Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  TBI is a leading cause of death and disability around the globe and presents a major worldwide social, economic, and health problem. […] It is the number one cause of coma, it plays the leading role in disability due to trauma, and is the leading cause of brain damage in children and young adults. […] The incidence of TBI varies by age, gender, region and other factors. […] The annual incidence of mild TBI is difficult to determine but may be 100-600 people per 100,000. […] In the US, the case fatality rate is estimated to be 21% by 30 days after TBI. […] The incidence of TBI is increasing globally, due largely to an increase in motor vehicle use in low- and middle-income countries. […] In developing countries, automobile use has increased faster than safety infrastructure could be introduced.

• #2 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  The mechanisms of injury for military personnel are generally similar to those found in civilians and include motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports/recreation related, assaults, and collisions with objects. […] TBI is one of the most significant public health problems in the United States and worldwide based on incidence, prevalence, healthcare resource utilization, resulting death and disability, and total economic cost.

• #3 TBI Data | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/data-research/index.html

  CDC collects and reports TBI data to understand: how many people are affected by this injury, who is most at risk, the leading ways a person may get a TBI, and whether programs to prevent TBI are working. […] TBI is a major cause of death. This interactive chart shows the number of TBI-related deaths by month and year, including the most recent provisional data available. […] Based on the most recent data: There were approximately 214,110 TBI-related hospitalizations in 2020 and 69,473 TBI-related deaths in 2021. This represents more than 586 TBI-related hospitalizations and 190 TBI-related deaths per day. These estimates do not include the many TBIs that are only treated in the emergency department, primary care, urgent care, or those that go untreated. People age 75 years and older had the highest numbers and rates of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths. This age group accounts for about 32% of TBI-related hospitalizations and 28% of TBI-related deaths. Males were nearly two times more likely to be hospitalized and three times more likely to die from a TBI than females.

• #4 TBI Data | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/data-research/index.html

  CDC collects and reports TBI data to understand: how many people are affected by this injury, who is most at risk, the leading ways a person may get a TBI, and whether programs to prevent TBI are working. […] TBI is a major cause of death. This interactive chart shows the number of TBI-related deaths by month and year, including the most recent provisional data available. […] Based on the most recent data: There were approximately 214,110 TBI-related hospitalizations in 2020 and 69,473 TBI-related deaths in 2021. This represents more than 586 TBI-related hospitalizations and 190 TBI-related deaths per day. These estimates do not include the many TBIs that are only treated in the emergency department, primary care, urgent care, or those that go untreated. People age 75 years and older had the highest numbers and rates of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths. This age group accounts for about 32% of TBI-related hospitalizations and 28% of TBI-related deaths. Males were nearly two times more likely to be hospitalized and three times more likely to die from a TBI than females.

• #5 Traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/traumatic-brain-injury-epidemiology-classification-and-pathophysiology

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of health loss and disability worldwide. Globally, the annual incidence of TBI is variably estimated at 27 to 69 million. Many survivors live with significant disabilities, resulting in major socioeconomic burden. In 2010, the economic impact of TBI in the United States was estimated to be $76.5 billion in direct and indirect costs. […] A simple, consistent definition of TBI is critical in estimating its burden. In 2010, the international interagency initiative toward common data elements for research in TBI and psychological health proposed a definition of TBI applicable across the spectrum of injury severity. This definition states that TBI is an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. In this definition, the presence of confounding factors such as intoxication or medical illness does not preclude a diagnosis of TBI, although clinical judgment is used to decide whether the patient’s symptoms are a consequence of the TBI. Additionally, this definition recognizes that clinical symptoms of brain injury may be delayed or absent, and that „other evidence of brain pathology” can include imaging or laboratory investigations. The focus of this definition is „brain” rather than „head” injury.

• #6 An international, prospective observational… | NIHR Open Research

  https://openresearch.nihr.ac.uk/articles/3-34

  The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear it is estimated to affect 2769 million individuals yearly with the bulk of the TBI burden in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). […] The GEO-TBI: Incidence study aims to describe TBI epidemiology and outcomes according to development indices, and to highlight best practices to facilitate further comparative research. […] To elucidate the observed differences in TBI epidemiology, case-mix and outcomes, and to pave the way for comparative effectiveness research, systematic data collection of all TBI patients is needed. […] The GEO-TBI registry has been established. The registry is an international collaboration for recording TBI, with the core dataset focusing on injury mechanisms, initial presentation, interventions, and short-term outcomes.

• #7 Traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/traumatic-brain-injury-epidemiology-classification-and-pathophysiology/print

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of health loss and disability worldwide. Globally, the annual incidence of TBI is variably estimated at 27 to 69 million. Many survivors live with significant disabilities, resulting in major socioeconomic burden. In 2010, the economic impact of TBI in the United States was estimated to be $76.5 billion in direct and indirect costs. […] The focus of this topic is on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and classification of TBI. […] A simple, consistent definition of TBI is critical in estimating its burden. In 2010, the international interagency initiative toward common data elements for research in TBI and psychological health proposed a definition of TBI applicable across the spectrum of injury severity. […] This definition states that TBI is an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. In this definition, the presence of confounding factors such as intoxication or medical illness does not preclude a diagnosis of TBI, although clinical judgment is used to decide whether the patient’s symptoms are a consequence of the TBI. Additionally, this definition recognizes that clinical symptoms of brain injury may be delayed or absent, and that „other evidence of brain pathology” can include imaging or laboratory investigations. The focus of this definition is „brain” rather than „head” injury. The six categories of external force that may result in TBI include: […] […] […] The head being struck by an object.

• #8 TBI surveillance using the common data elements for traumatic brain injury: a population study | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1865-1380-6-5

  Each year, on average, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with an estimated 1.35 million emergency department visits, 275,000 hospitalizations, and 52,000 deaths in the US. This does not account for those who sustain a head injury and receive no care. TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the US. Roughly three quarters of TBIs that occur each year are concussions or other forms of mild TBI. TBI is a significant burden to our health-care system. Direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated $76.5 billion in the US in 2000. […] Traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem in the US. It is frequently referred to as the silent epidemic because the complications from TBI, such as changes affecting thinking, sensation, language, or emotions, may not be readily apparent. In addition, awareness about TBI among the general public is limited.

• #9 Traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/traumatic-brain-injury-epidemiology-classification-and-pathophysiology

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of health loss and disability worldwide. Globally, the annual incidence of TBI is variably estimated at 27 to 69 million. Many survivors live with significant disabilities, resulting in major socioeconomic burden. In 2010, the economic impact of TBI in the United States was estimated to be $76.5 billion in direct and indirect costs. […] A simple, consistent definition of TBI is critical in estimating its burden. In 2010, the international interagency initiative toward common data elements for research in TBI and psychological health proposed a definition of TBI applicable across the spectrum of injury severity. This definition states that TBI is an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. In this definition, the presence of confounding factors such as intoxication or medical illness does not preclude a diagnosis of TBI, although clinical judgment is used to decide whether the patient’s symptoms are a consequence of the TBI. Additionally, this definition recognizes that clinical symptoms of brain injury may be delayed or absent, and that „other evidence of brain pathology” can include imaging or laboratory investigations. The focus of this definition is „brain” rather than „head” injury.

• #10 Traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/traumatic-brain-injury-epidemiology-classification-and-pathophysiology

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of health loss and disability worldwide. Globally, the annual incidence of TBI is variably estimated at 27 to 69 million. Many survivors live with significant disabilities, resulting in major socioeconomic burden. In 2010, the economic impact of TBI in the United States was estimated to be $76.5 billion in direct and indirect costs. […] A simple, consistent definition of TBI is critical in estimating its burden. In 2010, the international interagency initiative toward common data elements for research in TBI and psychological health proposed a definition of TBI applicable across the spectrum of injury severity. This definition states that TBI is an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. In this definition, the presence of confounding factors such as intoxication or medical illness does not preclude a diagnosis of TBI, although clinical judgment is used to decide whether the patient’s symptoms are a consequence of the TBI. Additionally, this definition recognizes that clinical symptoms of brain injury may be delayed or absent, and that „other evidence of brain pathology” can include imaging or laboratory investigations. The focus of this definition is „brain” rather than „head” injury.

• #11 Traumatic brain injury: Epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/traumatic-brain-injury-epidemiology-classification-and-pathophysiology

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of health loss and disability worldwide. Globally, the annual incidence of TBI is variably estimated at 27 to 69 million. Many survivors live with significant disabilities, resulting in major socioeconomic burden. In 2010, the economic impact of TBI in the United States was estimated to be $76.5 billion in direct and indirect costs. […] A simple, consistent definition of TBI is critical in estimating its burden. In 2010, the international interagency initiative toward common data elements for research in TBI and psychological health proposed a definition of TBI applicable across the spectrum of injury severity. This definition states that TBI is an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. In this definition, the presence of confounding factors such as intoxication or medical illness does not preclude a diagnosis of TBI, although clinical judgment is used to decide whether the patient’s symptoms are a consequence of the TBI. Additionally, this definition recognizes that clinical symptoms of brain injury may be delayed or absent, and that „other evidence of brain pathology” can include imaging or laboratory investigations. The focus of this definition is „brain” rather than „head” injury.

• #12

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/neurology-neurosciences/fulltext/ann-v1-id1007.php

  We identified 60 reports from 29 countries with data on Traumatic brain injury (TBI) epidemiology in the published literature. Men were at higher risk of TBI than women. The average age at the time of TBI ranged from 27 to 59.67 years while the median age ranged from 29 to 45 years. The incidence of TBI in Sweden, Italy and Norway was decreased while the incidence of TBI in Spain and Taiwan was increased. The countries with the incidence of TBI from high to low were New Zealand, United States, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, Norway, Australia, Portugal, Finland, China, Iran, Switzerland and Belgium. The overall mild: moderate: severe ratio was 55: 27.7: 17.3 based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). In patients with moderate and severe TBI, death was the most common outcome. In TBI patients with all severities, good recovery was the major clinical outcome. Motor vehicle collision (MVC) was the leading cause of TBI in China, Pakistan, Japan, Australia, France, Spain, Austria, England, Croatia, Slovakia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Netherland and Italy, whereas fall was the leading cause in The United States, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, Scotland, Norway and Finland. The MVC-related TBIs were the most common causes in developing countries, whereas the fall-related TBIs were the most common causes in developed countries. The percentage of MVC-related TBIs were the highest in Asia. Europe had the highest percentage of fall-related TBIs and work-related TBIs. North America, followed by Oceania, had the highest percentage of sport-related TBIs.

• #13

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/neurology-neurosciences/fulltext/ann-v1-id1007.php

  We identified 60 reports from 29 countries with data on Traumatic brain injury (TBI) epidemiology in the published literature. Men were at higher risk of TBI than women. The average age at the time of TBI ranged from 27 to 59.67 years while the median age ranged from 29 to 45 years. The incidence of TBI in Sweden, Italy and Norway was decreased while the incidence of TBI in Spain and Taiwan was increased. The countries with the incidence of TBI from high to low were New Zealand, United States, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, Norway, Australia, Portugal, Finland, China, Iran, Switzerland and Belgium. The overall mild: moderate: severe ratio was 55: 27.7: 17.3 based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). In patients with moderate and severe TBI, death was the most common outcome. In TBI patients with all severities, good recovery was the major clinical outcome. Motor vehicle collision (MVC) was the leading cause of TBI in China, Pakistan, Japan, Australia, France, Spain, Austria, England, Croatia, Slovakia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Netherland and Italy, whereas fall was the leading cause in The United States, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, Scotland, Norway and Finland. The MVC-related TBIs were the most common causes in developing countries, whereas the fall-related TBIs were the most common causes in developed countries. The percentage of MVC-related TBIs were the highest in Asia. Europe had the highest percentage of fall-related TBIs and work-related TBIs. North America, followed by Oceania, had the highest percentage of sport-related TBIs.

• #14 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  A population-based study in New Zealand attempted to correct for underreporting by using both prospective and retrospective surveillance systems in an attempt to register all instances of TBI over a 1-year period between March 2010 and February 2011. […] Data regarding the severity of TBI is difficult to ascertain, given that classification systems are not consistent across studies or sometimes even within studies. […] A consistent finding across the epidemiological literature is that TBI is much more frequent in males than females. […] According to the most recent data from the CDC, TBI rates are highest among young children age 0 to 4 and older adolescence aged 15 to 19. […] Some studies show higher incidence of TBI in non-whites compared to whites, but this is somewhat controversial given methodological inconsistencies and the quality of the data used to generate these findings.

• #15 TBI Data | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/data-research/index.html

  CDC collects and reports TBI data to understand: how many people are affected by this injury, who is most at risk, the leading ways a person may get a TBI, and whether programs to prevent TBI are working. […] TBI is a major cause of death. This interactive chart shows the number of TBI-related deaths by month and year, including the most recent provisional data available. […] Based on the most recent data: There were approximately 214,110 TBI-related hospitalizations in 2020 and 69,473 TBI-related deaths in 2021. This represents more than 586 TBI-related hospitalizations and 190 TBI-related deaths per day. These estimates do not include the many TBIs that are only treated in the emergency department, primary care, urgent care, or those that go untreated. People age 75 years and older had the highest numbers and rates of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths. This age group accounts for about 32% of TBI-related hospitalizations and 28% of TBI-related deaths. Males were nearly two times more likely to be hospitalized and three times more likely to die from a TBI than females.

• #16 Classification and Complications of Traumatic Brain Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326643-overview

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as acquired brain injury, head injury, or brain injury, causes substantial disability and mortality. It occurs when a sudden trauma damages the brain and disrupts normal brain function. TBI may have profound physical, psychological, cognitive, emotional, and social effects. Mild TBI appears to be vastly underdiagnosed in the setting of systemic trauma, even in trauma centers. […] According to the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Projects National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample, about 214,110 TBI-related hospitalizations occurred in the United States in 2020, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reporting that 69,473 TBI-related deaths in occurred 2021. Males were found to have an almost two-fold risk of hospitalization for TBI compared with females, according to the 2020 statistics, and an almost three-fold risk of TBI-associated death, according to the 2021 figures.

• #17 Traumatic Brain Injury Market Size and Share 2034: Clinical

  https://www.openpr.com/news/4004328/traumatic-brain-injury-market-size-and-share-2034-clinical

  The estimates indicate that the incident population of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Japan is projected to be 325 thousand cases in 2023, but this number is expected to decline by 2034. […] In 2023, 66% of males and 34% of females in the 7MM experienced Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). These cases are expected to increase during the forecast period from 2024 to 2034. […] The epidemiology section provides insights into the historical, current, and forecasted epidemiology trends in the seven major countries (7MM) from 2020 to 2034. […] The Traumatic Brain Injury market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 2020-2034 in the 7MM segmented into: Total Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury Prevalent Cases of Traumatic Brain Injury by severity Gender-specific Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosed Cases of Episodic and Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.

• #18 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  A population-based study in New Zealand attempted to correct for underreporting by using both prospective and retrospective surveillance systems in an attempt to register all instances of TBI over a 1-year period between March 2010 and February 2011. […] Data regarding the severity of TBI is difficult to ascertain, given that classification systems are not consistent across studies or sometimes even within studies. […] A consistent finding across the epidemiological literature is that TBI is much more frequent in males than females. […] According to the most recent data from the CDC, TBI rates are highest among young children age 0 to 4 and older adolescence aged 15 to 19. […] Some studies show higher incidence of TBI in non-whites compared to whites, but this is somewhat controversial given methodological inconsistencies and the quality of the data used to generate these findings.

• #19 TBI Data | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/data-research/index.html

  CDC collects and reports TBI data to understand: how many people are affected by this injury, who is most at risk, the leading ways a person may get a TBI, and whether programs to prevent TBI are working. […] TBI is a major cause of death. This interactive chart shows the number of TBI-related deaths by month and year, including the most recent provisional data available. […] Based on the most recent data: There were approximately 214,110 TBI-related hospitalizations in 2020 and 69,473 TBI-related deaths in 2021. This represents more than 586 TBI-related hospitalizations and 190 TBI-related deaths per day. These estimates do not include the many TBIs that are only treated in the emergency department, primary care, urgent care, or those that go untreated. People age 75 years and older had the highest numbers and rates of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths. This age group accounts for about 32% of TBI-related hospitalizations and 28% of TBI-related deaths. Males were nearly two times more likely to be hospitalized and three times more likely to die from a TBI than females.

• #20 Classification and Complications of Traumatic Brain Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326643-overview

  The two sources also found that the greatest number and rate of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths were in persons aged 75 years or older, with this population making up about 32% and 28% of such hospitalizations and deaths, respectively. […] Mortality rates after brain injury are highest in people with a severe TBI. In the first year after a TBI, people who survive are more likely to die from seizures, septicemia, pneumonia, digestive conditions, and all external causes of injury than are other people of similar age, sex, and race. However, the mortality rate after severe TBI has decreased since the late 20th century.

• #21 Classification and Complications of Traumatic Brain Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326643-overview

  The two sources also found that the greatest number and rate of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths were in persons aged 75 years or older, with this population making up about 32% and 28% of such hospitalizations and deaths, respectively. […] Mortality rates after brain injury are highest in people with a severe TBI. In the first year after a TBI, people who survive are more likely to die from seizures, septicemia, pneumonia, digestive conditions, and all external causes of injury than are other people of similar age, sex, and race. However, the mortality rate after severe TBI has decreased since the late 20th century.

• #22 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  The positive association between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and many types of injuries is well established. […] Recurrent TBI, especially mTBI, has become a topic of considerable interest in recent years due to concern that TBI increases the risk of cognitive impairment later in life or possible neurodegenerative conditions. […] According to the most recent data from the CDC, falls are the most common cause of TBI, with an estimated annual average of 523,043. […] TBI has been referred to as the signature injury among U.S. service members serving in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. […] Surveillance data of military TBI are primarily available through the Department of Defense (DoD) in cooperation with the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. […] According to the most recent report by the DoD, there have been a total of 294,172 TBIs from 2000 through the fourth quarter of 2013.

• #23 Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Public Health Issues | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-1-6170-5057-2/part/part01/chapter/ch08

  This chapter describes the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in terms of frequency, demographics, mechanism of injury, severity, outcomes, and economic impact and discusses the risk factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and recurrent TBI. […] TBI is also a public health problem among civilians living near war or conflict zones. […] Sports and recreation (SR) injuries constitute an additional public health problem in the United States. […] TBI is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. […] The leading external causes of TBI in the United States were falls, motor vehicle traffic accidents (MVA), being struck by or against objects, and assaults.

• #24

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/neurology-neurosciences/fulltext/ann-v1-id1007.php

  42 studies gave data on external cause or mechanism of injury. The causes of TSCI are summarized in Table 3. In Asian countries such as China, Pakistan, Iran and Japan, the main cause of TBI was MVCs. In North America, falls were the leading causes in both United States and Canada. The leading cause of TBI in Australia, France, Spain, Austria, England, Croatia, Slovakia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Netherland and Italy were MVCs whereas falls were the most common reason in New Zealand, Sweden, Scotland, Norway and Finland.

• #25

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/neurology-neurosciences/fulltext/ann-v1-id1007.php

  We identified 60 reports from 29 countries with data on Traumatic brain injury (TBI) epidemiology in the published literature. Men were at higher risk of TBI than women. The average age at the time of TBI ranged from 27 to 59.67 years while the median age ranged from 29 to 45 years. The incidence of TBI in Sweden, Italy and Norway was decreased while the incidence of TBI in Spain and Taiwan was increased. The countries with the incidence of TBI from high to low were New Zealand, United States, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, Norway, Australia, Portugal, Finland, China, Iran, Switzerland and Belgium. The overall mild: moderate: severe ratio was 55: 27.7: 17.3 based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). In patients with moderate and severe TBI, death was the most common outcome. In TBI patients with all severities, good recovery was the major clinical outcome. Motor vehicle collision (MVC) was the leading cause of TBI in China, Pakistan, Japan, Australia, France, Spain, Austria, England, Croatia, Slovakia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Netherland and Italy, whereas fall was the leading cause in The United States, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, Scotland, Norway and Finland. The MVC-related TBIs were the most common causes in developing countries, whereas the fall-related TBIs were the most common causes in developed countries. The percentage of MVC-related TBIs were the highest in Asia. Europe had the highest percentage of fall-related TBIs and work-related TBIs. North America, followed by Oceania, had the highest percentage of sport-related TBIs.

• #26 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  TBI is a leading cause of death and disability around the globe and presents a major worldwide social, economic, and health problem. […] It is the number one cause of coma, it plays the leading role in disability due to trauma, and is the leading cause of brain damage in children and young adults. […] The incidence of TBI varies by age, gender, region and other factors. […] The annual incidence of mild TBI is difficult to determine but may be 100-600 people per 100,000. […] In the US, the case fatality rate is estimated to be 21% by 30 days after TBI. […] The incidence of TBI is increasing globally, due largely to an increase in motor vehicle use in low- and middle-income countries. […] In developing countries, automobile use has increased faster than safety infrastructure could be introduced.

• #27 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  TBI is a leading cause of death and disability around the globe and presents a major worldwide social, economic, and health problem. […] It is the number one cause of coma, it plays the leading role in disability due to trauma, and is the leading cause of brain damage in children and young adults. […] The incidence of TBI varies by age, gender, region and other factors. […] The annual incidence of mild TBI is difficult to determine but may be 100-600 people per 100,000. […] In the US, the case fatality rate is estimated to be 21% by 30 days after TBI. […] The incidence of TBI is increasing globally, due largely to an increase in motor vehicle use in low- and middle-income countries. […] In developing countries, automobile use has increased faster than safety infrastructure could be introduced.

• #28 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  In contrast, vehicle safety laws have decreased rates of TBI in high-income countries, which have seen decreases in traffic-related TBI since the 1970s. […] Each year in the United States, about two million people have a TBI, approximately 675,000 injuries are seen in the emergency department, and about 500,000 patients are hospitalized. […] The yearly incidence of TBI is estimated at 180-250 per 100,000 people in the US, 281 per 100,000 in France, 361 per 100,000 in South Africa, 322 per 100,000 in Australia, and 430 per 100,000 in England. […] In the European Union the yearly aggregate incidence of TBI hospitalizations and fatalities is estimated at 235 per 100,000.

• #29 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  The positive association between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and many types of injuries is well established. […] Recurrent TBI, especially mTBI, has become a topic of considerable interest in recent years due to concern that TBI increases the risk of cognitive impairment later in life or possible neurodegenerative conditions. […] According to the most recent data from the CDC, falls are the most common cause of TBI, with an estimated annual average of 523,043. […] TBI has been referred to as the signature injury among U.S. service members serving in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. […] Surveillance data of military TBI are primarily available through the Department of Defense (DoD) in cooperation with the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. […] According to the most recent report by the DoD, there have been a total of 294,172 TBIs from 2000 through the fourth quarter of 2013.

• #30 The epidemiology of mild traumatic brain injury: the Trondheim MTBI follow-up study | Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://sjtrem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13049-018-0495-0

  During the study period, 1095 patients were examined with head CT due to trauma, 624 of these had a likely MTBI. […] The median age in the total sample was 28 years, and 62% were male. Half of the injuries (53%) occurred during the weekends, and 71% were treated without hospital admittance. Falls were the most common cause of injury, followed by violence, bicycle, sports and motor vehicle accidents (MVA). […] The percentage of patients influenced by alcohol was high, 45%, even higher than reported in earlier or more recent studies of MTBI. […] We managed to enrol 65% of eligible patients into the Trondheim MTBI follow-up study, which was higher than reported in previous studies.

• #31 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  The positive association between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and many types of injuries is well established. […] Recurrent TBI, especially mTBI, has become a topic of considerable interest in recent years due to concern that TBI increases the risk of cognitive impairment later in life or possible neurodegenerative conditions. […] According to the most recent data from the CDC, falls are the most common cause of TBI, with an estimated annual average of 523,043. […] TBI has been referred to as the signature injury among U.S. service members serving in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. […] Surveillance data of military TBI are primarily available through the Department of Defense (DoD) in cooperation with the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. […] According to the most recent report by the DoD, there have been a total of 294,172 TBIs from 2000 through the fourth quarter of 2013.

• #32 Concussion and Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural Settings: Epidemiology and Specific Health Care Considerations – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-in-rural-settings-epidemiology-and-specific-health-care-considerations/

  Mild-traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussions cause significant morbidity. To date, synthesis of specific health care disparities and gaps in care for rural mTBI/concussion patients remains needed. […] mTBI/concussion incidence was higher in rural compared with urban areas. Compared with urban patients, rural patients were at increased risk for vehicular injuries, lifetime number of concussions, admissions for observation without neuroimaging, and injury-related costs. Rural patients were less likely to utilize ambulatory and mental health services following mTBI/concussion. […] Rural patients are at unique risk for mTBI/concussions and health care costs. Barriers to care include lower socioeconomic status, longer distances to regional medical center, and decreased availability of neuroimaging and consultants.

• #33 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important public health concern that is one of the leading causes of death and disability annually around the world. Several factors have fueled increasing interest in TBI over the last several years, including rising awareness around the acute and chronic effects of sport-related concussion (SRC) and the reported incidence of head injuries sustained by U.S. military service members deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. […] A strong epidemiological framework for TBI is vital to improving our understanding of the injury’s occurrence, populations at risk, and effective strategies for injury prevention. The purpose of the current chapter is to review the most recent epidemiological literature on TBI in both civilian and military populations. […] The epidemiological literature on TBI is limited by a number of factors, not the least of which is that the definition of a TBI varies across studies.

• #34 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) – Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology: Overview, Epidemiology, Primary Injury

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview

  Inconsistency in the definition and classification of traumatic brain injury (TBI), along with discrepancies in data collection, has made the epidemiology of TBI difficult to describe accurately. […] Problems with TBI data collection include the fact many patients with mild TBI may not present to the hospital, and the ones who do present may be discharged at the emergency department (ED) without adequate documentation. Severe TBI with associated death at the scene of the accident or during transport to a hospital also may not be accounted for completely in data collection for TBI epidemiologic studies. […] TBI accounts for approximately 40% of all deaths from acute injuries in the United States. Annually, 200,000 victims of TBI need hospitalization, and 1.74 million persons sustain mild TBI requiring an office visit or temporary disability for at least 1 day.

• #35 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  Population-based epidemiological studies are typically based on hospital admission or discharge records, emergency department records, or death certificates, which creates a selection bias. […] In terms of injury reporting, there is no single system in the United States or most other countries that tracks the occurrence of head injury over large populations. As a result, a true appreciation for TBI’s national or worldwide incidence is lacking. […] According to the most recent figures from the CDC, the average estimated incidence of TBI in the United States between the years 2002 and 2006 was 1,691,481 (576.8 per 100,000). […] A review of European epidemiological studies by Tagliaferri and colleagues found a wide range in the incidence in TBI. […] The aforementioned studies constitute some of the best epidemiological data on incidence of TBI, but the data likely grossly underestimates the incidence of mTBI.

• #36 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  Population-based epidemiological studies are typically based on hospital admission or discharge records, emergency department records, or death certificates, which creates a selection bias. […] In terms of injury reporting, there is no single system in the United States or most other countries that tracks the occurrence of head injury over large populations. As a result, a true appreciation for TBI’s national or worldwide incidence is lacking. […] According to the most recent figures from the CDC, the average estimated incidence of TBI in the United States between the years 2002 and 2006 was 1,691,481 (576.8 per 100,000). […] A review of European epidemiological studies by Tagliaferri and colleagues found a wide range in the incidence in TBI. […] The aforementioned studies constitute some of the best epidemiological data on incidence of TBI, but the data likely grossly underestimates the incidence of mTBI.

• #37 TBI Data | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/data-research/index.html

  CDC collects and reports TBI data to understand: how many people are affected by this injury, who is most at risk, the leading ways a person may get a TBI, and whether programs to prevent TBI are working. […] TBI is a major cause of death. This interactive chart shows the number of TBI-related deaths by month and year, including the most recent provisional data available. […] Based on the most recent data: There were approximately 214,110 TBI-related hospitalizations in 2020 and 69,473 TBI-related deaths in 2021. This represents more than 586 TBI-related hospitalizations and 190 TBI-related deaths per day. These estimates do not include the many TBIs that are only treated in the emergency department, primary care, urgent care, or those that go untreated. People age 75 years and older had the highest numbers and rates of TBI-related hospitalizations and deaths. This age group accounts for about 32% of TBI-related hospitalizations and 28% of TBI-related deaths. Males were nearly two times more likely to be hospitalized and three times more likely to die from a TBI than females.

• #38 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM (TBISS) | Science Inventory | US EPA

  https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryID=132426

  The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had developed and maintains a surveillance system to understand the magnitude and characteristics of hospitalized and fatal traumatic brain injuries in the United States. […] The surveillance system’s purpose is to collect program wide information that can be used to help design targeted prevention programs addressing specific causes of TBI and populations at higher risk, to improve injured persons’ access to health care, and to improve other services they need after injury.

• #39 6 Data Capture, Surveillance, and Supporting Long-Term Care Needs | Data Integration in Learning Health Care Systems for Traumatic Brain Injury: Proceedings of a Workshop | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27653/chapter/7

  Hence, TBI burden data are skewed toward more severe TBIs that require hospitalization or cause death and underestimate the true prevalence of TBI in the United States. […] Over the past decade, CDC has worked to establish a National Concussion Surveillance System (NCSS) to address this issue. […] Preliminary conclusions of the NCSS pilot data indicate that 12 percent of adults and 10 percent of children reported experiencing a head injury in the prior year, constituting higher percentages than found in other surveys, said Daugherty. […] Given that the pilot was established to fill data gaps on individuals who do not receive medical treatment in a hospital setting following injury, researchers expected that prevalence rates would surpass those of other studies. […] A continuously operating NCSS would increase the TBI knowledge base by providing national prevalence and incidence estimates of TBI in the United States, Daugherty said.

• #40 6 Data Capture, Surveillance, and Supporting Long-Term Care Needs | Data Integration in Learning Health Care Systems for Traumatic Brain Injury: Proceedings of a Workshop | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27653/chapter/7

  Hence, TBI burden data are skewed toward more severe TBIs that require hospitalization or cause death and underestimate the true prevalence of TBI in the United States. […] Over the past decade, CDC has worked to establish a National Concussion Surveillance System (NCSS) to address this issue. […] Preliminary conclusions of the NCSS pilot data indicate that 12 percent of adults and 10 percent of children reported experiencing a head injury in the prior year, constituting higher percentages than found in other surveys, said Daugherty. […] Given that the pilot was established to fill data gaps on individuals who do not receive medical treatment in a hospital setting following injury, researchers expected that prevalence rates would surpass those of other studies. […] A continuously operating NCSS would increase the TBI knowledge base by providing national prevalence and incidence estimates of TBI in the United States, Daugherty said.

• #41 6 Data Capture, Surveillance, and Supporting Long-Term Care Needs | Data Integration in Learning Health Care Systems for Traumatic Brain Injury: Proceedings of a Workshop | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27653/chapter/7

  Ongoing surveillance would identify the most common mechanisms of TBI, which may differ from the mechanisms that result in hospitalization or mortality. […] Surveillance data could deepen the understanding of TBI outcomes in terms of common symptoms, the amount of time missed from work or school as a result of injury, and whether medical evaluation was sought. […] Furthermore, researchers could use NCSS data to identify those who are at a higher risk of sustaining a TBI. […] Given that fully establishing the NCSS will take time, CDC is concurrently laying groundwork for the NCSS while using alternate methods of surveillance. […] The CDC TBI team added five questions to the 2023 National Health Interview Survey. […] The 2024 survey will repeat these questions and will provide national-level TBI surveillance data, although these data will lack the granularity of the NCSS pilot survey.

• #42 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  The positive association between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and many types of injuries is well established. […] Recurrent TBI, especially mTBI, has become a topic of considerable interest in recent years due to concern that TBI increases the risk of cognitive impairment later in life or possible neurodegenerative conditions. […] According to the most recent data from the CDC, falls are the most common cause of TBI, with an estimated annual average of 523,043. […] TBI has been referred to as the signature injury among U.S. service members serving in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. […] Surveillance data of military TBI are primarily available through the Department of Defense (DoD) in cooperation with the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. […] According to the most recent report by the DoD, there have been a total of 294,172 TBIs from 2000 through the fourth quarter of 2013.

• #43 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  The positive association between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and many types of injuries is well established. […] Recurrent TBI, especially mTBI, has become a topic of considerable interest in recent years due to concern that TBI increases the risk of cognitive impairment later in life or possible neurodegenerative conditions. […] According to the most recent data from the CDC, falls are the most common cause of TBI, with an estimated annual average of 523,043. […] TBI has been referred to as the signature injury among U.S. service members serving in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. […] Surveillance data of military TBI are primarily available through the Department of Defense (DoD) in cooperation with the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. […] According to the most recent report by the DoD, there have been a total of 294,172 TBIs from 2000 through the fourth quarter of 2013.

• #44 DOD TBI Worldwide Numbers | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Centers-of-Excellence/Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Center-of-Excellence/DOD-TBI-Worldwide-Numbers

  Those who have been diagnosed can find symptom management fact sheets, caregiver guides, and other patient-centered resources on the TBI Resources for Service Members, Patients, Families, and Caregivers page. […] DOD Numbers for Traumatic Brain Injury. Worldwide totals from 2000 through the fourth quarter of calendar year 2024. Penetrating 5,883; Severe 4,979; Moderate 62,573; Mild 421,760; Not Classifiable 20,690. Total All Severities 515,885. Data as of Feb. 10, 2025. […] About the Data […] Where do the numbers come from? How are TBI cases defined? Learn more about where the DOD TBI Worldwide Numbers come from. […] The data is obtained from multiple sources, including the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, which operates the Defense Medical Surveillance System, a continuously expanding relational database that documents military and medical experiences of service members throughout their careers. Also, the Theater Medical Data Store, a web-based application used to track, analyze, and manage a service members medical treatment information recorded on the battlefield.

• #45 DOD TBI Worldwide Numbers | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Centers-of-Excellence/Traumatic-Brain-Injury-Center-of-Excellence/DOD-TBI-Worldwide-Numbers

  Those who have been diagnosed can find symptom management fact sheets, caregiver guides, and other patient-centered resources on the TBI Resources for Service Members, Patients, Families, and Caregivers page. […] DOD Numbers for Traumatic Brain Injury. Worldwide totals from 2000 through the fourth quarter of calendar year 2024. Penetrating 5,883; Severe 4,979; Moderate 62,573; Mild 421,760; Not Classifiable 20,690. Total All Severities 515,885. Data as of Feb. 10, 2025. […] About the Data […] Where do the numbers come from? How are TBI cases defined? Learn more about where the DOD TBI Worldwide Numbers come from. […] The data is obtained from multiple sources, including the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, which operates the Defense Medical Surveillance System, a continuously expanding relational database that documents military and medical experiences of service members throughout their careers. Also, the Theater Medical Data Store, a web-based application used to track, analyze, and manage a service members medical treatment information recorded on the battlefield.

• #46 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) – Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology: Overview, Epidemiology, Primary Injury

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview

  Inconsistency in the definition and classification of traumatic brain injury (TBI), along with discrepancies in data collection, has made the epidemiology of TBI difficult to describe accurately. […] Problems with TBI data collection include the fact many patients with mild TBI may not present to the hospital, and the ones who do present may be discharged at the emergency department (ED) without adequate documentation. Severe TBI with associated death at the scene of the accident or during transport to a hospital also may not be accounted for completely in data collection for TBI epidemiologic studies. […] TBI accounts for approximately 40% of all deaths from acute injuries in the United States. Annually, 200,000 victims of TBI need hospitalization, and 1.74 million persons sustain mild TBI requiring an office visit or temporary disability for at least 1 day.

• #47 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) – Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology: Overview, Epidemiology, Primary Injury

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview

  Inconsistency in the definition and classification of traumatic brain injury (TBI), along with discrepancies in data collection, has made the epidemiology of TBI difficult to describe accurately. […] Problems with TBI data collection include the fact many patients with mild TBI may not present to the hospital, and the ones who do present may be discharged at the emergency department (ED) without adequate documentation. Severe TBI with associated death at the scene of the accident or during transport to a hospital also may not be accounted for completely in data collection for TBI epidemiologic studies. […] TBI accounts for approximately 40% of all deaths from acute injuries in the United States. Annually, 200,000 victims of TBI need hospitalization, and 1.74 million persons sustain mild TBI requiring an office visit or temporary disability for at least 1 day.

• #48 Interrupted time series design to evaluate ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM coding changes on trends in Colorado emergency department visits related to traumatic brain injury | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-021-00308-y

  The transition in 2015 to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Disease, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) in the US led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to propose a surveillance definition of traumatic brain injury (TBI) utilizing ICD-10-CM codes. […] The CDC proposed definition for TBI surveillance using ICD-10-CM codes does not include S09.90 for unspecified injury of the head. […] The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the transition to ICD-10-CM and the TBI definition change, specifically the exclusion of the code S09.90, on TBI-related ED visit trends among all ages from 2012 to 2017 in Colorado. […] This study shows the importance of understanding the diagnosis codes used to define monthly rates of TBI-related ED visits. The drastic reduction in the trend of TBI estimates after October 1, 2015 using ICD-10-CM codes, could affect decisions regarding the allocation of TBI resources. […] Public health practitioners should be aware that this interruption is primarily due to the change in the TBI surveillance definition and not the coding transition itself or its limitations.

• #49 Interrupted time series design to evaluate ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM coding changes on trends in Colorado emergency department visits related to traumatic brain injury | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-021-00308-y

  The transition in 2015 to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Disease, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) in the US led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to propose a surveillance definition of traumatic brain injury (TBI) utilizing ICD-10-CM codes. […] The CDC proposed definition for TBI surveillance using ICD-10-CM codes does not include S09.90 for unspecified injury of the head. […] The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the transition to ICD-10-CM and the TBI definition change, specifically the exclusion of the code S09.90, on TBI-related ED visit trends among all ages from 2012 to 2017 in Colorado. […] This study shows the importance of understanding the diagnosis codes used to define monthly rates of TBI-related ED visits. The drastic reduction in the trend of TBI estimates after October 1, 2015 using ICD-10-CM codes, could affect decisions regarding the allocation of TBI resources. […] Public health practitioners should be aware that this interruption is primarily due to the change in the TBI surveillance definition and not the coding transition itself or its limitations.

• #50 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  In contrast, vehicle safety laws have decreased rates of TBI in high-income countries, which have seen decreases in traffic-related TBI since the 1970s. […] Each year in the United States, about two million people have a TBI, approximately 675,000 injuries are seen in the emergency department, and about 500,000 patients are hospitalized. […] The yearly incidence of TBI is estimated at 180-250 per 100,000 people in the US, 281 per 100,000 in France, 361 per 100,000 in South Africa, 322 per 100,000 in Australia, and 430 per 100,000 in England. […] In the European Union the yearly aggregate incidence of TBI hospitalizations and fatalities is estimated at 235 per 100,000.

• #51 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  In contrast, vehicle safety laws have decreased rates of TBI in high-income countries, which have seen decreases in traffic-related TBI since the 1970s. […] Each year in the United States, about two million people have a TBI, approximately 675,000 injuries are seen in the emergency department, and about 500,000 patients are hospitalized. […] The yearly incidence of TBI is estimated at 180-250 per 100,000 people in the US, 281 per 100,000 in France, 361 per 100,000 in South Africa, 322 per 100,000 in Australia, and 430 per 100,000 in England. […] In the European Union the yearly aggregate incidence of TBI hospitalizations and fatalities is estimated at 235 per 100,000.

• #52

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/neurology-neurosciences/fulltext/ann-v1-id1007.php

  The incidence of TBI differs in countries. Based on aggregated data, the countries with an incidence of TBI from high to low were New Zealand, United States, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, Norway, Australia, Portugal, Finland, China, Iran, Switzerland and Belgium. […] The mortality rates were given in Table 2. Of the 60 studies included in this current report, 24 studies provided data on mortality. Mortality was expressed as annual death per 100,000 population or percentage of deaths among TBI patients. The annual mortality rate ranged from 80.73/100,000/year in South Africa to a rate as low as 5.2/100,000/year in France. […] The TBI severity is usually measured by GCS. One study used Injury Severity Score (ISS), one study used posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) score and two studies used The Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). The distribution over all three severity levels of TBI injuries indicated the pattern of patients received by hospitals for treatments.

• #53

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/neurology-neurosciences/fulltext/ann-v1-id1007.php

  The incidence of TBI differs in countries. Based on aggregated data, the countries with an incidence of TBI from high to low were New Zealand, United States, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, Norway, Australia, Portugal, Finland, China, Iran, Switzerland and Belgium. […] The mortality rates were given in Table 2. Of the 60 studies included in this current report, 24 studies provided data on mortality. Mortality was expressed as annual death per 100,000 population or percentage of deaths among TBI patients. The annual mortality rate ranged from 80.73/100,000/year in South Africa to a rate as low as 5.2/100,000/year in France. […] The TBI severity is usually measured by GCS. One study used Injury Severity Score (ISS), one study used posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) score and two studies used The Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). The distribution over all three severity levels of TBI injuries indicated the pattern of patients received by hospitals for treatments.

• #54 Traumatic brain injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury

  TBI is a leading cause of death and disability around the globe and presents a major worldwide social, economic, and health problem. […] It is the number one cause of coma, it plays the leading role in disability due to trauma, and is the leading cause of brain damage in children and young adults. […] The incidence of TBI varies by age, gender, region and other factors. […] The annual incidence of mild TBI is difficult to determine but may be 100-600 people per 100,000. […] In the US, the case fatality rate is estimated to be 21% by 30 days after TBI. […] The incidence of TBI is increasing globally, due largely to an increase in motor vehicle use in low- and middle-income countries. […] In developing countries, automobile use has increased faster than safety infrastructure could be introduced.

• #55 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) – Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology: Overview, Epidemiology, Primary Injury

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview

  Approximately 52,000 US deaths per year result from TBI. Local factors in the United States may influence this mortality rate; it is lowest in the Midwest and Northeast and is highest in the South. […] The mortality rate for deaths outside of the hospital is approximately 17 per 100,000 people; it is approximately 6 per 100,000 people for patients who are hospitalized. […] The initial GCS score and, therefore, the severity of the TBI help to predict the likelihood of death from the injury. […] Among children aged 0-14 years, an estimated 475,000 TBIs occur each year. […] The prevalence (ie, the existing cases at any given time) of TBI is not well documented, because most cases (ie, mild TBI) are not fatal, and patients may not have been hospitalized. […] Estimates by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on Rehabilitation of Persons with TBI showed that 2.5-6.5 million Americans live with TBI-related disabilities.

• #56 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) – Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology: Overview, Epidemiology, Primary Injury

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview

  Approximately 52,000 US deaths per year result from TBI. Local factors in the United States may influence this mortality rate; it is lowest in the Midwest and Northeast and is highest in the South. […] The mortality rate for deaths outside of the hospital is approximately 17 per 100,000 people; it is approximately 6 per 100,000 people for patients who are hospitalized. […] The initial GCS score and, therefore, the severity of the TBI help to predict the likelihood of death from the injury. […] Among children aged 0-14 years, an estimated 475,000 TBIs occur each year. […] The prevalence (ie, the existing cases at any given time) of TBI is not well documented, because most cases (ie, mild TBI) are not fatal, and patients may not have been hospitalized. […] Estimates by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on Rehabilitation of Persons with TBI showed that 2.5-6.5 million Americans live with TBI-related disabilities.

• #57 Concussion and Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural Settings: Epidemiology and Specific Health Care Considerations – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-in-rural-settings-epidemiology-and-specific-health-care-considerations/

  Mild-traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussions cause significant morbidity. To date, synthesis of specific health care disparities and gaps in care for rural mTBI/concussion patients remains needed. […] mTBI/concussion incidence was higher in rural compared with urban areas. Compared with urban patients, rural patients were at increased risk for vehicular injuries, lifetime number of concussions, admissions for observation without neuroimaging, and injury-related costs. Rural patients were less likely to utilize ambulatory and mental health services following mTBI/concussion. […] Rural patients are at unique risk for mTBI/concussions and health care costs. Barriers to care include lower socioeconomic status, longer distances to regional medical center, and decreased availability of neuroimaging and consultants.

• #58 Concussion and Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural Settings: Epidemiology and Specific Health Care Considerations – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-in-rural-settings-epidemiology-and-specific-health-care-considerations/

  Mild-traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussions cause significant morbidity. To date, synthesis of specific health care disparities and gaps in care for rural mTBI/concussion patients remains needed. […] mTBI/concussion incidence was higher in rural compared with urban areas. Compared with urban patients, rural patients were at increased risk for vehicular injuries, lifetime number of concussions, admissions for observation without neuroimaging, and injury-related costs. Rural patients were less likely to utilize ambulatory and mental health services following mTBI/concussion. […] Rural patients are at unique risk for mTBI/concussions and health care costs. Barriers to care include lower socioeconomic status, longer distances to regional medical center, and decreased availability of neuroimaging and consultants.

• #59 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) – Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology: Overview, Epidemiology, Primary Injury

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/326510-overview

  A National Health Interview Survey estimated that annually, 1.9 million persons sustain a skull fracture or intracranial injury, with such trauma making up approximately 1% of all injuries. […] That incidence of mild TBI is about 131 cases per 100,000 people, the incidence of moderate TBI is about 15 cases per 100,000 people, and the incidence of severe TBI is approximately 14 cases per 100,000 people. […] Using the National Trauma Data Bank, a study by Rosenfeld et al of indicated that TBI is the most prevalent nonaccidental trauma (NAT) suffered by children in the United States. […] Differences in TBI rates in various parts of the United States may be attributable to differences in the methods of case verification and in the cause of injury.

• #60

  https://austinpublishinggroup.com/neurology-neurosciences/fulltext/ann-v1-id1007.php

  We identified 60 reports from 29 countries with data on Traumatic brain injury (TBI) epidemiology in the published literature. Men were at higher risk of TBI than women. The average age at the time of TBI ranged from 27 to 59.67 years while the median age ranged from 29 to 45 years. The incidence of TBI in Sweden, Italy and Norway was decreased while the incidence of TBI in Spain and Taiwan was increased. The countries with the incidence of TBI from high to low were New Zealand, United States, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, Norway, Australia, Portugal, Finland, China, Iran, Switzerland and Belgium. The overall mild: moderate: severe ratio was 55: 27.7: 17.3 based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). In patients with moderate and severe TBI, death was the most common outcome. In TBI patients with all severities, good recovery was the major clinical outcome. Motor vehicle collision (MVC) was the leading cause of TBI in China, Pakistan, Japan, Australia, France, Spain, Austria, England, Croatia, Slovakia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Netherland and Italy, whereas fall was the leading cause in The United States, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, Scotland, Norway and Finland. The MVC-related TBIs were the most common causes in developing countries, whereas the fall-related TBIs were the most common causes in developed countries. The percentage of MVC-related TBIs were the highest in Asia. Europe had the highest percentage of fall-related TBIs and work-related TBIs. North America, followed by Oceania, had the highest percentage of sport-related TBIs.

• #61 Epidemiology – Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326730/

  The mechanisms of injury for military personnel are generally similar to those found in civilians and include motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports/recreation related, assaults, and collisions with objects. […] TBI is one of the most significant public health problems in the United States and worldwide based on incidence, prevalence, healthcare resource utilization, resulting death and disability, and total economic cost.

• #62 2 Epidemiology and Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury – An Invisible Disability | Evaluating the HRSA Traumatic Brain Injury Program | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11600/chapter/4

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) a brain injury caused by a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the function of the brain is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, particularly among very young children, adolescents, young adults, and elderly persons (NIH, 1998; Thurman et al., 1999; Coronado et al., 2005). […] Because the damage to the brain from a TBI is hidden from view and the consequences are often not obvious to the casual observer, epidemiologists and other researchers often portray TBI as a hidden or silent epidemic (Box 2-1). […] The long-term consequences of TBI may manifest themselves in the form of altered cognition, personality, and behavior and, to a lesser extent, sensory and motor impairments (NIH, 1998; Thurman et al., 1999; Flashman and McAllister, 2002).

• #63 TBI surveillance using the common data elements for traumatic brain injury: a population study | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1865-1380-6-5

  Each year, on average, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with an estimated 1.35 million emergency department visits, 275,000 hospitalizations, and 52,000 deaths in the US. This does not account for those who sustain a head injury and receive no care. TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the US. Roughly three quarters of TBIs that occur each year are concussions or other forms of mild TBI. TBI is a significant burden to our health-care system. Direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated $76.5 billion in the US in 2000. […] Traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem in the US. It is frequently referred to as the silent epidemic because the complications from TBI, such as changes affecting thinking, sensation, language, or emotions, may not be readily apparent. In addition, awareness about TBI among the general public is limited.

• #64 2 Epidemiology and Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury – An Invisible Disability | Evaluating the HRSA Traumatic Brain Injury Program | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11600/chapter/4

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) a brain injury caused by a blow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the function of the brain is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, particularly among very young children, adolescents, young adults, and elderly persons (NIH, 1998; Thurman et al., 1999; Coronado et al., 2005). […] Because the damage to the brain from a TBI is hidden from view and the consequences are often not obvious to the casual observer, epidemiologists and other researchers often portray TBI as a hidden or silent epidemic (Box 2-1). […] The long-term consequences of TBI may manifest themselves in the form of altered cognition, personality, and behavior and, to a lesser extent, sensory and motor impairments (NIH, 1998; Thurman et al., 1999; Flashman and McAllister, 2002).

• #65

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2010/03000/the_epidemiology_of_traumatic_brain_injury.2.aspx

  To describe the most recent estimates of the incidence and prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and review current issues related to measurement and use of these data. […] The most recent estimates indicate that each year 235 000 Americans are hospitalized for nonfatal TBI, 1.1 million are treated in emergency departments, and 50 000 die. […] An estimated 43.3% of Americans have residual disability 1 year after injury. The most recent estimate of the prevalence of US civilian residents living with disability following hospitalization with TBI is 3.2 million. […] Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of TBI are based on varying sources of data, methods of calculation, and assumptions. Informed users should be cognizant of the limitations of these estimates when determining their applicability.

• #66

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2010/03000/the_epidemiology_of_traumatic_brain_injury.2.aspx

  To describe the most recent estimates of the incidence and prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and review current issues related to measurement and use of these data. […] The most recent estimates indicate that each year 235 000 Americans are hospitalized for nonfatal TBI, 1.1 million are treated in emergency departments, and 50 000 die. […] An estimated 43.3% of Americans have residual disability 1 year after injury. The most recent estimate of the prevalence of US civilian residents living with disability following hospitalization with TBI is 3.2 million. […] Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of TBI are based on varying sources of data, methods of calculation, and assumptions. Informed users should be cognizant of the limitations of these estimates when determining their applicability.

• #67 TBI surveillance using the common data elements for traumatic brain injury: a population study | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1865-1380-6-5

  Each year, on average, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with an estimated 1.35 million emergency department visits, 275,000 hospitalizations, and 52,000 deaths in the US. This does not account for those who sustain a head injury and receive no care. TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the US. Roughly three quarters of TBIs that occur each year are concussions or other forms of mild TBI. TBI is a significant burden to our health-care system. Direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated $76.5 billion in the US in 2000. […] Traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem in the US. It is frequently referred to as the silent epidemic because the complications from TBI, such as changes affecting thinking, sensation, language, or emotions, may not be readily apparent. In addition, awareness about TBI among the general public is limited.

• #68 TBI surveillance using the common data elements for traumatic brain injury: a population study | International Journal of Emergency Medicine | Full Text

  https://intjem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1865-1380-6-5

  Each year, on average, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with an estimated 1.35 million emergency department visits, 275,000 hospitalizations, and 52,000 deaths in the US. This does not account for those who sustain a head injury and receive no care. TBI is a contributing factor to a third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the US. Roughly three quarters of TBIs that occur each year are concussions or other forms of mild TBI. TBI is a significant burden to our health-care system. Direct medical costs and indirect costs such as lost productivity of TBI totaled an estimated $76.5 billion in the US in 2000. […] Traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem in the US. It is frequently referred to as the silent epidemic because the complications from TBI, such as changes affecting thinking, sensation, language, or emotions, may not be readily apparent. In addition, awareness about TBI among the general public is limited.

• #69 Sepsis in Traumatic Brain Injury: Epidemiology and Outcomes | Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-neurological-sciences/article/sepsis-in-traumatic-brain-injury-epidemiology-and-outcomes/889A95655AF498815D9A6F5DA208FBB1

  In this study, sepsis was rare in patients with TBI admitted to ICU, with an incidence of 3.3%. In those who did develop sepsis, pneumonia was the most common source and Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen. In keeping with previous studies, older age, TBI severity, and higher illness acuity were independently associated with mortality. Sepsis in patients with TBI was not associated with increased mortality; however, it was associated with increased healthcare utilization (ICU and hospital LOS).

• #70 Study Links Childhood Concussions to Lower Educational Attainment

  https://natlawreview.com/article/what-every-parent-should-know-about-childhood-concussions-and-long-term-learning

  Researchers in Finland followed over 24,000 children from the time of their injury (between 1998 and 2018) into adulthood. They wanted to know: how does a traumatic brain injury (TBI) including concussions affect educational success? […] Kids with head injuries were less likely to go on to college or advanced education than those with orthopedic injuries. […] Even children who just had a concussion were significantly less likely to pursue higher levels of education. […] The more serious the brain injury, the steeper the drop in educational achievement. […] This study suggests that those early injuries can change the path your child takes academically and beyond. […] Childhood brain injuries aren’t just a medical issue they’re an educational and developmental issue.

• #71 Study Links Childhood Concussions to Lower Educational Attainment

  https://natlawreview.com/article/what-every-parent-should-know-about-childhood-concussions-and-long-term-learning

  Researchers in Finland followed over 24,000 children from the time of their injury (between 1998 and 2018) into adulthood. They wanted to know: how does a traumatic brain injury (TBI) including concussions affect educational success? […] Kids with head injuries were less likely to go on to college or advanced education than those with orthopedic injuries. […] Even children who just had a concussion were significantly less likely to pursue higher levels of education. […] The more serious the brain injury, the steeper the drop in educational achievement. […] This study suggests that those early injuries can change the path your child takes academically and beyond. […] Childhood brain injuries aren’t just a medical issue they’re an educational and developmental issue.

• #72 Study Links Childhood Concussions to Lower Educational Attainment

  https://natlawreview.com/article/what-every-parent-should-know-about-childhood-concussions-and-long-term-learning

  Researchers in Finland followed over 24,000 children from the time of their injury (between 1998 and 2018) into adulthood. They wanted to know: how does a traumatic brain injury (TBI) including concussions affect educational success? […] Kids with head injuries were less likely to go on to college or advanced education than those with orthopedic injuries. […] Even children who just had a concussion were significantly less likely to pursue higher levels of education. […] The more serious the brain injury, the steeper the drop in educational achievement. […] This study suggests that those early injuries can change the path your child takes academically and beyond. […] Childhood brain injuries aren’t just a medical issue they’re an educational and developmental issue.

• #73 An international, prospective observational… | NIHR Open Research

  https://openresearch.nihr.ac.uk/articles/3-34

  The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear it is estimated to affect 2769 million individuals yearly with the bulk of the TBI burden in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs). […] The GEO-TBI: Incidence study aims to describe TBI epidemiology and outcomes according to development indices, and to highlight best practices to facilitate further comparative research. […] To elucidate the observed differences in TBI epidemiology, case-mix and outcomes, and to pave the way for comparative effectiveness research, systematic data collection of all TBI patients is needed. […] The GEO-TBI registry has been established. The registry is an international collaboration for recording TBI, with the core dataset focusing on injury mechanisms, initial presentation, interventions, and short-term outcomes.

• #74 An international, prospective observational… | NIHR Open Research

  https://openresearch.nihr.ac.uk/articles/3-34

  The GEO-TBI: Incidence is the first collaborative study to run on the GEO-TBI registry. It is a multi-centre, international, prospective observational study, that aims to describe global TBI epidemiology based on real-world clinical data using the core dataset of the GEO-TBI registry via a snapshot design all TBI patients admitted to the local hospital during a 90-day window will be included in the study. […] The overall mortality after surgically and non-surgically managed TBI is not well known. […] A review based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 suggested a TBI incidence of 27 million/year, but noted that this is probably an underestimate, as the results were derived predominantly from hospital-based sources. […] The GEO-TBI collaboration is a step towards this direction.

• #75 Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance and Research with Electronic Health Records: Building New Capacities

  https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/items/855f76c8-e8bb-4f59-9597-3a8fc7865042

  Between 3.2 and 5.3 million U.S. civilians live with traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related disabilities. […] TBI epidemiology draws upon untimely, incomplete, cross-sectional, administrative datasets. […] The adoption of electronic health records (EHR) may supplement traditional datasets for public health surveillance and research. […] This has direct implications on existing and future TBI registries and the Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States. […] The supplementation of state-based trauma registries with structured and unstructured EHR data is effective for studying TBI outcomes. […] Our findings support the classification of TBI as a chronic disease by funding bodies, which may improve public funding to replace legacy systems to improve standardization, timeliness, and completeness of the epidemiology and post-acute outcomes of TBI.

• #76 Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance and Research with Electronic Health Records: Building New Capacities

  https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/items/855f76c8-e8bb-4f59-9597-3a8fc7865042

  Between 3.2 and 5.3 million U.S. civilians live with traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related disabilities. […] TBI epidemiology draws upon untimely, incomplete, cross-sectional, administrative datasets. […] The adoption of electronic health records (EHR) may supplement traditional datasets for public health surveillance and research. […] This has direct implications on existing and future TBI registries and the Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States. […] The supplementation of state-based trauma registries with structured and unstructured EHR data is effective for studying TBI outcomes. […] Our findings support the classification of TBI as a chronic disease by funding bodies, which may improve public funding to replace legacy systems to improve standardization, timeliness, and completeness of the epidemiology and post-acute outcomes of TBI.

• #77 Rapid prediction of secondary neurologic decline after traumatic brain injury: a data analytic approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26318-4

  Secondary neurologic decline (ND) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is independently associated with outcome, but robust predictors of ND are lacking. […] An estimated 20% of moderate to severe and 5-10% of mild TBI patients experience ND, which is independently associated with worse outcome. […] Therefore, identifying individuals at highest and lowest risk of ND is a primary goal in initial TBI triage and resuscitation. […] Our model meets several criteria for effective early warning scores—data is gathered primarily electronically, results can be reported in a timely manner, and results may trigger clinical actions to affect a proximate, clinically meaningful outcome. […] Our findings support the need for machine learning tools to detect subtle but clinically relevant physiologic patterns that would be impossible for a human bedside clinician to recognize. […] Data-driven ML models based primarily on non-invasive physiologic monitoring during the golden hour of TBI resuscitation have potential to predict risk for subsequent ND and provide an opportunity to mitigate associated secondary injury and worse outcomes.

• #78 Rapid prediction of secondary neurologic decline after traumatic brain injury: a data analytic approach | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26318-4

  Secondary neurologic decline (ND) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is independently associated with outcome, but robust predictors of ND are lacking. […] An estimated 20% of moderate to severe and 5-10% of mild TBI patients experience ND, which is independently associated with worse outcome. […] Therefore, identifying individuals at highest and lowest risk of ND is a primary goal in initial TBI triage and resuscitation. […] Our model meets several criteria for effective early warning scores—data is gathered primarily electronically, results can be reported in a timely manner, and results may trigger clinical actions to affect a proximate, clinically meaningful outcome. […] Our findings support the need for machine learning tools to detect subtle but clinically relevant physiologic patterns that would be impossible for a human bedside clinician to recognize. […] Data-driven ML models based primarily on non-invasive physiologic monitoring during the golden hour of TBI resuscitation have potential to predict risk for subsequent ND and provide an opportunity to mitigate associated secondary injury and worse outcomes.

• #79 Education and Awareness of Sports Concussion Detection and Management in Quadball: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-7914/2/2/25

  The ramifications of a concussion can affect multiple aspects of an individual’s quality of life, both acutely and long-term. Recently, this type of traumatic brain injury has gained a tremendous allocation of attention and resources toward improving detection, diagnosis, prevention, and management. Among athletes, the nature of contact sports has made it imperative to reduce concussions and improve management capabilities, given the potential for devastating long-term effects on cognitive and physical function. Moreover, it is essential to provide athletes, coaches, and sports industry professionals with a comprehensive education regarding concussions. Education and health literacy are well established to contribute towards medical outcomes. Specifically, poor health literacy and education are associated with worse health outcomes. Regarding sports concussions, an educational aim is to ensure athletes develop competency in recognizing the signs and symptoms of a concussion, in addition to the importance of reporting these signs and symptoms and seeking appropriate medical care. In addition to the initial injury, the underreporting of concussions can also lead to players being more prone to experiencing future concussions. Among sports that have a risk of concussion, Quadball is a full-contact sport that is rapidly gaining popularity and recognition in the United States. As this sport’s population continues to grow, it remains imperative to assess the attitudes and awareness of concussion symptomology and severity in this sport. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the climate of attitudes and knowledge regarding concussions among Quadball participants through a cross-sectional methodology.

• #80 Education and Awareness of Sports Concussion Detection and Management in Quadball: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-7914/2/2/25

  The current body of literature on Quadball sports epidemiology has only emerged in the past decade. However, while these studies have observed injury trends within this sport, there has yet to be a study examining the profile of player attitude and awareness regarding preventing a sports-related injury. This limited understanding is coupled with the detrimental effects of concussion underreporting across sports athletes, as seen in the previous literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first investigations that examines the knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of sports concussions among Quadball players. […] Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate a descriptive profile of sports concussion knowledge and attitudes among Quadball participants. The distribution of the Quadball regions of the players and coaches demonstrates that there was no overwhelming statistical majority as to any playing region. Hence, the results of this study may be applicable across regions until the time there is further future scientific investigation within individual regions. Moreover, this seems to be the first study in the United States Quadball cohort that examines players and coaches across multiple teams, as prior investigations have been limited to one organization. Additionally, the finding that less than 60% of survey participants had some form of prior concussion training or education is particularly interesting as it may suggest that there is a need in the future to develop a concussion education curriculum designed specifically for Quadball players. Future study designs should be conducted to evaluate the benefit of such an educational program by utilizing similar knowledge survey methodology pre- and post-program. The implementation of a concussion education intervention will still require further investigation in order to create a program that is effective in improving player knowledge.

• #81 Education and Awareness of Sports Concussion Detection and Management in Quadball: A Cross-Sectional Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2813-7914/2/2/25

  The ramifications of a concussion can affect multiple aspects of an individual’s quality of life, both acutely and long-term. Recently, this type of traumatic brain injury has gained a tremendous allocation of attention and resources toward improving detection, diagnosis, prevention, and management. Among athletes, the nature of contact sports has made it imperative to reduce concussions and improve management capabilities, given the potential for devastating long-term effects on cognitive and physical function. Moreover, it is essential to provide athletes, coaches, and sports industry professionals with a comprehensive education regarding concussions. Education and health literacy are well established to contribute towards medical outcomes. Specifically, poor health literacy and education are associated with worse health outcomes. Regarding sports concussions, an educational aim is to ensure athletes develop competency in recognizing the signs and symptoms of a concussion, in addition to the importance of reporting these signs and symptoms and seeking appropriate medical care. In addition to the initial injury, the underreporting of concussions can also lead to players being more prone to experiencing future concussions. Among sports that have a risk of concussion, Quadball is a full-contact sport that is rapidly gaining popularity and recognition in the United States. As this sport’s population continues to grow, it remains imperative to assess the attitudes and awareness of concussion symptomology and severity in this sport. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the climate of attitudes and knowledge regarding concussions among Quadball participants through a cross-sectional methodology.

• #82 Traumatic Brain Injury – Department of Epidemiology – Virginia Commonwealth University

  https://epidemiology.vcu.edu/research/tbi/

  Two rehabilitation intervention studies were funded recently by the Norwegian Health Council. […] Studying long-term outcomes following moderate and severe TBI: A couple of activities are ongoing to (1) understand the trajectories of long-term functional outcomes and (2) multi-dimensional outcomes following moderate and severe TBI.

• #83 Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Public Health Issues | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-4305-1/part/part01/chapter/ch08

  Often preventable, traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a critical public health problem and leading cause of morbidity and mortality domestically and internationally. This chapter describes the epidemiology of TBI including the incidence, leading mechanisms of injury and injury intent, risk factors, economic impact, outcomes, and prevention strategies. […] National surveillance for SRR concussion cannot be conducted using the administrative databases, primarily due to the limited number of data elements in these data sources describing the circumstances of the injury. More work is needed to standardize the measurement of TBI incidence, prevalence, and outcomes across the world.

• #84 An international, prospective observational… | NIHR Open Research

  https://openresearch.nihr.ac.uk/articles/3-34

  Data on TBI outcomes in relation to development indices is scarce. […] The mechanism behind this difference is unclear it is possibly related to country-level differences in patient selection for surgery and pre-hospital management of TBI. […] This highlights the rationale for the GEO-TBI: Incidence study to help elucidate the basis for this discrepancy. […] The incidence of TBI in individual unit catchment areas during a consecutive 90-day period will be determined. […] The GEO-TBI registry core dataset will be collected on all patients admitted to the participating unit due to TBI during the study period. […] The primary outcome measures for the study will be 14-day mortality and the Glasgow Outcome Scale at Discharge (GODS). […] The study results will also help local hospitals compare their treatment results to an international standard.

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