Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The global impact of eye injuries – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9805347/

  Using data compiled from the ophthalmic literature and WHO’s Blindness Data Bank, the available information on eye injuries from an epidemiological and public health perspective has been extensively reviewed. […] Major risk factors for ocular injuries include age, gender, socioeconomic status and lifestyle. […] Available information indicates a very significant impact of eye injuries in terms of medical care, needs for vocational rehabilitation and great socioeconomic costs. […] The global pattern of eye injuries and their consequences emerging from the present review, undertaken for planning purposes in the WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness, suggests that: some 55 million eye injuries restricting activities more than one day occur each year; 750,000 cases will require hospitalization each year, including some 200,000 open-globe injuries; there are approximately 1.6 million blind from injuries, an additional 2.3 million people with bilateral low vision from this cause, and almost 19 million with unilateral blindness or low vision. […] Further epidemiological studies are needed to permit more accurate planning of prevention and management measures; a standardized international template for reporting on eye injuries might be useful to this effect, along the lines of the reporting occurring through the US Eye Injury Registry.

• #2 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/trauma–subsaharan-africa

  Annually, there are 16 million cases of blindness caused by eye injuries. […] 23 million cases of low vision due to eye injuries. […] 19 million cases of monocular blindness due to eye injuries. […] Incidence and prevalence studies of ocular trauma are difficult to obtain; however, it is known that internationally, ocular trauma causes significant morbidity and loss of production from accidents that are often preventable. […] In developed countries, the incidence of blindness due to injury was 9/100,000 people, but in developing countries, that rate was 75/100,000. […] Within healthcare centers for eye care, 10%27% of cases in outpatient departments and 38% 65% of cases in emergency departments are related to eye trauma or chemical exposure. […] Eye injuries constitute an important cause of morbidity in Bahrain.

• #3 Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-eye-injuries-resulting-in-hospitalization-a-referral-h-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Conclusion: Activities related to hospitalized eye injuries were varied in different age groups, specifically adults at workplace, and children at playground; therefore different strategies should be applied to prevent visual impairments and disabilities in specific high-risk groups. […] Eye injury is an important worldwide condition leading to acquired severe monocular visual impairment in all age groups. A significant number of these patients sustained a severe injury and required hospital admission for either medical and/or surgical management with the reported incidence rate ranging from 8.6 to 89 per 100,000 population-years. A need for hospitalization along with a subsequent severe visual disability increased the burden to both the family and the economic health care system. Therefore, eye injury prevention programs are important public health concerns that should be put forward. However, epidemiology and characteristics of hospitalized eye injury had considerable discrepancies between publications depending on ethnic, culture, or daily living patterns of each population. The lack of information regarding eye injury types, mechanisms, activities or causative objects leads to an inability to determine effective preventive strategies.

• #4 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/trauma–subsaharan-africa

  Annually, there are 16 million cases of blindness caused by eye injuries. […] 23 million cases of low vision due to eye injuries. […] 19 million cases of monocular blindness due to eye injuries. […] Incidence and prevalence studies of ocular trauma are difficult to obtain; however, it is known that internationally, ocular trauma causes significant morbidity and loss of production from accidents that are often preventable. […] In developed countries, the incidence of blindness due to injury was 9/100,000 people, but in developing countries, that rate was 75/100,000. […] Within healthcare centers for eye care, 10%27% of cases in outpatient departments and 38% 65% of cases in emergency departments are related to eye trauma or chemical exposure. […] Eye injuries constitute an important cause of morbidity in Bahrain.

• #5 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/epidemiology-of-ocular-trauma/

  Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma Tien Yin Wong James M. Tielsch Ocular trauma is an important, preventable public health problem worldwide. As many as half a million people in the world are blind as a result of ocular injuries. Such injuries also are common causes of monocular blindness; one third to 40% of monocular blindness may be related to ocular trauma. W Stanach Zjednoczonych, około 2,4 miliona urazów oczu szacuje się, że występuje każdego roku i 5 milionów dolarów w kosztach bezpośrednich i pośrednich ponoszonych na każdy miejski ośrodek urazów oczu. Epidemiologia urazów oczu została szeroko opisana w Stanach Zjednoczonych i innych częściach świata. […] Z perspektywy zdrowia publicznego, najważniejsze są poważne urazy zagrażające wzrokowi. Informacje na temat tych urazów są dostępne z danych dotyczących wizyt w izbach przyjęć, rejestrów ślepoty i urazów oraz danych dotyczących wypisów ze szpitali. […] Oczywiste jest, że urazy oczu stanowią istotny problem zdrowia publicznego, a ich epidemiologia wymaga dalszego badania, aby lepiej zrozumieć ich wpływ na populację.

• #6

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/06280/epidemiology_of_eye_injuries_in_a_high_income.32.aspx

  The annual cost for hospitalized eye injured patients was estimated to be $155 million in Australia and US$200 million in the United States. […] The tremendous expansions of enterprises and attractions of investors exponentially increased the UAE population including the workforce. […] We aimed to study the epidemiology of eye injuries that required surgery at Al-Ain Hospital so as to give recommendations regarding their preventions. […] Our study has shown that eye injury is a major risk for visual loss among young people with majority of injuries being work-related. This is attributed to the low use of eye personal protective equipment (PPE) at work. […] The effectiveness of the eye PPE against severe eye injury is well-proven. […] Furthermore, UAE should develop a national registry for eye injuries with proper prospective data collection.

• #7 A population-based study on the incidence of severe ocular trauma in Singapore

  https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/sphhs_global_facpubs/1602/

  PURPOSE: To define the epidemiology of severe ocular trauma in Singapore. […] RESULTS: From 1991 to 1996, the overall annual incidence rate of hospitalized ocular injury was 12.6 per 100,000, and the annual incidence rate of open globe injury was 3.7 per 100,000. […] CONCLUSIONS: Severe ocular trauma in Singapore varied with age (highest in young adults and elderly), gender, and race (highest in Indian men), suggesting demographic-specific differences in exposure to high-risk injury settings.

• #8 Thieme E-Journals – Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde / Abstract

  https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2004-813254

  Hintergrund: Die Kenntnis der aktuellen epidemiologischen Daten ist die Voraussetzung dafr, dass man auf aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Epidemiologie bulbuserffnender Augenverletzungen angemessen durch prventive und evtl. therapeutische Manahmen reagieren kann. […] Background: Ocular trauma has significant impact on the patients future quality of life. […] However, prevention of ocular trauma can only be effective when the current epidemiology of ocular trauma is known. […] After correction for demographic distribution, the risk for open globe injury was highest for young adults and lowest for seniors. […] In recent years, the risk for severe eye injury is more equally distributed and is increasing for old people. […] There is a relative constant incidence of 3.0 open globe injuries per 100,000 population. […] The circumstances of the injuries underwent major changes within the period of these observations.

• #9 SafetyLit: The epidemiology and diagnosis of penetrating eye injuries

  https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_9679_13

  It is estimated that there are 3.1 penetrating eye injuries per 100,000 person-years in the United States. […] To evaluate the epidemiology of penetrating eye injuries and to identify physical examination findings that facilitate the diagnosis and ophthalmologic referral of patients with these injuries. […] Penetrating eye injuries are relatively common, occur predominantly in young males, and often result in poor visual outcome in the affected eye. Motor vehicle crashes, alcohol use, and fire-arm use are associated with more severe injuries.

• #10 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e5

  The incidence of ocular injuries associated with major trauma were 1.47/100,000, 1.57/100,000 and 1.48/100,000, while those of major trauma were 21.33/100,000, 20.94/100,000 and 20.91/100,000 in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. […] The incidence of ocular trauma patients with major trauma who were transferred or referred to the trauma center were 1.47/100,000, 1.57/100,000, and 1.48/100,000 in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. […] The results show a higher occurrence rate of ocular trauma (56.8%) in high deprivation index area which indicates upper 5% percentile deprivation.

• #11 Epidemiology of outpatient and inpatient eye injury in Taiwan: 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0235208

  In Taiwan, the annual EI incidence rate slightly increased from 2000 to 2005 and then decreased through 2015. […] The proportion of EI patients requiring hospitalization decreased from 1.34% in 2000 to 0.63% in 2015, but the percentage of inpatients requiring surgery increased. […] Traffic accidents (especially those involving motorcyclists) remained the predominant external cause of EI requiring hospitalization during the study period. […] The annual rate of EI was 2.57% in 2000, 3.35% in 2005, 3.36% in 2010, and 3.28% in 2015. […] The age-standardized incidence rate of EI (2.73%3.02%) was higher than WHO global estimates (incident EI that restricts activity for longer than 1 day, 0.95%; incident EI requiring medical attention in adults, 1.0%). […] The present incidence of EI requiring medical treatment was also higher than rates in the US region of New England in 1985 (9.8 per 1000)

• #12

  https://journals.lww.com/jcor/fulltext/2024/12010/prevalence_of_eye_injury_in_india__a_meta_analysis.2.aspx

  Prevalence of ocular trauma is debatable in India due to the inconsistent findings of different studies from diverse regions. […] Ocular injuries mainly contribute to impaired vision and blindness. Preventive strategies should be developed to lower ocular injury occurrence. […] Eye trauma has received little attention as a cause of blindness and impaired vision, although it is largely preventable with appropriate eye protection use. […] The APEDS is now over two decades old and has focused on adults, reporting a prevalence rate of 0.6% for eye injuries. […] This study demonstrated that the pooled estimated eye injury prevalence was 4.5% in India. […] In India, ocular trauma mainly contributes to impaired vision and blindness. In those experiencing the adverse visual effects of ocular trauma, the impact is longstanding. Preventive strategies should be developed to lower ocular injury occurrence.

• #13 The global impact of eye injuries – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9805347/

  Using data compiled from the ophthalmic literature and WHO’s Blindness Data Bank, the available information on eye injuries from an epidemiological and public health perspective has been extensively reviewed. […] Major risk factors for ocular injuries include age, gender, socioeconomic status and lifestyle. […] Available information indicates a very significant impact of eye injuries in terms of medical care, needs for vocational rehabilitation and great socioeconomic costs. […] The global pattern of eye injuries and their consequences emerging from the present review, undertaken for planning purposes in the WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness, suggests that: some 55 million eye injuries restricting activities more than one day occur each year; 750,000 cases will require hospitalization each year, including some 200,000 open-globe injuries; there are approximately 1.6 million blind from injuries, an additional 2.3 million people with bilateral low vision from this cause, and almost 19 million with unilateral blindness or low vision. […] Further epidemiological studies are needed to permit more accurate planning of prevention and management measures; a standardized international template for reporting on eye injuries might be useful to this effect, along the lines of the reporting occurring through the US Eye Injury Registry.

• #14 Description of the epidemiological characteristics of work-related eye injuries in Spain: a retrospective study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e035696

  Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics and trends of work-related eye injuries (WREIs) in Spain over a 10-year period by sex, age and occupational sector. […] The study included 50 265 WREI in the company over the 10-year period. Most of the injuries occurred in males (44 445; 88.4%), in 3544 age group (15 992; 31.8%) and in industry workers (18 899; 42.6%). […] Males have 6.56 (95% CI 6.38 to 6.75) times more risk of suffering WREI than females. 1624 age group have 1.77 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.83) times more risk than in the group of workers older than 55. Finally, industry workers have 7.73 (95% CI 7.55 to 7.92) times more risk than services workers. […] The risks of suffering WREI is higher for males, younger and less experienced workers, and for those who works in a manual task.

• #15 Description of the epidemiological characteristics of work-related eye injuries in Spain: a retrospective study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e035696

  Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics and trends of work-related eye injuries (WREIs) in Spain over a 10-year period by sex, age and occupational sector. […] The study included 50 265 WREI in the company over the 10-year period. Most of the injuries occurred in males (44 445; 88.4%), in 3544 age group (15 992; 31.8%) and in industry workers (18 899; 42.6%). […] Males have 6.56 (95% CI 6.38 to 6.75) times more risk of suffering WREI than females. 1624 age group have 1.77 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.83) times more risk than in the group of workers older than 55. Finally, industry workers have 7.73 (95% CI 7.55 to 7.92) times more risk than services workers. […] The risks of suffering WREI is higher for males, younger and less experienced workers, and for those who works in a manual task.

• #16 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/trauma–subsaharan-africa

  27% attending the eye emergency clinic monthly are related to ocular injuries. […] Most injuries are occupational exposure, particularly among industrial and construction workers. […] 90.4% are related to males and 9.6% to females. […] 96.1% are unilateral and 3.9% are bilateral. […] Traumatic cataract constitutes 3.7% of the monthly cases, out of which a male-to-female ratio is 5:1. […] Within Saudi Arabia, the rates of eye injury were as high as 11%.

• #17 Description of the epidemiological characteristics of work-related eye injuries in Spain: a retrospective study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e035696

  Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics and trends of work-related eye injuries (WREIs) in Spain over a 10-year period by sex, age and occupational sector. […] The study included 50 265 WREI in the company over the 10-year period. Most of the injuries occurred in males (44 445; 88.4%), in 3544 age group (15 992; 31.8%) and in industry workers (18 899; 42.6%). […] Males have 6.56 (95% CI 6.38 to 6.75) times more risk of suffering WREI than females. 1624 age group have 1.77 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.83) times more risk than in the group of workers older than 55. Finally, industry workers have 7.73 (95% CI 7.55 to 7.92) times more risk than services workers. […] The risks of suffering WREI is higher for males, younger and less experienced workers, and for those who works in a manual task.

• #18 Epidemiology of older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries and risk factors for severe injuries: a multicenter, observational study

  https://www.signavitae.com/articles/10.22514/sv.2024.016

  In an aging society, the annual frequency of older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries has consistently increased. […] We aimed to identify the epidemiological characteristics and factors associated with severe ocular and periocular injuries in older adult patients. […] Of the 1185 older adult patients, 279 (23.5%) had severe eye injuries. […] Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.91, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.342.77), 7074 years (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.052.11), hammering/nailing (aOR: 5.84, 95%CI: 1.7121.75), and mowing (aOR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.046.60) acted as risk factors for severe eye injury. […] In conclusion, older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries occurred more commonly among men, and the most common causative activity of injury was a fall. Severe eye injury tended to occur in men aged 7074 years while performing hammering/nailing and mowing activities.

• #19 Description of the epidemiological characteristics of work-related eye injuries in Spain: a retrospective study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e035696

  Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics and trends of work-related eye injuries (WREIs) in Spain over a 10-year period by sex, age and occupational sector. […] The study included 50 265 WREI in the company over the 10-year period. Most of the injuries occurred in males (44 445; 88.4%), in 3544 age group (15 992; 31.8%) and in industry workers (18 899; 42.6%). […] Males have 6.56 (95% CI 6.38 to 6.75) times more risk of suffering WREI than females. 1624 age group have 1.77 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.83) times more risk than in the group of workers older than 55. Finally, industry workers have 7.73 (95% CI 7.55 to 7.92) times more risk than services workers. […] The risks of suffering WREI is higher for males, younger and less experienced workers, and for those who works in a manual task.

• #20 Description of the epidemiological characteristics of work-related eye injuries in Spain: a retrospective study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/10/e035696

  Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics and trends of work-related eye injuries (WREIs) in Spain over a 10-year period by sex, age and occupational sector. […] The study included 50 265 WREI in the company over the 10-year period. Most of the injuries occurred in males (44 445; 88.4%), in 3544 age group (15 992; 31.8%) and in industry workers (18 899; 42.6%). […] Males have 6.56 (95% CI 6.38 to 6.75) times more risk of suffering WREI than females. 1624 age group have 1.77 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.83) times more risk than in the group of workers older than 55. Finally, industry workers have 7.73 (95% CI 7.55 to 7.92) times more risk than services workers. […] The risks of suffering WREI is higher for males, younger and less experienced workers, and for those who works in a manual task.

• #21 Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4454

  Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain […] Background: Several studies show a high percentage of eye injuries related to work compared to other origins. However, there are few studies that describe work-related eye injuries. […] The analysis of the cumulative percentage change and average annual percent change in incidences over ten years shows a decrease in the incidences of all injuries, except for other disorders of the eye and anexa. […] Most of the work-related eye injuries affect the most exposed eye structures in any line of work: the cornea and conjunctiva. Suitable protection of these eye structures will decrease the number of cases of work-related eye injuries. […] The percentage of patients with ocular injuries, suffered while working, that receive urgent care from hospitals varies from 5.6% to 56.5%. […] In 2018 in Spain, 17,579 workers were on sick leave due to a work-related eye injury. […] A high percentage of eye injuries are produced by fragments or foreign bodies and affect the anterior segment of the eyeball. […] Several studies have proved that 70% of workers that suffered an eye injury did not wear eye protection.

• #22 Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4454

  The main objective of this study is to describe the most prevalent WREIs in Spain during the last 10 years and analyze the main risk factors. […] In total, 11,696,259 insured workers were analyzed in the study period. A total of 50,265 WREIs affecting an ocular structure were detected. […] Over the 10 years, 0.45% of the insured workers suffered from a WREI with a mean age of 38.62. […] Keratitis and conjunctivitis were the most prevalent injuries in both sexes, being the WREI of 84.7% of males and 85.1% of females in the sample. […] This study has found that the most prevalent WREIs are keratitis (53.1%) and conjunctivitis (31.6%). […] The highest average of injury incidence per 100,000 insured workers over the studied period was observed in the keratitis group. […] The highest amount of damage being in the anterior segment of the eyeball supports how important it is to pay special attention to the protection of this segment.

• #23 Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4454

  Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain […] Background: Several studies show a high percentage of eye injuries related to work compared to other origins. However, there are few studies that describe work-related eye injuries. […] The analysis of the cumulative percentage change and average annual percent change in incidences over ten years shows a decrease in the incidences of all injuries, except for other disorders of the eye and anexa. […] Most of the work-related eye injuries affect the most exposed eye structures in any line of work: the cornea and conjunctiva. Suitable protection of these eye structures will decrease the number of cases of work-related eye injuries. […] The percentage of patients with ocular injuries, suffered while working, that receive urgent care from hospitals varies from 5.6% to 56.5%. […] In 2018 in Spain, 17,579 workers were on sick leave due to a work-related eye injury. […] A high percentage of eye injuries are produced by fragments or foreign bodies and affect the anterior segment of the eyeball. […] Several studies have proved that 70% of workers that suffered an eye injury did not wear eye protection.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/06280/epidemiology_of_eye_injuries_in_a_high_income.32.aspx

  The annual cost for hospitalized eye injured patients was estimated to be $155 million in Australia and US$200 million in the United States. […] The tremendous expansions of enterprises and attractions of investors exponentially increased the UAE population including the workforce. […] We aimed to study the epidemiology of eye injuries that required surgery at Al-Ain Hospital so as to give recommendations regarding their preventions. […] Our study has shown that eye injury is a major risk for visual loss among young people with majority of injuries being work-related. This is attributed to the low use of eye personal protective equipment (PPE) at work. […] The effectiveness of the eye PPE against severe eye injury is well-proven. […] Furthermore, UAE should develop a national registry for eye injuries with proper prospective data collection.

• #25 The epidemiology of ocular injuries among patients presenting to provincial hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

  https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/items/26b85378-8191-4cab-8905-65212a741286

  Ocular injuries are increasingly becoming the permanent cause of visual blindness (Mufti et al, 2004). […] The purpose of this study was to provide epidemiological data on ocular injuries among patients utilising the provincial hospitals eye services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. […] Males were more likely than females to have ever experienced an eye injury (72.3% versus 27.7%, respectively) and urban males were more likely than rural males to incur an eye injury (79.1% versus 68.9%, respectively). […] The Black population has a higher prevalence of ocular injuries than other race groups: Blacks 93.8% followed by Indians 3.9%, Coloureds 2% and the least in Whites 0.3%. […] Open globe injuries were more frequent (56.2%) than closed globe injuries (43.8%). […] Blunt trauma/contusion was the most frequent type of injury (35.2%).

• #26 Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-eye-injuries-resulting-in-hospitalization-a-referral-h-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral Hospital-Based Study […] Purpose: To determine the characteristics of hospitalized eye injuries in Northern Thailand, a tertiary referral center. […] Methods: The medical records of patients who sustained an eye injury and were admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, from February 2015 to February 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics and characteristics of each injury were collected. […] Results: A total of 249 injured patients were included, of which 227 (91.2%) were male. Most injuries occurred in the workplace (149/249, 59.8%). Nearly similar proportions of the opened globe and closed globe injuries were observed, 121/249 (48.6%) patients and 109/249 (43.8%) patients. A small proportion sustained eyelid/adnexal and chemical injury, 19/249 (7.6%) patients. Corneal penetration (52/249, 20.9%) and intraocular foreign body (37/249 14.9%) were the most prevalent conditions for opened globe injury. A delayed presentation to the hospital was noted in closed globe injury. The eyelid/adnexal injury group had a better final visual acuity compared to the opened and closed globe injury group.

• #27 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in Patients Referred to a Tertiary Center in Northern Iran – Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences

  https://cjns.gums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=679&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1

  This is a large-scale epidemiological study conducted in northern Iran to investigate the epidemiology of ocular trauma cases. The results of our study reported that most of the ocular trauma (28.8%) occurred in young and middle-aged people (31-40 years age group). […] In this study, summer (31.9%) was the most common season for ocular trauma followed by fall (28.6%) and spring (22.3%), which is consistent with the results of Maurya et al. […] Our study showed that closed globe injuries were the most common types of eye traumas (96.0%) and the prevalence of open globe injuries was at a very low level (4.0%). […] Most of eye trauma in northern Iran occur in young and middle-aged people and the majority of cases visit the hospital within the first 12 hours after trauma. The prevalence of eye trauma is higher in males. In addition, closed globe injuries are the most common types of ocular trauma in this region. Most of the eye traumas are preventable using protective equipment and better awareness of its risk factors.

• #28 Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4454

  Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain […] Background: Several studies show a high percentage of eye injuries related to work compared to other origins. However, there are few studies that describe work-related eye injuries. […] The analysis of the cumulative percentage change and average annual percent change in incidences over ten years shows a decrease in the incidences of all injuries, except for other disorders of the eye and anexa. […] Most of the work-related eye injuries affect the most exposed eye structures in any line of work: the cornea and conjunctiva. Suitable protection of these eye structures will decrease the number of cases of work-related eye injuries. […] The percentage of patients with ocular injuries, suffered while working, that receive urgent care from hospitals varies from 5.6% to 56.5%. […] In 2018 in Spain, 17,579 workers were on sick leave due to a work-related eye injury. […] A high percentage of eye injuries are produced by fragments or foreign bodies and affect the anterior segment of the eyeball. […] Several studies have proved that 70% of workers that suffered an eye injury did not wear eye protection.

• #29 The epidemiology of ocular injuries among patients presenting to provincial hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

  https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/items/26b85378-8191-4cab-8905-65212a741286

  Ocular injuries are increasingly becoming the permanent cause of visual blindness (Mufti et al, 2004). […] The purpose of this study was to provide epidemiological data on ocular injuries among patients utilising the provincial hospitals eye services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. […] Males were more likely than females to have ever experienced an eye injury (72.3% versus 27.7%, respectively) and urban males were more likely than rural males to incur an eye injury (79.1% versus 68.9%, respectively). […] The Black population has a higher prevalence of ocular injuries than other race groups: Blacks 93.8% followed by Indians 3.9%, Coloureds 2% and the least in Whites 0.3%. […] Open globe injuries were more frequent (56.2%) than closed globe injuries (43.8%). […] Blunt trauma/contusion was the most frequent type of injury (35.2%).

• #30 Epidemiology of outpatient and inpatient eye injury in Taiwan: 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0235208

  In Taiwan, the annual EI incidence rate slightly increased from 2000 to 2005 and then decreased through 2015. […] The proportion of EI patients requiring hospitalization decreased from 1.34% in 2000 to 0.63% in 2015, but the percentage of inpatients requiring surgery increased. […] Traffic accidents (especially those involving motorcyclists) remained the predominant external cause of EI requiring hospitalization during the study period. […] The annual rate of EI was 2.57% in 2000, 3.35% in 2005, 3.36% in 2010, and 3.28% in 2015. […] The age-standardized incidence rate of EI (2.73%3.02%) was higher than WHO global estimates (incident EI that restricts activity for longer than 1 day, 0.95%; incident EI requiring medical attention in adults, 1.0%). […] The present incidence of EI requiring medical treatment was also higher than rates in the US region of New England in 1985 (9.8 per 1000)

• #31 Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-eye-injuries-resulting-in-hospitalization-a-referral-h-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of severe eye injury in individuals who required admission to an ophthalmology department of a tertiary eye care center in Northern Thailand. The results may provide an impact on implementation and targeting interventions to decrease or prevent these eye injuries. […] This study demonstrated the patterns of eye injury requiring hospital admission in a tertiary referral center of Northern Thailand. Injuries related to wooden objects were a major concern, which accounted for approximately one-fifth of overall causes. The longer time interval before presentation to a hospital was noted in a closed globe injury compared to opened globe injury group. A favorable final visual acuity was more frequent among adnexal injuries than in the closed and opened globe injuries.

• #32 Epidemiology of older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries and risk factors for severe injuries: a multicenter, observational study

  https://www.signavitae.com/articles/10.22514/sv.2024.016

  In an aging society, the annual frequency of older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries has consistently increased. […] We aimed to identify the epidemiological characteristics and factors associated with severe ocular and periocular injuries in older adult patients. […] Of the 1185 older adult patients, 279 (23.5%) had severe eye injuries. […] Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.91, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.342.77), 7074 years (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.052.11), hammering/nailing (aOR: 5.84, 95%CI: 1.7121.75), and mowing (aOR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.046.60) acted as risk factors for severe eye injury. […] In conclusion, older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries occurred more commonly among men, and the most common causative activity of injury was a fall. Severe eye injury tended to occur in men aged 7074 years while performing hammering/nailing and mowing activities.

• #33 Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-eye-injuries-resulting-in-hospitalization-a-referral-h-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral Hospital-Based Study […] Purpose: To determine the characteristics of hospitalized eye injuries in Northern Thailand, a tertiary referral center. […] Methods: The medical records of patients who sustained an eye injury and were admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, from February 2015 to February 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics and characteristics of each injury were collected. […] Results: A total of 249 injured patients were included, of which 227 (91.2%) were male. Most injuries occurred in the workplace (149/249, 59.8%). Nearly similar proportions of the opened globe and closed globe injuries were observed, 121/249 (48.6%) patients and 109/249 (43.8%) patients. A small proportion sustained eyelid/adnexal and chemical injury, 19/249 (7.6%) patients. Corneal penetration (52/249, 20.9%) and intraocular foreign body (37/249 14.9%) were the most prevalent conditions for opened globe injury. A delayed presentation to the hospital was noted in closed globe injury. The eyelid/adnexal injury group had a better final visual acuity compared to the opened and closed globe injury group.

• #34 The epidemiology of ocular injuries among patients presenting to provincial hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

  https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/items/26b85378-8191-4cab-8905-65212a741286

  The home accounted for the majority of the eye injuries (60.6%) followed by the social environment (15.2%), workplace or industry (13.6%), commercial workplace and agriculture had the same number of injuries (4.1%) and sports or leisure facilities (2.4%). […] Ocular trauma is a relatively common problem in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, occurring most frequently in young adults and males warranting presentation to the eye casualty department for treatment. […] Ocular trauma is usually unilateral, but can also be bilateral and this remains a significant major public health problem.

• #35 Epidemiology of children and adolescent eye injuries in British Columbia

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6239/abstract/v7/i1/1.htm

  Epidemiology of children and adolescent eye injuries in British Columbia. […] A retrospective analysis was conducted of children and adolescent patients (0-19 years of age) with eye injuries using the British Columbia Trauma Registry (BCTR) data. […] A total of 162 patients with eye injuries were registered in BCTR during the data collection period. […] The highest number of injuries occurred in the 15-19 age group, followed by 10-14 and 5-9 age groups. […] The child and adolescent eye injury data set we used for our study indicated that there were in total, 50 patients that were tested for alcohol and drug use. […] This study suggests that most child and adolescent eye injuries in BC occur at street/highway locations followed by incidents at home. […] There is an urgent need for a child and adolescent eye injury prevention plan in our province.

• #36 Epidemiology and implications of ocular trauma admitted to hospital in Scotland. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/50/4/436

  OBJECTIVES: To describe the current epidemiology of serious ocular trauma which necessitates admission to hospital so that health and safety strategies for the prevention of ocular injuries and their role within the national health strategy, The Health of the Nation, can be better informed. […] CONCLUSION: Serious ocular trauma frequently occurs at home and the young and the elderly are particularly at risk. This represents a significant change in the epidemiology of serious ocular trauma and has important implications for prevention. Health and safety strategies specifically aimed at preventing eye injury should now include the home as a high risk environment in addition to the work-place and sports/leisure facilities. The target groups for accident prevention in The Health of the Nation strategy include those at risk of serious ocular trauma with potentially sight threatening sequelae. Those involved in implementing the national accident prevention strategy should be aware of this, for in this process it is possible that some serious eye injuries may also be prevented.

• #37 Epidemiology of severe childhood eye injuries that required hospitalisation | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v4n4/371.htm

  Epidemiology of severe childhood eye injuries that required hospitalisation […] We conducted a retrospective study of all paediatric ocular injuries that were treated at the Prince of Wales Hospital between October 1991 and January 1997. […] Of the 60 injuries reviewed, eight (13.3%) resulted in some degree of visual deficit. […] The distribution of injuries was as follows: contusions, 29 (48.3%); non-penetrating lacerations, 14 (23.3%); penetrating lacerations, six (10.0%); chemical burns, six (10%) and superficial foreign bodies, five (8.3%). […] Thirteen (21.7%) ocular injuries were associated with common household items, seven (11.7%) injuries were due to toy gun pellets, and five (8.3%) injuries were sports-related. […] The visual outcome depended mainly on the type and severity of the injury. […] Some childhood eye injuries are preventable by means of more public education, improved safety measures, and closer adult supervision.

• #38 Epidemiology of severe childhood eye injuries that required hospitalisation | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v4n4/371.htm

  Epidemiology of severe childhood eye injuries that required hospitalisation […] We conducted a retrospective study of all paediatric ocular injuries that were treated at the Prince of Wales Hospital between October 1991 and January 1997. […] Of the 60 injuries reviewed, eight (13.3%) resulted in some degree of visual deficit. […] The distribution of injuries was as follows: contusions, 29 (48.3%); non-penetrating lacerations, 14 (23.3%); penetrating lacerations, six (10.0%); chemical burns, six (10%) and superficial foreign bodies, five (8.3%). […] Thirteen (21.7%) ocular injuries were associated with common household items, seven (11.7%) injuries were due to toy gun pellets, and five (8.3%) injuries were sports-related. […] The visual outcome depended mainly on the type and severity of the injury. […] Some childhood eye injuries are preventable by means of more public education, improved safety measures, and closer adult supervision.

• #39 Epidemiology of children and adolescent eye injuries in British Columbia

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6239/coretip/v7/i1/1.htm

  Epidemiology of children and adolescent eye injuries in British Columbia. […] The epidemiology eye injuries among British Columbian children and adolescents have been elucidated using the Trauma Registry data. […] The finding that approximately 72% eye injury patients in the 15-19 age groups have consumed alcohol prior to injury is unprecedented, important and need a sensible prevention intervention. […] Moreover, common causes of eye injury in the 15-19 year age group include vehicular crashes, firearm misuse, and assault. […] Therefore, preventative programs aimed at older children must target the children directly, providing education about potential causes and ramifications of eye injury.

• #40

  https://djo.harvard.edu/index.php/djo/article/view/1081

  Although traumatic eye injury is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the United States, there is limited information available. This study serves to evaluate the epidemiological trends, primary ocular diagnosis, and degree of injury severity in pediatric patients after a toy-related ocular trauma. […] The findings demonstrate that battery-operated toys and toy guns with projectiles are the most common causes of eye injury. Most injuries were minor, but a small percentage were severe. By identifying the epidemiological trends, primary ocular diagnosis, and degree of injury severity in pediatric patients after a toy-related ocular trauma, this study provides valuable information to help prevent such injuries in the future. Preventive measures such as age-appropriate toy selection and adult supervision during playtime may help reduce the incidence and severity of traumatic eye injuries in children.

• #41 Epidemiology of older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries and risk factors for severe injuries: a multicenter, observational study

  https://www.signavitae.com/articles/10.22514/sv.2024.016

  In an aging society, the annual frequency of older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries has consistently increased. […] We aimed to identify the epidemiological characteristics and factors associated with severe ocular and periocular injuries in older adult patients. […] Of the 1185 older adult patients, 279 (23.5%) had severe eye injuries. […] Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that male sex (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.91, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.342.77), 7074 years (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.052.11), hammering/nailing (aOR: 5.84, 95%CI: 1.7121.75), and mowing (aOR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.046.60) acted as risk factors for severe eye injury. […] In conclusion, older adult patients with ocular and periocular injuries occurred more commonly among men, and the most common causative activity of injury was a fall. Severe eye injury tended to occur in men aged 7074 years while performing hammering/nailing and mowing activities.

• #42 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma in Patients Referred to a Tertiary Center in Northern Iran – Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences

  https://cjns.gums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=679&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1&html=1

  This is a large-scale epidemiological study conducted in northern Iran to investigate the epidemiology of ocular trauma cases. The results of our study reported that most of the ocular trauma (28.8%) occurred in young and middle-aged people (31-40 years age group). […] In this study, summer (31.9%) was the most common season for ocular trauma followed by fall (28.6%) and spring (22.3%), which is consistent with the results of Maurya et al. […] Our study showed that closed globe injuries were the most common types of eye traumas (96.0%) and the prevalence of open globe injuries was at a very low level (4.0%). […] Most of eye trauma in northern Iran occur in young and middle-aged people and the majority of cases visit the hospital within the first 12 hours after trauma. The prevalence of eye trauma is higher in males. In addition, closed globe injuries are the most common types of ocular trauma in this region. Most of the eye traumas are preventable using protective equipment and better awareness of its risk factors.

• #43 Incidence and seasonality of major ocular trauma: a nationwide population-based study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67315-9

  We designed this study to identify the epidemiological characteristics and trends of various types of ocular trauma in the population of the Republic of Korea. […] Epidemiological studies identifying trends or causes of ocular trauma are essential for establishing appropriate prevention measures. […] In this nationwide population-based study of ocular trauma, highest incidence rates were shown in hyphema, BOF, and OGI respectively in descending order. […] We confirmed the male predominance of all major types of ocular trauma, and found clear seasonality in each type of trauma; however, the yearly trends, age distributions, and amplitudes of periodicities differed depending on the type of trauma. […] Although all types of trauma showed significant seasonality, hyphemas and BOFs showed higher amplitudes compared to OGIs.

• #44 Epidemiology of outpatient and inpatient eye injury in Taiwan: 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0235208

  In Taiwan, the annual EI incidence rate slightly increased from 2000 to 2005 and then decreased through 2015. […] The proportion of EI patients requiring hospitalization decreased from 1.34% in 2000 to 0.63% in 2015, but the percentage of inpatients requiring surgery increased. […] Traffic accidents (especially those involving motorcyclists) remained the predominant external cause of EI requiring hospitalization during the study period. […] The annual rate of EI was 2.57% in 2000, 3.35% in 2005, 3.36% in 2010, and 3.28% in 2015. […] The age-standardized incidence rate of EI (2.73%3.02%) was higher than WHO global estimates (incident EI that restricts activity for longer than 1 day, 0.95%; incident EI requiring medical attention in adults, 1.0%). […] The present incidence of EI requiring medical treatment was also higher than rates in the US region of New England in 1985 (9.8 per 1000)

• #45 Incidence and seasonality of major ocular trauma: a nationwide population-based study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67315-9

  The incidence of hyphema and BOFs declined between 2010 and 2018. […] However, the incidence of OGIs did not decrease over the period. […] Thus, increased efforts to prevent OGIs are needed. […] Based on these results, more research is needed to determine the causes of ocular trauma and to establish appropriate prevention policies.

• #46 Characteristics and visual outcome of ocular trauma patients at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Malawi | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246155

  The current study reports an incidence of monocular blindness of 25.3% at 8 weeks follow up following treatment. […] Ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular visual impairment and blindness. […] The complications of ocular trauma resulting in monocular blindness at 8 weeks included corneal scarring, endophthalmitis, severe open globe injury and phthisis bulbi. […] Despite socio-economic improvements in the last decades, ocular trauma remains one of the principal causes of visual loss in Malawi, especially among children.

• #47 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma and Predictive Modeling of Visual Outcom | RMHP

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-ocular-trauma-and-predictive-modeling-of-visual-outcom-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHP

  Therefore, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological data on ocular injuries in China. […] Evaluating the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of ocular trauma in our patient population is essential to identify prevention strategies and reduce associated costs. […] The visual outcomes for trauma patients in this study were suboptimal, with only 51 individuals achieving a final VA of 0.30 logMAR or higher. […] Our findings, in line with established consensus, highlight that many eye injuries are preventable through public awareness, parental supervision, workplace protective measures, and strict firework regulations.

• #48 Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-eye-injuries-resulting-in-hospitalization-a-referral-h-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Epidemiology of Eye Injuries Resulting in Hospitalization, a Referral Hospital-Based Study […] Purpose: To determine the characteristics of hospitalized eye injuries in Northern Thailand, a tertiary referral center. […] Methods: The medical records of patients who sustained an eye injury and were admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, from February 2015 to February 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics and characteristics of each injury were collected. […] Results: A total of 249 injured patients were included, of which 227 (91.2%) were male. Most injuries occurred in the workplace (149/249, 59.8%). Nearly similar proportions of the opened globe and closed globe injuries were observed, 121/249 (48.6%) patients and 109/249 (43.8%) patients. A small proportion sustained eyelid/adnexal and chemical injury, 19/249 (7.6%) patients. Corneal penetration (52/249, 20.9%) and intraocular foreign body (37/249 14.9%) were the most prevalent conditions for opened globe injury. A delayed presentation to the hospital was noted in closed globe injury. The eyelid/adnexal injury group had a better final visual acuity compared to the opened and closed globe injury group.

• #49 Characteristics and visual outcome of ocular trauma patients at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Malawi | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0246155

  The current study reports an incidence of monocular blindness of 25.3% at 8 weeks follow up following treatment. […] Ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular visual impairment and blindness. […] The complications of ocular trauma resulting in monocular blindness at 8 weeks included corneal scarring, endophthalmitis, severe open globe injury and phthisis bulbi. […] Despite socio-economic improvements in the last decades, ocular trauma remains one of the principal causes of visual loss in Malawi, especially among children.

• #50 Data Registry Helps Improve Research and Treatment for Eye Injuries | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2022/03/14/Data-Registry-Helps-Improve-Research-and-Treatment-for-Eye-Injuries?type=All&page=57

  Data Registry Helps Improve Research and Treatment for Eye Injuries […] The Defense Health Agency is expanding its capability for researching and treating eye injuries and vision problems to improve care for service members and veterans. […] Recent enhancements to the Defense and Veterans Eye Injury and Vision Registry, known as DVEIVR, are giving doctors and researchers new insights into ocular injuries and outcomes across the departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs. […] DVEIVR tracks, on average, about 7,000 significant eye injuries per year involving active duty service members, whether the injury is combat-related, occupational, or accidental, said Patty Morris, VCE lead for Technology and Acquisition. […] „The management of eye injuries is complex. DVEIVR enables VCE to develop initiatives to improve visual readiness, enhance treatments and outcomes, focus research initiatives, establish guidelines for clinical care, and more effectively evaluate DOD and VA health care processes,” McClellan said.

• #51 Case Definitions: Eye Injury Prevention | Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health-data/case-definitions/eye-injury-prevention.html

  The Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) includes indicators of the use of eye protection from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). […] The NHIS includes questions asking if a person engages in activities that could cause eye injury. […] The data sources available for this category include NHIS Adult module and Child module. […] If a respondent reports „yes” that they participate in an activity with a high risk of eye injury, they are asked how often they use eye protection when engaged in these activities. […] The data sources available for this category include NHIS Adult module and Child module. […] VEHSS uses new and existing data sources to provide information on vision loss, eye disorders, and eye care services in the United States.

• #52 The epidemiology and outcomes of combat ocular trauma among local nationals managed at a deployed military hospital in Afghanistan | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-020-01316-w

  There is limited published data on combat ocular trauma (COT) among local nationals managed at deployed United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) military hospitals in recent conflicts. […] We report the epidemiology and outcomes of COT from a deployed military hospital in Afghanistan. […] The US Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) and UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry include data on the incidence of ocular injury and treatment procedures performed on local civilians and combatants. […] A retrospective review of this data using Abbreviated Injury Scale codes and International Classification of Diseases codes showed that host nation civilians and military accounted for 3876 of 6241 (62%) of open globe injuries treated at coalition military treatment facilities during the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/PL00007884

  Background: Trauma remains a major problem throughout the world. The prognosis of severe eye injuries is commonly bleak. This paper focuses on the epidemiology of eye trauma, the role of ocular epidemiology, and identification and reduction of risk factors. […] Methods: An analysis of the first 8,952 patients reported with severe eye injuries, defined as those eye injuries resulting in permanent and significant (measurable and observable on routine eye examination) structural and/or functional changes to the eye, from the United States Eye Injury Registry as of 31 July 1998. […] Conclusion: Injuries remain the most serious public health problem facing developed nations. Yet, a persistent inadequacy exists both in the standardized documentation of eye injuries and in their treatment. With appropriate surgical and medical intervention, a majority of the reported injured eyes recovered functional levels of visual acuity. It appears that glasses, including prescription glasses and even non-prescription sunglasses, can offer measurable protection which results in a lower incidence of severe eye injuries to those wearing glasses.

• #54 Firework and Shrapnel Eye Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Firework_and_Shrapnel_Eye_Injuries

  A systematic review notes that regions with a more restrictive firework legislation have an 87% lower ophthalmic injury rate. […] In the United States, rocket and mortar-type fireworks were significantly associated with ruptured globe and other forms of severe trauma (hyphema and corneal injury) while firecrackers were associated with ocular burn and public displays with foreign bodies. […] Importantly, ocular injuries from professional firework displays are rare; the majority of injuries occur at home. […] A multi-center study including tertiary care hospitals in 5 countries and private ophthalmology practices of 388 patients reported 219 (85%) closed globe injuries and 34 (13.2%) open globe injuries related to fireworks. […] Incident descriptions obtained from telephone investigations for firework-related injuries discovered that malfunction, specifically errant flightpath, early detonation, or tip over, was the most common hazard pattern to have caused injury.

• #55 Epidemiology of outpatient and inpatient eye injury in Taiwan: 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0235208

  In this study, the proportion of EI patients requiring hospitalization decreased from 1.34% in 2000 to 0.63% in 2015. […] A decline in the rate of hospitalization for eye trauma was also noted in the US state of Maryland […] In Taiwan, decreases in the rate of hospitalization for eye trauma are likely attributable to greater enforcement of laws mandating the use of protective equipment for motor vehicles

• #56 Epidemiology of children and adolescent eye injuries in British Columbia

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-6239/abstract/v7/i1/1.htm

  The epidemiology eye injuries among British Columbian children and adolescents have been elucidated using the Trauma Registry data. […] Therefore, preventative programs aimed at older children must target the children directly, providing education about potential causes and ramifications of eye injury.

• #57 Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/12/4454

  Eye Injuries Epidemiology Description in a Working Population over 10 Years in Spain […] Background: Several studies show a high percentage of eye injuries related to work compared to other origins. However, there are few studies that describe work-related eye injuries. […] The analysis of the cumulative percentage change and average annual percent change in incidences over ten years shows a decrease in the incidences of all injuries, except for other disorders of the eye and anexa. […] Most of the work-related eye injuries affect the most exposed eye structures in any line of work: the cornea and conjunctiva. Suitable protection of these eye structures will decrease the number of cases of work-related eye injuries. […] The percentage of patients with ocular injuries, suffered while working, that receive urgent care from hospitals varies from 5.6% to 56.5%. […] In 2018 in Spain, 17,579 workers were on sick leave due to a work-related eye injury. […] A high percentage of eye injuries are produced by fragments or foreign bodies and affect the anterior segment of the eyeball. […] Several studies have proved that 70% of workers that suffered an eye injury did not wear eye protection.

• #58 The global impact of eye injuries – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9805347/

  Using data compiled from the ophthalmic literature and WHO’s Blindness Data Bank, the available information on eye injuries from an epidemiological and public health perspective has been extensively reviewed. […] Major risk factors for ocular injuries include age, gender, socioeconomic status and lifestyle. […] Available information indicates a very significant impact of eye injuries in terms of medical care, needs for vocational rehabilitation and great socioeconomic costs. […] The global pattern of eye injuries and their consequences emerging from the present review, undertaken for planning purposes in the WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness, suggests that: some 55 million eye injuries restricting activities more than one day occur each year; 750,000 cases will require hospitalization each year, including some 200,000 open-globe injuries; there are approximately 1.6 million blind from injuries, an additional 2.3 million people with bilateral low vision from this cause, and almost 19 million with unilateral blindness or low vision. […] Further epidemiological studies are needed to permit more accurate planning of prevention and management measures; a standardized international template for reporting on eye injuries might be useful to this effect, along the lines of the reporting occurring through the US Eye Injury Registry.

• #59 The global impact of eye injuries – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9805347/

  Using data compiled from the ophthalmic literature and WHO’s Blindness Data Bank, the available information on eye injuries from an epidemiological and public health perspective has been extensively reviewed. […] Major risk factors for ocular injuries include age, gender, socioeconomic status and lifestyle. […] Available information indicates a very significant impact of eye injuries in terms of medical care, needs for vocational rehabilitation and great socioeconomic costs. […] The global pattern of eye injuries and their consequences emerging from the present review, undertaken for planning purposes in the WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness, suggests that: some 55 million eye injuries restricting activities more than one day occur each year; 750,000 cases will require hospitalization each year, including some 200,000 open-globe injuries; there are approximately 1.6 million blind from injuries, an additional 2.3 million people with bilateral low vision from this cause, and almost 19 million with unilateral blindness or low vision. […] Further epidemiological studies are needed to permit more accurate planning of prevention and management measures; a standardized international template for reporting on eye injuries might be useful to this effect, along the lines of the reporting occurring through the US Eye Injury Registry.

• #60 Frontiers | Epidemiological Characteristics of Ocular Trauma Globally and Their Clinical Implications

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/61475/epidemiological-characteristics-of-ocular-trauma-globally-and-their-clinical-implicationsundefined

  The incidence of ocular injury is estimated at 28 per 100,000 person-years, making it a significant public health concern. […] At present, there is no epidemiological investigation and analysis of eye trauma involving multiple regions in different countries. […] We hope that this Research Topic can provide more comprehensive epidemiological data on eye trauma in various areas for further research and summarize the epidemic characteristics of eye trauma from different perspectives. […] In particular, we will pay more attention to the prevalence of eye trauma among vulnerable groups, such as minors, women, and the elderly, in order to develop preventive measures. […] This aims to provide more objective reference data for ophthalmologists in the prevention and treatment of eye trauma.

• #61 Incidence and seasonality of major ocular trauma: a nationwide population-based study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67315-9

  The incidence of hyphema and BOFs declined between 2010 and 2018. […] However, the incidence of OGIs did not decrease over the period. […] Thus, increased efforts to prevent OGIs are needed. […] Based on these results, more research is needed to determine the causes of ocular trauma and to establish appropriate prevention policies.

• #62 Frontiers | Epidemiological Characteristics of Ocular Trauma Globally and Their Clinical Implications

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/61475/epidemiological-characteristics-of-ocular-trauma-globally-and-their-clinical-implicationsundefined

  The incidence of ocular injury is estimated at 28 per 100,000 person-years, making it a significant public health concern. […] At present, there is no epidemiological investigation and analysis of eye trauma involving multiple regions in different countries. […] We hope that this Research Topic can provide more comprehensive epidemiological data on eye trauma in various areas for further research and summarize the epidemic characteristics of eye trauma from different perspectives. […] In particular, we will pay more attention to the prevalence of eye trauma among vulnerable groups, such as minors, women, and the elderly, in order to develop preventive measures. […] This aims to provide more objective reference data for ophthalmologists in the prevention and treatment of eye trauma.

• #63 Epidemiology of Sports-Related Eye Injuries in the United States.

  https://www.epistemonikos.org/nl/documents/4b357911d614c63d50cf8f290f7252b97159a08f

  IMPORTANCE: Ocular trauma can lead to lifelong sequelae, and sports-related ocular injuries have been shown to disproportionately affect the young. […] OBJECTIVE: To examine the emergency department (ED) burden of sports-related ocular trauma in the United States. […] RESULTS: During the study period, 120847 individuals (mean age, 22.3 years [95% CI, 21.9-22.7]; 96872 males, 23963 females, and 12 with missing data) presented with sports-related ocular trauma, which was the primary diagnosis in 85961 patients. Injuries occurred most commonly among males (69849 [81.3%]; 95% CI, 80.6%-81.9%) and occurred most frequently as a result of playing basketball (22.6%; 95% CI, 21.7%-23.6%), playing baseball or softball (14.3%; 95% CI, 13.7%-14.9%), and shooting an air gun (11.8%; 95% CI, 10.8%-12.8%). Odds of presentation to the ED with impaired vision were greatest for paintball and air gun injuries relative to football-related injuries (odds ratio, 4.75; 95% CI, 2.21-10.19 and 3.71; 95% CI, 2.34-5.88, respectively; P

• #64 Epidemiology of Sports-Related Eye Injuries in the United States.

  https://www.epistemonikos.org/nl/documents/4b357911d614c63d50cf8f290f7252b97159a08f

  IMPORTANCE: Ocular trauma can lead to lifelong sequelae, and sports-related ocular injuries have been shown to disproportionately affect the young. […] OBJECTIVE: To examine the emergency department (ED) burden of sports-related ocular trauma in the United States. […] RESULTS: During the study period, 120847 individuals (mean age, 22.3 years [95% CI, 21.9-22.7]; 96872 males, 23963 females, and 12 with missing data) presented with sports-related ocular trauma, which was the primary diagnosis in 85961 patients. Injuries occurred most commonly among males (69849 [81.3%]; 95% CI, 80.6%-81.9%) and occurred most frequently as a result of playing basketball (22.6%; 95% CI, 21.7%-23.6%), playing baseball or softball (14.3%; 95% CI, 13.7%-14.9%), and shooting an air gun (11.8%; 95% CI, 10.8%-12.8%). Odds of presentation to the ED with impaired vision were greatest for paintball and air gun injuries relative to football-related injuries (odds ratio, 4.75; 95% CI, 2.21-10.19 and 3.71; 95% CI, 2.34-5.88, respectively; P

• #65 Epidemiology of Sports-Related Eye Injuries in the United States.

  https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/188882

  Ocular trauma can lead to lifelong sequelae, and sports-related ocular injuries have been shown to disproportionately affect the young. […] To examine the emergency department (ED) burden of sports-related ocular trauma in the United States. […] During the study period, 120847 individuals presented with sports-related ocular trauma, which was the primary diagnosis in 85961 patients. […] In our study, approximately 30000 individuals presented annually to EDs in the United States with sports-related eye injuries; in more than 70% of these cases, eye injuries were the primary diagnosis. Activities involving projectiles pose the greatest risk for visual impairment in the short term, although long-term outcomes were unavailable.

• #66 Firework and Shrapnel Eye Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Firework_and_Shrapnel_Eye_Injuries

  Firework injuries are responsible for about 2% of all reported ocular injuries. […] The 2021 Fireworks Annual Report from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission reported 11,500 injuries treated in the U.S. during the 2021 calendar year. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that ocular injuries constitute 20% of all firework-related injuries, with some studies reporting upwards of 31 percent. […] With regards to age, the injury rate was higher in children ages 10-19 years old. […] These incidents occur in all societies and are more common around the Fourth of July and New Years Eve. […] Studies show that 99 percent of all ocular firework injuries occur from consumer-grade and homemade fireworks. […] Countries with more restrictive firework legislation has significantly less eye trauma.

• #67 Firework and Shrapnel Eye Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Firework_and_Shrapnel_Eye_Injuries

  Firework injuries are responsible for about 2% of all reported ocular injuries. […] The 2021 Fireworks Annual Report from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission reported 11,500 injuries treated in the U.S. during the 2021 calendar year. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that ocular injuries constitute 20% of all firework-related injuries, with some studies reporting upwards of 31 percent. […] With regards to age, the injury rate was higher in children ages 10-19 years old. […] These incidents occur in all societies and are more common around the Fourth of July and New Years Eve. […] Studies show that 99 percent of all ocular firework injuries occur from consumer-grade and homemade fireworks. […] Countries with more restrictive firework legislation has significantly less eye trauma.

• #68 Firework and Shrapnel Eye Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Firework_and_Shrapnel_Eye_Injuries

  Firework injuries are responsible for about 2% of all reported ocular injuries. […] The 2021 Fireworks Annual Report from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission reported 11,500 injuries treated in the U.S. during the 2021 calendar year. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that ocular injuries constitute 20% of all firework-related injuries, with some studies reporting upwards of 31 percent. […] With regards to age, the injury rate was higher in children ages 10-19 years old. […] These incidents occur in all societies and are more common around the Fourth of July and New Years Eve. […] Studies show that 99 percent of all ocular firework injuries occur from consumer-grade and homemade fireworks. […] Countries with more restrictive firework legislation has significantly less eye trauma.

• #69 Firework and Shrapnel Eye Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Firework_and_Shrapnel_Eye_Injuries

  Firework injuries are responsible for about 2% of all reported ocular injuries. […] The 2021 Fireworks Annual Report from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission reported 11,500 injuries treated in the U.S. during the 2021 calendar year. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that ocular injuries constitute 20% of all firework-related injuries, with some studies reporting upwards of 31 percent. […] With regards to age, the injury rate was higher in children ages 10-19 years old. […] These incidents occur in all societies and are more common around the Fourth of July and New Years Eve. […] Studies show that 99 percent of all ocular firework injuries occur from consumer-grade and homemade fireworks. […] Countries with more restrictive firework legislation has significantly less eye trauma.

• #70 Firework and Shrapnel Eye Injuries – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Firework_and_Shrapnel_Eye_Injuries

  A systematic review notes that regions with a more restrictive firework legislation have an 87% lower ophthalmic injury rate. […] In the United States, rocket and mortar-type fireworks were significantly associated with ruptured globe and other forms of severe trauma (hyphema and corneal injury) while firecrackers were associated with ocular burn and public displays with foreign bodies. […] Importantly, ocular injuries from professional firework displays are rare; the majority of injuries occur at home. […] A multi-center study including tertiary care hospitals in 5 countries and private ophthalmology practices of 388 patients reported 219 (85%) closed globe injuries and 34 (13.2%) open globe injuries related to fireworks. […] Incident descriptions obtained from telephone investigations for firework-related injuries discovered that malfunction, specifically errant flightpath, early detonation, or tip over, was the most common hazard pattern to have caused injury.

• #71 Volume Table of Contents

  https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/2674.toc

  Laser Eye Injuries: Epidemiology (Human Cases) […] The basis for almost all laser-induced eye injuries is the concentration of the radiation in the visible and near infra red range on the retina. […] A common late, visually devastating, effect of laser lesions is retinal scarring which may lead to retinal holes, retinal detachment and delayed blindness. […] The time course of the ophthalmoscopic and functional consequences of eight human laser accident cases from military laser systems is described. […] Most exposures were within 5 degrees of the foveola, yet none directly in the foveola. […] Legal entanglements prevent publication of details on most laboratory and industrial laser accidents in the USA. […] The primary lesion is rarely, if ever, centered in the fovea, but is eccentric, superior and nasal and in the parafoveal zone.

• #72 Volume Table of Contents

  https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/2674.toc

  Laser Eye Injuries: Epidemiology (Human Cases) […] The basis for almost all laser-induced eye injuries is the concentration of the radiation in the visible and near infra red range on the retina. […] A common late, visually devastating, effect of laser lesions is retinal scarring which may lead to retinal holes, retinal detachment and delayed blindness. […] The time course of the ophthalmoscopic and functional consequences of eight human laser accident cases from military laser systems is described. […] Most exposures were within 5 degrees of the foveola, yet none directly in the foveola. […] Legal entanglements prevent publication of details on most laboratory and industrial laser accidents in the USA. […] The primary lesion is rarely, if ever, centered in the fovea, but is eccentric, superior and nasal and in the parafoveal zone.

• #73 Volume Table of Contents

  https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/2674.toc

  Accidental laser exposures below the damage threshold are sometimes falsely implicated causally in pre-existing retinal pathology, the grandmother syndrome. […] Ocular injuries resulting from exposure to laser beams are relatively uncommon since there is normally a low probability of a relatively small-diameter laser beam entering the pupil of an eye. […] A review of the accident data suggests that at least one type of laser is responsible for the majority of accidental injuries that result in a visual loss in the exposed eye. […] Despite macular injuries and an initially serious visual loss, the vision of many patients recovers surprisingly well. […] Visual performance measured with a pursuit tracking task revealed significant performance loss relative to normal tracking observers even in cases where acuity returned to near normal levels.

• #74 Volume Table of Contents

  https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/2674.toc

  Accidental laser exposures below the damage threshold are sometimes falsely implicated causally in pre-existing retinal pathology, the grandmother syndrome. […] Ocular injuries resulting from exposure to laser beams are relatively uncommon since there is normally a low probability of a relatively small-diameter laser beam entering the pupil of an eye. […] A review of the accident data suggests that at least one type of laser is responsible for the majority of accidental injuries that result in a visual loss in the exposed eye. […] Despite macular injuries and an initially serious visual loss, the vision of many patients recovers surprisingly well. […] Visual performance measured with a pursuit tracking task revealed significant performance loss relative to normal tracking observers even in cases where acuity returned to near normal levels.

• #75 Volume Table of Contents

  https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/2674.toc

  The effects of human laser eye damage may be modeled by stabilizing a small portion of the visual field on the retina. […] The purpose of this study was to identify cytokines produced by the retina after laser injury. […] The eye is continually subjected to ambient radiation. […] Many retinal injuries result in an irreversible neuronal loss, which can not yet be reduced by pharmacological methods. […] Up to 10% of all combat casualties involve eye injuries which are becoming more severe, bilateral and likely to lead to a retained intraocular foreign body. […] The modern battlefield is permeated with laser radiation from range finders, target designators and perhaps laser weapons aimed at producing visual incapacitation. […] Laser technology has significantly impacted our everyday life.

• #76 The epidemiology and outcomes of combat ocular trauma among local nationals managed at a deployed military hospital in Afghanistan | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-020-01316-w

  There is limited published data on combat ocular trauma (COT) among local nationals managed at deployed United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) military hospitals in recent conflicts. […] We report the epidemiology and outcomes of COT from a deployed military hospital in Afghanistan. […] The US Department of Defense Trauma Registry (DoDTR) and UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry include data on the incidence of ocular injury and treatment procedures performed on local civilians and combatants. […] A retrospective review of this data using Abbreviated Injury Scale codes and International Classification of Diseases codes showed that host nation civilians and military accounted for 3876 of 6241 (62%) of open globe injuries treated at coalition military treatment facilities during the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.

• #77 The epidemiology and outcomes of combat ocular trauma among local nationals managed at a deployed military hospital in Afghanistan | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-020-01316-w

  The high incidence and severity of COT sustained by local civilians and combatants in this study may support programs to increase the availability and wear of combat eye protection among local nationals partnered with US and coalition troops. […] COT injuries among local nationals often resulted in poor VA outcomes and post-operative retinal detachment was common after open globe repair.

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