and any conditions that cause fever. […] Medications such as antihistamines, diet pills, diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, seizure medications, heart and blood pressure medications, and illegal drugs are also associated with an increased risk of heatstroke.

• #36 Heat Cramps, Exhaustion, Stroke

  https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat-illness

  Heat cramps may be the first sign of heat-related illness, and may lead to heat exhaustion or stroke. […] Heavy sweating; weakness or tiredness; cool, pale, clammy skin; fast, weak pulse; muscle cramps; dizziness, nausea or vomiting; headache; fainting. […] Seek immediate medical attention if the person vomits, symptoms worsen or last longer than 1 hour.

• #37 Hyperthermia (Heat-Related Illnesses) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22111-hyperthermia

  Heat-related illnesses happen when your body’s usual mechanisms for managing heat get overwhelmed. This can occur due to hot and humid weather, metabolic heat (heat your body makes) or both. As a result, your body can’t get rid of heat efficiently enough to keep your temperature at a normal level. Sometimes, your temperature stays normal but you develop other, uncomfortable symptoms like a rash or muscle cramping. […] Heat exhaustion is a moderate form of heat illness that can quickly turn into heat stroke without treatment. It happens when you lose too much water and/or salt, typically when exerting yourself in the heat. Your internal body temperature is elevated but below 104 degrees F (40 degrees C). Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, vomiting and headache. […] Not all heat-related illnesses cause a spike in your body temperature, or hyperthermia. But the most serious forms heat exhaustion and heat stroke typically do. That’s why people often use the terms hyperthermia and heat-related illness interchangeably.

• #38 Exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults: Epidemiology, thermoregulation, risk factors, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/exertional-heat-illness-in-adolescents-and-adults-epidemiology-thermoregulation-risk-factors-and-diagnosis

  Heat injury is defined as an EHI with evidence of both hyperthermia and end organ damage, but without any significant neurologic manifestations. […] The two main criteria for diagnosing exertional heat stroke (EHS) are a core temperature usually above 104.9°F (40.5°C), measured immediately following collapse during strenuous activity, and CNS dysfunction.

• #39 Heat-related illness signs, symptoms and treatment | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/healthy+living/protecting+your+health/environmental+health/healthy+in+the+heat/heat-related+illness+signs+symptoms+and+treatment

  Heat exhaustion is the bodys response to an excessive loss of water and/or salt contained in sweat. It results from exposure to high heat or strenuous physical exercise. […] The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include: headaches, having a raised body temperature, sweating heavily, fatigue, weakness, and restlessness, nausea and vomiting, weak, rapid pulse, poor coordination, anxiety.

• #40 Heat Exhaustion – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/heat-disorders/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion is excessive loss of salts (electrolytes) and fluids due to heat, leading to decreased blood volume that causes many symptoms, sometimes including fainting or collapse. […] Heat exhaustion is one of several types of heat disorder. […] Heat exhaustion is more severe than heat cramps. Fluids and salts are more depleted, and symptoms are more severe. Heat exhaustion may progress to heatstroke if people continue to be exposed to excessive heat. […] Heat exhaustion usually is diagnosed on the basis of the symptoms and occurrence after exposure to heat. […] Treatment of heat exhaustion involves rest (stopping activity), removing people from the hot environment, and replacing fluids and salts, either by mouth (with a sports drink or a solution of about 1 to 2 quarts of water containing 2 teaspoons of salt) or intravenously.

• #41 Heat exhaustion Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/heat-exhaustion

  Heat exhaustion occurs most often when you are exposed to high temperatures and become dehydrated, usually from not drinking enough fluids. It can also happen when you replace large volumes of sweat with fluids that do not contain enough salt. […] Heat stroke is classified as: […] Exertional heat stroke occurs despite normal functioning of the body’s heat regulation mechanisms. For example, exertional heat stroke may be experienced by young healthy people after strenuous physical work in warm and humid conditions. […] Non-exertional heat stroke occurs due to a failure of the body’s temperature regulation system. Non-exertional heat stroke is more likely to occur in older individuals who may have chronic health conditions.

• #42

• #43 Heat Illness Prevention | What is Heat Illness?

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/whatis.htm

  Heat exhaustion is the body’s response to an excessive loss of the water and the salt contained in sweat. […] The physiological strain on the body from heat illness may cause the person to become dehydrated, weak, tired, and confused. […] As dehydration gets worse the body can no longer keep its temperature within the normal range, sweating stops and severe heat illness occurs.

• #44 The long-term effects of heatstroke on the body News | University of Florida

  https://news.ufl.edu/2022/07/heatstrokes-long-term-damage-to-the-body/

  Heatstroke is a medical emergency. […] Heatstroke victims also have a greater frequency of developing chronic heart disease and kidney diseases later in life. […] In the animals I study, we see evidence of epigenetic changes that likely explain some of these long-term effects. […] We certainly see strong epigenetic signals in the hearts, immune cells and skeletal muscle of mice one month after heatstroke. […] We believe that many of these epigenetic changes are maladaptive and make the animals less able to withstand additional stresses in their environment or to fight off other chronic forms of disease.

• #45 Heatstroke – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heat-stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20353581

  Heatstroke can happen as a result of: […] In a type of heatstroke, called nonexertional (classic) heatstroke, being in a hot environment leads to a rise in core body temperature. This type of heatstroke typically happens after exposure to hot, humid weather, especially for a long period of time. It happens most often in older adults and in people with ongoing health conditions. […] Exertional heatstroke is caused by an increase in core body temperature brought on by intense physical activity in hot weather. Anyone exercising or working in hot weather can get exertional heatstroke, but it’s most likely to happen if you’re not used to high temperatures. […] In either type of heatstroke, your condition can be brought on by: […] Wearing heavy clothing that prevents sweat from evaporating easily and cooling the body. […] Drinking alcohol, which can affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature. […] Becoming dehydrated by not drinking enough water to replenish fluids lost through sweating.

• #46 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Heat stroke occurs because of high external temperatures and/or physical exertion. […] Heat stroke results in more than 600 deaths a year in the United States. […] Purely exercise-induced heat stroke, though a medical emergency, tends to be self-limiting (the patient stops exercising from cramp or exhaustion) and fewer than 5% of cases are fatal. Non-exertional heatstroke is a much greater danger: even the healthiest person, if left in a heatstroke-inducing environment without medical attention, will continue to deteriorate to the point of death, and 65% of the most severe cases are fatal even with treatment. […] Heat stroke occurs when thermoregulation is overwhelmed by a combination of excessive metabolic production of heat (exertion), excessive heat in the physical environment, and insufficient or impaired heat loss, resulting in an abnormally high body temperature.

• #47

  https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-62120167

  Heat exhaustion happens when your body becomes too hot and struggles to regulate its temperature. […] It can affect anyone, including fit and healthy people – especially if they are doing strenuous exercise in high temperatures or have been drinking alcohol in the sun all day. […] The body’s ability to regulate its temperature is not fully developed in the young and may be reduced by illness, medications or other factors in older adults. Being overweight or obese may also make it harder to cool down.

• #48 Heat stroke – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_stroke

  Substances that inhibit cooling and cause dehydration such as alcohol, stimulants, medications, and age-related physiological changes predispose to so-called „classic” or non-exertional heat stroke (NEHS), most often in elderly and infirm individuals in summer situations with insufficient ventilation. […] Young children have age specific physiologic differences that make them more susceptible to heat stroke including an increased surface area to mass ratio (leading to increased environmental heat absorption), an underdeveloped thermoregulatory system, a decreased sweating rate and a decreased blood volume to body size ratio (leading to decreased compensatory heat dissipation by redirecting blood to the skin). […] Exertional heat stroke (EHS) can happen in young people without health problems or medications most often in athletes, outdoor laborers, or military personnel engaged in strenuous hot-weather activity or in first responders wearing heavy personal protective equipment. […] In environments that are not only hot but also humid, it is important to recognize that humidity reduces the degree to which the body can cool itself by perspiration and evaporation.

• #49 Heat Stroke: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/166320-overview

  The etiology of heat stroke may involve any of the following: […] Increased metabolism can result from any of the following: […] Increased muscular activity may involve any of the following: […] Reduced sweating can result from any of the following: […] Reduced central nervous system (CNS) responses may result from the following: […] Reduced cardiovascular reserve may result from the following: […] Drugs that can result in decreased heat loss include the following: […] Exogenous factors that can decrease heat loss include the following: […] Persons at the extremes of age (ie, toddlers and young children, the elderly) may be less able to generate adequate physiologic responses to heat stress. […] Infants, patients who are bedridden, and patients who are chronically ill are at risk for heat stroke because they are unable to control their environment and water intake.

• #50 Signs of Heat Exhaustion & Heat Stroke in Kids – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/heat-stroke-symptoms-in-children

  Heat stroke is a severe type of heat illness that occurs when a child’s body creates more heat than it can release. This results in a rapid increase in core body temperature, leading to brain damage or death if not promptly treated. […] Athletes are at a higher risk for heat exhaustion if they are poorly acclimatized to heat or if they have sickle cell trait (SCT). […] Allowing a baby or child to stay outside too long in hot weather, ride in a hot car or sit in a parked car which should never occur can cause his or her body temperature to rise quickly. […] High temperatures can put children at risk for heat-related illness.

• #51 Heat Stroke: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/59236-heat-stroke-facts.html

  According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, heat cramps usually muscle cramps in the leg or abdomen are the first sign of heat stroke. […] It’s important to take preventive measures to avoid heat stroke. „Those most at risk for heat stroke are children, the elderly who may live alone, those with chronic medical issues, and those who participate in strenuous activity outdoors,” said Polan. […] Being informed about what medications and substances can contribute to heat stroke is also useful. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, these include: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Anticholinergics, Antihistamines, Benzodiazepines, Beta blockers, Calcium channel blockers, Cocaine, Diuretics, Laxatives, Neuroleptics, Phenothiazines, Thyroid agonists, Tricyclic antidepressants.

• #52 Heat Illness Prevention | What Causes Heat Illness?

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/etools/08-006/whatcauses.htm

  Even employees who were previously fully acclimatized may still be susceptible to heat illness and need further acclimatization when workplace conditions change. […] Certain „over-the-counter” medicines, prescription medicines, and other drugs may increase the risk for heat illness and other serious medical conditions.

• #53 Heat-related illnesses – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/heat-related-illnesses/

  Heat exhaustion, a moderate heat-related illness, is characterized by dehydration, normal or slightly elevated body temperature (typically 40C), and normal mental status. […] Underlying causes of hyperthermia include endogenous, environmental, and behavioral factors which can be present concurrently, increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses. […] Multiple concurrent risk factors for hyperthermia increase the likelihood of developing a heat-related illness. […] Increased heat production can be due to behavioral factors such as strenuous exercise and stimulant intoxication. […] Decreased heat dissipation can be caused by environmental factors like high ambient temperature and/or humidity, as well as conditions such as skin disease and burns. […] Limitations in adaptive behavior may include the inability to increase water intake or remove oneself from a hot environment. […] Heat exhaustion is typically caused by high ambient temperature. […] Exertional heatstroke is usually due to strenuous exertion combined with high ambient temperature. […] Nonexertional heatstroke is usually caused by high ambient temperature.

• #54 Causes and Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion – Riverview Health

  https://eruc.riverview.org/2021/08/27/causes-and-symptoms-of-heat-exhaustion/

  Heat exhaustion is an illness that typically occurs whenever one is exposed to high heat, such as the sun, for an extended period. […] The body’s failure to get rid of extra heat leads to a rise in its internal temperature, which is how heat exhaustion develops. […] Dehydration can also contribute to heat exhaustion, so it’s essential to stay hydrated whenever you know you’re going to be exposed to high temperatures for an extended period. A lack of water dramatically increases the risk of heat exhaustion and sunstroke. […] Heat exhaustion may not occur in one day. Sometimes, it takes a couple of days of exposure to high temperatures to affect your body.

• #55 Heat-related Illnesses | Heat | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/heat-stress/about/illnesses.html

  Heat exhaustion is the body’s response to an excessive loss of water and salt, usually through excessive sweating. […] Symptoms of heat exhaustion include: Headache, Nausea, Dizziness, Weakness, Irritability, Thirst, Heavy sweating, Elevated body temperature, Decreased urine output

• #56 Heat Exhaustion Symptoms: Causes & Treatment Explained

  https://cpraedcourse.com/blog/heat-exhaustion-symptoms/

  Heat exhaustion results from an overheated body unable to cool itself effectively. […] Several factors raise your chance of heat exhaustion: Age, Certain age groups, like young children and older adults, are at higher risk for heat exhaustion. […] Pre-existing health conditions, such as obesity and heart disease, can hinder the body’s ability to cool down. […] Outdoor workers and athletes face increased exposure to heat, raising their risk of heat exhaustion. […] Environmental factors, like high humidity and urban heat islands, can exacerbate the risk of heat exhaustion. […] Heat exhaustion is caused by a complex interaction of environmental, physiological, and personal elements. […] Heat exhaustion develops greatly from the external circumstances around a person. […] The main reason for heat exhaustion is extended hot weather.

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