Materiały źródłowe

• #1 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  Tics are characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movement or vocalization, and are the most common movement disorders in children. […] Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the clinical course, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tics, but they are still not well understood. […] Tics usually begin between 3 and 8 years of age. […] The reported prevalence of tics in children therefore varies considerably. […] Tics are more likely to affect boys than girls by a ratio of 1.5–4:1. […] The prevalence of TS is estimated at around 0.4–3% in regular school students. […] Tic disorders are the most common movement disorders in the pediatric population, but adult-onset primary tic disorder is rare. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of tic disorders because a significant number of people do not recognize their tics or do not seek medical care.

• #2 The Spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America – Tourette Association of America

  https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association-america/

  Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups. […] The spectrum of TS and Tic Disorders ranges from transient tics to chronic disorders meeting diagnostic criteria of TS or CMVTD. These conditions are not rare, as each occurs with frequencies well over the rare disease threshold. When the occurrence of TS and other chronic Tic Disorders are combined, the aggregated prevalence is over 10 per 1000 (1%, 1:100). The best estimate of the prevalence of TS only is approximately 6 per 1,000 (0.6%, 1:160) children. Therefore, based on 2010 US Census Data, over 500,000 children have a chronic Tic Disorder (TS and CMVTD combined), or over 300,000 children have TS alone, in the US. Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups.

• #3 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  Tics are characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movement or vocalization, and are the most common movement disorders in children. […] Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the clinical course, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tics, but they are still not well understood. […] Tics usually begin between 3 and 8 years of age. […] The reported prevalence of tics in children therefore varies considerably. […] Tics are more likely to affect boys than girls by a ratio of 1.5–4:1. […] The prevalence of TS is estimated at around 0.4–3% in regular school students. […] Tic disorders are the most common movement disorders in the pediatric population, but adult-onset primary tic disorder is rare. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of tic disorders because a significant number of people do not recognize their tics or do not seek medical care.

• #4 Tics | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617458/all/Tics?q=Tics

  Tics are described in almost all ethnic groups. […] Tics affect males and females. […] The typical onset of tics is between ages 3 and 10 years. […] The prevalence of tics in school-age children is 6-12%, with transient tics occurring in 20-25% at some time during childhood. […] The prevalence of Tourette syndrome (TS) is 0.5% in school-age children.

• #5 Tics | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617458/all/Tics?q=Stroke

  Tics are described in almost all ethnic groups. […] Typical onset is between ages 3 and 10 years. […] The prevalence of tics in school-age children is 6-12%, with transient tics occurring in 20-25% at some time during childhood. […] The prevalence of TS is 0.5% in school-age children.

• #6 The Spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America – Tourette Association of America

  https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association-america/

  Tourette syndrome (TS) belongs to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental conditions referred to as Tic Disorders. […] TS and other Tic Disorders are not rare. Tics occur in as many as 1 in 5 school-aged children. Some occurrences may be transient, while others will persist into adolescence and adulthood. […] The combined prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders is estimated to be over 10 cases per 1,000 (1%, 1:100), suggesting that over million children have a Tic Disorder in the US. […] The best estimate for the prevalence of TS is 6 cases per 1,000 (0.6%, 1:160) children, which means that approximately 300,000 children have the condition in the US (based on 2010 Census data). […] There are currently no reliable prevalence estimates of TS and other Tic Disorders in adults, but are expected to be substantially less than in children as tics often decline with aging.

• #7 Tic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic_disorder

  Tic disorders are more commonly diagnosed in males than females. […] At least one in five children experience some form of tic disorder, most frequently between the ages of seven and twelve. […] Tourette syndrome is the more severe expression of a spectrum of tic disorders, which are thought to be due to the same genetic vulnerability. […] Nevertheless, most cases of Tourette syndrome are not severe. […] Although a significant amount of investigative work indicates genetic linkage of the various tic disorders, further study is needed to confirm the relationship.

• #8 Tic Disorder

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Peds/TcDsrdr.htm

  Incidence of tic in children under age 10 years: 20% […] Motor Tics more common than verbal tics.

• #9 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  Tics are characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movement or vocalization, and are the most common movement disorders in children. […] Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the clinical course, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tics, but they are still not well understood. […] Tics usually begin between 3 and 8 years of age. […] The reported prevalence of tics in children therefore varies considerably. […] Tics are more likely to affect boys than girls by a ratio of 1.5–4:1. […] The prevalence of TS is estimated at around 0.4–3% in regular school students. […] Tic disorders are the most common movement disorders in the pediatric population, but adult-onset primary tic disorder is rare. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of tic disorders because a significant number of people do not recognize their tics or do not seek medical care.

• #10 Tics and Tourette Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/574198

  Tics vary in type and location. They can appear in the face at one point and, later, the shoulder, neck, or extremity. […] Simple or transient tics are very common, affecting between 6% and 20% of children. Tics rarely begin before the age of three years, usually manifesting between 5 to 15 years of age, with the majority of patients affected by age 8. […] TS is more frequently in males than in females: a ratio of about 2 or 4 to 1. The disorder occurs worldwide and affects about 0.1% to 1.0% of individuals in the general population. […] No objective testing is available to confirm the diagnosis of tics; a careful history confirming classical tic characteristics should assist in making the diagnosis. […] Tics usually do not impair the performance of activities of daily living. This is in contrast with other movement disorders, such as chorea, dystonia, tremor, psychogenic movement disorders, or obsessive compulsive behaviors. […] Children with sniffling, throat-clearing, and eye-blinking tics are frequently misdiagnosed with allergies or visual problems. Compulsions, manifestations of an OCD, may be mistakenly assumed to be tics.

• #11 Tics and Tourette Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/574198

  Tics vary in type and location. They can appear in the face at one point and, later, the shoulder, neck, or extremity. […] Simple or transient tics are very common, affecting between 6% and 20% of children. Tics rarely begin before the age of three years, usually manifesting between 5 to 15 years of age, with the majority of patients affected by age 8. […] TS is more frequently in males than in females: a ratio of about 2 or 4 to 1. The disorder occurs worldwide and affects about 0.1% to 1.0% of individuals in the general population. […] No objective testing is available to confirm the diagnosis of tics; a careful history confirming classical tic characteristics should assist in making the diagnosis. […] Tics usually do not impair the performance of activities of daily living. This is in contrast with other movement disorders, such as chorea, dystonia, tremor, psychogenic movement disorders, or obsessive compulsive behaviors. […] Children with sniffling, throat-clearing, and eye-blinking tics are frequently misdiagnosed with allergies or visual problems. Compulsions, manifestations of an OCD, may be mistakenly assumed to be tics.

• #12 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  By definition, TS has onset in childhood (usually age 5-10 y). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) requires onset before age 21. A multicenter study of German families showed that this definition is arbitrary but reasonable. In relatives of TS probands who also had tics, the tics usually started when the individual was younger than 18 years, but 5 relatives had otherwise typical histories for TS with onset after the age of 21 years. […] One study of a birth cohort with TS showed that the most common age for tic onset was 9-14 years. The CDC found that diagnosed TS is approximately twice as common in persons 12-17 years old compared with those 6-11 years old. […] The modal age of symptom onset increases roughly with complexity: Simple tics are reported earliest in life, while complex tics, compulsions, obsessions, and sensory tics, and/or premonitory sensations tend to develop somewhat later. Generally, simple motor tics (eg, blinking) are first noticed when the individual is approximately 5-10 years old, with vocal tics starting at 8-15 years. […] Fortunately, by age 18 years, approximately 50% of patients are essentially free of tics. Tic severity tends to peak in early to mid adolescence and wanes thereafter. Tics may persist into adulthood but their severity is almost always diminished.

• #13 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499958/

  Tourette syndrome, also referred to as Tourette disorder, is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting up to 1 percent of the population. […] Over the last 30 years, many studies have attempted to determine the prevalence of Tourette syndrome. The large variation in methodology has led to a reported prevalence between 3:1000 and 8:1000 children. Males are more commonly affected than females with a ratio of 3:1 to 4:1. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States reports that GTS is twice as common in Caucasian children as compared to Hispanic or African-American children, but at this time it is not clear whether differences in access to care bias this figure.

• #14 The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4243175/

  Prevalence is a simple statement about the frequency of a disease in the population. […] To obtain a trustworthy estimate of prevalence, it is necessary to go beyond cases identified in clinical settings and evaluate community samples. […] The 11 studies reviewed here offer a wide range of estimates from 2.6 to 38 per 1000 children for TS. […] The best estimate of prevalence for TS in school-age children is likely to fall between 4 and 8 cases per 1000. […] Epidemiology considers the prevalence of disease and compares the characteristics of those affected by the condition to those that are not affected. […] Obtaining a trustworthy estimate of prevalence of TS faces several challenges. […] Therefore, counting clinical cases is not a valid approach for estimating prevalence because cases in the community that have not been diagnosed will be missed.

• #15 The Spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America – Tourette Association of America

  https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association-america/

  Tourette syndrome (TS) belongs to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental conditions referred to as Tic Disorders. […] TS and other Tic Disorders are not rare. Tics occur in as many as 1 in 5 school-aged children. Some occurrences may be transient, while others will persist into adolescence and adulthood. […] The combined prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders is estimated to be over 10 cases per 1,000 (1%, 1:100), suggesting that over million children have a Tic Disorder in the US. […] The best estimate for the prevalence of TS is 6 cases per 1,000 (0.6%, 1:160) children, which means that approximately 300,000 children have the condition in the US (based on 2010 Census data). […] There are currently no reliable prevalence estimates of TS and other Tic Disorders in adults, but are expected to be substantially less than in children as tics often decline with aging.

• #16 The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4243175/

  The wide range of prevalence estimates for TS and chronic tic disorders is likely due to differences in sample size and assessment methods. […] Community surveys conducted in various countries over the past twenty years provide estimates of prevalence for TS ranging from 0.5 and 38 cases per 1000 children. […] The variation in estimates across these community studies is likely due to differences in sampling method, sample size, the rate of subject participation, assessment methods and diagnostic threshold used to define cases. […] The prevalence of Chronic Motor Tic Disorder falls in the range of 3 to 8 per 1000. […] The prevalence of Chronic Vocal Tic Disorder in school-age children are less stable and more study is needed. […] The higher than expected rates of ADHD, disruptive behavioral problems, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety in children with TS have been observed for many years. […] The frequency of a prior diagnosis of TS was 3 children per 1,000 resulting in an estimate of 148,000 cases nationwide. […] The gap between identified cases and expected cases based on the prevalence of 6 per 1000 appears to be greater in Hispanic and African-American children.

• #17 The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4243175/

  The wide range of prevalence estimates for TS and chronic tic disorders is likely due to differences in sample size and assessment methods. […] Community surveys conducted in various countries over the past twenty years provide estimates of prevalence for TS ranging from 0.5 and 38 cases per 1000 children. […] The variation in estimates across these community studies is likely due to differences in sampling method, sample size, the rate of subject participation, assessment methods and diagnostic threshold used to define cases. […] The prevalence of Chronic Motor Tic Disorder falls in the range of 3 to 8 per 1000. […] The prevalence of Chronic Vocal Tic Disorder in school-age children are less stable and more study is needed. […] The higher than expected rates of ADHD, disruptive behavioral problems, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety in children with TS have been observed for many years. […] The frequency of a prior diagnosis of TS was 3 children per 1,000 resulting in an estimate of 148,000 cases nationwide. […] The gap between identified cases and expected cases based on the prevalence of 6 per 1000 appears to be greater in Hispanic and African-American children.

• #18 Data and Statistics on Tourette Syndrome | Tourette Syndrome | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tourette-syndrome/data/index.html

  We do not know how many children have Tourette syndrome (TS). Studies estimate that 1 out of 162 children have TS. […] A CDC study using parent-reported data found that 1 out of every 333 (0.3%) children 317 years of age in the United States have received a diagnosis of TS; this is about 174,000 children in 20162019. […] This suggests that about half of children with TS may not be diagnosed. […] Among children diagnosed with TS in 2016-2017, 44% have been reported as having moderate or severe TS. […] Boys were about three times more likely to have TS than girls. […] Children from all racial and ethnic groups or socio-economic backgrounds had similar estimates for diagnosis of TS. […] Children 1217 years of age were more than twice as likely to have a diagnosis of TS than children 611 years of age. […] About 83% of children with Tourette syndrome have another disorder. […] Persistent tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome) may affect about 1.4 million people in the U.S. […] Estimating the number of people affected by these disorders is challenging and more information is needed.

• #19 Data and Statistics on Tourette Syndrome | Tourette Syndrome | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tourette-syndrome/data/index.html

  We do not know how many children have Tourette syndrome (TS). Studies estimate that 1 out of 162 children have TS. […] A CDC study using parent-reported data found that 1 out of every 333 (0.3%) children 317 years of age in the United States have received a diagnosis of TS; this is about 174,000 children in 20162019. […] This suggests that about half of children with TS may not be diagnosed. […] Among children diagnosed with TS in 2016-2017, 44% have been reported as having moderate or severe TS. […] Boys were about three times more likely to have TS than girls. […] Children from all racial and ethnic groups or socio-economic backgrounds had similar estimates for diagnosis of TS. […] Children 1217 years of age were more than twice as likely to have a diagnosis of TS than children 611 years of age. […] About 83% of children with Tourette syndrome have another disorder. […] Persistent tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome) may affect about 1.4 million people in the U.S. […] Estimating the number of people affected by these disorders is challenging and more information is needed.

• #20 The Spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America – Tourette Association of America

  https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association-america/

  Tourette syndrome (TS) belongs to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental conditions referred to as Tic Disorders. […] TS and other Tic Disorders are not rare. Tics occur in as many as 1 in 5 school-aged children. Some occurrences may be transient, while others will persist into adolescence and adulthood. […] The combined prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders is estimated to be over 10 cases per 1,000 (1%, 1:100), suggesting that over million children have a Tic Disorder in the US. […] The best estimate for the prevalence of TS is 6 cases per 1,000 (0.6%, 1:160) children, which means that approximately 300,000 children have the condition in the US (based on 2010 Census data). […] There are currently no reliable prevalence estimates of TS and other Tic Disorders in adults, but are expected to be substantially less than in children as tics often decline with aging.

• #21 The Spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America – Tourette Association of America

  https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association-america/

  Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups. […] The spectrum of TS and Tic Disorders ranges from transient tics to chronic disorders meeting diagnostic criteria of TS or CMVTD. These conditions are not rare, as each occurs with frequencies well over the rare disease threshold. When the occurrence of TS and other chronic Tic Disorders are combined, the aggregated prevalence is over 10 per 1000 (1%, 1:100). The best estimate of the prevalence of TS only is approximately 6 per 1,000 (0.6%, 1:160) children. Therefore, based on 2010 US Census Data, over 500,000 children have a chronic Tic Disorder (TS and CMVTD combined), or over 300,000 children have TS alone, in the US. Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups.

• #22 The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4243175/

  The wide range of prevalence estimates for TS and chronic tic disorders is likely due to differences in sample size and assessment methods. […] Community surveys conducted in various countries over the past twenty years provide estimates of prevalence for TS ranging from 0.5 and 38 cases per 1000 children. […] The variation in estimates across these community studies is likely due to differences in sampling method, sample size, the rate of subject participation, assessment methods and diagnostic threshold used to define cases. […] The prevalence of Chronic Motor Tic Disorder falls in the range of 3 to 8 per 1000. […] The prevalence of Chronic Vocal Tic Disorder in school-age children are less stable and more study is needed. […] The higher than expected rates of ADHD, disruptive behavioral problems, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety in children with TS have been observed for many years. […] The frequency of a prior diagnosis of TS was 3 children per 1,000 resulting in an estimate of 148,000 cases nationwide. […] The gap between identified cases and expected cases based on the prevalence of 6 per 1000 appears to be greater in Hispanic and African-American children.

• #23

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/ryncz3H76DwXqZ4K58TJ3bT/?lang=en

  Our prevalence for other tic disorders, except TS is of 2.47% including CMTD (0.66%), CSTD (0.91%), TTD (0.2%), probable CMTD (0.65%) and probable TS (0.05%), following the TSCSG. For only chronic tic disorders [excluding TTD (0.2%)] our 2.27% is similar to 2.31% of Scahill et al.’s and not so different from the 1.8% reported by Verhulst and Zohar studies. Also, the 2.5% CTD reported by Stefanoff et al. is quite similar to our study that is 2.27%. Surely our 0.2% TTD prevalence is underestimated, as exposed above. By taking all tic disorders into account, the overall minimal prevalence in our study is of 2.91%, a finding very similar to 2.86% of Nomoto and 2.9% of Lanzi.

• #24

  https://www.scielo.br/j/anp/a/ryncz3H76DwXqZ4K58TJ3bT/?lang=en

  Our prevalence for other tic disorders, except TS is of 2.47% including CMTD (0.66%), CSTD (0.91%), TTD (0.2%), probable CMTD (0.65%) and probable TS (0.05%), following the TSCSG. For only chronic tic disorders [excluding TTD (0.2%)] our 2.27% is similar to 2.31% of Scahill et al.’s and not so different from the 1.8% reported by Verhulst and Zohar studies. Also, the 2.5% CTD reported by Stefanoff et al. is quite similar to our study that is 2.27%. Surely our 0.2% TTD prevalence is underestimated, as exposed above. By taking all tic disorders into account, the overall minimal prevalence in our study is of 2.91%, a finding very similar to 2.86% of Nomoto and 2.9% of Lanzi.

• #25 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  The incidence of motor tics is higher in the winter months than in the spring months. […] The prevalence of tics in children receiving special education was estimated to be 20–23%, with 5.3–7.0% of them meeting the criteria for TS. […] The prevalence of TS in children with autistic spectrum disorder is higher: 22% of children with autistic spectrum disorder were found to have chronic motor tics and 11% were diagnosed with TS.

• #26 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  The incidence of motor tics is higher in the winter months than in the spring months. […] The prevalence of tics in children receiving special education was estimated to be 20–23%, with 5.3–7.0% of them meeting the criteria for TS. […] The prevalence of TS in children with autistic spectrum disorder is higher: 22% of children with autistic spectrum disorder were found to have chronic motor tics and 11% were diagnosed with TS.

• #27 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  Tics are characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movement or vocalization, and are the most common movement disorders in children. […] Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the clinical course, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tics, but they are still not well understood. […] Tics usually begin between 3 and 8 years of age. […] The reported prevalence of tics in children therefore varies considerably. […] Tics are more likely to affect boys than girls by a ratio of 1.5–4:1. […] The prevalence of TS is estimated at around 0.4–3% in regular school students. […] Tic disorders are the most common movement disorders in the pediatric population, but adult-onset primary tic disorder is rare. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of tic disorders because a significant number of people do not recognize their tics or do not seek medical care.

• #28 Tic disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic_disorder

  Tic disorders are more commonly diagnosed in males than females. […] At least one in five children experience some form of tic disorder, most frequently between the ages of seven and twelve. […] Tourette syndrome is the more severe expression of a spectrum of tic disorders, which are thought to be due to the same genetic vulnerability. […] Nevertheless, most cases of Tourette syndrome are not severe. […] Although a significant amount of investigative work indicates genetic linkage of the various tic disorders, further study is needed to confirm the relationship.

• #29 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  Several possible reasons for variations in reported rates have been suggested. These include the lack of a definitive diagnosis of TS; the variable manifestations of the syndrome; the methods employed in different epidemiological studies; different cultural propensities of people with tics to seek medical care; and possibly genetic and allelic differences in different races. […] TS has been described in people of many ethnic origins. In the US, the CDC found that a diagnosis of TS was twice as likely for non-Hispanic white persons than for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black persons. However, this observation may be influenced by differences in seeking of healthcare rather than in actual symptomatic prevalence. […] Boys are more likely than girls to have chronic tics. The male-to-female ratio in TS and in chronic motor tic disorder is approximately 5:1 (between 2:1 and 10:1 in different studies).

• #30 Data and Statistics on Tourette Syndrome | Tourette Syndrome | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tourette-syndrome/data/index.html

  We do not know how many children have Tourette syndrome (TS). Studies estimate that 1 out of 162 children have TS. […] A CDC study using parent-reported data found that 1 out of every 333 (0.3%) children 317 years of age in the United States have received a diagnosis of TS; this is about 174,000 children in 20162019. […] This suggests that about half of children with TS may not be diagnosed. […] Among children diagnosed with TS in 2016-2017, 44% have been reported as having moderate or severe TS. […] Boys were about three times more likely to have TS than girls. […] Children from all racial and ethnic groups or socio-economic backgrounds had similar estimates for diagnosis of TS. […] Children 1217 years of age were more than twice as likely to have a diagnosis of TS than children 611 years of age. […] About 83% of children with Tourette syndrome have another disorder. […] Persistent tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome) may affect about 1.4 million people in the U.S. […] Estimating the number of people affected by these disorders is challenging and more information is needed.

• #31 Tourette syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

  Because of the high male prevalence of TS, there is limited data on females from which conclusion about gender-based differences can be drawn; caution may be warranted in extending conclusions to females regarding the characteristics and treatment of tics based on studies of mostly males. A 2021 review stated that females may see a later peak than males in symptoms, with less remission over time, along with a higher prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders.

• #32 Tourette syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

  Because of the high male prevalence of TS, there is limited data on females from which conclusion about gender-based differences can be drawn; caution may be warranted in extending conclusions to females regarding the characteristics and treatment of tics based on studies of mostly males. A 2021 review stated that females may see a later peak than males in symptoms, with less remission over time, along with a higher prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders.

• #33 Tics | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617458/all/Tics?q=Tics

  Tics are described in almost all ethnic groups. […] Tics affect males and females. […] The typical onset of tics is between ages 3 and 10 years. […] The prevalence of tics in school-age children is 6-12%, with transient tics occurring in 20-25% at some time during childhood. […] The prevalence of Tourette syndrome (TS) is 0.5% in school-age children.

• #34 Tics | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617458/all/Tics?q=Stroke

  Tics are described in almost all ethnic groups. […] Typical onset is between ages 3 and 10 years. […] The prevalence of tics in school-age children is 6-12%, with transient tics occurring in 20-25% at some time during childhood. […] The prevalence of TS is 0.5% in school-age children.

• #35 Data and Statistics on Tourette Syndrome | Tourette Syndrome | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tourette-syndrome/data/index.html

  We do not know how many children have Tourette syndrome (TS). Studies estimate that 1 out of 162 children have TS. […] A CDC study using parent-reported data found that 1 out of every 333 (0.3%) children 317 years of age in the United States have received a diagnosis of TS; this is about 174,000 children in 20162019. […] This suggests that about half of children with TS may not be diagnosed. […] Among children diagnosed with TS in 2016-2017, 44% have been reported as having moderate or severe TS. […] Boys were about three times more likely to have TS than girls. […] Children from all racial and ethnic groups or socio-economic backgrounds had similar estimates for diagnosis of TS. […] Children 1217 years of age were more than twice as likely to have a diagnosis of TS than children 611 years of age. […] About 83% of children with Tourette syndrome have another disorder. […] Persistent tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome) may affect about 1.4 million people in the U.S. […] Estimating the number of people affected by these disorders is challenging and more information is needed.

• #36 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  Several possible reasons for variations in reported rates have been suggested. These include the lack of a definitive diagnosis of TS; the variable manifestations of the syndrome; the methods employed in different epidemiological studies; different cultural propensities of people with tics to seek medical care; and possibly genetic and allelic differences in different races. […] TS has been described in people of many ethnic origins. In the US, the CDC found that a diagnosis of TS was twice as likely for non-Hispanic white persons than for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black persons. However, this observation may be influenced by differences in seeking of healthcare rather than in actual symptomatic prevalence. […] Boys are more likely than girls to have chronic tics. The male-to-female ratio in TS and in chronic motor tic disorder is approximately 5:1 (between 2:1 and 10:1 in different studies).

• #37 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  Several possible reasons for variations in reported rates have been suggested. These include the lack of a definitive diagnosis of TS; the variable manifestations of the syndrome; the methods employed in different epidemiological studies; different cultural propensities of people with tics to seek medical care; and possibly genetic and allelic differences in different races. […] TS has been described in people of many ethnic origins. In the US, the CDC found that a diagnosis of TS was twice as likely for non-Hispanic white persons than for Hispanic and non-Hispanic black persons. However, this observation may be influenced by differences in seeking of healthcare rather than in actual symptomatic prevalence. […] Boys are more likely than girls to have chronic tics. The male-to-female ratio in TS and in chronic motor tic disorder is approximately 5:1 (between 2:1 and 10:1 in different studies).

• #38 Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/neurologic-disorders-in-children/tic-disorders-and-tourette-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents

  Tics vary widely in severity; they are common among children, many of whom are not evaluated or diagnosed. Tourette syndrome, the most severe type of tic disorder, occurs in 3 to 9/1000 children. […] Tics begin before 18 years of age, typically between 4 years and 6 years of age. They increase in severity to a peak at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and decrease during adolescence. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] To differentiate Tourette syndrome from transient tics, physicians may have to monitor patients over time. Tourette syndrome is diagnosed when people have had both motor and vocal tics for 1 year. […] Treatment to suppress tics is recommended only if they are significantly interfering with children’s activities or self-image; treatment does not alter the natural history of the disorder.

• #39 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  By definition, TS has onset in childhood (usually age 5-10 y). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) requires onset before age 21. A multicenter study of German families showed that this definition is arbitrary but reasonable. In relatives of TS probands who also had tics, the tics usually started when the individual was younger than 18 years, but 5 relatives had otherwise typical histories for TS with onset after the age of 21 years. […] One study of a birth cohort with TS showed that the most common age for tic onset was 9-14 years. The CDC found that diagnosed TS is approximately twice as common in persons 12-17 years old compared with those 6-11 years old. […] The modal age of symptom onset increases roughly with complexity: Simple tics are reported earliest in life, while complex tics, compulsions, obsessions, and sensory tics, and/or premonitory sensations tend to develop somewhat later. Generally, simple motor tics (eg, blinking) are first noticed when the individual is approximately 5-10 years old, with vocal tics starting at 8-15 years. […] Fortunately, by age 18 years, approximately 50% of patients are essentially free of tics. Tic severity tends to peak in early to mid adolescence and wanes thereafter. Tics may persist into adulthood but their severity is almost always diminished.

• #40 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  By definition, TS has onset in childhood (usually age 5-10 y). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) requires onset before age 21. A multicenter study of German families showed that this definition is arbitrary but reasonable. In relatives of TS probands who also had tics, the tics usually started when the individual was younger than 18 years, but 5 relatives had otherwise typical histories for TS with onset after the age of 21 years. […] One study of a birth cohort with TS showed that the most common age for tic onset was 9-14 years. The CDC found that diagnosed TS is approximately twice as common in persons 12-17 years old compared with those 6-11 years old. […] The modal age of symptom onset increases roughly with complexity: Simple tics are reported earliest in life, while complex tics, compulsions, obsessions, and sensory tics, and/or premonitory sensations tend to develop somewhat later. Generally, simple motor tics (eg, blinking) are first noticed when the individual is approximately 5-10 years old, with vocal tics starting at 8-15 years. […] Fortunately, by age 18 years, approximately 50% of patients are essentially free of tics. Tic severity tends to peak in early to mid adolescence and wanes thereafter. Tics may persist into adulthood but their severity is almost always diminished.

• #41 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  By definition, TS has onset in childhood (usually age 5-10 y). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) requires onset before age 21. A multicenter study of German families showed that this definition is arbitrary but reasonable. In relatives of TS probands who also had tics, the tics usually started when the individual was younger than 18 years, but 5 relatives had otherwise typical histories for TS with onset after the age of 21 years. […] One study of a birth cohort with TS showed that the most common age for tic onset was 9-14 years. The CDC found that diagnosed TS is approximately twice as common in persons 12-17 years old compared with those 6-11 years old. […] The modal age of symptom onset increases roughly with complexity: Simple tics are reported earliest in life, while complex tics, compulsions, obsessions, and sensory tics, and/or premonitory sensations tend to develop somewhat later. Generally, simple motor tics (eg, blinking) are first noticed when the individual is approximately 5-10 years old, with vocal tics starting at 8-15 years. […] Fortunately, by age 18 years, approximately 50% of patients are essentially free of tics. Tic severity tends to peak in early to mid adolescence and wanes thereafter. Tics may persist into adulthood but their severity is almost always diminished.

• #42 Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1182258-overview

  By definition, TS has onset in childhood (usually age 5-10 y). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) requires onset before age 21. A multicenter study of German families showed that this definition is arbitrary but reasonable. In relatives of TS probands who also had tics, the tics usually started when the individual was younger than 18 years, but 5 relatives had otherwise typical histories for TS with onset after the age of 21 years. […] One study of a birth cohort with TS showed that the most common age for tic onset was 9-14 years. The CDC found that diagnosed TS is approximately twice as common in persons 12-17 years old compared with those 6-11 years old. […] The modal age of symptom onset increases roughly with complexity: Simple tics are reported earliest in life, while complex tics, compulsions, obsessions, and sensory tics, and/or premonitory sensations tend to develop somewhat later. Generally, simple motor tics (eg, blinking) are first noticed when the individual is approximately 5-10 years old, with vocal tics starting at 8-15 years. […] Fortunately, by age 18 years, approximately 50% of patients are essentially free of tics. Tic severity tends to peak in early to mid adolescence and wanes thereafter. Tics may persist into adulthood but their severity is almost always diminished.

• #43 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  The incidence of motor tics is higher in the winter months than in the spring months. […] The prevalence of tics in children receiving special education was estimated to be 20–23%, with 5.3–7.0% of them meeting the criteria for TS. […] The prevalence of TS in children with autistic spectrum disorder is higher: 22% of children with autistic spectrum disorder were found to have chronic motor tics and 11% were diagnosed with TS.

• #44 Provisional Tic Disorder is not so transient | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40133-4

  Motor and vocal tics are common in childhood. The received wisdom among clinicians is that for most children the tics are temporary, disappearing within a few months. […] However, that common clinical teaching is based largely on biased and incomplete data. […] Our results suggest that remission of Provisional Tic Disorder is the exception rather than the rule. […] The epidemiological data summarized above would suggest that the second step is the more unusual, with PTD remitting the large majority of the time. […] Nevertheless, studying the PTD population is important, both in its own right and for the implications for TS. […] At present, there is almost no information to determine which children will go on to need long-term treatment. […] While limited prospective data suggest that only a third of children with PTD show complete remission of tics over the next 510 years, the epidemiology reviewed above suggests otherwise, and experts have opined that PTD usually remits within a few months.

• #45 Provisional Tic Disorder is not so transient | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40133-4

  In this, the largest prospective study on the outcome of recent-onset tic disorder, we demonstrated that tics do not remit within a year in most children with recent-onset tics. […] Regardless of the diagnostic criteria, we show that tics do not remit in most children within a year, if one includes careful history and adequate direct observation. […] Many experts have opined that Provisional Tic Disorder (PTD) usually goes away within a period of months. […] Our results suggest that this fraction is even smaller. […] Overall, the estimate from these prospective studies was that about one third of patients with PTD remitted fully at follow-up periods of a year or more. […] The present results also cohere with what is known about tic remission throughout the course of tic disorders over the lifespan.

• #46 Provisional Tic Disorder is not so transient | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40133-4

  In this, the largest prospective study on the outcome of recent-onset tic disorder, we demonstrated that tics do not remit within a year in most children with recent-onset tics. […] Regardless of the diagnostic criteria, we show that tics do not remit in most children within a year, if one includes careful history and adequate direct observation. […] Many experts have opined that Provisional Tic Disorder (PTD) usually goes away within a period of months. […] Our results suggest that this fraction is even smaller. […] Overall, the estimate from these prospective studies was that about one third of patients with PTD remitted fully at follow-up periods of a year or more. […] The present results also cohere with what is known about tic remission throughout the course of tic disorders over the lifespan.

• #47 Data and Statistics on Tourette Syndrome | Tourette Syndrome | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tourette-syndrome/data/index.html

  We do not know how many children have Tourette syndrome (TS). Studies estimate that 1 out of 162 children have TS. […] A CDC study using parent-reported data found that 1 out of every 333 (0.3%) children 317 years of age in the United States have received a diagnosis of TS; this is about 174,000 children in 20162019. […] This suggests that about half of children with TS may not be diagnosed. […] Among children diagnosed with TS in 2016-2017, 44% have been reported as having moderate or severe TS. […] Boys were about three times more likely to have TS than girls. […] Children from all racial and ethnic groups or socio-economic backgrounds had similar estimates for diagnosis of TS. […] Children 1217 years of age were more than twice as likely to have a diagnosis of TS than children 611 years of age. […] About 83% of children with Tourette syndrome have another disorder. […] Persistent tic disorders (including Tourette syndrome) may affect about 1.4 million people in the U.S. […] Estimating the number of people affected by these disorders is challenging and more information is needed.

• #48 The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4243175/

  The wide range of prevalence estimates for TS and chronic tic disorders is likely due to differences in sample size and assessment methods. […] Community surveys conducted in various countries over the past twenty years provide estimates of prevalence for TS ranging from 0.5 and 38 cases per 1000 children. […] The variation in estimates across these community studies is likely due to differences in sampling method, sample size, the rate of subject participation, assessment methods and diagnostic threshold used to define cases. […] The prevalence of Chronic Motor Tic Disorder falls in the range of 3 to 8 per 1000. […] The prevalence of Chronic Vocal Tic Disorder in school-age children are less stable and more study is needed. […] The higher than expected rates of ADHD, disruptive behavioral problems, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety in children with TS have been observed for many years. […] The frequency of a prior diagnosis of TS was 3 children per 1,000 resulting in an estimate of 148,000 cases nationwide. […] The gap between identified cases and expected cases based on the prevalence of 6 per 1000 appears to be greater in Hispanic and African-American children.

• #49 Developing a phenotype risk score for tic disorders in a large, clinical biobank | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03011-w

  This proof-of-concept study: (1) supports the utility of medical records for evaluating the longitudinal effects of phenotypically complex diseases such as TD and (2) provides a framework for using the PheRS as a tool for phenome-wide investigations, improving sample sizes for downstream genetic analyses. […] We identified TD cases using ICD9/10 diagnosis codes, matched controls, and tested 676 phenotypes within the EHR for enrichment or depletion among TD cases. […] Comorbid psychiatric disorders often negatively impact patients more than the tics themselves. […] Psychiatric comorbidities that occurred with increased prevalence in TD cases included anxiety disorders (29.6%), ADHD (19.1%), mood disorders (16.9%), depression (10.7%), ASD (9.4%), and OCD (8.7%). […] These findings emphasize the complex phenotypic trajectories for tic patients and support the need for thorough observation and follow-up by clinicians and caregivers even if tic symptoms subside.

• #50 Developing a phenotype risk score for tic disorders in a large, clinical biobank | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03011-w

  This proof-of-concept study: (1) supports the utility of medical records for evaluating the longitudinal effects of phenotypically complex diseases such as TD and (2) provides a framework for using the PheRS as a tool for phenome-wide investigations, improving sample sizes for downstream genetic analyses. […] We identified TD cases using ICD9/10 diagnosis codes, matched controls, and tested 676 phenotypes within the EHR for enrichment or depletion among TD cases. […] Comorbid psychiatric disorders often negatively impact patients more than the tics themselves. […] Psychiatric comorbidities that occurred with increased prevalence in TD cases included anxiety disorders (29.6%), ADHD (19.1%), mood disorders (16.9%), depression (10.7%), ASD (9.4%), and OCD (8.7%). […] These findings emphasize the complex phenotypic trajectories for tic patients and support the need for thorough observation and follow-up by clinicians and caregivers even if tic symptoms subside.

• #51 Developing a phenotype risk score for tic disorders in a large, clinical biobank | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03011-w

  Tics are a common feature of early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by involuntary and repetitive movements or sounds. Despite affecting up to 2% of children and having a genetic contribution, the underlying causes remain poorly understood. […] Tic disorders (TD) are the most common movement disorder in children and are characterized by sudden and recurrent movements and/or vocalizations. […] TD is highly comorbid with several other psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), among others. […] One study found that 86% of individuals diagnosed with the most common tic disorder, Tourette syndrome, are diagnosed with at least one additional psychiatric disorder during their lifetime, and up to 58% of Tourette syndrome patients are diagnosed with two or more additional psychiatric disorders during their lifetime.

• #52 Developing a phenotype risk score for tic disorders in a large, clinical biobank | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03011-w

  This phenotypic heterogeneity complicates the diagnosis and treatment of patients with Tourette syndrome and other TDs. […] Tic disorders are both phenotypically and genetically complex. […] Heritability measurements for Tourette syndrome range from 0.58 to 0.77 and suggest a strong underlying genetic component; however, identifying the genetic signatures of TD has been difficult. […] Electronic health records (EHRs) are a useful resource for studying disease outcomes and comorbidities. […] In the case of phenotypically complex conditions such as TD, EHRs can provide dense phenotype information spanning before and after diagnosis. […] The recent use of phenotype risk scores (PheRS) calculated from medical records has successfully identified patients that exhibit overlapping features of disease.

• #53 Developing a phenotype risk score for tic disorders in a large, clinical biobank | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-024-03011-w

  This proof-of-concept study: (1) supports the utility of medical records for evaluating the longitudinal effects of phenotypically complex diseases such as TD and (2) provides a framework for using the PheRS as a tool for phenome-wide investigations, improving sample sizes for downstream genetic analyses. […] We identified TD cases using ICD9/10 diagnosis codes, matched controls, and tested 676 phenotypes within the EHR for enrichment or depletion among TD cases. […] Comorbid psychiatric disorders often negatively impact patients more than the tics themselves. […] Psychiatric comorbidities that occurred with increased prevalence in TD cases included anxiety disorders (29.6%), ADHD (19.1%), mood disorders (16.9%), depression (10.7%), ASD (9.4%), and OCD (8.7%). […] These findings emphasize the complex phenotypic trajectories for tic patients and support the need for thorough observation and follow-up by clinicians and caregivers even if tic symptoms subside.

• #54 Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-mar-apr/comprehensive-behavioral-intervention-for-tics

  This review provides an introduction to the epidemiology, common comorbidities, suspected etiologies, and therapies of tic disorders including Tourette syndrome (TS). […] Tics are relatively common with prevalence rates of transient tics ranging from 8 to 40 per 1,000 and TS ranging from 4 to 10 cases per 1,000 in school-aged children. […] Tics typically peak in severity during late childhood or early adolescence with a marked reduction in tic severity reported by early adulthood in two-thirds of cases. […] Several psychiatric comorbidities are frequently observed in individuals with tic disorders. Between 26% and 60% of children with TS meet criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 33% to 50% meet the criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Individuals with tic disorders are also more likely to experience social impairment, educational/vocational impairment, and decreased quality of life.

• #55 The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4243175/

  Prevalence is a simple statement about the frequency of a disease in the population. […] To obtain a trustworthy estimate of prevalence, it is necessary to go beyond cases identified in clinical settings and evaluate community samples. […] The 11 studies reviewed here offer a wide range of estimates from 2.6 to 38 per 1000 children for TS. […] The best estimate of prevalence for TS in school-age children is likely to fall between 4 and 8 cases per 1000. […] Epidemiology considers the prevalence of disease and compares the characteristics of those affected by the condition to those that are not affected. […] Obtaining a trustworthy estimate of prevalence of TS faces several challenges. […] Therefore, counting clinical cases is not a valid approach for estimating prevalence because cases in the community that have not been diagnosed will be missed.

• #56 The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4243175/

  Prevalence is a simple statement about the frequency of a disease in the population. […] To obtain a trustworthy estimate of prevalence, it is necessary to go beyond cases identified in clinical settings and evaluate community samples. […] The 11 studies reviewed here offer a wide range of estimates from 2.6 to 38 per 1000 children for TS. […] The best estimate of prevalence for TS in school-age children is likely to fall between 4 and 8 cases per 1000. […] Epidemiology considers the prevalence of disease and compares the characteristics of those affected by the condition to those that are not affected. […] Obtaining a trustworthy estimate of prevalence of TS faces several challenges. […] Therefore, counting clinical cases is not a valid approach for estimating prevalence because cases in the community that have not been diagnosed will be missed.

• #57 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  Tics are characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movement or vocalization, and are the most common movement disorders in children. […] Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the clinical course, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tics, but they are still not well understood. […] Tics usually begin between 3 and 8 years of age. […] The reported prevalence of tics in children therefore varies considerably. […] Tics are more likely to affect boys than girls by a ratio of 1.5–4:1. […] The prevalence of TS is estimated at around 0.4–3% in regular school students. […] Tic disorders are the most common movement disorders in the pediatric population, but adult-onset primary tic disorder is rare. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of tic disorders because a significant number of people do not recognize their tics or do not seek medical care.

• #58 A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/11/2479

  Tics are characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic movement or vocalization, and are the most common movement disorders in children. […] Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the clinical course, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tics, but they are still not well understood. […] Tics usually begin between 3 and 8 years of age. […] The reported prevalence of tics in children therefore varies considerably. […] Tics are more likely to affect boys than girls by a ratio of 1.5–4:1. […] The prevalence of TS is estimated at around 0.4–3% in regular school students. […] Tic disorders are the most common movement disorders in the pediatric population, but adult-onset primary tic disorder is rare. […] It is difficult to estimate the true prevalence of tic disorders because a significant number of people do not recognize their tics or do not seek medical care.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2023/26060/an_update_on_the_diagnosis_and_management_of_tic.6.aspx

  Tic disorders (TDs) are a group of common neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. TDs may impact the physical, emotional, and social well-being of the affected person. TDs are more prevalent in children than in adults and in males than in females. It may result from a complex interaction between various genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Dysregulation in the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical network is the most plausible pathophysiology resulting in tics. TD is a clinical diagnosis based on clinical features and findings on neurological examination, especially the identification of tic phenomenology. Patients with TD may not require specific treatment if tics are not distressing. TDs are more prevalent in children than in adults and in males than in females (M: F = 2.4:1). Assessing the prevalence of TD is challenging due to fluctuating symptoms, differing presentations, limited awareness, and under-diagnosis of mild TD cases. Thus, larger population-based observational studies are needed to accurately determine TDs prevalence. A meta-analysis reported provisional TD being the most common type of TD in children, with a prevalence of 2.99%. The prevalence of TS was 0.77%, four times higher in boys as compared to girls. A separate study evaluated the community samples and reported provisional TD in 11%-20% of school-going children, TS in 0.26%-3.8%, chronic TD in 0.5%-3%, and chronic vocal TD in up to 0.9% of children. An Indian study reported the prevalence rate of TD being 0.04% and a male: female ratio of 4.5:1. A patients susceptibility to develop TD may result from a complex interaction between various genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. TD and TS are polygenic hereditary disorders, with multiple genes being implicated to date. Dysregulation in the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical (CSPTC) network is the most plausible pathophysiology resulting in TD. Evidence from several studies supports CSPTC network dysfunction in TD. The management of TD requires a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and behavioral therapists. The management of TD has been addressed by various consensus guidelines, including European Clinical Guidelines for TS and TD, Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of TD, and the most recent American Academy of Neurology Practice Guideline Recommendations for Treatment of TS and Chronic TD.

• #60 Tourette syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

  Tourette syndrome is a common but underdiagnosed condition that reaches across all social, racial and ethnic groups. It is three to four times more frequent in males than in females. Observed prevalence rates are higher among children than adults because tics tend to remit or subside with maturity and a diagnosis may no longer be warranted for many adults. Up to 1% of the overall population experiences tic disorders, including chronic tics and transient (provisional or unspecified) tics in childhood. Chronic tics affect 5% of children and transient tics affect up to 20%. […] Many individuals with tics do not know they have tics, or do not seek a diagnosis, so epidemiological studies of TS reflect a strong ascertainment bias towards those with co-occurring conditions. The reported prevalence of TS varies according to the source, age, and sex of the sample; the ascertainment procedures; and diagnostic system, with a range reported between 0.15% and 3.0% for children and adolescents.

• #61 Tourette syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

  Tourette syndrome is a common but underdiagnosed condition that reaches across all social, racial and ethnic groups. It is three to four times more frequent in males than in females. Observed prevalence rates are higher among children than adults because tics tend to remit or subside with maturity and a diagnosis may no longer be warranted for many adults. Up to 1% of the overall population experiences tic disorders, including chronic tics and transient (provisional or unspecified) tics in childhood. Chronic tics affect 5% of children and transient tics affect up to 20%. […] Many individuals with tics do not know they have tics, or do not seek a diagnosis, so epidemiological studies of TS reflect a strong ascertainment bias towards those with co-occurring conditions. The reported prevalence of TS varies according to the source, age, and sex of the sample; the ascertainment procedures; and diagnostic system, with a range reported between 0.15% and 3.0% for children and adolescents.

• #62 Tourette syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

  The prevalence of TS in the general population is estimated as 0.3% to 1.0%. According to turn of the century census data, these prevalence estimates translated to half a million children in the US with TS and half a million people in the UK with TS, although symptoms in many older individuals would be almost unrecognizable. […] Tourette syndrome was once thought to be rare: in 1972, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) believed there were fewer than 100 cases in the United States, and a 1973 registry reported only 485 cases worldwide. However, numerous studies published since 2000 have consistently demonstrated that the prevalence is much higher. […] As the diagnostic threshold and assessment methodology have moved towards recognition of milder cases, the estimated prevalence has increased.

• #63 Tourette syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

  The prevalence of TS in the general population is estimated as 0.3% to 1.0%. According to turn of the century census data, these prevalence estimates translated to half a million children in the US with TS and half a million people in the UK with TS, although symptoms in many older individuals would be almost unrecognizable. […] Tourette syndrome was once thought to be rare: in 1972, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) believed there were fewer than 100 cases in the United States, and a 1973 registry reported only 485 cases worldwide. However, numerous studies published since 2000 have consistently demonstrated that the prevalence is much higher. […] As the diagnostic threshold and assessment methodology have moved towards recognition of milder cases, the estimated prevalence has increased.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-022-02253-7

  The incidence of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders has seldom been evaluated in Asia. […] Using the National Taiwan Insurance Research Database, the annual standardized incidence and prevalence of Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorders were estimated from 2007 to 2015. […] From 2007 to 2015, the age- and sex-standardized incidence increased from 5.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.06-5.62) per 100,000 person-years to 6.87 (95% CI 6.53-7.21) per 100,000 person-years. […] The age- and sex-standardized prevalence increased from 37.51 (95% CI 36.75-38.27) per 100,000 people in 2007 to 84.18 (95% CI 83.02-85.35) per 100,000 people in 2015. […] The annual incidence rates of TS and chronic tic disorders increased in childhood and adolescence but decreased in adulthood from 2007 to 2015. The prevalence rates increased over the same period.

• #65

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-022-02253-7

  The incidence of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders has seldom been evaluated in Asia. […] Using the National Taiwan Insurance Research Database, the annual standardized incidence and prevalence of Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorders were estimated from 2007 to 2015. […] From 2007 to 2015, the age- and sex-standardized incidence increased from 5.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.06-5.62) per 100,000 person-years to 6.87 (95% CI 6.53-7.21) per 100,000 person-years. […] The age- and sex-standardized prevalence increased from 37.51 (95% CI 36.75-38.27) per 100,000 people in 2007 to 84.18 (95% CI 83.02-85.35) per 100,000 people in 2015. […] The annual incidence rates of TS and chronic tic disorders increased in childhood and adolescence but decreased in adulthood from 2007 to 2015. The prevalence rates increased over the same period.

• #66 Epidemiology of Tourette Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/5/426

  The annual incidence of all tic disorders in the general population has been reported to have a statistically significant increase from 0.017 to 0.40 per 100,000 (from year 2003 to 2020) indicating an upward trend. It is not clear whether the observed growing incidence represents a true increase in the frequency of tic disorders or increased awareness and diagnosis. […] The reported prevalence of TS varied widely across age groups, ranging from 0.007% to 0.05% in children under 6 years, 0.04% to 0.28% in those aged 6 to 11 years, and 0.19% to 0.54% among individuals aged 12 to 18 years. The male-to-female ratio is reported to be between 2:1 and 9:1, but mostly around 4:1 in childhood and adolescent populations; the male predominance decreases with age. […] The reported prevalence of TS varies considerably, ranging from approximately 0.30% to 0.77% among individuals under 18 years of age and around 0.01% in the general population. The marked heterogeneity across studies, driven by methodological differences and demographic variations, contributes to the wide range of reported prevalence estimates.

• #67 Epidemiology of Tourette Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/5/426

  The annual incidence of all tic disorders in the general population has been reported to have a statistically significant increase from 0.017 to 0.40 per 100,000 (from year 2003 to 2020) indicating an upward trend. It is not clear whether the observed growing incidence represents a true increase in the frequency of tic disorders or increased awareness and diagnosis. […] The reported prevalence of TS varied widely across age groups, ranging from 0.007% to 0.05% in children under 6 years, 0.04% to 0.28% in those aged 6 to 11 years, and 0.19% to 0.54% among individuals aged 12 to 18 years. The male-to-female ratio is reported to be between 2:1 and 9:1, but mostly around 4:1 in childhood and adolescent populations; the male predominance decreases with age. […] The reported prevalence of TS varies considerably, ranging from approximately 0.30% to 0.77% among individuals under 18 years of age and around 0.01% in the general population. The marked heterogeneity across studies, driven by methodological differences and demographic variations, contributes to the wide range of reported prevalence estimates.

• #68 Surveillance of Public Health Burden of Persistent Tic Disorders including Tourette Syndrome in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults | Research Funding

  https://researchfunding.duke.edu/surveillance-public-health-burden-persistent-tic-disorders-including-tourette-syndrome-children

  Eligible applicants should have the infrastructure and capacity to identify, collect, and disseminate information on outcomes associated with persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults. […] The purpose of the NOFO is to conduct surveillance of persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults to: Document the public health burden (i.e., outcomes) of these disorders Generate data that can be used to inform education and outreach activities to improve the health and well-being of individuals with tic disorders and their families. […] Proposed activities for this NOFO include the following: Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to identify measures for priority areas of burden including cost, healthcare transition, suicidality, and co-occurring disorders. Collaborate with CDC and other recipients to determine a standard survey and surveillance protocol across sites and shared data approach. Collect and share de-identified data with CDC. Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to analyze, summarize, and disseminate multi-site findings.

• #69 Surveillance of Public Health Burden of Persistent Tic Disorders including Tourette Syndrome in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults | Research Funding

  https://researchfunding.duke.edu/surveillance-public-health-burden-persistent-tic-disorders-including-tourette-syndrome-children

  Eligible applicants should have the infrastructure and capacity to identify, collect, and disseminate information on outcomes associated with persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults. […] The purpose of the NOFO is to conduct surveillance of persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults to: Document the public health burden (i.e., outcomes) of these disorders Generate data that can be used to inform education and outreach activities to improve the health and well-being of individuals with tic disorders and their families. […] Proposed activities for this NOFO include the following: Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to identify measures for priority areas of burden including cost, healthcare transition, suicidality, and co-occurring disorders. Collaborate with CDC and other recipients to determine a standard survey and surveillance protocol across sites and shared data approach. Collect and share de-identified data with CDC. Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to analyze, summarize, and disseminate multi-site findings.

• #70 Surveillance of Public Health Burden of Persistent Tic Disorders including Tourette Syndrome in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults | Research Funding

  https://researchfunding.duke.edu/surveillance-public-health-burden-persistent-tic-disorders-including-tourette-syndrome-children

  Eligible applicants should have the infrastructure and capacity to identify, collect, and disseminate information on outcomes associated with persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults. […] The purpose of the NOFO is to conduct surveillance of persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults to: Document the public health burden (i.e., outcomes) of these disorders Generate data that can be used to inform education and outreach activities to improve the health and well-being of individuals with tic disorders and their families. […] Proposed activities for this NOFO include the following: Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to identify measures for priority areas of burden including cost, healthcare transition, suicidality, and co-occurring disorders. Collaborate with CDC and other recipients to determine a standard survey and surveillance protocol across sites and shared data approach. Collect and share de-identified data with CDC. Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to analyze, summarize, and disseminate multi-site findings.

• #71 Surveillance of Public Health Burden of Persistent Tic Disorders including Tourette Syndrome in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults | Research Funding

  https://researchfunding.duke.edu/surveillance-public-health-burden-persistent-tic-disorders-including-tourette-syndrome-children

  Eligible applicants should have the infrastructure and capacity to identify, collect, and disseminate information on outcomes associated with persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults. […] The purpose of the NOFO is to conduct surveillance of persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults to: Document the public health burden (i.e., outcomes) of these disorders Generate data that can be used to inform education and outreach activities to improve the health and well-being of individuals with tic disorders and their families. […] Proposed activities for this NOFO include the following: Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to identify measures for priority areas of burden including cost, healthcare transition, suicidality, and co-occurring disorders. Collaborate with CDC and other recipients to determine a standard survey and surveillance protocol across sites and shared data approach. Collect and share de-identified data with CDC. Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to analyze, summarize, and disseminate multi-site findings.

• #72 Documenting outcomes associated with Persistent Tic Disorders (including Tourette Syndrome) in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults through Surveillance – Federal Grant

  https://www.federalgrants.com/Documenting-outcomes-associated-with-Persistent-Tic-Disorders-including-Tourette-Syndrome-in-Children-Adolescents-and-Young-Adults-through-Surveillance-98575.html

  Documenting outcomes associated with Persistent Tic Disorders (including Tourette Syndrome) in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults through Surveillance: Eligible applicants should have the infrastructure and capacity to identify, collect, and disseminate information on outcomes associated with persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults. […] The purpose of the NOFO is to conduct surveillance of persistent tic disorders (PTD) including Tourette syndrome (TS) among children, adolescents, and young adults to: Document the public health burden (i.e., outcomes) of these disorders Generate data that can be used to inform education and outreach activities to improve the health and well-being of individuals with tic disorders and their families. […] Collaborate with CDC and other NOFO recipients to analyze, summarize, and disseminate multi-site findings.

• #73 Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome Study Group

  https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Committees–Other-Groups/Study-Groups/Tic-Disorders-and-Tourette-Syndrome-Study-Group.htm

  To increase international collaborative research efforts within the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment optimization […] TS and tic disorders still lack homogeneity of recognition and pathway of care organization across the regions of the globe. […] Joining efforts to reach consensus on the core pathophysiological mechanisms of tic disorders, enhancing the identification of biomarkers that would have rapid clinical application, investigating efficacy and safety of novel treatment approaches, and accelerating the journey towards personalized treatment plans by improving patient selection and increasing access to established treatments, represent the key elements of our vision on how to advance this field.

• #74 Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome Study Group

  https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Committees–Other-Groups/Study-Groups/Tic-Disorders-and-Tourette-Syndrome-Study-Group.htm

  To increase international collaborative research efforts within the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment optimization […] TS and tic disorders still lack homogeneity of recognition and pathway of care organization across the regions of the globe. […] Joining efforts to reach consensus on the core pathophysiological mechanisms of tic disorders, enhancing the identification of biomarkers that would have rapid clinical application, investigating efficacy and safety of novel treatment approaches, and accelerating the journey towards personalized treatment plans by improving patient selection and increasing access to established treatments, represent the key elements of our vision on how to advance this field.

• #75 Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome Study Group

  https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Committees–Other-Groups/Study-Groups/Tic-Disorders-and-Tourette-Syndrome-Study-Group.htm

  To increase international collaborative research efforts within the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment optimization […] TS and tic disorders still lack homogeneity of recognition and pathway of care organization across the regions of the globe. […] Joining efforts to reach consensus on the core pathophysiological mechanisms of tic disorders, enhancing the identification of biomarkers that would have rapid clinical application, investigating efficacy and safety of novel treatment approaches, and accelerating the journey towards personalized treatment plans by improving patient selection and increasing access to established treatments, represent the key elements of our vision on how to advance this field.

• #76 The Spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America – Tourette Association of America

  https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association-america/

  Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups. […] The spectrum of TS and Tic Disorders ranges from transient tics to chronic disorders meeting diagnostic criteria of TS or CMVTD. These conditions are not rare, as each occurs with frequencies well over the rare disease threshold. When the occurrence of TS and other chronic Tic Disorders are combined, the aggregated prevalence is over 10 per 1000 (1%, 1:100). The best estimate of the prevalence of TS only is approximately 6 per 1,000 (0.6%, 1:160) children. Therefore, based on 2010 US Census Data, over 500,000 children have a chronic Tic Disorder (TS and CMVTD combined), or over 300,000 children have TS alone, in the US. Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups.

• #77 The Spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: A Consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America – Tourette Association of America

  https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association-america/

  Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups. […] The spectrum of TS and Tic Disorders ranges from transient tics to chronic disorders meeting diagnostic criteria of TS or CMVTD. These conditions are not rare, as each occurs with frequencies well over the rare disease threshold. When the occurrence of TS and other chronic Tic Disorders are combined, the aggregated prevalence is over 10 per 1000 (1%, 1:100). The best estimate of the prevalence of TS only is approximately 6 per 1,000 (0.6%, 1:160) children. Therefore, based on 2010 US Census Data, over 500,000 children have a chronic Tic Disorder (TS and CMVTD combined), or over 300,000 children have TS alone, in the US. Further research is needed to provide better estimates of the prevalence of TS and other Tic Disorders across all age groups.

• #78 How Much Do We Know about Adult-onset Primary Tics? Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Clinical Features | Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements

  https://tremorjournal.org/articles/10.5334/tohm.373

  The recognition that tics do occur in adults, and may even start in adulthood, is important for the proper triage and treatment of patients. […] Epidemiologic studies assessing adult populations that are not combined with pediatric data would allow us to better understand the prevalence, risk factors, disease course, and comorbidities of adult-onset tics.

• #79 Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-mar-apr/comprehensive-behavioral-intervention-for-tics

  Despite recommendations for behavioral therapy as first-line treatment, many children do not have access to it. […] American, Canadian, and European guidelines all recommend CBIT as first-line treatment for children and adolescents with tics. […] However, despite the recommendation to seek behavioral therapy for tics, few children and adolescents have access. […] Future directions include continued efforts to disseminate the evidence for CBIT, training of professionals and paraprofessionals to deliver CBIT, and continued development of alternative treatment delivery methods to improve access.

• #80 Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-mar-apr/comprehensive-behavioral-intervention-for-tics

  Despite recommendations for behavioral therapy as first-line treatment, many children do not have access to it. […] American, Canadian, and European guidelines all recommend CBIT as first-line treatment for children and adolescents with tics. […] However, despite the recommendation to seek behavioral therapy for tics, few children and adolescents have access. […] Future directions include continued efforts to disseminate the evidence for CBIT, training of professionals and paraprofessionals to deliver CBIT, and continued development of alternative treatment delivery methods to improve access.

• #81 Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-mar-apr/comprehensive-behavioral-intervention-for-tics

  Despite recommendations for behavioral therapy as first-line treatment, many children do not have access to it. […] American, Canadian, and European guidelines all recommend CBIT as first-line treatment for children and adolescents with tics. […] However, despite the recommendation to seek behavioral therapy for tics, few children and adolescents have access. […] Future directions include continued efforts to disseminate the evidence for CBIT, training of professionals and paraprofessionals to deliver CBIT, and continued development of alternative treatment delivery methods to improve access.

• #82 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Using Online Support Communities for Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: Online Survey of Users’ Experiences

  https://www.jmir.org/2020/11/e18099/

  Background: People living with a tic disorder (TD) such as Tourette syndrome (TS) experience many negative psychological and social challenges arising from chronic tics, such as stigmatization from peers and poorer quality of life, and these can impact upon their families too. […] It can be difficult for this population to access face-to-face support for tics, and so online support communities offer one avenue for support from peers facing similar experiences. […] However, little is known about how online support communities may be used by people with TS and other TDs, and by others (eg, parents, caregivers) supporting a person with TS/TD. […] Objective: This study aimed to explore users experiences of participation in online support communities for TS and TDs. […] The overwhelming reason for their use was to find accessible support due to a lack of offline face-to-face support. […] Online support communities were valued sources of informational and emotional support, and also had a positive impact upon helping users psychological well-being. […] Online communities helped provide a space where people with TS/TDs could feel accepted and reduce the social isolation they felt offline.

• #83 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Using Online Support Communities for Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: Online Survey of Users’ Experiences

  https://www.jmir.org/2020/11/e18099/

  Background: People living with a tic disorder (TD) such as Tourette syndrome (TS) experience many negative psychological and social challenges arising from chronic tics, such as stigmatization from peers and poorer quality of life, and these can impact upon their families too. […] It can be difficult for this population to access face-to-face support for tics, and so online support communities offer one avenue for support from peers facing similar experiences. […] However, little is known about how online support communities may be used by people with TS and other TDs, and by others (eg, parents, caregivers) supporting a person with TS/TD. […] Objective: This study aimed to explore users experiences of participation in online support communities for TS and TDs. […] The overwhelming reason for their use was to find accessible support due to a lack of offline face-to-face support. […] Online support communities were valued sources of informational and emotional support, and also had a positive impact upon helping users psychological well-being. […] Online communities helped provide a space where people with TS/TDs could feel accepted and reduce the social isolation they felt offline.

• #84 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Using Online Support Communities for Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: Online Survey of Users’ Experiences

  https://www.jmir.org/2020/11/e18099/

  Background: People living with a tic disorder (TD) such as Tourette syndrome (TS) experience many negative psychological and social challenges arising from chronic tics, such as stigmatization from peers and poorer quality of life, and these can impact upon their families too. […] It can be difficult for this population to access face-to-face support for tics, and so online support communities offer one avenue for support from peers facing similar experiences. […] However, little is known about how online support communities may be used by people with TS and other TDs, and by others (eg, parents, caregivers) supporting a person with TS/TD. […] Objective: This study aimed to explore users experiences of participation in online support communities for TS and TDs. […] The overwhelming reason for their use was to find accessible support due to a lack of offline face-to-face support. […] Online support communities were valued sources of informational and emotional support, and also had a positive impact upon helping users psychological well-being. […] Online communities helped provide a space where people with TS/TDs could feel accepted and reduce the social isolation they felt offline.

• #85 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Using Online Support Communities for Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: Online Survey of Users’ Experiences

  https://www.jmir.org/2020/11/e18099/

  Conclusions: The findings suggest that online support communities appear to offer valuable informational and emotional support to those living with TS/TD and their families too, especially given the lack of locally available support. […] This facilitates a sense of community online, which can help users in overcoming long-standing social isolation and aid self-reported improvements in psychosocial well-being. […] Social support is an important resource in coping with chronic conditions, and may help lessen the detrimental impact of TDs upon psychosocial well-being of individuals with TD and their families. […] However the relative rarity of TDs means local support particularly for adults with TD is seldom accessible. […] With increasing access to the internet, online support communities provide new opportunities for people affected by specific health issues to share, communicate, and network together in an online space. […] Online support communities are not without their problems and a range of difficulties have been described in the literature: greater anonymity and distance mean users may be rude to others, the wealth of information can be difficult to process and inaccurate information can be shared without fact checking, and the absence of facial and vocal cues in online communication can lead to misunderstandings in support.

• #86 Epidemiology of Tourette Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/5/426

  Epidemiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, manifested by tics and a variety of behavioral comorbidities that cluster strongly within families, suggesting a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Understanding the incidence and prevalence across different populations provides valuable insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of the condition and aids in the development of effective treatment strategies. The prevalence of TS is estimated to be about 1% in children and adolescents and approximately 0.01% in adults, with a male-to-female (M:F) ratio of about 4:1. The prevalence of tic disorders is higher in all studies performed in special education populations. […] Despite substantial methodological variability, our review of the literature indicates that TS is a relatively common neurobehavioral disorder, affecting nearly 1% of children, especially boys. Raising global awareness and expanding training in TS should lead to better identification of undiagnosed patients.

• #87 Epidemiology of Tourette Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/15/5/426

  Epidemiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, manifested by tics and a variety of behavioral comorbidities that cluster strongly within families, suggesting a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Understanding the incidence and prevalence across different populations provides valuable insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of the condition and aids in the development of effective treatment strategies. The prevalence of TS is estimated to be about 1% in children and adolescents and approximately 0.01% in adults, with a male-to-female (M:F) ratio of about 4:1. The prevalence of tic disorders is higher in all studies performed in special education populations. […] Despite substantial methodological variability, our review of the literature indicates that TS is a relatively common neurobehavioral disorder, affecting nearly 1% of children, especially boys. Raising global awareness and expanding training in TS should lead to better identification of undiagnosed patients.

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