Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Eye Injury: Types, Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/eye-injury

  Eye injuries include bruises, punctures, burns and scratches. […] An eye injury can damage your eye, causing eye pain and vision loss, which may be temporary or permanent. […] Contact an eye care specialist right away if you have an eye injury. While some eye injuries can heal at home, others need urgent treatment. […] Common types of eye injuries include: […] A penetrating injury is when a sharp object punctures your eye, or when a high-speed projectile goes into your eye. […] Open globe injuries penetrate the wall of your eye, the white part (sclera) or the clear part (cornea). […] If blunt or sharp eye trauma injures these inner parts, its more likely to cause long-term damage and vision loss. […] It can be hard to tell how serious your eye injury is based on how it looks or feels.

• #2 Eye Injury: Types, Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/eye-injury

  When in doubt, its best to have a healthcare provider look at it. […] You can also look out for these warning signs and symptoms: […] If you have significant eye pain that doesnt go away, it might be more serious. […] Notice if it has a stinging or burning quality, or if it hurts more in the light. […] Swelling is another sign that tissues have been damaged and they’ve begun the process of repair. […] If an injury affects your vision for more than a few minutes, take notice. […] If your eyeball is obviously wounded, or if any part of your eye or eye socket seems out of place or out of shape, dont hesitate to seek care. […] Your provider will begin by asking about your symptoms and what happened when your eye was injured. […] Theyll look for signs of eye trauma and then assess your vision.

• #2 Eye trauma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/961

  Eye injuries may be due to mechanical trauma (blunt or penetrating), chemical agents, thermal burns, or exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation. […] Seeking prompt medical attention after an eye injury is critical to prevent irreversible sequelae. […] Practitioners should recognize ophthalmic emergencies that require immediate ophthalmology referral. […] Key diagnostic factors include hyphema, ecchymosis, severe eye pain, blurred vision, corneal abrasions, corneal edema, subconjunctival hemorrhages, corneal and conjunctival lacerations, punctate epithelial erosions, and loss of sight. […] 1st tests to order include CT scan of orbit, CT scan of head, and MRI scan of head. […] Tests to consider include plain x-ray, B-scan ultrasonography, ultrasound biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, urine drug screen, and sickle cell trait screen.

• #3

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/injuries

  You can’t always tell when an eye is injured. Some injuries are only obvious when they get really serious. […] Eye injuries can cause vision loss or blindness. That’s why having an ophthalmologist or other medical doctor examine the eye as soon as possible is important, even if the injury seems minor at first. […] If you notice any of these signs in yourself or someone else, get medical help right away. These are signs of possibly serious eye injury: ongoing pain in the eye, trouble seeing, cut or torn eyelid, one eye does not move as well as the other, one eye sticks out of the eye socket farther than the other, the eye has an unusual pupil size or shape, there is blood in the clear part of the eye, the person has something in the eye or under the eyelid that tears and blinking can’t remove. […] Injuries other than grit in the eye or small scratches to the eye should be considered potentially serious. […] See a doctor as soon as possible. […] If you can’t get to an ophthalmologist right away, go to the emergency room.

• #3 Eye Injury: Types, Causes, Prevention & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/eye-injury

  Your provider might: […] Order imaging studies like X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans or MRIs of your eye and the area around it. […] For chemical injuries, flush immediately with water for 15 minutes, then seek emergency care. […] For all other injuries, consult a specialist before you try to treat them at home. […] The most important thing you can do to protect yourself from an eye injury is to wear the right protective eyewear for your activity. […] Early evaluation by an eye doctor and treatment can significantly improve the prognosis and help avoid permanent vision loss. […] Call your provider right away if you or your child has signs of an eye injury. […] If chemicals or other irritants are in the eye, flush the eye with clean water and call your provider. […] If the injury is severe, call 911 or go to the emergency room immediately. […] Significant eye and vision loss associated with eye injuries can result in permanent vision loss if untreated.

• #4 Eye injuries: Understanding ocular trauma

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/july/eye-injuries

  Prevention of permanent vision loss from eye injuries requires accurate initial assessment and early diagnosis, including good primary ocular first aid and prompt referral of serious eye injuries to an emergency department with access to an ophthalmology service. […] The modified Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) classification should be used to ensure language is consistent when describing mechanical eye and periocular injuries across general practice, emergency departments and ophthalmology services. […] The presence of white infiltrate or anterior chamber reaction should be noted, as this may indicate secondary bacterial infection. […] After removal, concentrated fluorescein should be applied to the wound to ensure a negative Seidel test if the foreign body was removed from deep corneal stroma.

• #5 Eye Trauma | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/eye-injuries

  Eye injuries are a common cause of emergency department attendances. Eye trauma should always be fully assessed, as penetrating eye injuries are otherwise easily missed but can rapidly lead to sight-threatening infections. […] The aim of assessment is to: Understand the mechanism and nature of the injury. Identify associated injuries. Identify factors that could worsen outcome. Decide whether referral is necessary and, if so, immediately or later. […] A detailed, accurate history is important: how the injury was sustained is crucial, as any history of high-velocity injury raises the possibility of penetrating injury. […] The examination will be dictated by the patient’s ability to co-operate (level of consciousness, pain, intoxication, age) and, to a certain extent, your confidence. Your examination must be complete – assume the worst until you have ruled it out.

• #6 Blunt Eye Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470379/

  High suspicion for globe injury exists in any patient reporting direct eye trauma, continuing eye pain, and vision deficit. […] The mechanism of the injury should be elicited and the time it occurred. […] The clinical presentation of retrobulbar hematoma is classical with proptosis and severe eye pain. […] Both are vision-threatening diagnoses and require emergency ophthalmologic consultation for definitive measures. […] Visual acuity should be evaluated in each eye separately, if possible, taking care not to manipulate any possible intrinsic globe injury. […] Intraocular pressure assessment by noncontact tonometry or applanation tonometry is essential in cases of blunt trauma, as secondary glaucoma can result in acute vision loss. […] Gonioscopy is helpful to rule out a foreign body, blood in Schlemm’s canal, blood in angles, pigment dispersion, and angle recession.

• #6 Blunt Eye Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470379/

  Blunt eye trauma can lead to various intrinsic eye injuries. Globe rupture and retrobulbar hematoma are two emergent entities that are of importance. Common symptoms of globe rupture include eye deformity, eye pain, and vision loss, though depending on the clinical suggestion, the deformity may not be readily apparent on the exam. […] The diagnosis is clinical, and rarely laboratory and imaging are warranted. Laboratory investigations are needed in critical patients and patients requiring surgical intervention. […] Imaging modalities like X-rays, CT, and MRI is usually required post-operatively. In the case of an impacted foreign body, pre-operatively imaging is required to assess the extent and depth of IOFB. […] The final visual outcome is governed by mode of trauma, time of presentation, the extent of ocular damage, time of surgical intervention, and post-operative care of the patient.

• #7 Ocular Penetrating and Perforating Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Ocular_Penetrating_and_Perforating_Injuries

  Ocular penetrating and perforating injuries (commonly referred to as open globe injuries) can result in severe vision loss or loss of the eye. […] It is important to obtain a thorough history from the patient to help identify the timing of the injury and mechanism. […] Patients with penetrating or perforating injuries usually complain of pain, vision loss, or double vision. […] Subconjunctival hemorrhage, shallow or flat anterior chamber, hyper-deep anterior chamber, peaked pupil, corneal or scleral discontinuity, hyphema, iris deformities, uveal prolapse, lens disruption, or posterior segment findings such as vitreous hemorrhage, retinal tears, or retinal hemorrhage are concerning when seen in a patient with suspected trauma. […] Ophthalmic examination after severe trauma can be difficult.

• #8 Traumatic Ocular Injuries – Core EM

  https://coreem.net/core/traumatic-ocular-injuries/

  An injury to the eye occurring as a result of direct trauma. It may cause visual changes, eye pain/discomfort, and changes to the appearance of the eye. […] If the patient describes trauma that occurred to the eye, ask about the mechanism of the injury. This will help differentiate possible pathologies. A patient will also describe their eye complaints in a way that will help lead you to a diagnosis, such as having a foreign body sensation or seeing flashing lights. […] Visual acuity, confrontational visual fields, extraocular movements, pupillary reactions, check for afferent pupillary defect, slit lamp exam identifying structures of eye, +/- ocular ultrasound (if globe rupture suspected, however, any increased pressure can worsen injury). […] Suspect globe rupture based on mechanism (blunt trauma, projectile injury, laceration of eyelid/periorbital area, metal on metal, high-speed machinery, explosions).

• #9 Prevention and Treatment of Common Eye Injuries in Sports | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0401/p1481.html

  Sports-related eye injuries should be evaluated on site with an adequate examination of the eye and adnexa. […] A complete eye examination should be part of any sports physical. […] Athletes with any of these conditions may be at increased risk for serious eye injury. […] The most common mechanisms of eye trauma involve blunt, penetrating, and radiation injuries. […] Sports-related ocular injuries can be evaluated on site with the appropriate medical supplies. […] Best-corrected visual acuity is checked using an eye chart. […] Signs and symptoms that warrant immediate referral are outlined in Table 2. […] If globe rupture is suspected, no further manipulation of the eye should take place. […] A protective device should dissipate a potentially harmful force over a larger area. […] Eye protection has reduced the number and severity of eye injuries. […] An athlete is considered monocular when the best corrected visual acuity in the weaker eye is less than 20/40. […] Several guidelines for returning to play after an injury should be followed.

• #10 Eye Trauma | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/eye-injuries

  If you suspect or find signs of an open globe (penetrating) injury, stop the examination and follow process in 'Open globe (penetrating) eye injuries’ section, below. […] Most urgent eye injuries (which may rapidly lead to permanent impairment of sight) include chemical burns, retrobulbar haemorrhage, and open globe injuries including IOFBs. […] An accurate history is important; the mechanism of injury and composition of the object will dictate the degree of damage. A penetrating injury may not be visible and is sometimes suspected on history alone. […] If a penetrating FB is lodged in the eye, do NOT attempt to remove it yourself – this could cause prolapse of eye contents. […] IOFBs result from sharp or high-velocity injures. Symptoms typically include decreased or double vision. However, in some cases patients may have no symptoms and the FB may remain undetected for years.

• #11 Traumatic Ocular Injuries – Core EM

  https://coreem.net/core/traumatic-ocular-injuries/

  Physical Exam: Protruding foreign body in eye, eccentric/teardrop pupil, decreased visual acuity, afferent pupillary defect, extrusion of vitreous, external prolapse of the iris or ciliary body. […] Seidel test apply fluorescein dye to eye, which binds damaged corneal epithelium and turns green under light through a cobalt-blue filter or Wood lamp, and check for streaming of fluorescein-tinged aqueous humor; this indicates corneal laceration. […] Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye occurring usually as a result of a ruptured iris root vessel, if secondary to trauma. […] Gross inspection of blood in anterior chamber, slit lamp exam check anterior chamber for blood. […] Consult ophthalmology for surgical repair. […] Have a low threshold for suspecting globe injury especially if the mechanism is concerning. […] Consult ophthalmology emergently for any traumatic eye injury.

• #12 Diagnosis, Treatment of Ocular Injuries: Ocular Burn, Corneal Abrasion, Retrobulbar Hemorrhage, Open Globe Injury, Hyphema, Detached Retina (Trauma CME) | EB Medicine

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/heent/ocular-injuries

  If the patient is not stable enough to leave the ED, bedside ultrasonography is a good way to evaluate for vision-threatening injuries. […] The Seidel test can be negative if the area of globe rupture or laceration is small and has sealed off. […] A high index of suspicion must be maintained, primarily based on the mechanism of injury. […] Ultrasound and CT can aid in the diagnosis of a globe rupture.

• #12 Diagnosis, Treatment of Ocular Injuries: Ocular Burn, Corneal Abrasion, Retrobulbar Hemorrhage, Open Globe Injury, Hyphema, Detached Retina (Trauma CME) | EB Medicine

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/heent/ocular-injuries

  Systematic evaluation and management of ocular trauma patients will ensure these patients have the best chance for a favorable final visual outcome. […] Eye injuries are the leading cause of monocular blindness in the United States. […] They are the most common cause of noncongenital unilateral blindness in the pediatric population. […] The polytrauma patient poses a particular clinical challenge because a proper eye examination may be difficult or impossible. […] The fact that a patient may have life-threatening injuries or a swollen face that precludes direct examination of the globe does not absolve the emergency clinician of the responsibility to evaluate for and treat vision-threatening injuries. […] CT of the orbit can be very helpful, particularly if the patient is already to receive a CT of the head.

• #13 Eye trauma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/961

  1st investigations to order include CT scan of orbit, CT scan of head, and MRI scan of head. […] Investigations to consider include plain x-ray, B-scan ultrasonography, ultrasound biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, urine drug screen, and sickle cell trait screen.

• #13 Eye trauma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/961

  Eye trauma is an important cause of monocular visual impairment and blindness that most commonly affects working age males. […] Worldwide, an estimated 55 million people experience an eye injury each year, with 1.6 million developing blindness, 2.3 million developing bilateral low vision, and almost 19 million developing unilateral blindness or low vision. […] Seeking prompt medical attention after an eye injury is critical to prevent irreversible sequelae. […] Practitioners should recognise ophthalmic emergencies that require immediate ophthalmology referral. […] Key diagnostic factors include hyphaema, ecchymosis, severe eye pain, blurred vision, corneal abrasions, corneal oedema, sub-conjunctival haemorrhages, corneal and conjunctival lacerations, punctate epithelial erosions, and loss of sight.

• #14 Blunt Eye Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470379/

  A plain X-ray of the skull and orbit is helpful to locate any intraocular foreign body. […] Computed tomography (C.T.) imaging can rule out additional maxillofacial injuries while confirming the diagnosis. […] In cases of doubtful visual acuity, electroretinogram (ERG), electrooculography (EOG), visual evoked potential (VEP) are helpful to assess the integrity of the optic nerve and retina. […] For globe rupture, emergency department treatment includes supportive measures to prevent worsening of the injury or extrusion of intraocular contents. […] In the setting of globe injury or retrobulbar hematoma, emergent consultation with ophthalmology is warranted. […] The prognosis of blunt eye trauma depends heavily on the sequela of the trauma. […] Visual acuity is worse after blunt ocular trauma if there is a hyphema, retinal detachment, and/or vitreous hemorrhage. […] The extent of the initial injury and the injury mechanism often predict whether poor outcomes might be expected.

• #15 Tests for Eye Disorders – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/diagnosis-of-eye-disorders/tests-for-eye-disorders

  Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to provide detailed information about the structures inside the eye and the bony structure that surrounds the eye (the orbit). These techniques are used to evaluate eye injuries such as a suspected foreign object in the eye, tumors of the orbit and optic nerve, and optic neuritis.

• #15 Tests for Eye Disorders – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/eye-disorders/diagnosis-of-eye-disorders/tests-for-eye-disorders

  A variety of tests can be done to confirm an eye problem or to determine the extent or severity of an eye disorder. Each eye is tested separately. […] Fluorescein angiography is particularly useful in the diagnosis of macular degeneration, blocked retinal blood vessels, and diabetic retinopathy. […] Electroretinography is particularly useful for evaluating diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa, in which the photoreceptors are affected. […] Ultrasound is useful when an ophthalmoscope or slit lamp cannot view the retina because the inside of the eye is cloudy or something is blocking the line of sight. Ultrasound can be used to determine the nature of abnormal structures, such as a tumor or retinal detachment. […] Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution images of structures at the back of the eye, such as the optic nerve, retina, choroid, and vitreous humor.

• #16 Diagnosis of Traumatic Eye Injuries With Point-of-Care Ocular Ultrasonography in the Emergency Department – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30905470/

  Study objective: Traumatic eye injuries are common emergency department presentations worldwide, and diagnosis may be delayed because of concurrent injuries and lack of guidelines in regard to the utility of clinical examination, computed tomography (CT), and point-of-care ultrasonography. In this study, we compare point-of-care ultrasonography with ophthalmologist clinical examination and CT for 6 types of traumatic eye injury. […] In all measures of accuracy, diagnosis by point-of-care ultrasonography compared favorably with CT and a complete bedside ocular examination by an ophthalmologist in the 6 ocular injury patterns included in this study. […] Point-of-care ultrasonography demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of traumatic eye injury, and represents a valuable diagnostic tool in addition to orbital CT and complete beside ocular examination by an ophthalmologist in the diagnosis of traumatic eye injury.

• #17 Point-of-Care Emergency Department Ultrasound for Traumatic Eye Injurieslogo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/na48807/2019/04/02/point-care-emergency-department-ultrasound-traumatic-eye

  Extensively trained emergency physicians accurately diagnosed traumatic eye findings using point-of-care ultrasound. […] POCUS has not been well studied for a wide array of other traumatic ocular injuries. […] POCUS was compared to CT, ophthalmologic evaluation, or both for six types of ocular injuries: lens dislocation, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, foreign body, retrobulbar hematoma, and globe rupture. […] POCUS was 88.9% sensitive and 100% specific for retinal detachment. For all other injuries, POCUS was 95.7% to 100% sensitive and 98.7% to 99.8% specific. […] I would not rely on ED POCUS to rule out significant injuries in patients with ocular trauma.

• #18 Choroidal abnormalities and masquerade syndromes confounding the diagnosis of laser-induced eye injuries

  https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/5688/0000/Choroidal-abnormalities-and-masquerade-syndromes-confounding-the-diagnosis-of-laser/10.1117/12.598548.full

  The diagnosis of a laser-induced eye injury occurring in occupational or military environments is often complicated by confounding symptoms, the possibility of pre-existing pathology, and/or a lack of visual deficits that can be clearly associated with a specific incident. […] Two recent cases are described that illustrate the importance of a thorough differential diagnosis when coexisting retinal pathologies are present with potentially different (e.g. laser or disease) etiologies. […] Indocyanine green angiography (ICG) and ocular coherence tomography (OCT) used in combination with standard ophthalmic imaging can provide helpful insights as to the etiology of these lesions. […] Further evaluation with OCT and conventional fluorescein angiography (FA) is helpful to look for the classic signature of retinal disruption and retinal pigment layer changes that are often present in association with laser injury. […] Furthermore, a careful situational assessment of a potential laser exposure is important to confirm the diagnosis of laser-induced eye injury.

• #19 Eye injuries: Understanding ocular trauma

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/july/eye-injuries

  It is essential to elicit the type of substance and its contact time with the eye. […] Examination should be deferred until completion of copious irrigation with normal saline or sterile water after instillation of topical anaesthetic if readily accessible. […] The examiner should then test for a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) to determine optic nerve function, as evidence of an optic neuropathy calls for expedited neuroimaging to exclude a compressive or crush injury to the optic nerve. […] Patients with an RAPD, reduced vision, proptosis or severe entrapment syndrome should be referred urgently to an ophthalmology or maxillofacial service for further assessment and surgery. […] Any patient with limbal ischaemia or corneal opacities should be urgently referred for tertiary ophthalmic management following appropriate irrigation.

• #20 Eye injuries – chemical burns | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eye-injuries-chemical-burns

  A chemical burn occurs when a liquid or powder chemical contacts the eye. […] In many cases, prompt and thorough rinsing of the eye (with saline or fresh water) dramatically reduces the risk of injury and long-term damage. […] Diagnosis of chemical burns to the eye may include: irrigation the doctor or ophthalmologist will first flush your eyes, even if you’ve already flushed them yourself. […] In most cases, prompt and thorough rinsing of the eye (with saline or fresh water) dramatically reduces the risk of injury and long-term damage. […] Full eye examination this is to check for the location of the burn and the amount of damage. […] Diagnostic tests may include a fluorescein evaluation, which involves the use of a special dye that colours damaged or dead eye tissue yellow-green when viewed under ultraviolet light.

• #21 Traumatic eye injuries – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/traumatic-eye-injuries/

  Follow the approach to traumatic eye injuries. […] Evaluate the anterior and posterior segment of the eye (using slit lamp and fundoscopy, respectively). […] Administer antibiotics, as endophthalmitis from the injury can be more severe than the injury itself, resulting in loss of vision and necessitating enucleation. […] Consult ophthalmology for further evaluation and management (e.g., topical steroids, topical antibiotics). […] Orbital compartment syndrome is a clinical diagnosis; do not delay treatment to obtain imaging.

• #22 Eye injuries: Understanding ocular trauma

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2022/july/eye-injuries

  Patients with an RAPD, reduced vision, motility impairment and proptosis should be referred immediately to an ophthalmology service for detailed intraocular examination and orbital assessment. […] Any open globe injury requires an immediate referral to an ophthalmology service, and oral ciprofloxacin 750 mg twice daily should be prescribed on route.

• #23 Hyphema (Bleeding in Eye): Diagnosis, Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22586-hyphema

  Hyphema is the medical term for blood collecting in the front (anterior) chamber of your eye. If small, your ophthalmologist may only be able to see hyphema during an eye exam. But you can see medium-sized hyphemas without special tools. They usually look layered. Older, darker blood settles at the bottom. And newer, brighter blood settles at the top. If you see a hyphema in your own eye or the eye of a child you care for, you should seek emergency medical care. But with prompt care, most cases of hyphema need only simple treatment like medications and rest. […] Experts grade hyphema based on how much bleeding there is. The higher the grade, the more severe the hyphema is and the higher the risk of complications. An eye care specialist or another medical professional, especially an emergency room provider, can diagnose hyphemas using a few simple parts of an eye exam. The eye-specific tests your provider may use include: Visual acuity test, Slit lamp exam, Gonioscopy, Tonometry, Ultrasound. Your provider or eye specialist may also recommend specific blood tests to check for or rule out certain blood disorders.

• #24 Ocular Penetrating and Perforating Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Ocular_Penetrating_and_Perforating_Injuries

  Computed tomography (CT) scans of the orbits are indicated to assess for intraocular foreign body, especially in cases of poor views to the vitreous and retina. […] Penetrating or perforating injuries should be evaluated and treated immediately. […] The Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) was developed in 2002 from a cohort of 2500 eye injuries and visual recovery as a way to assess prognosis of visual recovery post injury. […] In cases with a high suspicion for penetrating or perforating eye trauma, globe exploration should be performed with possible vitrectomy if vitreous hemorrhage with an intraocular foreign body or retinal detachment is present. […] There are a number of risk factors on initial presentation that can be used to predict ultimate visual prognosis following an ocular penetrating or perforating injury.

• #25 Ocular Trauma: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment — Hashemi Eye Care

  https://www.hashemieyecare.com/ocular-trauma

  Ocular trauma refers to any injury to the eye or surrounding structures due to accidents, sports, or other physical impacts. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent permanent damage or vision loss. […] At Hashemi Eye Care, our specialists use advanced diagnostic tools to assess the extent of the injury. This may include: […] Early and accurate diagnosis is key to determining the most effective treatment plan. Schedule a Comprehensive Eye Exam if you have experienced any eye trauma. […] Yes, severe eye injuries can lead to permanent damage if not treated promptly. Conditions like retinal detachment or optic nerve damage can result in irreversible vision loss.

• #26 Eye Injuries | Eye Injury | Stites Eye Care | Grand Rapids Michigan Eye Doctor

  https://www.stiteseyecare.com/eye-injuries.php

  Eye injuries, no matter the severity, should be examined by an eye doctor in a timely fashion, especially when involving children. Left unexamined, even minor eye injuries can cause permanent vision problems. […] At Stites Eye Care, we will examine the extent of your eye injury, provide a diagnosis, and devise a treatment plan. […] While symptoms will generally be visible in the event of an eye injury, be aware that some injuries will not display immediate symptoms. Preventing permanent vision loss is paramount, as untreated injury or trauma can have lasting effects. Do not hesitate to seek medical treatment when you have suffered an eye injury. […] If you have suffered an eye injury, time may be of the essence. Please contact us immediately at 616.863.2020 to schedule an emergency eye examination.

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