Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353419

  A diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse often happens during a pelvic exam of the vagina and rectum. […] Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve: […] A vaginal pessary is a silicone device that you put into the vagina. The device helps support bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning. […] Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if: […] Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. When the uterus is also prolapsed, the uterus might need to be removed (hysterectomy). More than one type of prolapse can be repaired during the same surgery.

• #2 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20353414

  A posterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a rectocele, occurs when the wall of tissue that separates the rectum from the vagina weakens or tears. […] A posterior vaginal prolapse is a bulge of tissue into the vagina. It happens when the tissue between the rectum and the vagina weakens or tears. This causes the rectum to push into the vaginal wall. […] If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. For severe posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need surgery to fix it. […] A surgeon can evaluate the prolapse and talk about options for surgery to fix it. […] Sometimes, posterior vaginal prolapse doesn’t cause problems. But moderate or severe posterior vaginal prolapses might be uncomfortable. See a health care provider if your symptoms affect your day-to-day life.

• #3 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Patients with rectoceles may present with an asymptomatic bulge found during the pelvic examination or with a myriad of symptoms. For patients without symptoms, expectant management is recommended. Currently, no evidence supports the use of estrogen to prevent or treat prolapse. […] Nonsurgical and surgical methods are available for treating symptomatic patients with rectocele. Generally, treatment is determined by the age of the patient, the desire for future fertility, the desire for coital function, the severity of symptoms, the degree of disability, and the presence of significant medical comorbidities. One responsibility of the physician is to inform women of their treatment options and the potential benefits and risks of each option. Medical treatment options for women with symptoms primarily consist of fiber supplementation to manage stool consistency, splinting, or management with pessaries. Physical therapy and biofeedback can also improve patient ability to defecate.

• #4 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Prophylactic measures for preventing rectocele include diagnosis and treatment of chronic respiratory and metabolic disorders, correction of constipation, and intra-abdominal disorders that may cause chronic increases in intra-abdominal pressure. […] Failure to recognize and treat significant support defects at the time of concomitant gynecologic surgery can lead to progression of rectocele. Similarly, opening up the genital hiatus by performing a retropubic urethropexy (eg, Burch procedure) can predispose a patient to enterocele and rectocele. […] For mild degrees of relaxation, especially in younger women immediately following childbirth, levator muscle exercises, sometimes called Kegel exercises, are helpful in restoring the tone of the muscles of the pelvic floor. […] In addition to strengthening pelvic muscles, nonsurgical management of pelvic organ prolapse mainly involves fitting the patient with a vaginal pessary. Numerous vaginal pessaries are available that are designed to support specific types of pelvic organ prolapse.

• #5 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20353414

  Posterior vaginal prolapse results from pressure on the pelvic floor or trauma. […] To help keep posterior vaginal prolapse from getting worse, you might try to: Perform Kegel exercises regularly. These exercises can strengthen pelvic floor muscles. This is especially important after having a baby. […] If you’ve only had cesarean deliveries, you’re less likely to develop posterior vaginal prolapse. But you still could develop the condition.

• #6 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20314570/

  Pessaries come in many shapes and sizes. The device fits into the vagina and provides support to vaginal tissues displaced by pelvic organ prolapse. A health care provider can fit a pessary and help provide information about which type would work best. […] Kegel exercises strengthen pelvic floor muscles. A strong pelvic floor provides better support for pelvic organs. It also might relieve bulge symptoms that posterior vaginal prolapse can cause. […] Kegel exercises may be most successful when theyre taught by a physical therapist or nurse practitioner and reinforced with biofeedback. Biofeedback uses monitoring devices to let you know that youre tightening the right set of muscles in the right way.

• #7 Rectocele | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rectocele

  Some of the causes of a rectocele include vaginal childbirth, hysterectomy, pelvic surgery and chronic constipation. […] Surgery may be needed if the rectocele doesnt respond to simpler treatments. […] Treatment options may include: High-fibre diet, Fibre supplements, At least six to eight glasses of water per day, Stool softeners (dont use laxatives), Instruction on how to help yourself to pass a bowel motion; for example, you may be advised to gently press a finger against the rear wall of the vagina while toileting, Dont strain on the toilet, Hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, Pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises, Insertion of a pessary a ring-like device worn high in the vagina that helps to support the pelvic organs. […] Surgery may be needed if the rectocele doesnt respond to other treatments and is causing symptoms.

• #8 Finding Treatment for a Rectocele

  https://www.gastro-services.com/blog/276183-finding-treatment-for-a-rectocele/

  Finding Treatment for a Rectocele […] Rectocele, better known as posterior vaginal prolapse, results from a weakening of the tissue that lies between the vagina and rectum (the rectovaginal septum). This can lead to a bulge or herniation within the back wall of the vagina. This is a fairly common condition for women, but many women dont even notice symptoms. […] If you arent experiencing any symptoms, then your gastroenterologist may not recommend treatment since your daily routine isnt being impacted; however, if you are experiencing symptoms, the first course of action will be to improve bowel movements and to make them easier and less uncomfortable. Nonsurgical treatment options are usually enough to resolve any issues associated with a rectocele. […] To prevent straining and constipation, lifestyle changes may include: Staying hydrated, Eating a high-fiber diet, Performing pelvic floor exercises, Biofeedback to improve pelvic floor muscle function, Using stool softeners. […] If non-surgical options have not provided you with relief and your symptoms are interfering with your life, then your doctor may recommend surgery to restore and strengthen the rectovaginal septum.

• #9 Rectocele | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rectocele

  Some of the causes of a rectocele include vaginal childbirth, hysterectomy, pelvic surgery and chronic constipation. […] Surgery may be needed if the rectocele doesnt respond to simpler treatments. […] Treatment options may include: High-fibre diet, Fibre supplements, At least six to eight glasses of water per day, Stool softeners (dont use laxatives), Instruction on how to help yourself to pass a bowel motion; for example, you may be advised to gently press a finger against the rear wall of the vagina while toileting, Dont strain on the toilet, Hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, Pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises, Insertion of a pessary a ring-like device worn high in the vagina that helps to support the pelvic organs. […] Surgery may be needed if the rectocele doesnt respond to other treatments and is causing symptoms.

• #10

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf7089

  A rectocele occurs when the rectum moves from its normal position and presses against the back wall of the vagina. This is also called posterior vaginal wall prolapse. […] A rectocele usually does not cause serious health problems. But if symptoms bother you, making lifestyle changes and doing exercises may help. Or your doctor may suggest a pessary. Surgery may also be an option. […] Ask your doctor about a vaginal pessary. It can placed in the vagina to help support the rectum. Your doctor can teach you how and when to remove, clean, and reinsert it.

• #11

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/treatment/

  There are several treatment options available for pelvic organ prolapse. […] Treatment options include: lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, hormone treatment, vaginal pessaries, surgery. […] If you have a mild prolapse and have been through the menopause, your doctor may recommend treatment with oestrogen to ease some of your symptoms, such as vaginal dryness or discomfort during sex. […] Vaginal pessaries allow you to get pregnant in the future. They can be used to ease the symptoms of moderate or severe prolapses and are a good option if you cannot or would prefer not to have surgery. […] If non-surgical options have not worked or the prolapse is more severe, surgery may be an option. […] There are several different surgical treatments for pelvic organ prolapse. […] For women with a prolapsed womb who have been through the menopause or do not wish to have any more children, a doctor may recommend surgery to remove the womb (hysterectomy).

• #12 Rectocele | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rectocele

  Some of the causes of a rectocele include vaginal childbirth, hysterectomy, pelvic surgery and chronic constipation. […] Surgery may be needed if the rectocele doesnt respond to simpler treatments. […] Treatment options may include: High-fibre diet, Fibre supplements, At least six to eight glasses of water per day, Stool softeners (dont use laxatives), Instruction on how to help yourself to pass a bowel motion; for example, you may be advised to gently press a finger against the rear wall of the vagina while toileting, Dont strain on the toilet, Hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, Pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises, Insertion of a pessary a ring-like device worn high in the vagina that helps to support the pelvic organs. […] Surgery may be needed if the rectocele doesnt respond to other treatments and is causing symptoms.

• #13 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Patients with rectoceles may present with an asymptomatic bulge found during the pelvic examination or with a myriad of symptoms. For patients without symptoms, expectant management is recommended. Currently, no evidence supports the use of estrogen to prevent or treat prolapse. […] Nonsurgical and surgical methods are available for treating symptomatic patients with rectocele. Generally, treatment is determined by the age of the patient, the desire for future fertility, the desire for coital function, the severity of symptoms, the degree of disability, and the presence of significant medical comorbidities. One responsibility of the physician is to inform women of their treatment options and the potential benefits and risks of each option. Medical treatment options for women with symptoms primarily consist of fiber supplementation to manage stool consistency, splinting, or management with pessaries. Physical therapy and biofeedback can also improve patient ability to defecate.

• #14 Treatment of vaginal prolapse with pelvic floor physiotherapy

  https://blog.lactapp.es/en/treatment-of-vaginal-prolapse-with-pelvic-floor-physiotherapy/

  Treatment of pelvic prolapse should be based on pelvic floor physiotherapy as the first choice of treatment. […] Stages 1 and 2 of prolapse can be treated with pelvic floor physiotherapy treatment and won’t require surgical intervention. […] Improving body awareness, strength, and tone of pelvic floor muscles can enhance the decrease of prolapse and improve symptoms in patients. […] Patients should be encouraged to start pelvic floor physiotherapy, either as a pre-intervention treatment in the case of stages 3 and 4 or as a stand-alone first-line treatment for patients with stages 1 and 2 prolapse.

• #15 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Patients with rectoceles may present with an asymptomatic bulge found during the pelvic examination or with a myriad of symptoms. For patients without symptoms, expectant management is recommended. Currently, no evidence supports the use of estrogen to prevent or treat prolapse. […] Nonsurgical and surgical methods are available for treating symptomatic patients with rectocele. Generally, treatment is determined by the age of the patient, the desire for future fertility, the desire for coital function, the severity of symptoms, the degree of disability, and the presence of significant medical comorbidities. One responsibility of the physician is to inform women of their treatment options and the potential benefits and risks of each option. Medical treatment options for women with symptoms primarily consist of fiber supplementation to manage stool consistency, splinting, or management with pessaries. Physical therapy and biofeedback can also improve patient ability to defecate.

• #16 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20314570/

  Pessaries come in many shapes and sizes. The device fits into the vagina and provides support to vaginal tissues displaced by pelvic organ prolapse. A health care provider can fit a pessary and help provide information about which type would work best. […] Kegel exercises strengthen pelvic floor muscles. A strong pelvic floor provides better support for pelvic organs. It also might relieve bulge symptoms that posterior vaginal prolapse can cause. […] Kegel exercises may be most successful when theyre taught by a physical therapist or nurse practitioner and reinforced with biofeedback. Biofeedback uses monitoring devices to let you know that youre tightening the right set of muscles in the right way.

• #17 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353419

  A diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse often happens during a pelvic exam of the vagina and rectum. […] Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve: […] A vaginal pessary is a silicone device that you put into the vagina. The device helps support bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning. […] Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if: […] Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. When the uterus is also prolapsed, the uterus might need to be removed (hysterectomy). More than one type of prolapse can be repaired during the same surgery.

• #18

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/treatment/

  There are several treatment options available for pelvic organ prolapse. […] Treatment options include: lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, hormone treatment, vaginal pessaries, surgery. […] If you have a mild prolapse and have been through the menopause, your doctor may recommend treatment with oestrogen to ease some of your symptoms, such as vaginal dryness or discomfort during sex. […] Vaginal pessaries allow you to get pregnant in the future. They can be used to ease the symptoms of moderate or severe prolapses and are a good option if you cannot or would prefer not to have surgery. […] If non-surgical options have not worked or the prolapse is more severe, surgery may be an option. […] There are several different surgical treatments for pelvic organ prolapse. […] For women with a prolapsed womb who have been through the menopause or do not wish to have any more children, a doctor may recommend surgery to remove the womb (hysterectomy).

• #19 Practical Use of the Pessary | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0501/p2719.html

  The pessary is most commonly used in the management of pelvic support defects such as cystocele and rectocele. […] Although surgical repair of certain pelvic support defects offers a more permanent solution, some patients may elect to use a pessary as a temporary management option. […] Variants of vaginal prolapse include rectocele, enterocele, cystocele and vault prolapse. […] A rectocele occurs when the fascial layers between the rectum and the vagina become weak. […] In patients with rectoceles and enteroceles, the use of a Gellhorn, donut, inflatable or cube pessary is usually required to provide the necessary support. […] The cube pessary is designed to manage third-degree uterine prolapse. […] If a cystocele or rectocele accompanies the third-degree uterine prolapse, a Gehrung pessary may be the most helpful.

• #20 Practical Use of the Pessary | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0501/p2719.html

  The Gellhorn pessary is designed to manage severe uterine or vaginal prolapse. […] A donut, inflatable or Gellhorn pessary can also be used in patients with third-degree uterine prolapse. […] In patients with a mild cystocele, treatment using a ring with support, a dish with support, a Hodge with support or a donut pessary will suffice. […] The Gellhorn pessary may be the best choice, although insertion and removal can be difficult.

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/treatment/

  There are several treatment options available for pelvic organ prolapse. […] Treatment options include: lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, hormone treatment, vaginal pessaries, surgery. […] If you have a mild prolapse and have been through the menopause, your doctor may recommend treatment with oestrogen to ease some of your symptoms, such as vaginal dryness or discomfort during sex. […] Vaginal pessaries allow you to get pregnant in the future. They can be used to ease the symptoms of moderate or severe prolapses and are a good option if you cannot or would prefer not to have surgery. […] If non-surgical options have not worked or the prolapse is more severe, surgery may be an option. […] There are several different surgical treatments for pelvic organ prolapse. […] For women with a prolapsed womb who have been through the menopause or do not wish to have any more children, a doctor may recommend surgery to remove the womb (hysterectomy).

• #22

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/treatment/

  There is a range of treatment options available for pelvic organ prolapse. Some are surgical and some are non-surgical. […] You and your GP will decide together what’s the best option for you. […] Your doctor may suggest you try non-surgical options first. These include lifestyle changes, hormone treatment or a vaginal pessary. […] If you have a mild prolapse and have been through menopause, your GP may recommend treatment with the hormone oestrogen. This is to help ease some of your symptoms, such as discomfort during sex or vaginal dryness. […] A vaginal pessary is a rubber or silicone device that goes into your vagina. It supports your vaginal walls and pelvic organs. […] Vaginal pessaries can be used to ease the symptoms of moderate or severe prolapse. They are a good option if you cannot or do not want to have surgery.

• #23 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Pessaries can cause vaginal irritation and ulceration. They are better tolerated when the vaginal epithelium is well estrogenized, making exogenous estrogen essential in the hypoestrogenic patient. […] Patients can be treated successfully with a pessary for years. Indications for surgery include the desire for definitive surgical correction, inability to maintain pessary, being sexually active, recurrent vaginal ulcerations due to pessary use, or genuine stress incontinence that the patient deems unacceptable. […] Despite advances in understanding of pelvic floor anatomy, physiology, and disorders along with the advances in surgical techniques (including laparoscopy), no consensus exists regarding the optimal method of repair. […] A variety of surgical techniques have been described, including posterior colporrhaphy, defect-directed repair, posterior fascial replacement, transanal repair, and abdominal approaches.

• #24 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is subcategorized according to the compartment of descent. […] Rectocele refers to the posterior vaginal wall descent. […] Treatment options vary and are dependent upon the degree of prolapse and symptoms. Treatments include simple observation, vaginal pessaries, or surgical management. […] Most women do not experience symptoms until the bulge protrudes past the vaginal opening. […] Two-thirds of patients with symptomatic POP choose management with a pessary, and up to 77% continue use after 1 year. […] When considering surgical intervention for pelvic organ prolapse, patient goals for future fertility goals and expectations must be considered and discussed. […] A variety of procedures, both abdominal and vaginal, are performed in an attempt to restore the pelvic floor function and relieve symptoms.

• #25 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Pessaries can cause vaginal irritation and ulceration. They are better tolerated when the vaginal epithelium is well estrogenized, making exogenous estrogen essential in the hypoestrogenic patient. […] Patients can be treated successfully with a pessary for years. Indications for surgery include the desire for definitive surgical correction, inability to maintain pessary, being sexually active, recurrent vaginal ulcerations due to pessary use, or genuine stress incontinence that the patient deems unacceptable. […] Despite advances in understanding of pelvic floor anatomy, physiology, and disorders along with the advances in surgical techniques (including laparoscopy), no consensus exists regarding the optimal method of repair. […] A variety of surgical techniques have been described, including posterior colporrhaphy, defect-directed repair, posterior fascial replacement, transanal repair, and abdominal approaches.

• #26 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353419

  A diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse often happens during a pelvic exam of the vagina and rectum. […] Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve: […] A vaginal pessary is a silicone device that you put into the vagina. The device helps support bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning. […] Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if: […] Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. When the uterus is also prolapsed, the uterus might need to be removed (hysterectomy). More than one type of prolapse can be repaired during the same surgery.

• #27 Rectocele: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17415-rectocele

  A rectocele is a condition where weakened tissues in your pelvis cause your rectum to sag onto your vaginal wall. […] In severe cases, you may need surgery to repair the rectocele. […] Rectocele is also called posterior vaginal wall prolapse. […] Mild rectoceles may be managed with pelvic floor exercises to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles. Your healthcare provider may also recommend a pessary. A vaginal pessary is a removable device inserted into your vagina to support prolapsed organs. […] With moderate to more severe prolapse, your healthcare provider may recommend surgery to repair the rectocele. […] A surgical procedure called posterior colporrhaphy is commonly used to repair rectoceles. During the procedure, your provider removes damaged tissue that’s no longer supporting your pelvic organs and sutures the healthy tissue together for added support.

• #28 Rectocele: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17415-rectocele

  Often, your provider performs rectocele surgeries through your vagina, an approach that leaves no scars. […] Speak to your provider about treatment options if you have to use your fingers to have a bowel movement. […] If the prolapse is more severe, your provider can recommend surgeries that can help.

• #29 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/posterior-vaginal-prolapse-rectocele

  A posterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a rectocele, occurs when the wall of tissue that separates the rectum from the vagina weakens or tears. […] If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. For severe posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need surgery to fix it. […] A surgeon can evaluate the prolapse and talk about options for surgery to fix it. […] Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if: Pelvic floor strengthening exercises or using a pessary doesn’t control your prolapse symptoms well enough. […] Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. […] Pessaries come in many shapes and sizes. The device fits into the vagina and provides support to vaginal tissues displaced by pelvic organ prolapse.

• #30 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Pessaries can cause vaginal irritation and ulceration. They are better tolerated when the vaginal epithelium is well estrogenized, making exogenous estrogen essential in the hypoestrogenic patient. […] Patients can be treated successfully with a pessary for years. Indications for surgery include the desire for definitive surgical correction, inability to maintain pessary, being sexually active, recurrent vaginal ulcerations due to pessary use, or genuine stress incontinence that the patient deems unacceptable. […] Despite advances in understanding of pelvic floor anatomy, physiology, and disorders along with the advances in surgical techniques (including laparoscopy), no consensus exists regarding the optimal method of repair. […] A variety of surgical techniques have been described, including posterior colporrhaphy, defect-directed repair, posterior fascial replacement, transanal repair, and abdominal approaches.

• #31 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Historically, the primary surgical therapy for rectocele has been posterior colporrhaphy. The principal objective of the posterior repair is to repair perineal tears that occurred during vaginal delivery. […] In our practice we have used a vaginal suspension that concomitantly addresses both the posterior apical defects and posterior mid vaginal prolapse with excellent results. […] Surgical repair of rectocele is indicated for a symptomatic patient with a rectocele caused by a rectovaginal fascial defect. […] Rectoceles can be diagnosed based on physical examination and imaging study findings. […] Many surgeons use some type of barrier/drape to decrease the risk of fecal contamination. […] If a deficient perineal body is present after vaginal repair, consider performing a perineorrhaphy.

• #32 Rectocele: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17415-rectocele

  A rectocele is a condition where weakened tissues in your pelvis cause your rectum to sag onto your vaginal wall. […] In severe cases, you may need surgery to repair the rectocele. […] Rectocele is also called posterior vaginal wall prolapse. […] Mild rectoceles may be managed with pelvic floor exercises to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles. Your healthcare provider may also recommend a pessary. A vaginal pessary is a removable device inserted into your vagina to support prolapsed organs. […] With moderate to more severe prolapse, your healthcare provider may recommend surgery to repair the rectocele. […] A surgical procedure called posterior colporrhaphy is commonly used to repair rectoceles. During the procedure, your provider removes damaged tissue that’s no longer supporting your pelvic organs and sutures the healthy tissue together for added support.

• #33 Posterior Vaginal Wall & Perineal Body Repair – Your Pelvic Floor

  https://www.yourpelvicfloor.org/conditions/posterior-vaginal-wall-perineal-body-repair/

  About 1 in 10 women require surgery for vaginal prolapse. A prolapse of the back (posterior) wall of the vagina is usually due to a weakness in the strong tissue layer (fascia) that divides the vagina from the lower part of the bowel (rectum). This weakness may cause difficulty when passing a bowel movement, a feeling of fullness or dragging in the vagina or an uncomfortable bulge that may extend beyond the vaginal opening. Other names for the weakness of the back wall of the vagina include rectocele and enterocele. […] A posterior repair, also known as a posterior colporrhaphy, is a surgical procedure to repair or reinforce the fascial support layer between the rectum and the vagina. […] The aim of surgery is to relieve the symptoms of vaginal bulge and/or laxity and to improve or maintain bowel function without interfering with sexual function.

• #34 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Pessaries can cause vaginal irritation and ulceration. They are better tolerated when the vaginal epithelium is well estrogenized, making exogenous estrogen essential in the hypoestrogenic patient. […] Patients can be treated successfully with a pessary for years. Indications for surgery include the desire for definitive surgical correction, inability to maintain pessary, being sexually active, recurrent vaginal ulcerations due to pessary use, or genuine stress incontinence that the patient deems unacceptable. […] Despite advances in understanding of pelvic floor anatomy, physiology, and disorders along with the advances in surgical techniques (including laparoscopy), no consensus exists regarding the optimal method of repair. […] A variety of surgical techniques have been described, including posterior colporrhaphy, defect-directed repair, posterior fascial replacement, transanal repair, and abdominal approaches.

• #35 Rectocele – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546689/

  The principle of the surgical treatment is posterior vaginal wall or fibromuscular tissue repair or plication to strengthen the tissue and reduce the prolapsing rectum through the posterior vaginal wall. […] There is no consensus on the best approach or the best surgical repair for treating rectoceles. […] Traditionally, the posterior colporrhaphy with transvaginal access is the preferred approach to rectocele repair. […] Several studies suggest a perineoplasty to avoid perineal rectocele. […] There are proposals to use mesh as a method to strengthen the plication of fibromuscular tissue; however, recent studies have found no difference in failure rates in procedures that used mesh and those who did not. […] For posterior colporrhaphy, rate of anatomic failure is 8.6% without mesh and 11.9% with graft.

• #36 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Pessaries can cause vaginal irritation and ulceration. They are better tolerated when the vaginal epithelium is well estrogenized, making exogenous estrogen essential in the hypoestrogenic patient. […] Patients can be treated successfully with a pessary for years. Indications for surgery include the desire for definitive surgical correction, inability to maintain pessary, being sexually active, recurrent vaginal ulcerations due to pessary use, or genuine stress incontinence that the patient deems unacceptable. […] Despite advances in understanding of pelvic floor anatomy, physiology, and disorders along with the advances in surgical techniques (including laparoscopy), no consensus exists regarding the optimal method of repair. […] A variety of surgical techniques have been described, including posterior colporrhaphy, defect-directed repair, posterior fascial replacement, transanal repair, and abdominal approaches.

• #37 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Discrete tears or breaks have been described in the rectovaginal septum, most commonly transverse separation of the rectovaginal septum from the perineal body that are thought to be responsible for rectocele. […] In the colorectal literature, the transanal repair has been advocated via the rectal side of the rectocele. […] One major concern after transanal rectocele repair is postoperative anal incontinence. […] To prevent or reduce the risk of rectocele recurrence, a variety of graft materials and meshes have been used. […] The FDA reviewed the literature from 1996-2011 to evaluate safety and effectiveness and found surgical mesh in the transvaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse does not improve symptoms or quality of life more than nonmesh repair. […] The FDA has determined that the vaginal mesh kit manufacturers have not demonstrated reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for these devices, which is the premarket standard that now applies to them since the FDA reclassified them into class III (high risk) in 2016.

• #38 Tips & Tricks in Common Surgeries: Rectocele

  https://www.iuga.org/spotlight-v16-4/tips-tricks-in-common-surgeries-rectocele

  The current terminology for rectocele is posterior compartment prolapse. Surgical repair is recommended for symptomatic women where conservative management has failed or been refused, or in cases of advanced stage 3 or 4 prolapse. […] Proper evaluation of the defects is necessary before planning the surgery. […] Planning the surgical repair can be done through the transvaginal or transanal approach. Evidence shows that the transvaginal approach is superior to the transanal approach using native tissue repair. […] Posterior colpoperineorraphy may be done to correct rectocele by traditional approach or site-specific repair method. […] The surgery is usually done under regional anesthesia. […] The patient should be advised to avoid lifting heavy weights, constipation, and sexual activity for at least for 6 weeks.

• #39 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  These approaches are most commonly used when correction of an accompanying enterocele or vault prolapse is indicated. […] Although levator ani plication has been championed in the past, this procedure should not be routinely used during posterior colporrhaphy secondary to the significant increased risk of dyspareunia in sexually active women.

• #40 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353419

  A diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse often happens during a pelvic exam of the vagina and rectum. […] Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve: […] A vaginal pessary is a silicone device that you put into the vagina. The device helps support bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning. […] Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if: […] Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. When the uterus is also prolapsed, the uterus might need to be removed (hysterectomy). More than one type of prolapse can be repaired during the same surgery.

• #41

  https://www.kuh.ku.edu.tr/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/posterior-vaginal-prolapse-rectocele

  Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) Last Updated on July 25, 2024 Overview A posterior vaginal prolapse is a bulge of tissue into the vagina. It happens when the tissue between the rectum and the vagina weakens or tears. This causes the rectum to push into the vaginal wall. Posterior vaginal prolapse is also called a rectocele (REK-toe-seel). […] If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. For severe posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need surgery to fix it. […] Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve: Observation. If the posterior vaginal prolapse causes few or no symptoms, simple self-care measures such as performing Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles might give relief. […] Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if: Pelvic floor strengthening exercises or using a pessary doesn’t control your prolapse symptoms well enough. Other pelvic organs are prolapsed along with the rectum, and your symptoms really bother you. Surgery to fix each prolapsed organ can be done at the same time. […] Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. When the uterus is also prolapsed, the uterus might need to be removed (hysterectomy). More than one type of prolapse can be repaired during the same surgery.

• #42 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele/enterocele): The back wall of the vagina pouches forward, allowing the rectum or intestines to bulge into the vagina or past the vaginal opening. […] Many women who are bothered by symptoms of prolapse will choose to have surgery to correct their prolapse. The goal of surgery is to re-support the walls of the vagina to eliminate the bulging of tissue. […] Types of minimally invasive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse: […] Sacrocolpopexy repairs vaginal or uterovaginal prolapse by restoring the support of the vagina and reinforcing the repair with a hernia mesh. This is the most durable option for patients with prolapse. […] For women with vaginal or uterovaginal prolapse, sacrospinous ligament suspension surgery restores the support of the vagina using the patients own tissues.

• #43 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Uterosacral ligament suspension is for women with vaginal vault or uterovaginal prolapse. Like sacrospinous ligament suspension surgery, uterosacral ligament suspension surgery also uses the patients own tissues to support the vagina. […] A small incision is made in the vagina, and a urogynecologic surgeon uses stitches and your own tissue to attach the top of the vagina to ligaments in the pelvis and/or along the sacral spine. […] For women who do not plan to have vaginal intercourse in the future, a colpocleisis has an extremely high success rate and can prevent future pelvic organ prolapse. […] Having minimally invasive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse does not necessarily involve a lengthy recovery.

• #44 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele/enterocele): The back wall of the vagina pouches forward, allowing the rectum or intestines to bulge into the vagina or past the vaginal opening. […] Many women who are bothered by symptoms of prolapse will choose to have surgery to correct their prolapse. The goal of surgery is to re-support the walls of the vagina to eliminate the bulging of tissue. […] Types of minimally invasive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse: […] Sacrocolpopexy repairs vaginal or uterovaginal prolapse by restoring the support of the vagina and reinforcing the repair with a hernia mesh. This is the most durable option for patients with prolapse. […] For women with vaginal or uterovaginal prolapse, sacrospinous ligament suspension surgery restores the support of the vagina using the patients own tissues.

• #45 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  The procedure with an anatomic success rate of 98% and a subjective success rate of 93% is an obliterative procedure known as colpoclesis in which the vaginal cuff is shortened. […] Adequate support of the vaginal apex has been recognized as an essential component of an adequate surgical repair for advanced prolapse. […] The iliococcygeus suspension is another transvaginal approach with an excellent success rate of apical support. […] In recent years, the procedure of choice has become the abdominal sacrocolpopexy, which either laparotomy, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted can do. […] It is generally believed now that abdominal sacrocolpopexy with mesh provides long-term relief of pelvic prolapse symptoms and restores vaginal function.

• #46 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele/enterocele): The back wall of the vagina pouches forward, allowing the rectum or intestines to bulge into the vagina or past the vaginal opening. […] Many women who are bothered by symptoms of prolapse will choose to have surgery to correct their prolapse. The goal of surgery is to re-support the walls of the vagina to eliminate the bulging of tissue. […] Types of minimally invasive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse: […] Sacrocolpopexy repairs vaginal or uterovaginal prolapse by restoring the support of the vagina and reinforcing the repair with a hernia mesh. This is the most durable option for patients with prolapse. […] For women with vaginal or uterovaginal prolapse, sacrospinous ligament suspension surgery restores the support of the vagina using the patients own tissues.

• #47 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Uterosacral ligament suspension is for women with vaginal vault or uterovaginal prolapse. Like sacrospinous ligament suspension surgery, uterosacral ligament suspension surgery also uses the patients own tissues to support the vagina. […] A small incision is made in the vagina, and a urogynecologic surgeon uses stitches and your own tissue to attach the top of the vagina to ligaments in the pelvis and/or along the sacral spine. […] For women who do not plan to have vaginal intercourse in the future, a colpocleisis has an extremely high success rate and can prevent future pelvic organ prolapse. […] Having minimally invasive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse does not necessarily involve a lengthy recovery.

• #48 Rectocele – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546689/

  The principle of the surgical treatment is posterior vaginal wall or fibromuscular tissue repair or plication to strengthen the tissue and reduce the prolapsing rectum through the posterior vaginal wall. […] There is no consensus on the best approach or the best surgical repair for treating rectoceles. […] Traditionally, the posterior colporrhaphy with transvaginal access is the preferred approach to rectocele repair. […] Several studies suggest a perineoplasty to avoid perineal rectocele. […] There are proposals to use mesh as a method to strengthen the plication of fibromuscular tissue; however, recent studies have found no difference in failure rates in procedures that used mesh and those who did not. […] For posterior colporrhaphy, rate of anatomic failure is 8.6% without mesh and 11.9% with graft.

• #49 Prolapse procedures

  https://info.health.nz/conditions-treatments/medical-tests-procedures/prolapse-procedures

  A posterior wall prolapse happens when the rectum pushes against the back of the vagina, also called a rectocele or enterocele. […] The surgeon: […] Makes a small cut in the back wall of the vagina. […] Uses dissolvable stitches to reinforce the tissue between the rectum and vagina. […] Sometimes, the perineum (the area between the vagina and anus) is also repaired to provide better support. […] You will need to stay in hospital for 1 to 2 days.

• #50 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/obgyn/urogynecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse

  Uterosacral ligament suspension is for women with vaginal vault or uterovaginal prolapse. Like sacrospinous ligament suspension surgery, uterosacral ligament suspension surgery also uses the patients own tissues to support the vagina. […] A small incision is made in the vagina, and a urogynecologic surgeon uses stitches and your own tissue to attach the top of the vagina to ligaments in the pelvis and/or along the sacral spine. […] For women who do not plan to have vaginal intercourse in the future, a colpocleisis has an extremely high success rate and can prevent future pelvic organ prolapse. […] Having minimally invasive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse does not necessarily involve a lengthy recovery.

• #51 Pelvic Organ Prolapse – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563229/

  The procedure with an anatomic success rate of 98% and a subjective success rate of 93% is an obliterative procedure known as colpoclesis in which the vaginal cuff is shortened. […] Adequate support of the vaginal apex has been recognized as an essential component of an adequate surgical repair for advanced prolapse. […] The iliococcygeus suspension is another transvaginal approach with an excellent success rate of apical support. […] In recent years, the procedure of choice has become the abdominal sacrocolpopexy, which either laparotomy, laparoscopy, or robotic-assisted can do. […] It is generally believed now that abdominal sacrocolpopexy with mesh provides long-term relief of pelvic prolapse symptoms and restores vaginal function.

• #52 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Discrete tears or breaks have been described in the rectovaginal septum, most commonly transverse separation of the rectovaginal septum from the perineal body that are thought to be responsible for rectocele. […] In the colorectal literature, the transanal repair has been advocated via the rectal side of the rectocele. […] One major concern after transanal rectocele repair is postoperative anal incontinence. […] To prevent or reduce the risk of rectocele recurrence, a variety of graft materials and meshes have been used. […] The FDA reviewed the literature from 1996-2011 to evaluate safety and effectiveness and found surgical mesh in the transvaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse does not improve symptoms or quality of life more than nonmesh repair. […] The FDA has determined that the vaginal mesh kit manufacturers have not demonstrated reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for these devices, which is the premarket standard that now applies to them since the FDA reclassified them into class III (high risk) in 2016.

• #53 Rectocele | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/rectocele

  A rectocele is when your rectum bulges into your vaginal wall due to weakness in the muscles and tissues. […] If your symptoms are severe, your doctor may recommend surgery. […] Treatment will depend on the severity of the rectocele. It may get worse over time if not treated. […] If your symptoms can’t be managed by pelvic floor exercise and diet, your doctor may recommend surgery to strengthen your vaginal wall. […] Transvaginal mesh implants are no longer approved in Australia due to the high risk of complications. […] If you have a rectocele or other pelvic organ prolapse, a pelvic floor physiotherapist can guide you in exercising safely and effectively. […] Lifestyle changes, physiotherapy and medical treatment can usually manage these complications, but sometimes surgery is needed. […] If you feel that your vaginal walls are getting weaker you may be able to help prevent a rectocele in these ways: […] If you have gone through menopause, your doctor may suggest hormone therapy (oestrogen). This treatment may help ease some of your symptoms.

• #54 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Discrete tears or breaks have been described in the rectovaginal septum, most commonly transverse separation of the rectovaginal septum from the perineal body that are thought to be responsible for rectocele. […] In the colorectal literature, the transanal repair has been advocated via the rectal side of the rectocele. […] One major concern after transanal rectocele repair is postoperative anal incontinence. […] To prevent or reduce the risk of rectocele recurrence, a variety of graft materials and meshes have been used. […] The FDA reviewed the literature from 1996-2011 to evaluate safety and effectiveness and found surgical mesh in the transvaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse does not improve symptoms or quality of life more than nonmesh repair. […] The FDA has determined that the vaginal mesh kit manufacturers have not demonstrated reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for these devices, which is the premarket standard that now applies to them since the FDA reclassified them into class III (high risk) in 2016.

• #55 Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/surgery-for-pelvic-organ-prolapse

  RectoceleThe rectum bulges into the vagina. […] If you have POP symptoms, and they interfere with your normal activities, you may need treatment. Nonsurgical treatment options are usually tried first. If these options do not work and if your symptoms are severe, you may want to consider surgery. […] In general, there are two types of surgery: 1) obliterative surgery and 2) reconstructive surgery. […] The goal of reconstructive surgery is to restore organs to their original position. This is the most common type of pelvic organ prolapse surgery. […] Surgical mesh is used in some types of reconstructive surgery to reinforce or support prolapsed organs. […] Surgery using vaginally placed mesh has a high risk of severe complications, including mesh erosion, pain, infection, and bladder or bowel injury. […] Recovery time varies depending on the type of surgery. You usually need to take a few weeks off from work. For the first few weeks, you should avoid vigorous exercise, lifting, and straining. You should also avoid sex for several weeks after surgery.

• #56 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Discrete tears or breaks have been described in the rectovaginal septum, most commonly transverse separation of the rectovaginal septum from the perineal body that are thought to be responsible for rectocele. […] In the colorectal literature, the transanal repair has been advocated via the rectal side of the rectocele. […] One major concern after transanal rectocele repair is postoperative anal incontinence. […] To prevent or reduce the risk of rectocele recurrence, a variety of graft materials and meshes have been used. […] The FDA reviewed the literature from 1996-2011 to evaluate safety and effectiveness and found surgical mesh in the transvaginal repair of pelvic organ prolapse does not improve symptoms or quality of life more than nonmesh repair. […] The FDA has determined that the vaginal mesh kit manufacturers have not demonstrated reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness for these devices, which is the premarket standard that now applies to them since the FDA reclassified them into class III (high risk) in 2016.

• #57 Rectocele | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/rectocele

  A rectocele is when your rectum bulges into your vaginal wall due to weakness in the muscles and tissues. […] If your symptoms are severe, your doctor may recommend surgery. […] Treatment will depend on the severity of the rectocele. It may get worse over time if not treated. […] If your symptoms can’t be managed by pelvic floor exercise and diet, your doctor may recommend surgery to strengthen your vaginal wall. […] Transvaginal mesh implants are no longer approved in Australia due to the high risk of complications. […] If you have a rectocele or other pelvic organ prolapse, a pelvic floor physiotherapist can guide you in exercising safely and effectively. […] Lifestyle changes, physiotherapy and medical treatment can usually manage these complications, but sometimes surgery is needed. […] If you feel that your vaginal walls are getting weaker you may be able to help prevent a rectocele in these ways: […] If you have gone through menopause, your doctor may suggest hormone therapy (oestrogen). This treatment may help ease some of your symptoms.

• #58 What is a Rectocele (Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse)?

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/what-is-a-rectocele

  DR. EZZEDINE: Rectoceles, like all types of prolapse, can be treated surgically or with non-surgical options, such as a pessary. A pessary is a device placed in the vagina that pushes the prolapse inside of a woman’s body providing symptom relief. However, It is important for women to understand that a pessary does not eradicate the prolapse. When a woman stops wearing the pessary, the prolapse will return. Surgical repairs may involve addressing an isolated rectocele with a vaginal rectocele repair procedure or doing a combined procedure that corrects multiple prolapse compartments depending on the individual patient prolapse presentation. […] DR. EZZEDINE: The success rate of a vaginal rectocele repair can reach up to 80%. […] DR. EZZEDINE: Rectocele repairs are typically known to improve bowel function as most symptoms of rectocele are related to bowel dysfunction. However, some women may not experience bowel-symptom relief, especially when their symptoms were not to begin with due to their rectoceles (such as women with long standing chronic constipation). It is very important to undergo a thorough and detailed assessment of symptoms by a specialized provider, such as a urogynecologist, to determine which patient will benefit from a surgical repair of a rectocele versus someone who would benefit from different therapies. Most women undergoing surgical management of prolapse will experience improvement in their sexual function. The reported rate of a new onset sexual dysfunction after surgery is very low (less than 10%).

• #59 Posterior Vaginal Wall & Perineal Body Repair – Your Pelvic Floor

  https://www.yourpelvicfloor.org/conditions/posterior-vaginal-wall-perineal-body-repair/

  Quoted success rates for posterior vaginal wall repair are 80-90%. There is a chance that the prolapse might come back in the future, or another part of the vagina may prolapse. […] About 50% of women who have symptoms such as incomplete bowel emptying or constipation will have improvement in their symptoms following surgery. […] Constipation is a common post-operative problem and your doctor may prescribe laxatives for this. Try to maintain a high fiber diet, drink plenty of fluids and use a stool softener. Remember constipation also contributes to forming a posterior wall prolapse and it is therefore important to avoid getting constipated. […] Some women develop pain or discomfort with intercourse. While every effort is made to prevent this from happening, it is sometimes unavoidable. Some women also find intercourse is more comfortable after their prolapse is repaired.

• #60 What is a Rectocele (Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse)?

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/what-is-a-rectocele

  DR. EZZEDINE: Rectoceles, like all types of prolapse, can be treated surgically or with non-surgical options, such as a pessary. A pessary is a device placed in the vagina that pushes the prolapse inside of a woman’s body providing symptom relief. However, It is important for women to understand that a pessary does not eradicate the prolapse. When a woman stops wearing the pessary, the prolapse will return. Surgical repairs may involve addressing an isolated rectocele with a vaginal rectocele repair procedure or doing a combined procedure that corrects multiple prolapse compartments depending on the individual patient prolapse presentation. […] DR. EZZEDINE: The success rate of a vaginal rectocele repair can reach up to 80%. […] DR. EZZEDINE: Rectocele repairs are typically known to improve bowel function as most symptoms of rectocele are related to bowel dysfunction. However, some women may not experience bowel-symptom relief, especially when their symptoms were not to begin with due to their rectoceles (such as women with long standing chronic constipation). It is very important to undergo a thorough and detailed assessment of symptoms by a specialized provider, such as a urogynecologist, to determine which patient will benefit from a surgical repair of a rectocele versus someone who would benefit from different therapies. Most women undergoing surgical management of prolapse will experience improvement in their sexual function. The reported rate of a new onset sexual dysfunction after surgery is very low (less than 10%).

• #61 Rectocele Repair: Purpose, Procedure, Risks & Recovery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/procedures/16610-rectocele-repair

  Rectocele repair is a surgical procedure to treat bulging from your rectum into your vagina (rectocele). […] Healthcare providers usually only recommend surgical repair for rectocele if you have bothersome symptoms like vaginal bulge, difficulty pooping, pain or sexual dysfunction and nonsurgical treatments dont help. […] During rectocele repair, a healthcare provider will use sutures or other techniques to anchor your ligaments and strengthen the tissue between your vagina and rectum. […] The main advantage of rectocele repair is symptom relief. […] Studies suggest that about 75% to 90% of people have symptom improvement after surgery for rectocele. […] Getting surgery to repair a rectocele can give you symptom relief and improve your quality of life. If youve tried nonsurgical options and they havent worked, you may be ready for surgical repair.

• #62 What is a Rectocele (Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse)?

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/what-is-a-rectocele

  DR. EZZEDINE: Rectoceles, like all types of prolapse, can be treated surgically or with non-surgical options, such as a pessary. A pessary is a device placed in the vagina that pushes the prolapse inside of a woman’s body providing symptom relief. However, It is important for women to understand that a pessary does not eradicate the prolapse. When a woman stops wearing the pessary, the prolapse will return. Surgical repairs may involve addressing an isolated rectocele with a vaginal rectocele repair procedure or doing a combined procedure that corrects multiple prolapse compartments depending on the individual patient prolapse presentation. […] DR. EZZEDINE: The success rate of a vaginal rectocele repair can reach up to 80%. […] DR. EZZEDINE: Rectocele repairs are typically known to improve bowel function as most symptoms of rectocele are related to bowel dysfunction. However, some women may not experience bowel-symptom relief, especially when their symptoms were not to begin with due to their rectoceles (such as women with long standing chronic constipation). It is very important to undergo a thorough and detailed assessment of symptoms by a specialized provider, such as a urogynecologist, to determine which patient will benefit from a surgical repair of a rectocele versus someone who would benefit from different therapies. Most women undergoing surgical management of prolapse will experience improvement in their sexual function. The reported rate of a new onset sexual dysfunction after surgery is very low (less than 10%).

• #63 Posterior Vaginal Wall & Perineal Body Repair – Your Pelvic Floor

  https://www.yourpelvicfloor.org/conditions/posterior-vaginal-wall-perineal-body-repair/

  Quoted success rates for posterior vaginal wall repair are 80-90%. There is a chance that the prolapse might come back in the future, or another part of the vagina may prolapse. […] About 50% of women who have symptoms such as incomplete bowel emptying or constipation will have improvement in their symptoms following surgery. […] Constipation is a common post-operative problem and your doctor may prescribe laxatives for this. Try to maintain a high fiber diet, drink plenty of fluids and use a stool softener. Remember constipation also contributes to forming a posterior wall prolapse and it is therefore important to avoid getting constipated. […] Some women develop pain or discomfort with intercourse. While every effort is made to prevent this from happening, it is sometimes unavoidable. Some women also find intercourse is more comfortable after their prolapse is repaired.

• #64 What is a Rectocele (Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse)?

  https://www.greaterbostonurology.com/blog/what-is-a-rectocele

  DR. EZZEDINE: Rectoceles, like all types of prolapse, can be treated surgically or with non-surgical options, such as a pessary. A pessary is a device placed in the vagina that pushes the prolapse inside of a woman’s body providing symptom relief. However, It is important for women to understand that a pessary does not eradicate the prolapse. When a woman stops wearing the pessary, the prolapse will return. Surgical repairs may involve addressing an isolated rectocele with a vaginal rectocele repair procedure or doing a combined procedure that corrects multiple prolapse compartments depending on the individual patient prolapse presentation. […] DR. EZZEDINE: The success rate of a vaginal rectocele repair can reach up to 80%. […] DR. EZZEDINE: Rectocele repairs are typically known to improve bowel function as most symptoms of rectocele are related to bowel dysfunction. However, some women may not experience bowel-symptom relief, especially when their symptoms were not to begin with due to their rectoceles (such as women with long standing chronic constipation). It is very important to undergo a thorough and detailed assessment of symptoms by a specialized provider, such as a urogynecologist, to determine which patient will benefit from a surgical repair of a rectocele versus someone who would benefit from different therapies. Most women undergoing surgical management of prolapse will experience improvement in their sexual function. The reported rate of a new onset sexual dysfunction after surgery is very low (less than 10%).

• #65 Rectocele – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546689/

  The principle of the surgical treatment is posterior vaginal wall or fibromuscular tissue repair or plication to strengthen the tissue and reduce the prolapsing rectum through the posterior vaginal wall. […] There is no consensus on the best approach or the best surgical repair for treating rectoceles. […] Traditionally, the posterior colporrhaphy with transvaginal access is the preferred approach to rectocele repair. […] Several studies suggest a perineoplasty to avoid perineal rectocele. […] There are proposals to use mesh as a method to strengthen the plication of fibromuscular tissue; however, recent studies have found no difference in failure rates in procedures that used mesh and those who did not. […] For posterior colporrhaphy, rate of anatomic failure is 8.6% without mesh and 11.9% with graft.

• #66 Posterior Vaginal Wall & Perineal Body Repair – Your Pelvic Floor

  https://www.yourpelvicfloor.org/conditions/posterior-vaginal-wall-perineal-body-repair/

  Quoted success rates for posterior vaginal wall repair are 80-90%. There is a chance that the prolapse might come back in the future, or another part of the vagina may prolapse. […] About 50% of women who have symptoms such as incomplete bowel emptying or constipation will have improvement in their symptoms following surgery. […] Constipation is a common post-operative problem and your doctor may prescribe laxatives for this. Try to maintain a high fiber diet, drink plenty of fluids and use a stool softener. Remember constipation also contributes to forming a posterior wall prolapse and it is therefore important to avoid getting constipated. […] Some women develop pain or discomfort with intercourse. While every effort is made to prevent this from happening, it is sometimes unavoidable. Some women also find intercourse is more comfortable after their prolapse is repaired.

• #67 Rectocele | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rectocele

  The aim of surgery is to repair and strengthen the wall between the vagina and rectum. […] After rectocele surgery, expect bloody vaginal discharge for about four weeks. […] Contact your doctor if you experience any unusual symptoms, such as difficulties with urination, heavy bleeding, fever, or signs of infection around the wound sites.

• #68 About Your Enterocele or Rectocele Repair | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/enterocele-rectocele-repair

  You will have a dressing (gauze bandage) in your vagina after your surgery. This will help stop any bleeding. […] You will also have a catheter to drain urine from your bladder. Your nurse will take out the gauze and catheter the day after your surgery. […] You may have bleeding from your vagina for about 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. […] Do not have sex or put anything in your vagina for 6 weeks after your surgery. […] You will need to schedule a follow-up appointment 2 weeks after your surgery.

• #69 Rectocele Repair | Melbourne Bladder Clinic

  https://bladderclinic.com.au/procedures/female-pelvic-medicine/rectocele-repair

  A rectocele is a type of pelvic organ prolapse. When there is a weakness in the back wall of the vagina, the rectum can prolapse into the vagina. This is called a rectocele. […] The posterior colporrhaphy surgery for rectocele repair does not involve the use of mesh. Success rates are 75% – 96%. […] Posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele) that is bothersome or starting to cause complications. […] If there is concurrent prolapse of the small bowel (enterocele) in the upper vagina, this is repaired at the same time. […] If there is weakness in the perineum (area between the vagina and anus), this is repaired at the same time (perineorrhaphy). The perineal muscles are sutured together for reinforcement, thus creating a tightened vaginal opening. […] Most patients stay in the hospital for 1 to 2 days.

• #70 Rectocoele/Posterior Repair Information | Continence Matters

  https://continencematters.com/surgery-and-procedures/surgery-for-prolapse/rectocoele-posterior-repair-information/

  This can be done through the vagina. […] Surgical correction is usually put off until a woman has completed her family. […] Early results are reasonably good with about 70-80% success but your rectal prolapse may recur. […] If you decide to have surgery, you should be aware of the risks: […] The operation may fail to correct your symptoms, requiring more surgery. […] A new prolapse may occur at another site; eg: bladder, uterus, or vault. […] Chronic pain, discomfort or pain during sex may persist if they were present before the surgery or may occur as a new symptom. […] Your vagina may be smaller, tighter or shorter after surgery. […] If you have had prior surgery or radiation, there is a much lower success rate. […] The rectum can be injured. […] Also if the anal sphincter is weak, faecal incontinence can occur after surgery.

• #71 Rectocele | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/rectocele

  The aim of surgery is to repair and strengthen the wall between the vagina and rectum. […] After rectocele surgery, expect bloody vaginal discharge for about four weeks. […] Contact your doctor if you experience any unusual symptoms, such as difficulties with urination, heavy bleeding, fever, or signs of infection around the wound sites.

• #72 About Your Enterocele or Rectocele Repair | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/enterocele-rectocele-repair

  You will have a dressing (gauze bandage) in your vagina after your surgery. This will help stop any bleeding. […] You will also have a catheter to drain urine from your bladder. Your nurse will take out the gauze and catheter the day after your surgery. […] You may have bleeding from your vagina for about 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. […] Do not have sex or put anything in your vagina for 6 weeks after your surgery. […] You will need to schedule a follow-up appointment 2 weeks after your surgery.

• #73 Rectocele Repair | Melbourne Bladder Clinic

  https://bladderclinic.com.au/procedures/female-pelvic-medicine/rectocele-repair

  After the surgery, patients are advised not to do heavy lifting or strenuous activities for 6 weeks. […] No sexual intercourse for 6 weeks as the vaginal wound needs time to heal. […] Specific risks: Recurrence of prolapse (10% to 20%). […] Most women describe an improvement in sexual function after vaginal prolapse surgery.

• #74 Tips & Tricks in Common Surgeries: Rectocele

  https://www.iuga.org/spotlight-v16-4/tips-tricks-in-common-surgeries-rectocele

  The current terminology for rectocele is posterior compartment prolapse. Surgical repair is recommended for symptomatic women where conservative management has failed or been refused, or in cases of advanced stage 3 or 4 prolapse. […] Proper evaluation of the defects is necessary before planning the surgery. […] Planning the surgical repair can be done through the transvaginal or transanal approach. Evidence shows that the transvaginal approach is superior to the transanal approach using native tissue repair. […] Posterior colpoperineorraphy may be done to correct rectocele by traditional approach or site-specific repair method. […] The surgery is usually done under regional anesthesia. […] The patient should be advised to avoid lifting heavy weights, constipation, and sexual activity for at least for 6 weeks.

• #75 Rectocoele/Posterior Repair Information | Continence Matters

  https://continencematters.com/surgery-and-procedures/surgery-for-prolapse/rectocoele-posterior-repair-information/

  A rectocoele is a prolapse or falling down of the bowel, which is slipping into the vagina. […] Generally if it causes symptoms treatment options will be discussed. […] WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS? […] Avoiding heavy lifting or straining can be recommended for all patients. […] These strengthen the muscles surrounding the openings of the urethra, vagina, and rectum. […] Constipation should be treated to avoid straining, by eating a high fibre diet and drinking plenty of fluids, 6-8 glasses of water a day. […] Oestrogen as a cream or pessary inserted into the vagina, can improve symptoms and strengthen the tissues around the vagina. […] A pessary is a device that may be inserted into the vagina to support the pelvic organs, holding them in place. […] If you cannot completely empty the bowel you can get up and return later to try again.

• #76 The 10 Rectocele Repair Rules for Avoiding Repeat Prolapse Surgery

  https://www.pelvicexercises.com.au/rectocele-repair/?srsltid=AfmBOor7nZ4pQvPXcvd0SdX-MUt8GiykSNWPpAqM6i96C8jlqt4C-Lmp

  Rectocele is a challenging and embarrasing problem to deal with. This rectocele video and information helps you manage rectocele, reduce your risk of rectocele worsening and repeat prolapse after rectocele repair surgery. […] Unfortunately women are discharged from care after rectocele repair without clear guidelines for how to prevent repeat prolapse. […] It is vital to avoid returning to your pattern of preoperative straining to empty your bowels after your rectocele repair. […] After rectocoele repair women often need to retrain and correct their sitting posture on the toilet to empty well and avoid straining. […] After your rectocele surgery you may continue to support your perineum with your hand if you need to. […] The ideal stool consistency after rectocoele repair is a soft well formed stool that passes easily.

• #77 The 10 Rectocele Repair Rules for Avoiding Repeat Prolapse Surgery

  https://www.pelvicexercises.com.au/rectocele-repair/?srsltid=AfmBOor7nZ4pQvPXcvd0SdX-MUt8GiykSNWPpAqM6i96C8jlqt4C-Lmp

  Some general exercises can overload and strain your pelvic floor after rectocoele repair. […] Strengthening your pelvic floor after your rectocoele repair has two main benefits: Providing internal support for your repair so that it doesnt return and Ensuring your best possibility to empty your bowels without straining. […] Some lifestyle factors can increase the likelihood of repeat prolapse after rectocoele repair. […] Take immediate action and speak with your doctor or pharmacist about the most appropriate medication to soften your stool and help you empty your bowels without straining this will depend on your stage of post operative recovery, your general health and other medications you may be taking. […] Managing your rectocoele repair well with these 10 rules can help you ensure the success of your surgery and avoid repeat rectocele. […] Following these key points long-term key points will help you to ensure your best possible outcomes after your rectocele repair.

• #78 Pelvic floor repair operation – recovering well | RCOG

  https://www.rcog.org.uk/for-the-public/browse-our-patient-information/pelvic-floor-repair-operation-recovering-well/

  You can begin these exercises gently once your catheter has been removed and you are able to pass urine on your own. […] You should do pelvic floor muscle exercises at least three times a day. […] If you suffer from constipation or find the pelvic floor muscle exercises difficult, you may benefit from seeing a specialist womens health physiotherapist. […] Your individual needs will be considered and you will not be discharged from hospital until you are ready. […] Enhanced recovery programmes help patients get better more quickly after major surgery. […] It can take longer to recover from a pelvic floor repair operation if you had health problems before your operation; for example, women with diabetes may heal more slowly and may be more prone to infection. […] If you have concerns about your travel plans, it is important to discuss these with your GP or the hospital where you have your operation before travelling. […] You should usually allow four to six weeks after your operation to allow your scars to heal. It is then safe to have sex – as long as you feel comfortable.

• #79

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/treatment/

  Occasionally, an operation that closes part or all of the vagina may be an option. […] Your doctor should have an in-depth discussion with you about the risks and benefits of the 4 different types of surgery, including mesh surgery, before you decide together whether one of them could be an option. […] Possible side effects of all 4 types of surgery, including mesh surgery, include: risks associated with anaesthesia, bleeding, which may require a blood transfusion, damage to the surrounding organs, such as your bladder or bowel, an infection you may be given antibiotics to take during and after surgery to reduce the risk, changes to your sex life, such as discomfort during intercourse but this should improve over time, vaginal discharge and bleeding, experiencing more prolapse symptoms, which may require further surgery, a blood clot (DVT) forming in 1 of your veins, such as in your leg you may be given medicine to help reduce this risk after surgery.

• #80

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/pelvic-organ-prolapse/treatment/

  If non-surgical options have not worked or the prolapse is more severe, surgery may be an option. […] Surgical repair involves lifting and supporting the pelvic organs. This could be by stitching them into place or supporting the existing tissues to make them stronger. […] If you have a prolapsed womb, your doctor may recommend removing your womb (hysterectomy). This is only recommended if you’ve been through menopause or are not planning to have children. […] An operation that closes part or all your vagina (colpocleisis) may be an option. […] Your surgeon will explain the risks of your surgery in more detail, but possible side effects include: damage to the surrounding organs, such as your bladder or bowel, changes to your sex life, such as discomfort during sex – but this should improve over time.

• #81 Rectocoele/Posterior Repair Information | Continence Matters

  https://continencematters.com/surgery-and-procedures/surgery-for-prolapse/rectocoele-posterior-repair-information/

  This can be done through the vagina. […] Surgical correction is usually put off until a woman has completed her family. […] Early results are reasonably good with about 70-80% success but your rectal prolapse may recur. […] If you decide to have surgery, you should be aware of the risks: […] The operation may fail to correct your symptoms, requiring more surgery. […] A new prolapse may occur at another site; eg: bladder, uterus, or vault. […] Chronic pain, discomfort or pain during sex may persist if they were present before the surgery or may occur as a new symptom. […] Your vagina may be smaller, tighter or shorter after surgery. […] If you have had prior surgery or radiation, there is a much lower success rate. […] The rectum can be injured. […] Also if the anal sphincter is weak, faecal incontinence can occur after surgery.

• #82 The 10 Rectocele Repair Rules for Avoiding Repeat Prolapse Surgery

  https://www.pelvicexercises.com.au/rectocele-repair/?srsltid=AfmBOor7nZ4pQvPXcvd0SdX-MUt8GiykSNWPpAqM6i96C8jlqt4C-Lmp

  Rectocele is a challenging and embarrasing problem to deal with. This rectocele video and information helps you manage rectocele, reduce your risk of rectocele worsening and repeat prolapse after rectocele repair surgery. […] Unfortunately women are discharged from care after rectocele repair without clear guidelines for how to prevent repeat prolapse. […] It is vital to avoid returning to your pattern of preoperative straining to empty your bowels after your rectocele repair. […] After rectocoele repair women often need to retrain and correct their sitting posture on the toilet to empty well and avoid straining. […] After your rectocele surgery you may continue to support your perineum with your hand if you need to. […] The ideal stool consistency after rectocoele repair is a soft well formed stool that passes easily.

• #83 The 10 Rectocele Repair Rules for Avoiding Repeat Prolapse Surgery

  https://www.pelvicexercises.com.au/rectocele-repair/?srsltid=AfmBOor7nZ4pQvPXcvd0SdX-MUt8GiykSNWPpAqM6i96C8jlqt4C-Lmp

  Some general exercises can overload and strain your pelvic floor after rectocoele repair. […] Strengthening your pelvic floor after your rectocoele repair has two main benefits: Providing internal support for your repair so that it doesnt return and Ensuring your best possibility to empty your bowels without straining. […] Some lifestyle factors can increase the likelihood of repeat prolapse after rectocoele repair. […] Take immediate action and speak with your doctor or pharmacist about the most appropriate medication to soften your stool and help you empty your bowels without straining this will depend on your stage of post operative recovery, your general health and other medications you may be taking. […] Managing your rectocoele repair well with these 10 rules can help you ensure the success of your surgery and avoid repeat rectocele. […] Following these key points long-term key points will help you to ensure your best possible outcomes after your rectocele repair.

• #84 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Patients with rectoceles may present with an asymptomatic bulge found during the pelvic examination or with a myriad of symptoms. For patients without symptoms, expectant management is recommended. Currently, no evidence supports the use of estrogen to prevent or treat prolapse. […] Nonsurgical and surgical methods are available for treating symptomatic patients with rectocele. Generally, treatment is determined by the age of the patient, the desire for future fertility, the desire for coital function, the severity of symptoms, the degree of disability, and the presence of significant medical comorbidities. One responsibility of the physician is to inform women of their treatment options and the potential benefits and risks of each option. Medical treatment options for women with symptoms primarily consist of fiber supplementation to manage stool consistency, splinting, or management with pessaries. Physical therapy and biofeedback can also improve patient ability to defecate.

• #85 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pessaries are devices that are placed in the vagina to restore normal pelvic anatomy and decrease prolapse symptoms. They are primarily made from medical-grade silicone. Two-thirds of patients with pelvic organ prolapse initially choose management with a pessary, and up to 77% will continue pessary use after one year. Pessaries are an option for all stages of prolapse, and they may prevent progression of prolapse and avert or delay the need for surgery. […] The most common complications of pessary use are vaginal discharge, irritation, ulceration, bleeding, pain, and odor. […] Obliterative and reconstructive surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse are available and may include hysterectomy or uterine conservation (hysteropexy). The decision for surgery must include a discussion of a patient’s goals and expectations based on cultural views such as body image and desire for future sexual function, including vaginal intercourse. Vaginal obliteration (colpocleisis) has the highest cure rate and lowest morbidity of any surgical intervention and is an excellent option for women who do not desire any future vaginal intercourse. For women who prefer to maintain coital function, reconstructive surgery should be performed and the vaginal apex can be suspended using the woman’s own tissues and sutures (native tissue repair), or mesh can be placed abdominally, to suspend the top of the vagina to the sacrum (sacrocolpopexy), or transvaginally (transvaginal mesh).

• #86 Rectocele Treatment & Management: Medical Therapy, Surgical Therapy, Preoperative Details

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/268546-treatment

  Patients with rectoceles may present with an asymptomatic bulge found during the pelvic examination or with a myriad of symptoms. For patients without symptoms, expectant management is recommended. Currently, no evidence supports the use of estrogen to prevent or treat prolapse. […] Nonsurgical and surgical methods are available for treating symptomatic patients with rectocele. Generally, treatment is determined by the age of the patient, the desire for future fertility, the desire for coital function, the severity of symptoms, the degree of disability, and the presence of significant medical comorbidities. One responsibility of the physician is to inform women of their treatment options and the potential benefits and risks of each option. Medical treatment options for women with symptoms primarily consist of fiber supplementation to manage stool consistency, splinting, or management with pessaries. Physical therapy and biofeedback can also improve patient ability to defecate.

• #87 Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/posterior-vaginal-prolapse-rectocele?content_id=CON-20314570

  A posterior vaginal prolapse, also known as a rectocele, occurs when the wall of tissue that separates the rectum from the vagina weakens or tears. […] If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. For severe posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need surgery to fix it. […] Treatment depends on how severe your prolapse is. Treatment might involve: […] Surgery to fix the prolapse might be needed if: […] Surgery often involves removing extra, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge. Then stitches are placed to support pelvic structures. […] Kegel exercises strengthen pelvic floor muscles. A strong pelvic floor provides better support for pelvic organs. It also might relieve bulge symptoms that posterior vaginal prolapse can cause. […] For posterior vaginal prolapse, you might need to see a doctor who specializes in female pelvic floor conditions. This type of doctor is called a urogynecologist.

• #88 Pelvic Organ Prolapse | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0801/p179.html

  Pessaries are devices that are placed in the vagina to restore normal pelvic anatomy and decrease prolapse symptoms. They are primarily made from medical-grade silicone. Two-thirds of patients with pelvic organ prolapse initially choose management with a pessary, and up to 77% will continue pessary use after one year. Pessaries are an option for all stages of prolapse, and they may prevent progression of prolapse and avert or delay the need for surgery. […] The most common complications of pessary use are vaginal discharge, irritation, ulceration, bleeding, pain, and odor. […] Obliterative and reconstructive surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse are available and may include hysterectomy or uterine conservation (hysteropexy). The decision for surgery must include a discussion of a patient’s goals and expectations based on cultural views such as body image and desire for future sexual function, including vaginal intercourse. Vaginal obliteration (colpocleisis) has the highest cure rate and lowest morbidity of any surgical intervention and is an excellent option for women who do not desire any future vaginal intercourse. For women who prefer to maintain coital function, reconstructive surgery should be performed and the vaginal apex can be suspended using the woman’s own tissues and sutures (native tissue repair), or mesh can be placed abdominally, to suspend the top of the vagina to the sacrum (sacrocolpopexy), or transvaginally (transvaginal mesh).

• #89 Anterior and Posterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-organ-prolapse-pop/anterior-and-posterior-vaginal-wall-prolapse

  Posterior vaginal wall prolapse is commonly referred to as enterocele (small intestine and parietal peritoneum) and rectocele (rectum). […] Treatment of anterior or posterior vaginal wall prolapse is individualized, based on a patient’s symptoms, with the goal of improving quality of life. […] Treatment may consist of pelvic floor muscle exercises, a pessary, and, if these measures are unsuccessful or if the patient prefers, surgical repair. […] First-line conservative treatment options include pelvic floor physical therapy (for less severe pelvic organ prolapse) and pessaries, with surgical options available based on patient preference and clinical pelvic organ prolapse severity.

• #90

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/posterior-vaginal-prolapse/

  Overall, an accurate diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse is crucial for developing an individualized treatment plan that addresses the specific needs and concerns of each patient. […] If conservative measures do not provide sufficient relief from symptoms or if the condition significantly affects your quality of life, your healthcare provider may recommend surgical intervention.

Zobacz więcej