Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stung: Understanding jellyfish stings – Scope

  https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/11/26/stung-understanding-jellyfish-stings/

  Jellyfish are found in oceans of all temperatures and in some locations, there are seasons and conditions when jellyfish are known to be more abundant. In 2018, warm weather and tides brought an increase in jellyfish to Florida beaches, resulting in nearly 600 people suffering stings in one weekend. An estimated 150 million people globally are stung by jellyfish each year. […] While the majority of stings in North American coastal waters cause relatively mild reactions (unless there is an allergic reaction), the box jellyfish (such as Chironex fleckeri) found in Indo-Pacific waters are significantly more worrisome. […] According to the report, „In severe cases, cardiovascular collapse and death can occur within minutes.” […] Researchers are still working to understand more about jellyfish stings — in particular, they want to know how properties of the stinging cells relate to human skin reactions, Auerbach said.

• #2 Jellyfish Sting: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17821-jellyfish-stings

  As many as 150 million jellyfish stings occur around the world each year. […] Most jellyfish stings are harmless. But some jellyfish stings can cause serious harm. […] If you or someone youre with is stung, get help right away. […] Some jellyfish stings can be life-threatening. Its important to get medical help if you have severe symptoms after a jellyfish sting. […] The prognosis for a jellyfish sting depends on the type of jellyfish. Stings from some jellyfish cause only minor itching and pain. But some box jellyfish stings can kill you within a matter of minutes. Other box jellyfish stings can cause a fatal reaction four to 48 hours after a sting due to Irukandji syndrome. Irukandji syndrome is a delayed reaction to a sting.

• #3 Jellyfish Stings and Their Management: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/2/523

  It has been estimated there are 150 million jellyfish stings a year, with some Pacific areas reporting up to 800 daily events at one single beach. Therefore, beyond being a public health issue, jellyfish also constitute a threat to tourism. […] Epidemiological data on jellyfish risk should be routinely collected to better inform and educate those categories at risk on the appropriate treatment modalities. Published literature on stings has been both limited and conflicting, treatment guidelines still lack consensus and it is often difficult to identify the jellyfish species involved (especially in the case of cubozoans).

• #4 Stung: Understanding jellyfish stings – Scope

  https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/11/26/stung-understanding-jellyfish-stings/

  Jellyfish are found in oceans of all temperatures and in some locations, there are seasons and conditions when jellyfish are known to be more abundant. In 2018, warm weather and tides brought an increase in jellyfish to Florida beaches, resulting in nearly 600 people suffering stings in one weekend. An estimated 150 million people globally are stung by jellyfish each year. […] While the majority of stings in North American coastal waters cause relatively mild reactions (unless there is an allergic reaction), the box jellyfish (such as Chironex fleckeri) found in Indo-Pacific waters are significantly more worrisome. […] According to the report, „In severe cases, cardiovascular collapse and death can occur within minutes.” […] Researchers are still working to understand more about jellyfish stings — in particular, they want to know how properties of the stinging cells relate to human skin reactions, Auerbach said.

• #5 Irukandji syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irukandji_syndrome

  Reports of Irukandji syndrome have come from Australia, the United States (Hawaii and Florida), the French Antilles, Bonaire, the Caribbean, Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea. […] Cubozoan species other than Carukia barnesi are presumed to be responsible for envenomations outside Australia.

• #6

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42399-020-00490-y

  With global warming and an increasing frequency of human interaction with venomous marine organisms, physicians are likely to encounter more cases of marine envenomation in clinical practice in Japan and around the world. […] The annual incidence of marine envenomation in Florida and eastern Australia is approximately 100,000. […] Currently, it appears that the incidence of marine envenomation in Japan and around the world is likely to increase due to global warming and increasing frequency of human interactions with venomous marine organisms. […] Few clinical reviews of marine envenomation have been published, and there has been no comprehensive review of available antivenoms, which are the definitive treatment. […] Jellyfish appear in large numbers in swimming areas, particularly inlets and beaches where waves are subdued.

• #7

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42399-020-00490-y

  Several jellyfish sting cases have been reported in the literature and recently, Hifumi et al. comprehensively described the clinical characteristics of jellyfish stings in Japan. […] One urban emergency department in Hawaii experiences approximately 20 jellyfish sting cases annually. […] The annual number of cases in Japan is relatively small compared with the annual incidence of approximately 100,000 in Florida and eastern Australia. […] An outbreak of Portuguese man-of-war envenomation in southeastern Brazil was reported in 2013. […] In addition, a massive outbreak at Yuigahama Beach, Japan, occurred in 2018.

• #8 Epidemiology of Jellyfish Using the Sting Index to Identify Trends and Support Proactive Management by John Yanez-Dobson, Eva S. Fonfria, Adrian Flores-Garcia, Cesar Bordehore :: SSRN

  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4733433

  In this study, we explore the epidemiological trends of jellyfish stings along the Spanish Mediterranean coast and their public health implications. […] Our analysis reveals that, between 2008 and 2022, jellyfish stings accounted for 54.5% of reported beach injuries, a slight decrease from the previously reported 59.7% in 2012. […] We observe a significant downward trend in the Sting Index during this period, accompanied by high variability and a marked reduction in sting incidents. […] These trends suggest the effectiveness of enhanced mitigation strategies of beach managers and possible shifts in jellyfish populations. […] Furthermore, our study highlights substantial regional differences in sting incidents within the Spanish Mediterranean beaches, with the Balearic Islands experiencing a notably higher Sting Index.

• #9 Dermoscopic Findings of Jellyfish Stings Caused by Pelagia noctiluca | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-dermoscopic-findings-jellyfish-stings-caused-articulo-S1578219016301275

  Jellyfish are free-living members of the phylum Cnidaria who share a specialized stinging cell, the cnidocyte. Pelagia noctiluca is the most frequent and toxic jellyfish species found in the Balearic beaches and cnidocytes are arranged in pigmented clusters called warts. […] The aim of the present work was to study the dermoscopic findings of jellyfish stings in the island of Mallorca. […] Jellyfish stings are very common among sea bathers in the Balearic Islands. In the summer of 2014, sea lifeguards attended 12,860 swimmers in the Balearic beaches, and of these, 209 were treated for jellyfish stings. […] Several species in the Mediterranean sea, including P. noctiluca (mauve stinger), Rhizostoma pulmo (barrel jellyfish), Chrysaora hysoscella (compass jellyfish), Caribdaea marsupialis (sea wasp), Rhopilema nomadica and possibly, Aurelia aurita (moon jellyfish) are considered potentially harmful to humans.

• #10 Dermoscopic Findings of Jellyfish Stings Caused by Pelagia noctiluca | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://actasdermo.org/en-dermoscopic-findings-jellyfish-stings-caused-articulo-S1578219016301275

  Jellyfish stings are very common among sea bathers in the Balearic Islands. In the summer of 2014, sea lifeguards attended 12,860 swimmers in the Balearic beaches, and of these, 209 were treated for jellyfish stings. However, jellyfish stings are not a frequent cause of dermatologic consultation since most cutaneous lesions are mild and transient. Several species in the Mediterranean sea, including P. noctiluca (mauve stinger), Rhizostoma pulmo (barrel jellyfish), Chrysaora hysoscella (compass jellyfish), Caribdaea marsupialis (sea wasp), Rhopilema nomadica and possibly, Aurelia aurita (moon jellyfish) are considered potentially harmful to humans. According to reports from a network of observers, the only toxic jellyfish species found in the Balearic beaches are P. noctiluca and less frequently, A. aurita. P. noctiluca is by far the most common jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and this could explain that it was the only identified species in our series.

• #11 OAR@UM: Jellyfish stings in Western Mediterranean beaches : epidemiology and analysis of tourist perception may support the improvement of local adaptation policy and the adoption of countermeasures in coastal areas

  https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/27212

  Within the framework of the LIFE CuboMed and Med-Jellyrisk projects, a retrospective study on the epidemiology of jellyfish stings -based on datasets of beach lifeguard stations- was carried out along the Spanish Mediterranean and Maltese beaches. […] A total of 176,021 injuries were reported, with jellyfish stings ranking as the main lifeguard assistance category (66%). […] Jellyfish stings were the prevailing assistance category also in Malta, for the 2011-2015 summer seasons, being responsible on average for 51% of all lifeguard assistance calls. […] Effective preventive and mitigation strategies will require targeted planning and monitoring of health services and lifeguard stations at tourist hot spots, possibly implemented through a real-time web tool at local, national, and basin-wide levels.

• #12 Epidemiology of Jellyfish Using the Sting Index to Identify Trends and Support Proactive Management by John Yanez-Dobson, Eva S. Fonfria, Adrian Flores-Garcia, Cesar Bordehore :: SSRN

  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4733433

  In this study, we explore the epidemiological trends of jellyfish stings along the Spanish Mediterranean coast and their public health implications. […] Our analysis reveals that, between 2008 and 2022, jellyfish stings accounted for 54.5% of reported beach injuries, a slight decrease from the previously reported 59.7% in 2012. […] We observe a significant downward trend in the Sting Index during this period, accompanied by high variability and a marked reduction in sting incidents. […] These trends suggest the effectiveness of enhanced mitigation strategies of beach managers and possible shifts in jellyfish populations. […] Furthermore, our study highlights substantial regional differences in sting incidents within the Spanish Mediterranean beaches, with the Balearic Islands experiencing a notably higher Sting Index.

• #13 Jellyfish | Serum therapy

  https://www.serum-therapy.com/en/injury-sealife/chironex-yamaguchii/

  Jellyfish appear in large numbers in swimming areas, particularly inlets and beaches where waves are subdued. […] Several jellyfish sting cases have been reported in the literature and recently, Hifumi et al. comprehensively described the clinical characteristics of jellyfish stings in Japan. […] One urban emergency department in Hawaii experiences approximately 20 jellyfish sting cases annually. […] The annual number of cases in Japan is relatively small compared with the annual incidence of approximately 100,000 in Florida and eastern Australia.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42399-020-00490-y

  Several jellyfish sting cases have been reported in the literature and recently, Hifumi et al. comprehensively described the clinical characteristics of jellyfish stings in Japan. […] One urban emergency department in Hawaii experiences approximately 20 jellyfish sting cases annually. […] The annual number of cases in Japan is relatively small compared with the annual incidence of approximately 100,000 in Florida and eastern Australia. […] An outbreak of Portuguese man-of-war envenomation in southeastern Brazil was reported in 2013. […] In addition, a massive outbreak at Yuigahama Beach, Japan, occurred in 2018.

• #15 Jellyfish | Serum therapy

  https://www.serum-therapy.com/en/injury-sealife/chironex-yamaguchii/

  Jellyfish appear in large numbers in swimming areas, particularly inlets and beaches where waves are subdued. […] Several jellyfish sting cases have been reported in the literature and recently, Hifumi et al. comprehensively described the clinical characteristics of jellyfish stings in Japan. […] One urban emergency department in Hawaii experiences approximately 20 jellyfish sting cases annually. […] The annual number of cases in Japan is relatively small compared with the annual incidence of approximately 100,000 in Florida and eastern Australia.

• #16 Jellyfish Sting

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/jellyfish-sting/

  Jellyfish cause most of the stings that occur in sea water. […] Jellyfish stings can occur while wading, swimming or diving in salt water. Honolulu gets over 1000 911 calls per month for stings. […] Jellyfish cause most of the stings that occur in the ocean. […] Anaphylaxis (A severe allergic reaction). Life-threatening reactions are very rare with the stings. Most are caused by box jellyfish found in the South Pacific and Australia. […] Jellyfish stings cause pain that feels like a bee sting.

• #17 Estimation of local incidence of jellyfish envenomation in developed marine coastal areas and large populated island on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia using case surveillance of government health facilities in Manjung, Perak and Langkawi Island

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/view/IMH.2021.0017

  Estimation of local incidence of jellyfish envenomation in developed marine coastal areas and large populated island on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia using case surveillance of government health facilities in Manjung, Perak and Langkawi Island […] Jellyfish stings are one of the commonest causes of marine animal related injuries in human. […] There are few reported cases that suggest the presence of deadly box jellyfish in the Malaysian coast. However, numbers of stings around Malaysia are still under reported. […] This observational study was conducted in Manjung, Perak and Langkawi Island to look at the pattern and incidence of jellyfish stings which occur within 1 year. […] There were 45 sting incidents reported with the highest number of cases occurred in December and February.

• #18 Estimation of local incidence of jellyfish envenomation in developed marine coastal areas and large populated island on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia using case surveillance of government health facilities in Manjung, Perak and Langkawi Island

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/view/IMH.2021.0017

  The most common clinical symptom that presented was sudden and persistent pain. […] All patients were treated symptomatically and discharged well. […] The study showed that the occurrence of jellyfish stings are affected by weather conditions. Jellyfish stings occur seasonally, thus making it predictable and easily preventable with public awareness, early first aid application and use of jellyfish nets.

• #19 Epidemiology of jellyfish stings reported to summer health centres in the Salento peninsula (Italy) | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0536.2009.01561.x

  Epidemiology of jellyfish stings in the Province of Lecce, Italy, in 2007. […] In 2007, 446 bathers sought medical assistance following contact with jellyfish. […] The spatial distribution indicates a greater frequency of stings sustained along the Adriatic coast, while the time analysis shows patterns related to wind direction. […] Most of the injuries were seen in persons aged between 1 and 10 years and in females. […] In 24% of cases, injuries were sustained to several parts of the body, while single injuries were mainly to the lower limbs (33%). […] In 4.9% of cases, there were complications, including one case of anaphylactic shock. […] In the light of the significant level of medical assistance provided, there is a need to identify suitable strategies that will guarantee the best response in terms of both prevention and treatment.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42399-020-00490-y

  With global warming and an increasing frequency of human interaction with venomous marine organisms, physicians are likely to encounter more cases of marine envenomation in clinical practice in Japan and around the world. […] The annual incidence of marine envenomation in Florida and eastern Australia is approximately 100,000. […] Currently, it appears that the incidence of marine envenomation in Japan and around the world is likely to increase due to global warming and increasing frequency of human interactions with venomous marine organisms. […] Few clinical reviews of marine envenomation have been published, and there has been no comprehensive review of available antivenoms, which are the definitive treatment. […] Jellyfish appear in large numbers in swimming areas, particularly inlets and beaches where waves are subdued.

• #21 Epidemiology of jellyfish stings reported to summer health centres in the Salento peninsula (Italy) | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0536.2009.01561.x

  Epidemiology of jellyfish stings in the Province of Lecce, Italy, in 2007. […] In 2007, 446 bathers sought medical assistance following contact with jellyfish. […] The spatial distribution indicates a greater frequency of stings sustained along the Adriatic coast, while the time analysis shows patterns related to wind direction. […] Most of the injuries were seen in persons aged between 1 and 10 years and in females. […] In 24% of cases, injuries were sustained to several parts of the body, while single injuries were mainly to the lower limbs (33%). […] In 4.9% of cases, there were complications, including one case of anaphylactic shock. […] In the light of the significant level of medical assistance provided, there is a need to identify suitable strategies that will guarantee the best response in terms of both prevention and treatment.

• #22 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v11y2014i3p2488-2503d33482.html

  Stinging jellyfish outbreaks represent a health hazard, causing contact dermatitis and systemic reactions. This study investigated the epidemiology, severity, and treatment protocols of jellyfish stings in a coastal area with high tourist development and frequent stinging jellyfish outbreaks of the central Mediterranean (Salento, Southern Italy), and the associated costs for the Italian National Health Service. […] In 2007-2011, 1,733 bathers (mostly children and females) sought medical assistance following jellyfish stings, the main cause of human pathologies due to contact with marine organisms. […] The majority of events were reported in the years 2007-2009, whereas the occurrence of cnidarian jellyfish outbreaks has been increasingly reported in the same area since summer 2010. […] Most symptoms were limited to local and cutaneous reactions; conversely, 8.7% of cases evoked complications, mainly due to allergic reactions.

• #23 Epidemiology of Jellyfish Stings Presented to an American Urban Emergency Department

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215982/

  Cnidarian, or jellyfish, stings are a common malady in tropical Emergency Departments. […] The team investigated the epidemiology and treatments for jellyfish stings presenting to an urban emergency department (ED) in Honolulu, Hawaii. […] The hospital treated 116 patients with jellyfish envenomations in an eight year period. […] Each year, cnidarian sting cases are presented to the ED in tropical settings. […] The results of this study may aid in prevention efforts as well as more efficient ways of treating future cnidarian stings in emergency departments. […] This study indicates that, although painful, cnidarian stings generally do not require extensive and costly Emergency Department treatment. […] The study also revealed a variance in the treatment given by emergency physicians. […] Future consolidation of medications and a protocol for jellyfish stings used to treat stings will help to decrease cost for patients and streamline treatment in the ED. […] The results of this study show Hawaii non-residents, men, and nighttime swimmers are the most at risk for cnidarian stings.

• #24 Prospective study of Chironex fleckeri and other box jellyfish stings in the “Top End” of Australia’s Northern Territory | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/183/11/prospective-study-chironex-fleckeri-and-other-box-jellyfish-stings-top-end

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of box jellyfish envenoming in the Top End of the Northern Territory and, in particular, confirmed stings from the major Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri. […] Most C. fleckeri stings are not life-threatening; patients who die usually have cardiopulmonary arrest within minutes of the sting. […] The last 10 people who have died from jellyfish envenoming in the NT have all been children, reflecting the greater risk of a smaller body mass exposed to the billions of nematocysts on jellyfish tentacles. […] C. fleckeri has been described as the world’s most venomous animal because of the dramatic nature of severe envenoming, where death may occur within a few minutes of tentacle contact. However, our prospective study has confirmed that the vast majority of C. fleckeri envenomings are not life-threatening. […] The single fatality from C. fleckeri in this study shows how rapidly cardiopulmonary arrest can follow severe envenoming.

• #25 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/3/2488

  Local residents represented the majority of treated patients (65%), however a large number of envenomations occurred also in non-resident patients, with potentially serious consequences for tourism and for the overall service sector of the economy, associated with tourism. […] Management plans for tourism promotion should incorporate proactive initiatives such as education to jellyfish issues provided by lifeguards and hotel staff, or the installation of adequate informative signage at popular beaches.

• #26 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v11y2014i3p2488-2503d33482.html

  Stinging jellyfish outbreaks represent a health hazard, causing contact dermatitis and systemic reactions. This study investigated the epidemiology, severity, and treatment protocols of jellyfish stings in a coastal area with high tourist development and frequent stinging jellyfish outbreaks of the central Mediterranean (Salento, Southern Italy), and the associated costs for the Italian National Health Service. […] In 2007-2011, 1,733 bathers (mostly children and females) sought medical assistance following jellyfish stings, the main cause of human pathologies due to contact with marine organisms. […] The majority of events were reported in the years 2007-2009, whereas the occurrence of cnidarian jellyfish outbreaks has been increasingly reported in the same area since summer 2010. […] Most symptoms were limited to local and cutaneous reactions; conversely, 8.7% of cases evoked complications, mainly due to allergic reactions.

• #27 Envenomation – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/envenomation/

  Clinical features and treatment of jellyfish stings vary by species; clinicians should be familiar with the species commonly found in the region in which they practice. […] Tentacles containing nematocysts attach to the skin and discharge venom. Venom toxicity varies by species. […] Local effects include acute pain, linear urticarial lesions, and skin necrosis (severe stings). Systemic effects can include anaphylaxis, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. […] Management includes following the general approach to envenomation, inactivating remaining nematocysts, removing the attached tentacles with forceps or a gloved hand, and considering antivenom administration for severe reactions from box jellyfish stings. […] Avoid applying water to or rubbing the sting sites as this may trigger nematocysts remaining on the skin and cause additional stings.

• #28 Estimation of local incidence of jellyfish envenomation in developed marine coastal areas and large populated island on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia using case surveillance of government health facilities in Manjung, Perak and Langkawi Island

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/view/IMH.2021.0017

  The most common clinical symptom that presented was sudden and persistent pain. […] All patients were treated symptomatically and discharged well. […] The study showed that the occurrence of jellyfish stings are affected by weather conditions. Jellyfish stings occur seasonally, thus making it predictable and easily preventable with public awareness, early first aid application and use of jellyfish nets.

• #29 Jellyfish Sting

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/jellyfish-sting/

  Jellyfish cause most of the stings that occur in sea water. […] Jellyfish stings can occur while wading, swimming or diving in salt water. Honolulu gets over 1000 911 calls per month for stings. […] Jellyfish cause most of the stings that occur in the ocean. […] Anaphylaxis (A severe allergic reaction). Life-threatening reactions are very rare with the stings. Most are caused by box jellyfish found in the South Pacific and Australia. […] Jellyfish stings cause pain that feels like a bee sting.

• #30 Prospective study of Chironex fleckeri and other box jellyfish stings in the “Top End” of Australia’s Northern Territory | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/183/11/prospective-study-chironex-fleckeri-and-other-box-jellyfish-stings-top-end

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of box jellyfish envenoming in the Top End of the Northern Territory and, in particular, confirmed stings from the major Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri. […] Most C. fleckeri stings are not life-threatening; patients who die usually have cardiopulmonary arrest within minutes of the sting. […] The last 10 people who have died from jellyfish envenoming in the NT have all been children, reflecting the greater risk of a smaller body mass exposed to the billions of nematocysts on jellyfish tentacles. […] C. fleckeri has been described as the world’s most venomous animal because of the dramatic nature of severe envenoming, where death may occur within a few minutes of tentacle contact. However, our prospective study has confirmed that the vast majority of C. fleckeri envenomings are not life-threatening. […] The single fatality from C. fleckeri in this study shows how rapidly cardiopulmonary arrest can follow severe envenoming.

• #31 Envenomation – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/envenomation/

  Clinical features and treatment of jellyfish stings vary by species; clinicians should be familiar with the species commonly found in the region in which they practice. […] Tentacles containing nematocysts attach to the skin and discharge venom. Venom toxicity varies by species. […] Local effects include acute pain, linear urticarial lesions, and skin necrosis (severe stings). Systemic effects can include anaphylaxis, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. […] Management includes following the general approach to envenomation, inactivating remaining nematocysts, removing the attached tentacles with forceps or a gloved hand, and considering antivenom administration for severe reactions from box jellyfish stings. […] Avoid applying water to or rubbing the sting sites as this may trigger nematocysts remaining on the skin and cause additional stings.

• #32 Jellyfish – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/environmentandhealth/bathingwater/jellyfish/

  Jellyfish stings in Ireland are not usually life threatening and just require basic first aid and simple pain relief. […] However, the Lions Mane stinging cells are much sharper and can pierce skin easily resulting in a painful sting. […] Serious generalised reactions to a jellyfish sting are more common in countries with highly poisonous jellyfish, such as the Box jellyfish. […] A sting from a Lions Mane jellyfish can cause nausea, sweating, cramps, headaches and other symptoms. […] If in doubt seek medical attention.

• #33 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v11y2014i3p2488-2503d33482.html

  Stinging jellyfish outbreaks represent a health hazard, causing contact dermatitis and systemic reactions. This study investigated the epidemiology, severity, and treatment protocols of jellyfish stings in a coastal area with high tourist development and frequent stinging jellyfish outbreaks of the central Mediterranean (Salento, Southern Italy), and the associated costs for the Italian National Health Service. […] In 2007-2011, 1,733 bathers (mostly children and females) sought medical assistance following jellyfish stings, the main cause of human pathologies due to contact with marine organisms. […] The majority of events were reported in the years 2007-2009, whereas the occurrence of cnidarian jellyfish outbreaks has been increasingly reported in the same area since summer 2010. […] Most symptoms were limited to local and cutaneous reactions; conversely, 8.7% of cases evoked complications, mainly due to allergic reactions.

• #34 Epidemiology of jellyfish stings reported to summer health centres in the Salento peninsula (Italy) | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0536.2009.01561.x

  Epidemiology of jellyfish stings in the Province of Lecce, Italy, in 2007. […] In 2007, 446 bathers sought medical assistance following contact with jellyfish. […] The spatial distribution indicates a greater frequency of stings sustained along the Adriatic coast, while the time analysis shows patterns related to wind direction. […] Most of the injuries were seen in persons aged between 1 and 10 years and in females. […] In 24% of cases, injuries were sustained to several parts of the body, while single injuries were mainly to the lower limbs (33%). […] In 4.9% of cases, there were complications, including one case of anaphylactic shock. […] In the light of the significant level of medical assistance provided, there is a need to identify suitable strategies that will guarantee the best response in terms of both prevention and treatment.

• #35 Stung: Understanding jellyfish stings – Scope

  https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/11/26/stung-understanding-jellyfish-stings/

  Jellyfish are found in oceans of all temperatures and in some locations, there are seasons and conditions when jellyfish are known to be more abundant. In 2018, warm weather and tides brought an increase in jellyfish to Florida beaches, resulting in nearly 600 people suffering stings in one weekend. An estimated 150 million people globally are stung by jellyfish each year. […] While the majority of stings in North American coastal waters cause relatively mild reactions (unless there is an allergic reaction), the box jellyfish (such as Chironex fleckeri) found in Indo-Pacific waters are significantly more worrisome. […] According to the report, „In severe cases, cardiovascular collapse and death can occur within minutes.” […] Researchers are still working to understand more about jellyfish stings — in particular, they want to know how properties of the stinging cells relate to human skin reactions, Auerbach said.

• #36 Jellyfish stings: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002845.htm

  Portuguese man-of-war and sea nettle stings are rarely deadly. […] Certain box jellyfish stings can kill a person within minutes. Other box jellyfish stings can lead to death in 4 to 48 hours after a sting due to „Irukandji syndrome,” a delayed reaction to the sting. […] It is important to carefully monitor box jellyfish sting victims for hours after a sting. Seek medical attention right away for any breathing difficulties, chest or abdominal pains, or profuse sweating.

• #37 Jellyfish Sting: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17821-jellyfish-stings

  As many as 150 million jellyfish stings occur around the world each year. […] Most jellyfish stings are harmless. But some jellyfish stings can cause serious harm. […] If you or someone youre with is stung, get help right away. […] Some jellyfish stings can be life-threatening. Its important to get medical help if you have severe symptoms after a jellyfish sting. […] The prognosis for a jellyfish sting depends on the type of jellyfish. Stings from some jellyfish cause only minor itching and pain. But some box jellyfish stings can kill you within a matter of minutes. Other box jellyfish stings can cause a fatal reaction four to 48 hours after a sting due to Irukandji syndrome. Irukandji syndrome is a delayed reaction to a sting.

• #38 Prospective study of Chironex fleckeri and other box jellyfish stings in the “Top End” of Australia’s Northern Territory | The Medical Journal of Australia

  https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/183/11/prospective-study-chironex-fleckeri-and-other-box-jellyfish-stings-top-end

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of box jellyfish envenoming in the Top End of the Northern Territory and, in particular, confirmed stings from the major Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri. […] Most C. fleckeri stings are not life-threatening; patients who die usually have cardiopulmonary arrest within minutes of the sting. […] The last 10 people who have died from jellyfish envenoming in the NT have all been children, reflecting the greater risk of a smaller body mass exposed to the billions of nematocysts on jellyfish tentacles. […] C. fleckeri has been described as the world’s most venomous animal because of the dramatic nature of severe envenoming, where death may occur within a few minutes of tentacle contact. However, our prospective study has confirmed that the vast majority of C. fleckeri envenomings are not life-threatening. […] The single fatality from C. fleckeri in this study shows how rapidly cardiopulmonary arrest can follow severe envenoming.

• #39 Irukandji-like syndrome caused by single-tentacle box jellyfish found in Thailand, 2007–2019 | Thaikruea | International Maritime Health

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/view/68580

  Irukandji-like syndrome caused by single-tentacle box jellyfish found in Thailand, 20072019 […] Surveillance system and networks of toxic jellyfish incidents were established to enable case detection. In the period 2007 to 2019, all cases of stinging by single-tentacle box jellyfish resulting in collapse, hospital attendance or death were investigated. […] This was the largest study of Irukandji-like syndrome cases involving stings by single-tentacle box jellyfish in Thailand and the different clinical manifestations might be caused by different species of single-tentacle box jellyfish.

• #40 OAR@UM: Jellyfish stings in Western Mediterranean beaches : epidemiology and analysis of tourist perception may support the improvement of local adaptation policy and the adoption of countermeasures in coastal areas

  https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/27212

  Within the framework of the LIFE CuboMed and Med-Jellyrisk projects, a retrospective study on the epidemiology of jellyfish stings -based on datasets of beach lifeguard stations- was carried out along the Spanish Mediterranean and Maltese beaches. […] A total of 176,021 injuries were reported, with jellyfish stings ranking as the main lifeguard assistance category (66%). […] Jellyfish stings were the prevailing assistance category also in Malta, for the 2011-2015 summer seasons, being responsible on average for 51% of all lifeguard assistance calls. […] Effective preventive and mitigation strategies will require targeted planning and monitoring of health services and lifeguard stations at tourist hot spots, possibly implemented through a real-time web tool at local, national, and basin-wide levels.

• #41 Experts to study jellyfish sting in Tacloban, nearby areas | Philippine News Agency

  https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1206042

  The Eastern Visayas Health Research and Development Consortium (EVHRDC) will carry out a study on the prevalence of box jellyfish sting injuries in this city and nearby towns. […] The Eastern Visayas Health Research and Development Consortium (EVHRDC) will be studying the prevalence of box jellyfish sting injuries in this city and nearby towns to be used for future surveillance systems. […] We have been receiving reports of jellyfish sting injuries, but these are all narrative and without supporting data. We hope that through this study, cases like this will be included in our surveillance system, Olobia told the Philippine News Agency (PNA). […] The study will analyze key epidemiological data related to box jellyfish sting injuries. […] The researchers believe that by examining the demographic characteristics of affected individuals and determining incidence and prevalence rates, they can gain a better understanding of the extent of the issue.

• #42 RUA: Epidemiology of jellyfish stings using the Sting Index to identify trends and support proactive management

  https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/146198?locale=en

  Epidemiology of jellyfish stings using the Sting Index to identify trends and support proactive management […] We explore the epidemiological trends of jellyfish stings along the south and eastern Spanish coast. Using data from lifeguard reports over a 15-year span, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the Sting Index (SI), initially described by Bordehore et al. (2016). Our findings reveal that from 2008 to 2022, jellyfish stings accounted for 54.5% of reported beach injuries, a slight decrease from the previously reported 59.7% in 2012. […] The knowledge derived from our research is vital for developing informed beach management policies, improving beachgoer safety, and monitoring jellyfish presence. By providing a more accurate reflection of sting incidents through the SI, independent of fluctuations in beach attendance, this study enhances our understanding of jellyfish impacts and aids in the implementation of effective management measures.

• #43 Epidemiology of Jellyfish Using the Sting Index to Identify Trends and Support Proactive Management by John Yanez-Dobson, Eva S. Fonfria, Adrian Flores-Garcia, Cesar Bordehore :: SSRN

  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4733433

  In this study, we explore the epidemiological trends of jellyfish stings along the Spanish Mediterranean coast and their public health implications. […] Our analysis reveals that, between 2008 and 2022, jellyfish stings accounted for 54.5% of reported beach injuries, a slight decrease from the previously reported 59.7% in 2012. […] We observe a significant downward trend in the Sting Index during this period, accompanied by high variability and a marked reduction in sting incidents. […] These trends suggest the effectiveness of enhanced mitigation strategies of beach managers and possible shifts in jellyfish populations. […] Furthermore, our study highlights substantial regional differences in sting incidents within the Spanish Mediterranean beaches, with the Balearic Islands experiencing a notably higher Sting Index.

• #44 Dermoscopic Findings of Jellyfish Stings Caused by Pelagia noctiluca | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://actasdermo.org/en-dermoscopic-findings-jellyfish-stings-caused-articulo-S1578219016301275

  The results of our study reveal 4 dermoscopic features that may represent the contact with the nematocysts of P. noctiluca: brown dots, brown Chinese character pattern, pinpoint brown crusts and whitish-yellow crusts. These features were observed in jellyfish stings from unidentified species, suggesting that P. noctiluca may have been the causative species, although further studies are needed to support this assumption. […] In conclusion, this study of the dermoscopic spectrum of jellyfish stings identifies 4 dermoscopic features that may represent the penetration of P. noctiluca nematocysts: brown dots, brown Chinese characters pattern, pinpoint brown crusts and whitish-yellow crusts. We believe that our study provides further knowledge in an unexplored field of dermoscopy. The recognition of these dermoscopic findings in typical cases of P. noctiluca stings may help us to establish the diagnosis when a clear history of contact with the cnidarian is lacking.

• #45 Dermoscopic Findings of Jellyfish Stings Caused by Pelagia noctiluca | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-dermoscopic-findings-jellyfish-stings-caused-articulo-S1578219016301275

  According to reports from a network of observers, the only toxic jellyfish species found in the Balearic beaches are P. noctiluca and less frequently, A. aurita. […] P. noctiluca is by far the most common jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and this could explain that it was the only identified species in our series. […] The results of our study reveal 4 dermoscopic features that may represent the contact with the nematocysts of P. noctiluca: brown dots, brown Chinese character pattern, pinpoint brown crusts and whitish-yellow crusts. […] We believe that our study provides further knowledge in an unexplored field of dermoscopy. The recognition of these dermoscopic findings in typical cases of P. noctiluca stings may help us to establish the diagnosis when a clear history of contact with the cnidarian is lacking.

• #46 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v11y2014i3p2488-2503d33482.html

  The estimated cost of jellyfish-related first-aid services along the Salento coastline over the 5-year period was approximately 400,000 Euros. Therefore the management of jellyfish outbreak phenomena need coordinated research efforts towards a better understanding of underlying ecological mechanisms, together with the adoption of effective prevention policy, mitigation strategies, and appropriate planning of health services at tourist hot spots.

• #47 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/3/2488

  Jellyfish stings are among the commonest reasons for requesting medical assistance at summer first aid stations along the coasts of Salento (South Italy), an area with high tourist development and frequent occurrence of jellyfish, and the main pathology due to contact with marine organisms. […] The number of reported stinging incidents in this study is largely underestimating the actual number of bathers envenomated by jellyfish during the bathing season, since most adult stung bathers do not seek for medical attention by first aid centres and therefore the majority of cases of stings are not reported. […] In total, 1,733 jellyfish envenomations in the five years of observation along the relatively short Salento coastline (215 km) determined an expenditure of over €391,600 to the Italian National Health Service.

• #48 Epidemiology of Jellyfish Stings Presented to an American Urban Emergency Department

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3215982/

  Cnidarian, or jellyfish, stings are a common malady in tropical Emergency Departments. […] The team investigated the epidemiology and treatments for jellyfish stings presenting to an urban emergency department (ED) in Honolulu, Hawaii. […] The hospital treated 116 patients with jellyfish envenomations in an eight year period. […] Each year, cnidarian sting cases are presented to the ED in tropical settings. […] The results of this study may aid in prevention efforts as well as more efficient ways of treating future cnidarian stings in emergency departments. […] This study indicates that, although painful, cnidarian stings generally do not require extensive and costly Emergency Department treatment. […] The study also revealed a variance in the treatment given by emergency physicians. […] Future consolidation of medications and a protocol for jellyfish stings used to treat stings will help to decrease cost for patients and streamline treatment in the ED. […] The results of this study show Hawaii non-residents, men, and nighttime swimmers are the most at risk for cnidarian stings.

• #49 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/3/2488

  Local residents represented the majority of treated patients (65%), however a large number of envenomations occurred also in non-resident patients, with potentially serious consequences for tourism and for the overall service sector of the economy, associated with tourism. […] Management plans for tourism promotion should incorporate proactive initiatives such as education to jellyfish issues provided by lifeguards and hotel staff, or the installation of adequate informative signage at popular beaches.

• #50 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/11/3/2488

  Local residents represented the majority of treated patients (65%), however a large number of envenomations occurred also in non-resident patients, with potentially serious consequences for tourism and for the overall service sector of the economy, associated with tourism. […] Management plans for tourism promotion should incorporate proactive initiatives such as education to jellyfish issues provided by lifeguards and hotel staff, or the installation of adequate informative signage at popular beaches.

• #51 OAR@UM: Jellyfish stings in Western Mediterranean beaches : epidemiology and analysis of tourist perception may support the improvement of local adaptation policy and the adoption of countermeasures in coastal areas

  https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/27212

  Within the framework of the LIFE CuboMed and Med-Jellyrisk projects, a retrospective study on the epidemiology of jellyfish stings -based on datasets of beach lifeguard stations- was carried out along the Spanish Mediterranean and Maltese beaches. […] A total of 176,021 injuries were reported, with jellyfish stings ranking as the main lifeguard assistance category (66%). […] Jellyfish stings were the prevailing assistance category also in Malta, for the 2011-2015 summer seasons, being responsible on average for 51% of all lifeguard assistance calls. […] Effective preventive and mitigation strategies will require targeted planning and monitoring of health services and lifeguard stations at tourist hot spots, possibly implemented through a real-time web tool at local, national, and basin-wide levels.

• #52 Jellyfish stings – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353284

  Jellyfish stings are fairly common problems for people swimming, wading or diving in oceans. […] Most jellyfish stings get better over a few days or weeks with home treatment. Severe reactions likely need emergency medical care. […] Severe jellyfish stings can affect multiple body systems. These reactions may appear rapidly or several hours after the stings. […] Conditions that increase the risk of jellyfish stings: Swimming when jellyfish appear in large numbers (a jellyfish bloom). […] Possible complications of a jellyfish sting include: Delayed skin reaction, causing blisters, rash or other irritation. […] The following tips can help you avoid jellyfish stings: Wear a protective suit. When swimming or diving in areas where jellyfish stings are possible, wear a wet suit or other protective clothing.

• #53 Jellyfish stings: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002845.htm

  Jellyfish are sea creatures. They have nearly see-through bodies with long, finger-like structures called tentacles. Stinging cells inside the tentacles can hurt you if you come in contact with them. Some stings can cause serious harm. Almost 2000 species of animals found in the ocean are either venomous or poisonous to humans, and many can produce severe illness or fatalities. […] If you are unfamiliar with an area, be sure to ask local ocean safety staff about the potential for jellyfish stings and other marine hazards. In areas where box jellies may be found, especially at sunset and sunrise, full body coverage with a „stinger suit,” hood, gloves, and booties is advised. […] For the great majority of bites, stings, or other forms of poisoning, the danger is either drowning after being stung or an allergic reaction to the venom.

• #54 DOH warns against jellyfish stings

  https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/doh-warns-against-jellyfish-stings

  TOURISTS and locals in Central Visayas are warned to be cautious when swimming in jellyfish-infested waters as stings could, in fact, kill humans. […] Dr. Eugenia Mercedes Caal of the Regional Epidemiology Surveillance Unit (Resu) of the Department of Health 7 said jellyfish naturally sting to protect themselves from predators or any other harmful animals. […] A female tourist recently died after being stung by a box jellyfish while swimming in the sea in Barangay Pooc, Sta. Fe town, Bantayan Island in northern Cebu last Sunday, June 25. […] Caal encouraged the public to wear proper swimming attire as an extra layer of cloth between the jellyfish tentacles and skin to prevent severe stinging. […] Caal added that putting anti-sting creams and lotions on the skin may not be efficient at protecting oneself against venomous stings, but still advises the public to do so in the absence of proper swimwear.

• #55 Estimation of local incidence of jellyfish envenomation in developed marine coastal areas and large populated island on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia using case surveillance of government health facilities in Manjung, Perak and Langkawi Island

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/view/IMH.2021.0017

  The most common clinical symptom that presented was sudden and persistent pain. […] All patients were treated symptomatically and discharged well. […] The study showed that the occurrence of jellyfish stings are affected by weather conditions. Jellyfish stings occur seasonally, thus making it predictable and easily preventable with public awareness, early first aid application and use of jellyfish nets.

• #56 Jellyfish stings – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353284

  Jellyfish stings are fairly common problems for people swimming, wading or diving in oceans. […] Most jellyfish stings get better over a few days or weeks with home treatment. Severe reactions likely need emergency medical care. […] Severe jellyfish stings can affect multiple body systems. These reactions may appear rapidly or several hours after the stings. […] Conditions that increase the risk of jellyfish stings: Swimming when jellyfish appear in large numbers (a jellyfish bloom). […] Possible complications of a jellyfish sting include: Delayed skin reaction, causing blisters, rash or other irritation. […] The following tips can help you avoid jellyfish stings: Wear a protective suit. When swimming or diving in areas where jellyfish stings are possible, wear a wet suit or other protective clothing.

• #57 Epidemiology of Jellyfish Using the Sting Index to Identify Trends and Support Proactive Management by John Yanez-Dobson, Eva S. Fonfria, Adrian Flores-Garcia, Cesar Bordehore :: SSRN

  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4733433

  This finding underscores the necessity for localised intervention management measures. […] We also emphasise the crucial, proactive role of lifeguards in reporting incidents and reducing stings and health risks. […] The knowledge derived from our research is vital for developing informed beach management policies, improving beachgoer safety and monitoring jellyfish presence.

• #58 Jellyfish Stings and Their Management: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/2/523

  Jellyfish (cnidarians) have a worldwide distribution. Despite most being harmless, some species may cause local and also systemic reactions. Treatment of jellyfish envenomation is directed at: alleviating the local effects of venom, preventing further nematocyst discharges and controlling systemic reactions, including shock. In severe cases, the most important step is stabilizing and maintaining vital functions. With some differences between species, there seems to be evidence and consensus on oral/topical analgesics, hot water and ice packs as effective painkillers and on 30 s application of domestic vinegar (4%–6% acetic acid) to prevent further discharge of unfired nematocysts remaining on the skin. Conversely, alcohol, methylated spirits and fresh water should be carefully avoided, since they could massively discharge nematocysts; pressure immobilization bandaging should also be avoided, as laboratory studies show that it stimulates additional venom discharge from nematocysts. Most treatment approaches are presently founded on relatively weak evidence; therefore, further research (especially randomized clinical trials) is strongly recommended. Dissemination of appropriate treatment modalities should be deployed to better inform and educate those at risk. Adequate signage should be placed at beaches to notify tourists of the jellyfish risk. Swimmers in risky areas should wear protective equipment.

• #59 Jellyfish Stings and Their Management: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/2/523

  Jellyfish (cnidarians) have a worldwide distribution. Despite most being harmless, some species may cause local and also systemic reactions. Treatment of jellyfish envenomation is directed at: alleviating the local effects of venom, preventing further nematocyst discharges and controlling systemic reactions, including shock. In severe cases, the most important step is stabilizing and maintaining vital functions. With some differences between species, there seems to be evidence and consensus on oral/topical analgesics, hot water and ice packs as effective painkillers and on 30 s application of domestic vinegar (4%–6% acetic acid) to prevent further discharge of unfired nematocysts remaining on the skin. Conversely, alcohol, methylated spirits and fresh water should be carefully avoided, since they could massively discharge nematocysts; pressure immobilization bandaging should also be avoided, as laboratory studies show that it stimulates additional venom discharge from nematocysts. Most treatment approaches are presently founded on relatively weak evidence; therefore, further research (especially randomized clinical trials) is strongly recommended. Dissemination of appropriate treatment modalities should be deployed to better inform and educate those at risk. Adequate signage should be placed at beaches to notify tourists of the jellyfish risk. Swimmers in risky areas should wear protective equipment.

• #60 Estimation of local incidence of jellyfish envenomation in developed marine coastal areas and large populated island on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia using case surveillance of government health facilities in Manjung, Perak and Langkawi Island

  https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/view/IMH.2021.0017

  The most common clinical symptom that presented was sudden and persistent pain. […] All patients were treated symptomatically and discharged well. […] The study showed that the occurrence of jellyfish stings are affected by weather conditions. Jellyfish stings occur seasonally, thus making it predictable and easily preventable with public awareness, early first aid application and use of jellyfish nets.

• #61 DOH warns against jellyfish stings

  https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/doh-warns-against-jellyfish-stings

  Caal advised those who are stung by a jellyfish to immediately go back to the beach and perform first aid. […] She said the best recourse is to bring the victim to the nearest hospital for urgent professional medical attention. […] Alan Poquita, director of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 7, suggested on Friday that every local government unit (LGU) should have an emergency response team on standby.

• #62 RUA: Epidemiology of jellyfish stings using the Sting Index to identify trends and support proactive management

  https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/146198?locale=en

  Epidemiology of jellyfish stings using the Sting Index to identify trends and support proactive management […] We explore the epidemiological trends of jellyfish stings along the south and eastern Spanish coast. Using data from lifeguard reports over a 15-year span, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the Sting Index (SI), initially described by Bordehore et al. (2016). Our findings reveal that from 2008 to 2022, jellyfish stings accounted for 54.5% of reported beach injuries, a slight decrease from the previously reported 59.7% in 2012. […] The knowledge derived from our research is vital for developing informed beach management policies, improving beachgoer safety, and monitoring jellyfish presence. By providing a more accurate reflection of sting incidents through the SI, independent of fluctuations in beach attendance, this study enhances our understanding of jellyfish impacts and aids in the implementation of effective management measures.

• #63 RUA: Epidemiology of jellyfish stings using the Sting Index to identify trends and support proactive management

  https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/146198?locale=en

  Epidemiology of jellyfish stings using the Sting Index to identify trends and support proactive management […] We explore the epidemiological trends of jellyfish stings along the south and eastern Spanish coast. Using data from lifeguard reports over a 15-year span, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the Sting Index (SI), initially described by Bordehore et al. (2016). Our findings reveal that from 2008 to 2022, jellyfish stings accounted for 54.5% of reported beach injuries, a slight decrease from the previously reported 59.7% in 2012. […] The knowledge derived from our research is vital for developing informed beach management policies, improving beachgoer safety, and monitoring jellyfish presence. By providing a more accurate reflection of sting incidents through the SI, independent of fluctuations in beach attendance, this study enhances our understanding of jellyfish impacts and aids in the implementation of effective management measures.

• #64 Stung: Understanding jellyfish stings – Scope

  https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/11/26/stung-understanding-jellyfish-stings/

  Jellyfish are found in oceans of all temperatures and in some locations, there are seasons and conditions when jellyfish are known to be more abundant. In 2018, warm weather and tides brought an increase in jellyfish to Florida beaches, resulting in nearly 600 people suffering stings in one weekend. An estimated 150 million people globally are stung by jellyfish each year. […] While the majority of stings in North American coastal waters cause relatively mild reactions (unless there is an allergic reaction), the box jellyfish (such as Chironex fleckeri) found in Indo-Pacific waters are significantly more worrisome. […] According to the report, „In severe cases, cardiovascular collapse and death can occur within minutes.” […] Researchers are still working to understand more about jellyfish stings — in particular, they want to know how properties of the stinging cells relate to human skin reactions, Auerbach said.

• #65 Digital ischaemia: a rare but severe complication of jellyfish sting | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v20n5/460.htm

  Despite the adverse effects of cnidarian stings, literature on treatment is limited and often conflicting. […] It is important for us to be well equipped with management strategies for this type of injury and maintain a high level of suspicion for major complications. […] The principles of the management of jellyfish injury are: (1) Best treatment remains prevention of injury (2) Alleviate the local effect of venom (pain and tissue damage) (3) Prevent further discharge of nematocysts (4) Control systemic reaction, including shock. […] The underlying mechanism of local ischaemia in our case was not well understood. Toxin- and hypersensitivity-induced vasospasm and secondary thrombosis are the postulated mechanisms. […] Further research is needed to confirm our postulation and formulate a protocol for management of jellyfish stings.

• #66 Jellyfish Stings and Their Management: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/2/523

  Jellyfish (cnidarians) have a worldwide distribution. Despite most being harmless, some species may cause local and also systemic reactions. Treatment of jellyfish envenomation is directed at: alleviating the local effects of venom, preventing further nematocyst discharges and controlling systemic reactions, including shock. In severe cases, the most important step is stabilizing and maintaining vital functions. With some differences between species, there seems to be evidence and consensus on oral/topical analgesics, hot water and ice packs as effective painkillers and on 30 s application of domestic vinegar (4%–6% acetic acid) to prevent further discharge of unfired nematocysts remaining on the skin. Conversely, alcohol, methylated spirits and fresh water should be carefully avoided, since they could massively discharge nematocysts; pressure immobilization bandaging should also be avoided, as laboratory studies show that it stimulates additional venom discharge from nematocysts. Most treatment approaches are presently founded on relatively weak evidence; therefore, further research (especially randomized clinical trials) is strongly recommended. Dissemination of appropriate treatment modalities should be deployed to better inform and educate those at risk. Adequate signage should be placed at beaches to notify tourists of the jellyfish risk. Swimmers in risky areas should wear protective equipment.

• #67 Epidemiology of jellyfish stings reported to summer health centres in the Salento peninsula (Italy) | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0536.2009.01561.x

  Epidemiology of jellyfish stings in the Province of Lecce, Italy, in 2007. […] In 2007, 446 bathers sought medical assistance following contact with jellyfish. […] The spatial distribution indicates a greater frequency of stings sustained along the Adriatic coast, while the time analysis shows patterns related to wind direction. […] Most of the injuries were seen in persons aged between 1 and 10 years and in females. […] In 24% of cases, injuries were sustained to several parts of the body, while single injuries were mainly to the lower limbs (33%). […] In 4.9% of cases, there were complications, including one case of anaphylactic shock. […] In the light of the significant level of medical assistance provided, there is a need to identify suitable strategies that will guarantee the best response in terms of both prevention and treatment.

• #68 Anaphylaxis after jellyfish ingestion with no history of stings: a pediatric case report | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-021-00601-x

  Jellyfish stings are known to induce allergic skin reactions; however, case reports of anaphylaxis after jellyfish ingestion have been increasing, especially in Asian countries. […] Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of anaphylactic reactions due to jellyfish ingestion even without a history of jellyfish stings. […] Recently, case reports of anaphylaxis due to oral ingestion of edible jellyfish have been increasing in Asian countries. […] With the worldwide spread of the dietary culture of jellyfish consumption, there is concern that the number of reports of anaphylaxis due to jellyfish ingestion will increase in the future. […] Anaphylaxis caused by jellyfish ingestion are thought to involve multiple allergens such as PGA or jellyfish-collagen via different sensitization routes; therefore, further detailed investigations are needed in the future.

• #69 Impact of Stinging Jellyfish Proliferations along South Italian Coasts: Human Health Hazards, Treatment and Social Costs

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v11y2014i3p2488-2503d33482.html

  The estimated cost of jellyfish-related first-aid services along the Salento coastline over the 5-year period was approximately 400,000 Euros. Therefore the management of jellyfish outbreak phenomena need coordinated research efforts towards a better understanding of underlying ecological mechanisms, together with the adoption of effective prevention policy, mitigation strategies, and appropriate planning of health services at tourist hot spots.

• #70 Jellyfish Stings and Their Management: A Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/11/2/523

  It has been estimated there are 150 million jellyfish stings a year, with some Pacific areas reporting up to 800 daily events at one single beach. Therefore, beyond being a public health issue, jellyfish also constitute a threat to tourism. […] Epidemiological data on jellyfish risk should be routinely collected to better inform and educate those categories at risk on the appropriate treatment modalities. Published literature on stings has been both limited and conflicting, treatment guidelines still lack consensus and it is often difficult to identify the jellyfish species involved (especially in the case of cubozoans).

• #71 OAR@UM: Jellyfish stings in Western Mediterranean beaches : epidemiology and analysis of tourist perception may support the improvement of local adaptation policy and the adoption of countermeasures in coastal areas

  https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/27212

  Within the framework of the LIFE CuboMed and Med-Jellyrisk projects, a retrospective study on the epidemiology of jellyfish stings -based on datasets of beach lifeguard stations- was carried out along the Spanish Mediterranean and Maltese beaches. […] A total of 176,021 injuries were reported, with jellyfish stings ranking as the main lifeguard assistance category (66%). […] Jellyfish stings were the prevailing assistance category also in Malta, for the 2011-2015 summer seasons, being responsible on average for 51% of all lifeguard assistance calls. […] Effective preventive and mitigation strategies will require targeted planning and monitoring of health services and lifeguard stations at tourist hot spots, possibly implemented through a real-time web tool at local, national, and basin-wide levels.

• #72 The magnitude of severe box jellyfish cases on Koh Samui and Koh Pha-ngan in the Gulf of Thailand | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-016-1931-8

  Despite recent deaths caused by box jellyfish envenomation occurring on the islands of Samui and Pha-ngan in the Gulf of Thailand, many people do not believe box jellyfish can kill humans and many people dismiss the problem as insignificant. […] We aimed to determine the magnitude of cases of severe stinging by box jellyfish and describe the characteristics of these cases on the islands of Samui and Pha-ngan in Surat Thani Province from 1997 to 2015. […] There were 15 box jellyfish cases. […] The islands of Samui and Pha-ngan have the highest incidence of fatal and near fatal box jellyfish cases in Thailand. […] The investigation was under the government service policy of emergency and public health problem. […] The findings of this study are useful for providing scientific evidence of the magnitude of the box jellyfish stings and also for convincing the communities to take the problem seriously. Appropriate surveillance and sustainable prevention and control measures in all risk areas are in urgent need.

• #73 Anaphylaxis after jellyfish ingestion with no history of stings: a pediatric case report | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-021-00601-x

  Jellyfish stings are known to induce allergic skin reactions; however, case reports of anaphylaxis after jellyfish ingestion have been increasing, especially in Asian countries. […] Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of anaphylactic reactions due to jellyfish ingestion even without a history of jellyfish stings. […] Recently, case reports of anaphylaxis due to oral ingestion of edible jellyfish have been increasing in Asian countries. […] With the worldwide spread of the dietary culture of jellyfish consumption, there is concern that the number of reports of anaphylaxis due to jellyfish ingestion will increase in the future. […] Anaphylaxis caused by jellyfish ingestion are thought to involve multiple allergens such as PGA or jellyfish-collagen via different sensitization routes; therefore, further detailed investigations are needed in the future.

• #74 Anaphylaxis after jellyfish ingestion with no history of stings: a pediatric case report | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-021-00601-x

  Jellyfish stings are known to induce allergic skin reactions; however, case reports of anaphylaxis after jellyfish ingestion have been increasing, especially in Asian countries. […] Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of anaphylactic reactions due to jellyfish ingestion even without a history of jellyfish stings. […] Recently, case reports of anaphylaxis due to oral ingestion of edible jellyfish have been increasing in Asian countries. […] With the worldwide spread of the dietary culture of jellyfish consumption, there is concern that the number of reports of anaphylaxis due to jellyfish ingestion will increase in the future. […] Anaphylaxis caused by jellyfish ingestion are thought to involve multiple allergens such as PGA or jellyfish-collagen via different sensitization routes; therefore, further detailed investigations are needed in the future.

Zobacz więcej