Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Traumatic brain injury – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378561

  Treatment is based on the severity of the injury. […] Mild traumatic brain injuries usually require no treatment other than rest and over-the-counter pain relievers to treat a headache. However, a person with a mild traumatic brain injury usually needs to be monitored closely at home for any persistent, worsening or new symptoms. […] Emergency care for moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries focuses on making sure the person has enough oxygen and an adequate blood supply, maintaining blood pressure, and preventing any further injury to the head or neck. […] Medications to limit secondary damage to the brain immediately after an injury may include: […] Emergency surgery may be needed to minimize additional damage to brain tissues. […] Most people who have had a significant brain injury will require rehabilitation. They may need to relearn basic skills, such as walking or talking. The goal is to improve their abilities to perform daily activities.

• #2 TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8874-traumatic-brain-injury

  There are treatments for TBI. […] There are different treatments for mild and moderate/severe TBI. Specific treatments vary depending on your situation. […] If you have a mild traumatic brain injury, healthcare providers may recommend: Rest. Over-the-counter nonNSAID pain relievers. Regular checkups over the next few weeks to watch for new symptoms or worsening symptoms. […] A moderate or severe traumatic brain injury is a medical emergency. Healthcare providers may do surgery to: Relieve pressure inside your skull. Remove any debris inside your skull from a penetrating TBI, where something breaks through your skull and into your brain tissue. Remove blood clots. Repair fractures in your skull. Place monitors in your brain to measure pressure and oxygenation. […] Once you recover from surgery, you’ll probably begin rehabilitation treatment. The goal of rehabilitation is to improve your ability to handle daily activities and help you manage challenges like communication or mental health issues. You may receive: Physical therapy. Occupational therapy. Speech therapy. Respiratory therapy. Psychological therapy to help with any emotional or mental health issues.

• #3 Traumatic Brain Injury | TBI | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/traumaticbraininjury.html

  The treatments for TBI depend on many factors, including the size, severity, and location of the brain injury. […] For mild TBI, the main treatment is rest. If you have a headache, you can try taking over-the-counter pain relievers. It is important to follow your health care provider’s instructions for complete rest and a gradual return to your normal activities. If you start doing too much too soon, it may take longer to recover. Contact your provider if your symptoms are not getting better or if you have new symptoms. […] For moderate to severe TBI, the first thing health care providers will do is stabilize you to prevent further injury. They will manage your blood pressure, check the pressure inside your skull, and make sure that there is enough blood and oxygen getting to your brain.

• #4 Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment: From Pre-Hospital to Rehab

  https://www.healthline.com/health/traumatic-brain-injury-treatment

  After the initial rest period, a healthcare professional will likely recommend progressing to regular activity in stages and only progressing when you can complete a stage symptom-free. […] Painkillers may help control headaches caused by a concussion, but theres limited evidence to support their effectiveness. […] Health professionals use many different drugs immediately after a TBI to reduce inflammation in your brain and prevent further damage. […] You may require emergency surgery after a severe TBI to reduce potentially life threatening complications. […] Rehabilitation therapies can help you regain skills and recover functions that you may have lost. […] Researchers continue to examine the potential benefits of virtual reality and videogaming-based therapy for treating complications like balance problems, cognitive problems, attention and concentration deficits. […] A doctor may recommend rehabilitation, such as physical therapy or speech therapy, to treat complications.

• #5 Head injury – first aid: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000028.htm

  A head injury is any trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain. […] Concussion, most often in which the brain has been shaken, is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. […] A serious head injury that involves bleeding or brain damage must be treated in a hospital. […] For a mild head injury, no treatment may be needed. However, contact your provider for medical advice and watch for symptoms of a head injury, which can show up later. […] Your provider will explain what to expect, how to manage any headaches, how to treat your other symptoms, when to return to sports, school, work, and other activities, and signs or symptoms to worry about. […] Both adults and children must follow their provider’s instructions about when it will be possible to return to sports. […] Call 911 or the local emergency number right away if you suspect a serious head or neck injury, or the person develops any signs or symptoms of a serious head injury. […] Not all head injuries can be prevented. The following simple steps can help keep you and your child safe: Always use safety equipment during activities that could cause a head injury.

• #6 Brain Injury Rehabilitation | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/treatments/brain-injury-rehabilitation

  TIRR Memorial Hermann provides rehabilitation to individuals with brain injuries of all levels of severity, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), non-traumatic brain injury and brain injuries combined with bodily injury such as spinal cord injury, multiple fractures or amputations. […] Our brain injury specialists are trained and highly skilled in the management and treatment of traumatic brain injuries and stroke. […] Depending on the extent of your injury, the initial rehabilitation process can take anywhere from a few weeks to a few months – and continued rehabilitation could likely continue for years. […] TIRR Memorial Hermann has programs spanning the continuum of care for patients with brain injuries, including inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation, a medical follow-up clinic and a wellness program.

• #7 What are the treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI)? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/tbi/conditioninfo/treatment

  A variety of treatments can help a person recover from TBI and can sometimes reduce or eliminate certain physical, emotional, and cognitive problems associated with TBI. […] The specifics of treatment, including the type, setting, and length, depend on how severe the injury is and the area of the brain that was injured. […] Mild TBI, sometimes called concussion, may not require specific treatment other than rest. […] However, it is very important to follow a healthcare providers instructions for complete rest and slow return to normal activities after a mild TBI. […] Emergency care generally focuses on stabilizing and keeping the patient alive, including making sure the brain gets enough oxygen, controlling blood and brain pressure, and preventing further injury to the head or neck.

• #8 Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/tbi/factsheets/severe-traumatic-brain-injury

  A severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects more than just the injured person. It also affects family members and friends who love and are close to the person who is injured. As one of these people, you play a very important role in caring for a loved one with a severe TBI. For many, this role is new and comes with a lot of questions. […] Each TBI is unique. Most people with a TBI need a combination of intensive medical treatments. These may include neurological, surgical, and rehabilitative treatment. In the acute care setting, doctors and other healthcare professionals first address life-threatening injuries. Next, they address and treat other injuries and medical problems that arise. Finally, doctors make sure the injured person is medically stable. […] Throughout the recovery process, people with TBI undergo tests and procedures to assess the location and level of brain damage. This will help with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decisions.

• #9 Traumatic Brain Injury | TBI | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/traumaticbraininjury.html

  Once you are stable, the treatments may include: […] Surgery to reduce additional damage to your brain, for example to remove hematomas (clotted blood), get rid of damaged or dead brain tissue, repair skull fractures, relieve pressure in the skull. […] Medicines to treat the symptoms of TBI and to lower some of the risks associated with it, such as anti-anxiety medication to lessen feelings of nervousness and fear, anticoagulants to prevent blood clots, anticonvulsants to prevent seizures, antidepressants to treat symptoms of depression and mood instability, muscle relaxants to reduce muscle spasms, stimulants to increase alertness and attention. […] Rehabilitation therapies, which can include therapies for physical, emotional, and cognitive difficulties: physical therapy, to build physical strength, coordination, and flexibility; occupational therapy, to help you learn or relearn how to perform daily tasks, such as getting dressed, cooking, and bathing; speech therapy, to help you to with speech and other communication skills and treat swallowing disorders; psychological counseling, to help you learn coping skills, work on relationships, and improve your emotional well-being; vocational counseling, which focuses on your ability to return to work and deal with workplace challenges; cognitive therapy, to improve your memory, attention, perception, learning, planning, and judgment. […] Some people with TBI may have permanent disabilities. A TBI can also put you at risk for other health problems such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Treating these problems can improve your quality of life.

• #10 Types of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Medications: Uses & Drug List

  https://www.medicinenet.com/types_of_traumatic_brain_injury_tbi_medications/article.htm

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) medications are administered to treat traumatic brain injuries, prevent further (secondary) injury to the brain, and manage adverse conditions that result from a traumatic brain injury. […] Several classes of medications are used for emergency treatment in the immediate aftermath of a traumatic brain injury, as well as for long term management of any physiological, psychological and neurological problems arising from the TBI. […] Stabilizing the patients vital parameters and preventing secondary injury are the immediate goals of treatment after a brain injury. […] For long-term management of TBI-related conditions, a patient may require medications such as antidepressants, muscle relaxers, pain relievers, and stimulants to treat deficits in cognitive functions such as attention, memory, learning and language.

• #11 Head Trauma Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Complications, Outcome and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-treatment

  Diuretics are powerful in their ability to decrease brain volume and, therefore, to decrease ICP. […] Mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, is the most common diuretic used. […] While awaiting possible operative therapy, other supportive treatments are as follows: Early extraventricular drainage of CSF is sometimes of value in controlling brain edema if there is a suspicion that the ventricles will progressively diminish in size because edema cannot be cannulated from a burr hole. […] Management of elevated ICP involves using a combination of treatments. Each patient represents a slightly different set of circumstances, and treatment must be tailored to each patient. […] The treatment of penetrating brain injuries involves 2 main aspects. The first is the treatment of the TBI caused by a penetrating object.

• #12 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/neuro/brain-spine-trauma/traumatic-brain-injury-tbi/treatment

  Patients may benefit when partaking in rehabilitation with regard to their physical, occupational, and speech therapies. […] Sometimes patients are given diuretics to reduce fluid retention in their brain. […] Anti-seizure drugs may be prescribed to prevent future brain damage from occurring. […] Coma-inducing drugs could be introduced to reduce the pressure on the blood vessels in the brain, allowing an increase in the flow of oxygen. […] Anti-anxiety/anti-depressant medication can alleviate some of the depression and mood swings associated with some TBIs. […] Patients who experience symptoms of chronic fatigue may be prescribed stimulants to increase their attention and awareness. […] Clinical trial research is conducted for patients who are suffering from TBI and are interested in becoming part of the clinical trials. […] NewYork-Presbyterian is leading the way with clinical trials and research to improve a patient’s recovery from traumatic brain injuries. Innovative procedures are available at NewYork-Presbyterian to treat TBI and many other neurological disorders.

• #13 Management and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injuries

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9681696/

  Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are one of the main reasons for death in recent years worldwide or globally. […] In this review, treatment methods and advances in treatment will be discussed. […] The management of traumatic brain injury is the next topic. TBI is a common neurological disorder that causes damage to the brain either permanently or temporarily. It is also a major cause of mortality in young and adults. So, treatment is required. The majority of TBI medical treatment focuses on symptoms. The major goals are maintenance and cessation of sedation and analgesic used for patients while treating intracranial hypertension and convulsive status epilepticus. […] Even though numerous pre-clinical investigations have been found to be effective pharmacological treatments to date, all phase III trials have been unsuccessful.

• #14 Traumatic Brain Injury: What to Know About Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/traumatic-brain-injury-what-know-about-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration continues to study TBI and encourages the development of medical devices to help diagnose and treat it. […] None of the medical devices cleared or approved by FDA are intended to be used alone without the judgment of a health care provider trained to diagnose and treat TBI. […] The FDA has not approved any devices that can assess or diagnose a traumatic brain injury without an evaluation by a health care provider. […] The FDA continues to work with the research and clinical community to develop better-designed clinical studies so new medical products can be developed. […] Timely diagnosis is important to prevent repetitive injury and to help develop new therapies. […] Little can be done to reverse initial brain damage caused by trauma according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. But health care professionals will work to stabilize patients and try to prevent further harm.

• #15 Head Trauma Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Complications, Outcome and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-treatment

  Although no strict guidelines exist for defining surgical lesions in persons with head injury, most neurosurgeons consider any of the following to represent indications for surgery in patients with head injuries: extra-axial hematoma with midline shift greater than 5 mm, intra-axial hematoma with volume greater than 30 mL, an open skull fracture, or a depressed skull fracture with more than 1 cm of inward displacement. […] The first phase of treatment is to institute general measures. Once appropriate fluid resuscitation has been completed and the volume status is determined to be normal, intravenous fluids are administered to maintain the patient in a state of euvolemia or mild hypervolemia. […] Another supportive measure used to treat patients with head injuries is elevation of the head.

• #16 Head Trauma Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Complications, Outcome and Prognosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-treatment

  When PCS is severe or persistent, a multidisciplinary approach to treatment may be necessary. This includes social services, mental health services, occupational therapy, and pharmaceutical therapy. […] The treatment of moderate and severe head injuries begins with initial cardiopulmonary stabilization by ATLS guidelines. The initial resuscitation of a patient with a head injury is of critical importance to prevent hypoxia and hypotension. […] Once a patient has been stabilized from the cardiopulmonary standpoint, evaluation of their neurologic status may begin. […] After a thorough neurologic assessment has been performed, a CT scan of the head is obtained. The results of the CT scan help determine the next step. If a surgical lesion is present, arrangements are made for immediate transport to the operating room.

• #17 Traumatic brain injury – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378561

  Therapy usually begins in the hospital and continues at an inpatient rehabilitation unit, a residential treatment facility or through outpatient services. The type and duration of rehabilitation is different for everyone, depending on the severity of the brain injury and what part of the brain was injured.

• #18 What are the treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI)? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/tbi/conditioninfo/treatment

  Sometimes surgery is needed as part of emergency care to reduce damage to the brain. […] Medications can help treat symptoms of TBI and lower the risk of some conditions associated with it. […] Researchers continue to explore medications that may aid recovery from TBI. […] Therapies can help people with TBI recover functions, relearn skills, and find new ways to do things that take their new health status into account. […] Rehabilitation can include several different kinds of therapy for physical, emotional, and cognitive difficulties and for a variety of activities, such as daily self-care, driving, and interacting with others. […] Therapy usually begins in the hospital and can continue in a number of places, including rehabilitation hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, homes, schools, and outpatient programs.

• #19 What are the treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI)? | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

  http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/tbi/conditioninfo/treatment

  Rehabilitation therapy may include the following: Physical therapy to build physical strength, balance, and flexibility and to help restore energy levels. […] Occupational therapy to learn or relearn how to perform daily tasks, such as getting dressed, cooking, and bathing. […] Speech therapy to improve the ability to form words, speak aloud, and use other communication skills; can include instruction on how to use special communication devices and treatment of trouble swallowing, called dysphagia. […] Psychological counseling to learn coping skills, work on interpersonal relationships, and improve general emotional well-being; can include medication and other ways to address chemical imbalances that may result from TBI. […] Vocational counseling to help a patient return to work and community living by finding appropriate work opportunities and ways to deal with workplace challenges. […] Cognitive therapy to improve memory, attention, perception, learning, planning, and judgment.

• #20 Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery

  https://cms.illinois.gov/benefits/stateemployee/bewell/getmoving/traumatic-brain-injury-recovery.html

  Many of the secondary effects caused by a TBI can be managed through traumatic brain injury recovery exercises. Rehabilitation provides many benefits such as improving movement, rebuilding strength and restoring cognitive function. […] Fortunately, the brain is versatile and has the ability to rewire itself through neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity strengthens existing neural pathways and creates new ones, which helps improve overall function after a TBI. […] Instead of targeting the muscles, the following TBI exercises will help address cognitive function. Just as you can improve muscle function through rehab exercise, you can improve cognitive function through cognitive exercise: […] Exercising after a brain injury is important but its equally important to find exercises that are suitable and effective for you. When choosing your TBI exercises for your home therapy regimen, it can help to think about the muscles you want to target and your ability level. Your therapist is also a great resource that can provide you with a customized rehabilitation plan with cognitive and physical therapy exercises most suitable for your condition.

• #21 Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury: Types & How They Help

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/therapy-for-traumatic-brain-injury

  Recovery programs may include one or more of these therapies from trained health professionals: Physical therapy, Occupational therapy, Cognitive therapy, Speech and language therapy, Vision therapy, Vestibular therapy, Psychiatric and psychological care. […] Physical therapy also has a significant impact on brain function and TBI recovery. […] Occupational therapists help patients relearn how to perform daily tasks in order to maintain independence. […] Cognitive rehabilitation therapy can start when someone with a brain injury is admitted to the hospital. […] Speech therapists can assess whether the patient is experiencing swallowing difficulties and recommend the use of communication aids, especially after a severe injury. […] Multiple studies show that vision therapy also called neuro-optometric rehabilitation can help patients improve their vision skills after a traumatic brain injury.

• #22 Brain Injury Rehabilitation – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/treatment/brain-injury-rehabilitation

  Brain injury rehabilitation involves channeling the body’s natural healing abilities and the brain’s relearning processes so an individual may recover as quickly and efficiently as possible. Rehabilitation also involves learning new ways to compensate for abilities that have permanently changed due to brain injury. The focus of rehabilitation is to enable individuals to perform their activities of daily living (ADLs) safely and independently so they can move on to other forms of rehabilitation or transition to their home. […] There are several rehabilitation options based on a person’s ability to participate in a rehabilitation program. More often than not, the insurance company will limit the number of days a person can participate in a rehabilitative program, making it is especially important to find the right program. The treatment team will typically advise, or refer, the patient to the most appropriate rehabilitation setting. Here are some of the options:

• #23 Brain Injury Rehabilitation – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/treatment/brain-injury-rehabilitation

  Acute Rehabilitation – As early as possible in the recovery process, individuals who sustain brain injuries will begin acute rehabilitation. The treatment is provided in a special unit of a trauma hospital, a rehabilitation hospital, or another inpatient setting. During acute rehabilitation, a team of health professionals with experience and training in brain injury work with the patient to regain as many activities of daily living as possible. Activities of daily living include dressing, eating, using the bathroom, walking, and speaking. […] Post-Acute Rehabilitation – When patients are well enough to participate in more intensive therapy, they may be transferred to a post-acute rehabilitation setting, such as a transitional rehabilitation facility. Transitional rehabilitation facilities are sometimes called residential rehabilitation or transitional living facilities. The goal of post-acute rehabilitation is to help the person become as independent as possible. Patients undergo at least six hours of therapy per day. This type of comprehensive rehabilitation in a post-acute facility is considered the gold standard for care and treatment following brain injury.

• #24 Brain Injury Rehabilitation – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/treatment/brain-injury-rehabilitation

  Sub-Acute Rehabilitation – Patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapies may be transferred to a sub-acute rehabilitation facility. Sub-acute rehabilitation programs are designed for persons with brain injury who need less-intensive rehabilitation services over a longer period of time. Sub-acute programs may also be designed for those who have made progress in an acute rehabilitation setting (and are still progressing) but are not making rapid functional gains. Sub-acute rehabilitation may be provided in a variety of settings, such as a skilled nursing facility or nursing home. […] Day Treatment (Day Rehab or Day Hospital) – Day treatment provides rehabilitation in a structured group setting during the day and allows the person with a brain injury to return home at night. Some people may transition to a day program following their discharge from an inpatient post-acute rehabilitation facility, while others may proceed directly to sub-acute rehabilitation after discharge from the hospital.

• #25 Brain Injury Rehabilitation – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/treatment/brain-injury-rehabilitation

  Outpatient Therapy – Following acute, post-acute, and/or sub-acute rehabilitation, a person with a brain injury may continue to receive outpatient therapies to maintain and enhance his or her recovery. Individuals whose injuries were not severe enough to require hospitalization or who were not initially diagnosed with a brain injury when the incident occurred may attend outpatient therapies to address problem areas as a result of their brain injury.

• #26 Brain Injury Treatment – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/treatment

  Just as no two people are exactly alike, no two brain injuries are exactly alike. This is important to keep in mind when addressing brain injury treatment. For some, brain injury is the start of a lifelong disease process. […] Brain injury requires access to a full continuum of treatment and community-based supports provided by appropriately educated clinicians serving on an interdisciplinary team. Treatment can be acute or post-acute. Acute treatment involves care that an individual receives in the hospital immediately after their injury, while post-acute care encompasses long-term treatment for persisting side effects of brain injury. The type of care a survivor receives will depend on the severity of the injury, the symptoms they present, and the survivor’s insurance plan. It is also important to know that recovery is sometimes not linear and may require the individual to revisit previous steps in the treatment process.

• #27 Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guide

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/media-room/articles/traumatic-brain-injury-treatment-guide

  Medications may help manage common TBI symptoms such as chronic headaches, dizziness, anxiety, and depression. Our specialists work closely with patients to adjust treatments for optimal recovery. […] With 3-5 active clinical trials at any given time, UC Health ensures that TBI patients have access to the latest research and experimental therapies. Our research-driven approach improves care quality and expands treatment options. […] Our specialized brain injury rehabilitation programs focus on long-term care strategies to help patients manage these challenges and regain independence. […] At UC Health, we treat over 600 TBI patients per year, and our providers and specialty therapists work tirelessly to improve outcomes and quality of life for every patient. […] UC Health’s Neurotrauma Center provides patients with access to: Expert Multidisciplinary Care, State-of-the-Art Treatments, Ongoing Research Clinical Trials, Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services.

• #28 A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

  https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/11/5/10

  A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury […] Background: Traumatic brain injury manifests itself in various forms, ranging from mild impairment of consciousness to severe coma and death. Traumatic brain injury remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no therapy to reverse the effects associated with traumatic brain injury. New neuroprotective treatments for severe traumatic brain injury have not achieved significant clinical success. […] In the present review, we discuss the concepts of traditional and new approaches to treatment of traumatic brain injury. The recent development of different drug delivery approaches to the central nervous system is also discussed. […] The management of traumatic brain injury could be aimed either at the pathological mechanisms initiating the secondary brain injury or alleviating the symptoms accompanying the injury. In many cases, however, the treatment should be complex and include a variety of medical interventions and combination therapy.

• #29

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/treatments-and-services/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation/traumatic-brain-injury

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) happens when the brain is damaged by moving around in the skull after a blow to the head or body. A TBI can be mild (concussion), moderate, or severe. Depending on its severity, a TBI can cause temporary or permanent problems with cognition (attention, memory, and problem-solving), function, sensations, and emotions. […] Rehabilitation for a traumatic brain injury requires expertise and compassion. Make an appointment with a University of Miami Health System physiatrist (physical medicine and rehabilitation doctor) today. […] Neurostimulation, also called electrical stimulation, uses low-voltage electricity to stop the nerve impulses that cause pain. […] Interventional Spine Procedures use image-guided technology to deliver steroids and medications right to the pain source.

• #30 A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

  https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/11/5/10

  The use of multimodal neuropeptide cerebrolysin in TBI treatment has been proposed by several studies. […] The use of nanoparticles as drug carriers has received increasing attention in the last few years. […] Currently, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is considered one of the most important clinical treatments for TBI. […] To date, several technologies of non-invasive brain stimulation have been developed. […] The majority of TBIs (up to 90%) are mild. […] The management of mild TBI in many cases could be symptomatic. […] The overall approach to the treatment of mild TBI should be, therefore, individualized and highly dependent on the severity and character of the injury. […] TBI is a major global health problem and one of the main priorities in modern critical care. […] There are several promising areas of research aimed at optimizing neuroresuscitation protocols, developing an evidence base for surgical intervention, and promising neuroprotective pharmacotherapy. Given the heterogeneity of the pathology and the fact that one intervention method cannot affect all involved pathological mechanisms, the importance of personalized medicine and combination therapy in the field of TBI cannot be overestimated.

• #31 Traumatic Brain Injury Therapy | Neurotherapeutix NYC

  https://neurotherapeutixnyc.com/conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/

  TBI treatment depends on the symptoms and seriousness of the injury. A severe TBI may require emergency surgery to repair skull fractures and alleviate potentially fatal inflammation of the brain. Medications may be necessary to prevent seizures and other complications. Long-term issues may require approaches such as occupational or physical therapy, or physical medicine and rehabilitation may assist in restoring physical and executive function over time. Working with a speech therapist or psychologist might be helpful in reducing the cognitive difficulties that may emerge following a TBI. […] A TBI will cause what is known as diffuse axonal injury, which causes dysfunction and impairment of brain function by cutting off the connections of neural networks. This damage does not have anatomical signatures and as such very difficult to “see” on MRI or CT images. Neurotherapeutix’s unique functional MRI technology visualizes the damage by giving us the capability to map the function of the brain and see where these networks have been disrupted. Treatment will target these specific areas with the goal of repairing connections and restoring the normal architecture of the brain. Over the course of several TMS sessions, which are customized to address the neurological connections sheared by a TBI, many patients begin to see improvement in cognitive function and an overall reduction in seizures and other long-term side effects of the brain injury. This method is guided by fMRI scans, which can be performed periodically to evaluate the progress of recovery and make modifications to the treatment program when needed. Repetitive TMS treatments may also help to reduce the overall risk of long-term degenerative brain diseases – such as Alzheimer’s or dementia – which are commonly linked to TBIs. Guided TMS is a non-invasive method which has non-to-minimal side effects and the power to induce functional and structural changes over time.

• #32 Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

  https://stiwell.medel.com/neurology/traumatic-brain-injury

  Functional electrical stimulation can be used to re-learn routine movements after a traumatic brain injury. […] Functional electrical stimulation is a perfect supplement to rehabilitation for patients with TBI. Electrical stimulation can even be used in inpatient rehabilitation to counteract muscle paralysis. The aim is to use EMG-triggered electrical stimulation, where the patient begins the movement, and the current device amplifies the too weak impulse.

• #33 A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

  https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/11/5/10

  Symptomatic treatment is often used in some emergency cases of severe TBI. […] However, in finding an effective treatment for severe TBI the main research attention has always been focused on novel neuroprotective agents. […] The goal of novel approaches to TBI management is to identify and develop robust therapy in a pre-clinical study, determine the optimal dosage and treatment regimens, and implement the most effective methods in medical practice. Therefore, optimal communication between pre-clinical and clinical studies appears to be essential for the successful development and implementation of new methods of TBI management and improved patient outcomes. […] Despite significant improvements in resuscitation after TBI, one of the inevitable consequences of neurotrauma is secondary brain injury. […] Although currently there is no FDA-approved drug to prevent or treat damage secondary to neurotrauma, understanding the mechanisms of pathophysiology of secondary brain injury is important for the successful treatment of traumatic brain injury.

• #34 A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

  https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/11/5/10

  Current recommendations for TBI treatment state that prophylactic administration of antiepileptic drugs for one week could be used to prevent early seizures. […] One of the last steps of maximal treatment is to put a patient into a drug-induced coma, usually by infusion of benzodiazepines such as midazolam or infusion of barbiturates such as pentobarbital. […] The Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) recommendations regarding the use of sedatives and analgesics are as follows: Administration of barbiturates to suppress seizures and as a prophylaxis for intracranial hypertension is not recommended. […] Corticosteroids reduce the production of CSF and exert antiedematous and anti-inflammatory effects in TBI. […] Following the failure of corticosteroids in TBI, pre-clinical animal studies have focused on the early administration of progesterone, a potent neurosteroid synthesized in the central nervous system. […] Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein that regulates hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, which is naturally produced in the kidneys after hypoxic stimulation. […] Amantadine can be distributed to the frontal lobes and acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. […] It has been shown that in various animal models, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has a significant neuroprotective effect by reducing the consequences of secondary neuronal damage.

• #35 Hope for patients with traumatic brain injury | AAMC

  https://www.aamc.org/news/hope-patients-traumatic-brain-injury

  Academic centers like UT Health San Antonio are at the forefront of much-needed research on TBI. […] Research topics include: Drug treatments for headaches, irritability, and aggression. […] An additional focus is developing new diagnostic and prognostic tools for TBI. […] Giacino is enthusiastic about using biomarkers to predict TBI patient outcomes. […] This idea of phenotyping traumatic brain injury has taken off in a big way and will likely change the complexion of the field, he says. […] But one of the critical, most super important findings of the last 5-10 years, he says, is that brain injury is not a static event. […] With the new five-year grant, the CENC will study the long-term effects of TBI. […] As for the future, clinical research is underway for a variety of new treatments, says Cifu, from medications to specialized therapies, which should benefit the roughly 10% of individuals who dont show progress after normal treatments.

• #36 Brain Injury Rehabilitation – Spaulding Rehabilitation

  https://spauldingrehab.org/conditions-services/brain-injury

  As part of your brain injury rehabilitation program, you will have access to rehabilitation physician-led teams, which include physical, occupational, speech, and recreational therapists, music therapists, case managers, social workers, mental health and internal medicine specialists, nurses with specialized training in brain injury, registered dieticians and respiratory therapists. […] Brain injury rehabilitation services are provided by physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech language pathologists, therapeutic recreation specialists, music therapists. […] Outpatient brain injury rehabilitative care is for patients who progressed from hospital rehabilitation or skilled nursing and returned home, but still needs help regaining complete functional independence, returning to work or re-engaging in a sport or physical activity. […] Outpatient services include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, prescription medication, recommendation of enrolling in one of our Adaptive Sports and Recreation Programs, aquatic therapy.

• #37 Traumatic Brain Injury | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/neurosurgery/traumatic-brain-injury

  We specialize in assessing your function and deficits and creating an individualized rehabilitation plan to restore neurocognitive and physical abilities. These efforts begin when you’re in the hospital and continue after discharge. Our rehabilitation services include experts in communication, hearing loss, neurology, neuropsychology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech-language pathology. […] Duke’s TBI treatment team offers every opportunity for you to thrive. We have the most advanced treatments available, and we connect you with the right rehabilitation services to match your individual needs. […] Our TBI experts — neurologists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuro-intensivists, critical care specialists, neuropsychologists, therapists, and others — meet regularly to discuss each person in our care. Some of our doctors go together to see patients in the emergency department, in the hospital, and after discharge, which is more efficient and convenient for you.

• #38 Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/traumatic-brain-injury-in-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOoo0fVLGe9UJev3chQrWAdAJQ-3KuZhAhRhpFFZQIUj8Ai7yyfiI

  Person- and family-centered care is a collaborative approach grounded in a mutually beneficial partnership among individuals, families, and clinicians. Each party is equally important in the relationship, and each party respects the knowledge, skills, and experiences that the others bring to the process. This approach to care incorporates individual and family preferences and priorities and offers a range of services, including providing counseling and emotional support, providing information and resources, coordinating services, and teaching specific skills to facilitate communication. […] Treatment for TBI can be restorative and/or compensatory. These approaches are not mutually exclusive; aspects of more than one approach often are integrated into the delivery of services. […] Restorative approaches involve direct therapy aimed at improving or restoring impaired function(s) through retraining. Treatment is often hierarchical, targeting specific processes in the impaired domain before introducing more demanding higher-level tasks, and eventually generalizing skills to more functional activities and tasks (Sohlberg Mateer, 2001).

• #39 Brain Injury Rehabilitation | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/brain-injury-rehabilitation

  Our acute rehabilitation services for patients with a traumatic or acquired brain injury are renowned for innovative care that uses an evidence-based, multidisciplinary team approach to recovery. […] We treat patients recovering from the effects of a traumatic brain injury (TBI), as well as those recovering from the effects of other neurologic conditions. […] Our inpatient and outpatient neurorehabilitation programs are some of the nations most advanced. […] After a thorough assessment, the interdisciplinary treatment team designs an individualized rehabilitation plan tailored to the patients specific needs and goals. […] Our brain injury rehabilitation specialists work together to develop comprehensive and individualized treatment that may involve a combination of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy for an average of three hours each day for five days per week.

• #40 Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/traumatic-brain-injury-in-adults/?srsltid=AfmBOoo0fVLGe9UJev3chQrWAdAJQ-3KuZhAhRhpFFZQIUj8Ai7yyfiI

  The goal of intervention in TBI is to achieve the highest level of independent function for participation in daily living. Consistent with the ICF framework (WHO, 2001), intervention is designed to capitalize on strengths and address weaknesses related to underlying structures and functions that affect communication; facilitate the individual’s activities and participation by assisting the person in acquiring new skills and strategies; and modify contextual factors that serve as barriers and enhance facilitators of successful communication and participation, including development and use of appropriate accommodations. […] Interventions that enhance a patient’s activity and participation through modification of contextual factors may be warranted, even if the prognosis for improved body structure/function is limited.

• #41 Brain Injury Treatment – Brain Injury Association of America

  https://biausa.org/brain-injury/about-brain-injury/treatment

  The individual who sustains a brain injury and their family are the most important members of the treatment team. Their choices, goals, and backgrounds must always be taken into consideration. Each survivor will have a different experience in recovery because no two brain injuries will have the exact same effects on the individual survivors. Therefore, just because one person’s recovery looks different from another’s, that doesn’t mean that the survivor is not making progress.

• #42 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact. […] Traumatic brain injuries may be caused by injuries from a number of sports, including soccer, boxing, football, baseball, lacrosse, skateboarding, hockey, and other high-impact or extreme sports. […] Traumatic brain injury also results from penetrating wounds, severe blows to the head with shrapnel or debris, and falls or bodily collisions with objects following a blast. […] Several complications can occur immediately or soon after a traumatic brain injury. Severe injuries increase the risk of a greater number of and more-severe complications. […] Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury can result in prolonged or permanent changes in a person’s state of consciousness, awareness or responsiveness.

• #43 Traumatic brain injury – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

  Many people who have had a significant brain injury will experience changes in their thinking (cognitive) skills. It may be more difficult to focus and take longer to process your thoughts. […] Language and communications problems are common following traumatic brain injuries. […] People who’ve experienced brain injury may experience changes in behaviors. […] Emotional changes may include: Depression, Anxiety, Mood swings, Irritability, Lack of empathy for others, Anger, Insomnia. […] The relationship between degenerative brain diseases and brain injuries is still unclear. But some research suggests that repeated or severe traumatic brain injuries might increase the risk of degenerative brain diseases. […] Follow these tips to reduce the risk of brain injury: Always wear a seat belt in a motor vehicle.

• #44 Traumatic Brain Injury | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/related_conditions/traumatic-brain-injury

  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from an impact to the head that disrupts normal brain function. TBI may affect a person’s cognitive abilities, including learning and thinking skills. […] The most serious traumatic brain injuries require specialized hospital care and can require months of inpatient rehabilitation. Most traumatic brain injuries are mild, however, and can be managed with either an ER visit, a short hospital stay for observation or at-home monitoring followed by outpatient rehabilitation, if needed. Treatment of dementia in a person with a history of traumatic brain injuries varies depending on the type of dementia diagnosed. Strategies for treating Alzheimer’s or another specific type of dementia are the same for individuals with and without a history of TBI. However, the contributions of TBI to cognition is a relatively new area of exploration for researchers and physicians, formal clinical guidelines for diagnosing and managing this condition do not yet exist. Several major research initiatives are under way to gain further insights into the patterns of injury and brain changes implicated in the context of TBI, and to develop new strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

• #45 Traumatic Brain Injury

  https://www.uabmedicine.org/specialties/traumatic-brain-injury/

  Traumatic brain injury can have wide-ranging physical and psychological effects and may be accompanied by pain. […] Treatment for TBI varies depending on the extent of damage and symptoms, and it sometimes includes pain management. […] UAB Spain Rehabilitation Center is home to one of only 16 nationally designated Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Programs, which are funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, and the program also serves as a traumatic brain injury (TBI) clinical trials network center. This designation recognizes UABs outstanding care to individuals with TBI, including emergency medical services, acute care in the hospital, and rehabilitation expertise.

• #46 Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guide

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/media-room/articles/traumatic-brain-injury-treatment-guide

  With a multidisciplinary approach integrating research, rehabilitation, and innovative therapies, we ensure that every TBI patient receives comprehensive, personalized care. […] At UC Health, home to the only Level I Trauma Center in the region, our dedicated Neurotrauma team provides cutting-edge traumatic brain injury treatment for patients at all stages of recovery. […] UC Health’s Learning Health System integrates patient experiences, real-time research, and physician expertise to continuously improve traumatic brain injury treatment. […] At UC Health, we take a research-driven approach to traumatic brain injury treatment. Our Learning Health System creates a feedback loop between doctors, researchers, and patients, caregivers and community, ensuring continuous improvements in care.

• #47 Brain Injury Types and Treatments | Brooks Rehabilitation

  https://brooksrehab.org/conditions/brain-injury/

  Just as no two people are exactly alike, you also wont find two exact brain injuries. Brooks Rehabilitation provides a patient-centered treatment approach for each traumatic brain injury while observing the patients goals setting and preferred choice of treatment procedures. […] Rehabilitation programs for patients with brain injuries are very client-oriented and unique to each patients case and treatment options. […] Brain injury rehabilitation helps the patient to return to their highest level of brain function, allowing them their best possible independence while improving their overall quality of life. Brooks Rehabilitation offers an assortment of treatments and programs, all customizable to each patients individual circumstances. […] Brooks Rehabilitation uses a systemic, evidence-based approach that enrolls patients in 5-6 days of occupational, physical, and cognitive therapy.

• #48 Brain Injury Rehabilitation | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/rehab-medicine/services/brain-injury

  Services and qualities unique to Mount Sinai’s Brain Injury Rehabilitation program include: Certified brain injury-specialty nurses and therapists with the expertise in managing issues such as agitation or difficulty communicating. […] Integration of cognitive therapy into all therapeutic settings including physical, occupational, and recreational therapy sessions. […] We offer a variety of outpatient rehabilitation services including neuropsychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, social work, and speech therapy. […] Our comprehensive outpatient program is CARF-accredited, and is run by skilled professionals who have specialized in brain injury for many years. […] In addition, the exceptional clinical and research programs we offer span the continuum of comprehensive inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation and are available to individuals following any type of brain injury including traumatic brain injury (TBI).

• #49 Brain Injury Rehabilitation | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/treatments/brain-injury-rehabilitation

  Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of disability in people under age 40. […] That’s why it is important to make the most of your time in the appropriate rehabilitation program. […] Through our Brain Injury Rehabilitation program, we have seen patients make great strides by helping them and their families see that it is possible to live full, active lives after traumatic brain injury. […] At TIRR Memorial Hermann, our Brain Injury Rehabilitation program has a very high complexity of patients when compared to other programs nationally. […] Our high national ranking and reputation for outstanding patient outcomes has made us a destination for patients all across the country – and the world – seeking expert inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation. […] TIRR Memorial Hermann’s comprehensive inpatient, outpatient and vocational services are accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF). […] Our reputation is based on more than 50 years of experience in rehabilitation and research, the high caliber of our affiliated physicians and clinical staff, and our comprehensive programs and services.

• #50 Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guide

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/media-room/articles/traumatic-brain-injury-treatment-guide

  By constantly refining our traumatic brain injury treatment strategies, we improve recovery outcomes and quality of life for every patient. […] At UC Health, we offer a full spectrum of traumatic brain injury treatment, from emergency care to long-term brain injury rehabilitation. Our team includes neurosurgeons, neurologists, rehabilitation specialists, and therapists, all collaborating to develop customized treatment plans. […] Rehabilitation is key for TBI patients recovering from both mild and severe injuries. UC Health offers specialized brain injury rehabilitation programs, including: Physical therapy to improve mobility and coordination, Occupational therapy to help patients regain independence in daily tasks, Speech therapy for those with cognitive or communication impairments, Cognitive rehabilitation to enhance memory and problem-solving skills.

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