Materiały źródłowe

• #1 A Randomized, Controlled Field Trial for the Prevention of Jellyfish Stings With a Topical Sting Inhibitor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1965592/

  Jellyfish stings are a common occurrence among ocean goers worldwide with an estimated 150 million envenomations annually. A new topical jellyfish sting inhibitor based on the mucous coating of the clown fish prevents 85% of jellyfish stings in laboratory settings. The objective is to evaluate the field efficacy of the jellyfish sting inhibitor, Safe Sea. […] Safe Sea is a topical barrier cream effective at preventing 80% jellyfish stings under real-world conditions. […] Safe Sea is a new, unique jellyfish sting inhibitor based on the chemical properties of the mucous coating of clownfish (genus: Amphiprion). […] Safe Sea prevents nematocysts from firing; however, once the stingers have fired, Safe Sea is ineffective in blocking or neutralizing the sting itself. […] The jellyfish sting inhibitor, Safe Sea, had an 80% reduction in jellyfish stings under real-world conditions during a field trial. […] Safe Sea, a topical jellyfish sting inhibitor, is effective at preventing jellyfish stings in the setting of a field trial in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean.

• #2 A randomized, controlled field trial for the prevention of jellyfish stings with a topical sting inhibitor – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16706948/

  Jellyfish stings are a common occurrence among ocean goers worldwide with an estimated 150 million envenomations annually. […] A new topical jellyfish sting inhibitor based on the mucous coating of the clown fish prevents 85% of jellyfish stings in laboratory settings. […] The objective is to evaluate the field efficacy of the jellyfish sting inhibitor, Safe Sea. […] The incidence of jellyfish stings was the main outcome measure. […] Eleven jellyfish stings occurred with placebo, two with the sting inhibitor, resulting in a relative risk reduction of 82% (95% confidence interval: 21%-96%; p= 0.02). […] Safe Sea is a topical barrier cream effective at preventing 80% jellyfish stings under real-world conditions.

• #3 Jellyfish sting treatment: A step-by-step guide

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2024/06/18/jellyfish-sting-treatment-guide/74121904007/

  Jellyfish stings are common in coastal waters during the summer months. […] Most stings are by chance. People usually get stung while accidentally stepping on a jellyfish on a beach or brushing up against one while swimming, says the Cleveland Clinic, which estimates 150 million people are stung worldwide every year. […] Sting victims need to be monitored and treated immediately if they have difficulty breathing, an allergic reaction or other serious symptoms. […] Here is what the Mayo Clinic in the U.S. and the National Health Service in the U.K. recommend for non-life-threatening stings. […] Most nonlethal jellyfish stings tend to get better within a few hours, but some stings can produce skin rashes or other irritations that can last weeks, according to the Mount Sinai Hospital website. It advises that you contact your health care provider if symptoms persist.

• #4 Jellyfish Sting: Treatment and Tips

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-treat-a-jellyfish-sting-1298222

  Avoiding jellyfish stings is undoubtedly a better strategy than treating them. There are several things you can do to protect yourself: […] Prepare: Before venturing out into the sea, learn which species of jellyfish are common in the area, how dangerous they are, and what to do in the event of a sting. […] Plan: Jellyfish are attracted to warmer water and will often appear seasonally as the tidal flow changes. Contact local authorities or lifeguards about when jellyfish season is at your destination. […] Wear a protective suit: If you are visiting an area where jellyfish are common, you can protect yourself by getting a skin suit (also known as a stinger suit) available at many diving shops. They are lightweight but act as an effective barrier if you brush up against a jellyfish. […] Get a jellyfish repellent: If you are really worried about jellyfish, there are some commercially available lotions that are said to repel jellyfish. Although it is unclear how effective they are, many customers swear by them. There are even suntan lotions that contain jellyfish repellent.

• #5 Jellyfish stings | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/jellyfish-stings

  The following tips can help you avoid jellyfish stings: […] Wear a protective suit. When swimming or diving in areas where jellyfish stings are possible, wear a wet suit or other protective clothing. Diving stores sell protective „skin suits” or „stinger suits” made of thin, high-tech fabric. Consider protective footwear, as stings can also occur while wading in shallow water. […] Get information about conditions. Talk to lifeguards, local residents or officials with a local health department before swimming or diving in coastal waters, especially in areas where jellyfish are common. […] Avoid water during jellyfish season. Stay out of the water in jellyfish areas when jellyfish numbers are high.

• #6 Jellyfish stings | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/jellyfish-stings?content_id=CON-20311564

  Learn more about prevention and first aid for these painful injuries that are common among people swimming in seawater but are rarely life-threatening. […] The following tips can help you avoid jellyfish stings: […] Wear a protective suit. When swimming or diving in areas where jellyfish stings are possible, wear a wet suit or other protective clothing. Diving stores sell protective „skin suits” or „stinger suits” made of thin, high-tech fabric. Consider protective footwear, as stings can also occur while wading in shallow water. […] Get information about conditions. Talk to lifeguards, local residents or officials with a local health department before swimming or diving in coastal waters, especially in areas where jellyfish are common. […] Avoid water during jellyfish season. Stay out of the water in jellyfish areas when jellyfish numbers are high.

• #7 What Are Box Jellyfish Stings? Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/what-to-know-about-box-jellyfish-stings

  A sting from a box jellyfish is dangerous, but there are ways to avoid these sea creatures and quickly treat a sting. Prevention is key, but learning the symptoms before a beach vacation can help you get fast treatment. Take the following precautions to prevent getting stung by a box jellyfish: […] Avoid swimming near tropical coastlines during jellyfish season, which is between November and April. […] Wear a wetsuit or other protective clothing when swimming or diving. […] Wear waterproof sandals or shoes when walking through shallow water. […] Stamp and scrape your feet to make sea creatures aware of your presence. […] Don’t touch dead jellyfish that have washed up on shore. […] Ask local residents and lifeguards about recent jellyfish sightings. […] Look for a sign or flag warning of dangerous marine life (it may be purple).

• #8 How to Avoid Getting Stung by Jellyfish: 11 Steps (with Pictures)

  https://www.wikihow.com/Avoid-Getting-Stung-by-Jellyfish

  Avoid areas populated by jellyfish. If at all possible, do not swim or spend time on the shore in areas known to be frequented by jellyfish. Choosing a lower-risk area is the easiest way to reduce your chances of being stung by a jellyfish. […] Recognize risky conditions. Jellyfish may range near shore when there are strong winds. They can also appear in large numbers (known as a jellyfish blooms), so avoid the water when these occur. […] Heed warning signs. If you see a sign warning of jellyfish, it means that they have been spotted by officials. In areas where jellyfish are known to be a common threat, you may see permanent signs. Swim with caution in these areas, if at all. […] Watch for purple flags. At many beaches, officials will fly purple flags during times that jellyfish or other dangerous marine animals are present. If you see these flags flying, this is a signal to stay out of the water to avoid getting stung.

• #8 How to Avoid Getting Stung by Jellyfish: 11 Steps (with Pictures)

  https://www.wikihow.com/Avoid-Getting-Stung-by-Jellyfish

  Wear shoes when walking on the beach. Jellyfish and stray jellyfish tentacles can be very hard to see, and can remain venomous for a long time, even when washed ashore. By wearing rubber-soled shoes when you walk on the beach, you will avoid accidentally stepping on them with your bare skin and getting stung. […] Wear protective lotions. Some evidence shows that protective lotions such as Safe Sea may protect against jellyfish stings. Applying one of these lotions before you go in the water can be a good additional precaution. […] Wear a wetsuit. If you will be spending a lot of time in the water, or in deep waters, consider wearing more extensive coverage. The thick material of a wetsuit, and the fact that it will cover a large amount of your skin, makes it an effective deterrent to jellyfish stings.

• #8 How to Avoid Getting Stung by Jellyfish: 11 Steps (with Pictures)

  https://www.wikihow.com/Avoid-Getting-Stung-by-Jellyfish

  Do not touch jellyfish that have washed ashore. Even if the jellyfish is dead, its poisonous cells can still cause a sting. […] Swim near a lifeguard. Lifeguards are trained to help beachgoers in a variety of situations, including jellyfish attacks. They will also be able to alert you when jellyfish are spotted. […] Leave the water immediately if you see or suspect a jellyfish. Often, you can see jellyfish in the water. They may look like a plastic bag or balloon floating at the surface of the water, and may come in groups. If you see a jellyfish in the water, calmly but quickly return to shore to avoid stings.

• #9 Jellyfish Sting Treatment | Medical House Calls

  https://medicalhousecalls.com/jellyfish-sting-treatment/

  Stay Informed: Check local beach advisories and jellyfish reports before entering the water. […] Wear Protective Clothing: Long-sleeved rash guards, wetsuits, and jellyfish-repellent lotions can provide a barrier against stings. […] Avoid Touching Jellyfish: Even dead jellyfish can still sting. […] Swim in Designated Areas: Lifeguard-patrolled beaches often monitor jellyfish activity and can provide warnings.

• #10 Jellyfish Sting: Symptoms, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jellyfish-sting

  Jellyfish sting symptoms […] […] […] Avoiding jellyfish stings […] […] […] How to prevent a jellyfish sting […] Any time you swim in an ocean, youre visiting the natural habitat of the jellyfish. There is always a chance you may encounter a jellyfish, but you can take steps to make getting stung less likely. […] When you arrive at a beach, speak with the lifeguard on duty about what types of jellyfish have been seen in the area and if people have been reporting stings that day. Jellyfish move in patterns, riding currents, and are more common during certain times of the year. You may wish to avoid swimming in areas with high jellyfish populations altogether. […] Wearing a protective bodysuit in the water will reduce your chances of being stung. […] When wading in shallow water, shuffle your feet and walk slowly to disturb the sand and avoid catching a jellyfish by surprise.

• #10 Jellyfish Sting: Symptoms, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jellyfish-sting

  Although theyre beautiful and interesting to look at, you should never pick up a jellyfish that has washed up on the beach. Even dead jellyfish can deploy venom from their tentacles. […] Commercial products are available that claim to reduce the odds of jellyfish stings, although their clinical benefit is largely unknown.

• #11 Jellyfish stings – types, symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/jellyfish-stings

  If you are stung by jellyfish in tropical waters call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] If you are stung in a tropical area, remove any tentacles from the skin, pour vinegar on the sting site and go to hospital. […] If you are stung in a non-tropical area, wash the sting site with sea water, remove any tentacles and put in hot water. […] Do not swim in the sea when there are warnings about jellyfish. […] To help prevent jellyfish stings, stay out of the sea when there are warnings about jellyfish especially during stinger season. […] Stinger season is typically from late spring to early autumn. However, it can vary depending on where you are in Australia and the weather conditions. […] Don’t touch jellyfish in the water or on the beach. […] If you go into the sea, wear clothing that covers your skin a full-body wetsuit and waterproof footwear. You can also buy special stinger suits. […] It’s a good idea to swim only at patrolled beaches. This way, you are near a lifeguard who can give first aid or call an ambulance if needed.

• #12 How to Treat and Prevent Jellyfish Stings | Our Blog | CHKD

  https://www.chkd.org/patient-family-resources/our-blog/how-to-treat-and-prevent-jellyfish-stings/

  Be careful around jellyfish that you find on the beach because they can still sting. Even a dying jellyfish outside of the water or a detached tentacle floating in the water can release venom. Steer clear of jellyfish when you can, no matter where you find them. […] Fortunately, many people can take steps to avoid jellyfish stings when swimming by checking with local health departments and lifeguards about water conditions. If jellyfish have been reported in the water, do not go swimming. […] Use protective lotions. Some clinical evidence shows that anti-jellyfish sting protective lotions may result in fewer stings after exposure to jellyfish tentacles. It may be especially helpful to people at high risk of stings, such as children or people with existing medical conditions. […] Wear a protective suit. When swimming in areas where jellyfish stings are possible, wear a wet suit or other protective clothing. Diving stores sell protective „skin suits” or „stinger suits” made of thin, high-tech fabric. Consider protective footwear as stings can also occur while wading in shallow water.

• #13 Stopping the Sting – Divers Alert Network

  https://dan.org/safety-prevention/diver-safety/divers-blog/stopping-the-sting/

  Jellyfish stings typically range from painless, imperceptive numbness, to burning reactions with mild or moderate blistering. Its easy to become too task loaded to keep an eye out for jellyfish, so remember to keep a close eye on your surroundings and provide dive skins or wetsuits to protect their skin. […] In locations where the jellyfish populations are particularly prominent, it is possible to be stung by almost invisible strands, or pieces of strands, of tentacle carried in the current mechanical protection like a dive skin is your best bet for injury prevention in these areas. […] Properly research the areas you intend to dive. […] Avoid known box jellyfish habitats if you are not sure the dive site or swimming area is safe. If you are stung, cardiovascular stability can rapidly deteriorate with very little time for any effective field intervention. […] Minimize unprotected areas. Always wear full wetsuits, hoods, boots and gloves. Something as simple as nylon pantyhose worn over the skin will prevent jellyfish stings. […] Carry sufficient household vinegar with you to all dive sites. […] Always look down while descending.

• #14 What is the best way to treat a jellyfish sting? – Aussie Divers Phuket

  https://www.aussiediversphuket.com/what-is-the-best-way-to-treat-a-jellyfish-sting/

  Unfortunately, jellyfish stings are a common part of diving and can put a damper on any day of scuba diving. Luckily, most cases only require self-treatment, with effects typically subsiding within 24-48 hours. In nearly all circumstances, jellyfish stings are not life-threatening, particularly in Thailand. […] The use of lightweight dive skins or full-length wetsuits provides adequate mechanical protection against jellyfish stings. If diving in waters known to have stinging jellyfish then covering up is the best solution. […] Irrigate the area with generous amounts of household vinegar (4 to 6 per cent acetic acid solution). This does not reverse the effects of venom or control pain but may help to prevent further discharge of unfired nematocysts. If vinegar is not available then recommend washing the area with saltwater.

• #15 Jellyfish Stings: What to do & how to treat stings

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/insect-bites-and-stings-leaflet/jellyfish-sting

  Jellyfish are common sea creatures and many of them sting. […] It is also possible to have an allergic reaction to any jellyfish sting. […] How can I avoid jellyfish stings? […] Avoid touching jellyfish. It is generally better not to touch a jellyfish at all, even if you think it is a harmless variety and even if it is beached and appears dead, as it may still sting. […] A wetsuit will protect you against most jellyfish stings, although exposed parts of your skin like hands, face and feet will still be stingable. […] It is useful to know what to do if you get stung by a jellyfish in the UK, although if you swim in tropical seas, particularly the Indo-Pacific, it is vital to have this information and to be prepared. […] As soon as possible, remove any remaining tentacles, without touching them with bare skin. Use a stick.

• #16 Jellyfish Sting: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17821-jellyfish-stings

  A jellyfish can sting you anytime they’re in or near the ocean, like on the beach. To reduce your risk of being stung: […] Ask lifeguards or park rangers if any jellyfish are present around your beach. (Some beaches post a warning flag when jellyfish are reported.) […] If you surf or dive in the ocean, wear a protective bodysuit. […] Never touch a jellyfish that’s washed up on shore. Dead jellyfish still have venom in their tentacles that can sting on contact.

• #17 Jellyfish stings: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002845.htm

  If you are unfamiliar with an area, be sure to ask local ocean safety staff about the potential for jellyfish stings and other marine hazards. In areas where box jellies may be found, especially at sunset and sunrise, full body coverage with a „stinger suit,” hood, gloves, and booties is advised. […] As soon as possible, rinse the sting site with large amounts of household vinegar for at least 30 seconds. Vinegar is safe and effective for all types of jellyfish stings. Vinegar rapidly halts the thousands of tiny unfired stinging cells left on the surface of the skin after tentacle contact. […] If vinegar is not available, the sting site can be washed with ocean water. […] Protect the affected area and do NOT rub sand or apply any pressure to the area or scrape the sting site. […] Soak the area in 107°F to 115°F (42°C to 45°C) standard tap hot water, (not scalding) for 20 to 40 minutes. […] After soaking in hot water, apply antihistamine or steroid creams such as cortisone cream. This can help with pain and itching.

• #18 Jellyfish Stings – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/jellyfish-stings

  If you are unfamiliar with an area, be sure to ask local ocean safety staff about the potential for jellyfish stings and other marine hazards. In areas where box jellies may be found, especially at sunset and sunrise, full body coverage with a „stinger suit,” hood, gloves, and booties is advised. […] As soon as possible, rinse the sting site with large amounts of household vinegar for at least 30 seconds. Vinegar is safe and effective for all types of jellyfish stings. Vinegar rapidly halts the thousands of tiny unfired stinging cells left on the surface of the skin after tentacle contact. […] If vinegar is not available, the sting site can be washed with ocean water. […] Protect the affected area and do NOT rub sand or apply any pressure to the area or scrape the sting site. […] Soak the area in 107F to 115F (42C to 45C) standard tap hot water, (not scalding) for 20 to 40 minutes.

• #18 Jellyfish Stings – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/jellyfish-stings

  After soaking in hot water, apply antihistamine or steroid creams such as cortisone cream. This can help with pain and itching. […] It is important to carefully monitor box jellyfish sting victims for hours after a sting. Seek medical attention right away for any breathing difficulties, chest or abdominal pains, or profuse sweating.

• #19 Jellyfish Sting

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/jellyfish-sting/

  Jellyfish stings can occur while wading, swimming or diving in salt water. […] Prevention. Mainly do not go in the water where jellies are seen. Wearing a thin layer of clothing (such as pantyhose) also can protect you. Reason: the stingers are short and cannot puncture clothing. Special „stinger suits” can be bought in diving stores. […] Rinse the area with sea water. This will help remove any tentacles stuck to the skin. […] Do not rinse with fresh water (will trigger stingers). […] Do not scrub or rub area (will trigger stingers). […] Do not use your bare fingers. Reason: you will get stings on your hands. […] Scrape off any stingers you can see. Use the edge of a credit card or butter knife. […] Apply heat to the painful area. Reason: hot water may break down the venom and relieve the pain. […] Caution: do not put hydrogen peroxide, alcohol or urine on the painful area. Reason: they do not help and can make it worse. […] For itching or swelling, put 1% hydrocortisone cream (such as Cortaid) on the sting. […] Use 3 times per day until itching stops.

• #20

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/symptom-checker/Pages/symptomviewer.aspx?symptom=Jellyfish+Sting

  Jellyfish stings cause most of the stings that occur in the ocean. […] Prevention. Mainly do not go in the water where jellies are seen. Wearing a thin layer of clothing (such as pantyhose) also can protect you. Reason: the stingers are short and cannot puncture clothing. Special „stinger suits” can be bought in diving stores. […] Here is some care advice that should help. […] Rinse the area with sea water. This will help remove any tentacles stuck to the skin. […] Do not rinse with fresh water (will trigger stingers). […] Do not scrub or rub area (will trigger stingers). […] Do not use your bare fingers. Reason: you will get stings on your hands. […] Scrape off any stingers you can see. Use the edge of a credit card or butter knife. […] Apply heat to the painful area. Reason: hot water may break down the venom and relieve the pain. […] To help with the pain, give an acetaminophen product (such as Tylenol). […] For itching or swelling, put 1% hydrocortisone cream (such as Cortaid) on the sting. […] Call Your Doctor If: Blisters appear. […] Severe pain lasts over 2 hours. […] Sting looks infected (spreading redness or pus).

• #21 How to Treat a Jellyfish Sting at the Beach: First Aid – NMEMS

  https://nmems.org/animal-attacks/how-to-treat-a-jellyfish-sting-at-the-beach/

  Wear protective clothing: Consider wearing full-length swimwear, such as rash guards or wetsuits, which can provide a physical barrier against jellyfish stings. Footwear like water shoes or booties can also help protect your feet when walking in shallow water or stepping on a beached jellyfish. […] Use protective measures: Wearing gloves while diving or snorkeling can help protect your hands. Additionally, some barrier creams claim to provide a level of protection against jellyfish stings, although more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness. […] Avoid areas with known jellyfish infestations: If you know an area has a large number of jellyfish or has had recent jellyfish blooms, it’s best to avoid entering the water there. Keep in mind that jellyfish can still be present even if they are not immediately visible from the shore.

• #22 Protection against jellyfish | Care Plus®

  https://www.careplus.eu/en/tips-and-advice-for-safe-travels/protection/protection-against-jellyfish/

  No matter how beautiful (and innocent) jellyfish look, they can be very dangerous. A number of species are venomous. […] We also provide tips on how to prevent and treat a bite. […] Always protect yourself against a jellyfish bite. Avoid loose tentacles of jellyfish and apply a water-resistant sun lotion that protects both against harmful UV rays of the sun and most jellyfish bites, including those from the Portuguese Man o War, deadly Irukandji and Australian sea wasp. […] Care Plus Sun Protection Everyday Lotion contains the active ingredient Everyday Lotion. […] Everyday Lotion prevented a bite in 19 out of 24 volunteers and reduced the effects of the bite in so many of the 5 remaining volunteers that they hardly had any problems with it. […] Another preventive measure against potential jellyfish bites is wearing a wetsuit. […] We recommend applying Everyday Lotion to the area of exposed skin near the face. […] We also recommend obtaining information in advance about any nuisance caused by jellyfish on the coast(s) you are about to visit.

• #23 How to Treat a Jellyfish Sting | Ocean City NJ

  https://oceancityvacation.com/resources/blog/how-to-treat-a-jellyfish-sting/

  Before heading to the beach, check local beach advisories and jellyfish warnings. Many beaches post updates on flags or information boards. During jellyfish season, which typically aligns with the summer months, consider wearing a protective rash guard shirt or a wetsuit. This creates a barrier between your skin and stinging tentacles. […] Stay alert while in the water and scan for translucent blobs floating nearby. If you spot jellyfish or see them washed up on shore, choose another swimming location. And remember even dead jellyfish can sting, so never touch them. When wading, shuffle your feet instead of taking big steps to avoid stepping directly on a jellyfish or broken tentacles.

• #24 Jellyfish Stings: How to Treat and Avoid Them

  https://www.padstowsealifesafaris.co.uk/blog/jellyfish-stings-how-to-avoid-them-how-to-treat-them/

  Jellyfish in the UK and Cornwall tend not to be deadly, and there are plenty of things to do to protect you against jellyfish. […] Wearing a wetsuit in the water is great as it puts a physical barrier between your skin and the jellyfish. […] Check the news before you swim, often blooms (large numbers of jellyfish) or sighted rare species are reported and you’ll know which swimming spots to avoid. […] Jellyfish float with the current, so swimming against the current means you’ll be more likely to encounter them. […] Although it might be tempting, don’t touch washed up jellyfish on the beach, they can still sting you just as fiercely. […] Remember that jellyfish stingers remain in your skin after the initial sting. […] So don’t touch the area with bare hands from the outset, and make sure you or the person helping you wears gloves.

• #25 Jellyfish Stings Pictures, Pain Symptoms, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/jellyfish_stings/article_em.htm

  Expel air from the alternate air source while ascending during scuba diving to disperse any jellyfish directly above you. […] Educate yourself as to the type of jellyfish that may be in the waters in which you are swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving. […] Bring Safe Sea Jellyfish After Sting pain relief gel in case you do get stung. […] Do not swim in waters where large numbers of jellyfish have been reported. Wearing a wet suit or Lycra dive skin can prevent stings. […] If you have a known insect sting allergy carry an allergy kit, which contains injectable epi-pens (epinephrine, adrenaline). Make sure those with you know how to administer the epi-pen in case you are unable to do so in the event of an allergic reaction. […] Do not touch any marine life while swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving. Most marine animals have a protective coating that when touched, is rubbed off when and exposes the animal to bacteria and parasites; moreover, touching, „playing,” or moving marine animals is stressful for them. Corals are easily damaged when touched and the area if the coral touched by hands, fins, or the body will die. To protect the ocean environment, when swimming, snorkeling, or scubadiving look, don’t touch, and leave only bubbles.

• #25 Jellyfish Stings Pictures, Pain Symptoms, Types, and Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/jellyfish_stings/article_em.htm

  How Can You Prevent Being Stung by a Jellyfish? […] Wear protective clothing (gloves, wet suits, dive skins) when swimming in jellyfish-infested areas. Avoid picking up dead jellyfish. Dead jellyfish may still have live nematocysts that can still release toxins (even after they have dried up). […] Avoid going into known jellyfish-infested areas. If you do, know what type of jellyfish are common to the area. […] Be prepared to treat a jellyfish sting. Have a basic first aid kit (make sure it has an oral antihistamine in the kit) prepared and bring it with you. […] Beachgoers should take a course in basic first aid before heading to the beach, snorkeling, swimming, or scuba diving. […] In the evening or at night when swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving, take care to look for jellyfish on the surface of the water.

• #26 Jellyfish Stings | Virginia Institute of Marine Science

  https://www.vims.edu/bayinfo/jellyfish/stings/

  How do I avoid jellyfish and their sting? The sea nettle Chrysaora chesapeakei is the species of jellyfish in Chesapeake Bay most responsible for painful stings. Knowledge of the sea nettle’s ecology and distribution will help swimmers and anglers avoid this animal and its stinging tentacles. […] Wear protective clothing. Covering skin with tight clothing and covering exposed areas (such as lips and face) with petroleum jelly will prevent many stings. […] Swim early or late in the season. Sea nettles are only present in the Bay during the summer (~ May to September) when water temperatures are between 78 to 86o F. […] Swim in freshwater or the ocean. The sea nettle is limited to a relatively narrow range of salinity (brackish waters of 10 to 16 parts per thousand).

• #27 Australian box jellyfish stings

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/australian-box-jellyfish-stings

  Box jellyfish are most commonly present in tropical Australian waters from November to April each year, with 8% of stings occurring outside this period. […] Once on shore, apply vinegar for at least 30 seconds after envenomation; this deactivates penetrating nematocysts. Many tropical Australian beaches contain vinegar stations with clearly marked bottles for public use in case of marine envenomation. […] Do not apply pressure immobilisation bandages, as these may trigger further toxin discharge.

• #28 Cochrane Corner: how effective are interventions for reducing symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings?

  https://firstaidjournal.org/article/id/2540/

  When swimming in places known to have jellyfish, cover your body with mineral oil or similar (this helps prevent the tentacles from sticking to the skin). After storms and undertows, a swimmer can suffer injuries when encountering loose tentacles that remain floating in the water. Therefore, after these events, people should avoid swimming in places where there are reports of jellyfish and Portuguese man-o-war appearing. […] Use gloves to remove tentacles attached to the victim (if possible) to prevent secondary injury to the first aider.

• #28 Cochrane Corner: how effective are interventions for reducing symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings?

  https://firstaidjournal.org/article/id/2540/

  This review identified a very limited number of studies, varying in treatment settings and jellyfish species. As the stings from different jellyfish species produce symptoms of varying severity, treatment will depend on the species. Although the evidence was very uncertain, the data from the included studies did not refute the treatment recommendations of the 2010 Australian Red Cross guidelines (applying heat to non-box jellyfish stings in non-tropical Australia and applying vinegar to box jellyfish) and the 2000 International Life Saving Federation guidelines (applying vinegar to box jellyfish). […] Neoprene clothing, suitable for diving, is useful to avoid venom inoculation. Lycra clothing can also reduce the number and extent of injuries from our experience with open-water swimming in Brazil. These measures are especially useful for water sports competitors, especially long-distance swimmers who are more at risk for exposure to jellyfish. The parts of the body most affected are the legs and arms, followed by the trunk.

• #29 Stings and Treatment | Hong Kong Jellyfish Project

  https://www.hkjellyfish.com/stings-and-treatment

  The easiest way to prevent jellyfish stings is to avoid going into the water when jellyfish are present. Some beaches will have warnings, flags or notices posted to not enter the water. With modern technology, there are phone apps that will send notifications of jellyfish alerts. Even if jellyfish are washed ashore, their tentacles are still capable of stinging, so avoid picking up or touching jellyfish on land. […] While swimming, wear a wetsuit or other covering that covers all limbs and the torso. As research continues into providing protection from jellyfish stings, bio-inspired options emerge. Safe sea lotion is a topical sting inhibitor that has been shown to reduce stings by up to %80.

• #30 Stopping the Sting – PADI Pros

  https://pros-blog.padi.com/stopping-the-sting/

  Student divers may be too excited and task-focused on their first dives to keep an eye out for jellyfish, so exposure protection is important. Have students use dive skins, wetsuits or dry suits as appropriate to protect their skin. […] Exposure suits are the best bet for injury prevention in these areas.

• #31 Jellyfish stings – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353290

  Treatment for jellyfish stings includes first-aid care and medical treatment. […] Most jellyfish stings can be treated as follows: Carefully pluck visible tentacles with a fine tweezers. Soak the skin in hot water. Use water that’s 110 to 113 F (43 to 45 C). It should feel hot, not scalding. Keep the affected skin immersed or in a hot shower until the pain eases, which might be 20 to 45 minutes. Apply 0.5% to 1% hydrocortisone cream or ointment twice a day to the affected skin. […] These actions are unhelpful or unproved: Scraping out stingers, Rinsing with human urine, Rinsing with cold, fresh water, Applying meat tenderizer, Applying alcohol, ethanol or ammonia, Rubbing with a towel, Applying pressure bandages.

• #32 Jellyfish Stings (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jellyfish.html

  Jellyfish stings leave thousands of very tiny stingers called nematocysts in the skin. […] Often, it’s best to rinse a sting with vinegar. Vinegar is a weak acid that might keep the stingers from firing for some kinds of stings (especially from dangerous types like box jellyfish). […] Do not rinse with fresh water (like tap or bottled water) because that can make more stingers fire. Rinsing a sting with seawater may prevent stingers from releasing more venom. […] Also, do not scrape off any stingers still in the skin. This used to be recommended, but now is thought to make stings worse. […] Beaches with lifeguards are more likely to warn visitors about jellyfish. Look for a sign or warning flag (some beaches fly a purple warning flag when there’s „dangerous marine life” in the water). Double check to make sure that you’ve got a small container of vinegar and a pair of tweezers in your beach bag.

• #33 What Is the Best Treatment for a Jellyfish Sting?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/jellyfish_sting_treatment/views.htm

  Dilute vinegar is the best first aid for box jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war stings and ice is the best for the rest. […] You must avoid these things after getting stung by a jellyfish: Scraping out stingers, Rinsing with human urine, Rinsing with fresh water, Applying meat tenderizer, Applying alcohol, ethanol or ammonia, Rubbing with a towel, Applying pressure bandages. […] Doctors might prescribe the following over-the-counter (OTC) medications to ease symptoms of a jellyfish sting: Diphenhydramine to ease itching, Pain medication for pain, Oral or topical steroids to help with swelling and itching, Antibiotics to treat cellulitis, Tetanus shot if the last dose was more than 10 years ago.

• #34 Fact or Fiction?: Urinating on a Jellyfish Sting is an Effective Treatment | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-urinating/

  Jellyfish stings are painful, but they are rarely life-threatening. For most such injuries, in North America at least, the pain will not last longer than 24 hours, typically peaking five minutes after the sting occurs then dissipating over the next few hours. […] Both Burnett and Holstege recommend washing the area with saltwater. Such rinsing will deactivate those pesky nematocysts that are still hanging on. […] A freshwater rinse will have the opposite effect. Any change to the balance of solutes, such as the concentration of salts inside and outside of the cnidocyte, sets off stinging. […] Most stings in North American waters can be assuaged by vinegar, or 5 percent acetic acid. […] Once rinsing deactivates all the nasty nematocysts, the attached bits of tentacle can be removed by coating them with shaving cream or a slurry of seawater and sand followed by shaving with a razor or even a credit card. […] Ultimately, time, not urine, is the best treatment for a jellyfish sting. „Urine is worthless,” Burnett says.

• #35

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a32461509/how-to-treat-jellyfish-sting/

  Jellyfish stings are typically easy to treat, even though they can be pretty painful. […] So, before you hit the beach this summer, read up on exactly what you should (and shouldnt) do if a jellyfish stings you, according to doctors. […] But for the record, no, peeing on a jellyfish sting wont help. It does not work, says Dr. Conroy. In fact, peeing on a jellyfish sting can actually make things worse because the salt in urine can cause a jellyfishs stinging cellswhich could still be on your skinto reactivate and sting you even more, he says. […] Once youre out of the ocean, Dr. Conroy recommends rinsing off the area where you were stung with salt water. Salt water is better than fresh water, because salt water is more standard for jellyfish, Dr. Conroy says. Fresh water can irritate the stinging cells of the jellyfish, and cause them to release more venom. Avoid rubbing the area with your hands.

• #36 Jellyfish Stings: Symptoms & Treatment | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/jellyfish-stings?srsltid=AfmBOoprFINgpBmBY9IbvHJVrUm_fah-rg_MPpK6tIZji9_a_bnR7oHi

  Get the person out of the water as soon as possible. […] Carefully remove tentacles with a gloved hand, hand wrapped in a plastic bag or a towel, blunt stick or plastic utensil. […] Immerse affected area in water as hot as tolerated for at least 20 minutes or until pain is relieved. […] If hot water is not available, use a chemical heat pack or another hot item (e.g., hot rock or sand). […] If heat sources not available, or after applying heat, apply lidocaine gel, if available. […] Do not rub the area or apply an elastic bandage. […] Watch for changes in condition, including breathing and responsiveness and signs of shock, and give care as appropriate and trained. […] A life-threatening situation would include the following: Lethal jellyfish sting, Lack of knowledge about what stung the person, History of allergic reactions to marine life stings, Sting on the face or neck, Signs symptoms of shock or anaphylaxis, including trouble breathing. […] Call 9-1-1 if a person does not know what stung them. The stings of some forms of marine life can make a person seriously ill and be life-threatening.

• #37 Treatment of Jellyfish Envenomation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/od1.html

  There is limited patient-oriented evidence upon which to base recommendations for treatment of jellyfish envenomation. Patients should be removed from the water, and an attempt should be made to prevent the discharge of adherent nematocysts (i.e., microscopic stinging cells), remove tentacles from the affected area, and treat pain. (Strength of Recommendation [SOR]: C, based on expert opinion.) […] Household vinegar may be used topically to prevent the discharge of nematocysts from Chironex fleckeri (Australian box jellyfish), Physalia physalis (Portuguese man-of-war, bluebottle), and Alatina alata (Hawaiian box jellyfish, sea wasp), but it should not be used in stings from Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Chesapeake Bay sea nettle) and Cyanea capillata (lion’s mane jellyfish) because it may stimulate discharge. (SOR: C, based on conflicting in vitro studies and expert opinion.)

• #37 Treatment of Jellyfish Envenomation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/od1.html

  Topical application of baking soda can be used to prevent nematocyst discharge from C. quinquecirrha, C. capillata, and Atlantic species north of Norfolk, Va. (SOR: C, based on an in vitro study and expert opinion.) […] Topical magnesium sulfate can be used for stings from Pelagia noctiluca (oceanic jellyfish). (SOR: C, based on an in vitro study.) […] Topical heat can be used to reduce the pain of jellyfish stings. (SOR: B, based on randomized controlled trials.) […] Topical application of urine, alcohol, papain, and aluminum sulfate solutions is ineffective and is not recommended. (SOR: B, based on RCTs.) […] The Australian Resuscitation Council’s 2010 guidelines divide management into several categories. For tropical jellyfish stings, the site should be liberally rinsed with vinegar, tentacles should be removed, and sea water (not fresh water) should be applied if vinegar is not available. For nontropical bluebottle stings, tentacles should be removed, then the site should be rinsed with sea water and placed in hot water. If pain is not relieved or if hot water is not available, cold packs can be used. For nontropical minor stings, tentacles should be removed and the area should be rinsed with sea water (not fresh water) before cold packs are applied.

• #38 Box Jellyfish Sting: Emergency First Aid, Side Effects, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/box-jellyfish-sting

  You should steer clear of a box jellyfish. The marine animals sting can cause serious and sometimes fatal symptoms in a matter of minutes. […] Here are some ways to prevent a box jellyfish sting: Avoid swimming or wading in areas with box jellyfish. If youre walking along the shore or in the water, wear water shoes. Talk to locals in swimming areas that are known to have box jellyfish to make sure there havent been recent sightings. Look for any posted signs or warnings about box jellyfish and avoid potentially infested waters. Wear a bodysuit, wetsuit, or stinger suit to protect your skin when in the water. Only use beaches that have lifeguards who may be able to help if you get stung. Come prepared with first aid supplies and information on what to do if youre stung by a box jellyfish. […] To reduce the risk of a sting, avoid swimming in areas where these creatures may be present. If you choose to swim in areas where box jellyfish live, make sure you choose a beach that has trained lifeguards with proper first aid materials.

• #39 Box Jellyfish Stings: Symptoms and Emergency Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/box-jellyfish-sting-5218868

  How to Prevent Box Jellyfish Stings […] There are several things you can do to reduce the risk of getting a box jellyfish sting. These include: […] – Avoid swimming in areas where jellyfish are common, particularly near tropical coastlines. […] – Wear a wetsuit and swimming shoes if in areas where jellyfish are sometimes seen. […] – Be alert for warnings that jellyfish are in the area. […] – Don’t touch jellyfish that have washed up on land; the tentacles are still poisonous. […] – Stay away from any jellyfish you see in the water. […] – Swim near a lifeguard, who can offer first aid and call an ambulance if necessary. […] […] […] What Not to Do […] It’s important to know what you shouldn’t do as well as what you should do in the event of a box jellyfish sting, such as:

• #40 SOEST scientists scrutinize first aid for man o’ war stings | SOEST

  https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/soestwp/announce/press-releases/soest-scientists-scrutinize-first-aid-for-man-o-war-stings/

  In recent decades, trusted first aid resources have recommended stings from man o war (Physalia species) be treated differently from other jellies. […] Their results, published this week in the journal Toxins, defy the recent abandonment of historic advice, and suggest that man o war stings are no different than other jellyfish stings; the best first aid is to rinse with vinegar to remove any residual stingers or bits of tentacle left on the skin and then immerse in 45C (113F) hot water or apply a hot pack for 45 minutes. […] Without solid science to back up medical practices, we have ended up with conflicting official recommendations around the world, leading to confusion and, in many cases, practices that actually worsen stings or even cost lives, said Angel Yanagihara, senior author, head of the PCRL and assistant research professor at the UHM Pacific Biosciences Research Center (PBRC) and John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABSOM).

• #41 Guideline 9.4.5 – Envenomation – Jellyfish Stings

  https://www.anzcor.org/home/first-aid-for-bites-stings-and-poisoning/guideline-9-4-5-envenomation-jellyfish-stings/

  Most stings are not serious and over-treatment of minor stings should be avoided. Wearing a full-body Lycra suit or equivalent provides good protection from stings. […] When a sting occurs, pieces of tentacles and non-discharged nematocysts may be left on the victims skin. In large or life-threatening stings it is important to inhibit non-discharged nematocysts so that subsequent handling or treatment does not cause further envenomation. […] Vinegar (4-6% acetic acid) inhibits nematocyst discharge of Box jellyfish but does not provide pain relief from the venom already injected. […] In the tropics, because of the risk (even if small) that the victim has been stung by a potentially lethal jellyfish, the priority must be to preserve life. If the species causing the sting cannot clearly be identified as harmless, or due to a Bluebottle, it is safer to treat the victim with vinegar.

• #42

  https://wms.org/magazine/magazine/1283/Jellyfishtreatment/default.aspx

  As a first responder, do you know the up-to-date treatment for a jellyfish sting? […] This review article captures the problem: There is much confusion among the public on the first aid protocol for jellyfish envenomation, which is further complicated by the portrayal of quick treatments such as urine and meat tenderizer as suitable therapeutic agents from extrapolated results without discussing the limitations of the findings. […] However, many currently accepted anecdotal treatments can exacerbate symptoms. […] Research has concentrated primarily on 1) development of improved antivenom, 2) development of topical sting preventatives, and 3) development of more effective first aid treatment algorithms for post sting management. Here we will concentrate on up-to-date evidence based first aid treatment, as antivenom and topical sting preventatives are still controversial areas in need further research.

• #42

  https://wms.org/magazine/magazine/1283/Jellyfishtreatment/default.aspx

  Recently however, a series of elegant studies by Drs. Angel A. Yanagihara PhD, and Christie L. Wilcox PhD, from the University of Hawaii and Thomas Doyle PhD, from the National University of Ireland Galway have made great strides. […] Collectively, Yanagihara and her team have studied multiple jellyfish species across different classes (Box jellyfish species, Portuguese Man-of-War, Lions Mane jellyfish, and Sea Nettle among others) with the same laboratory assay techniques, and have shown that these diverse species all respond effectively to vinegar rinse solution followed by heat application. […] Based on their studies, we now have evidence-based first aid recommendations that apply to different types of jellyfish stings. […] These products can now help families, lifeguards, and EMS personnel effectively treat jellyfish stings in addition to more traditional household vinegar rinse followed by hot water immersion and topical antihistamine and glucorticoid creams.

• #42

  https://wms.org/magazine/magazine/1283/Jellyfishtreatment/default.aspx

  These jellyfish sting recommendations decrease venom load in the tissues with the following threefold approach: 1) Deactivate nematocysts preventing further envenomation: use vinegar (acetic acid 5%) or Sting No More as the initial 30 second rinse. 2) Decontaminate skin by plucking tentacles from skin with tweezers or gloved hand (do not scrape, shave or rub as pressure and manipulation triggers nematocyst release). 3) Denature injected venom in tissues: immerse the affected skin in hot water (45 C/113 F), hot shower to tolerance or heat pack application for 45 minutes. […] The aim now is to help educate others with these up-to-date recommendations.

• #43 How to treat jellyfish stings (hint: urine not recommended)

  https://theconversation.com/how-to-treat-jellyfish-stings-hint-urine-not-recommended-202844

  Prevention is best. Remember, prevention is better than cure. Keep an eye on safety announcements from lifeguards, monitor the water for jellyfish and wear protective clothing to prevent stings where possible.

• #44 Analysis: How to treat jellyfish stings (hint: urine not recommended) – Brighter World

  https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/analysis-how-to-treat-jellyfish-stings-hint-urine-not-recommended/

  If you have been stung by a jellyfish at the beach, youll know how painful and unpleasant it can be. But how best to treat jellyfish stings has been debated over the years. […] Remember, prevention is better than cure. Keep an eye on safety announcements from lifeguards, monitor the water for jellyfish and wear protective clothing to prevent stings where possible.

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