Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diffuse Esophageal Spasm – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541106/

  The incidence of diffuse esophageal spasm is around 1 case in 100000 population per year. Esophageal spasm appears to be more common in people of the White race as compared to other races and presents more frequently in women. Its incidence increases with age and is rarely seen in children. It has a prevalence of 4 to 7%, according to the data collected from referral centers.[7] […] The chances of mortality with DES is low, but it can significantly hamper the quality of life in a patient and can lead to high morbidity in these patients. The increase in the rate of morbidity can be due to: […] The typical clinical features that a patient with diffuse esophageal spasm presents with are: […] The usual presentation is intermittent dysphagia with occasional chest pain. Pain might manifest upon eating quickly or consuming hot or cold beverages. DES is commonly associated with comorbidities like anxiety and depression.

• #2 Esophageal Spasm: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/174975-overview

  The incidence of esophageal spasm is about 1 case in 100,000 population per year. […] Because the symptoms are mild (or even absent) in many patients, the true incidence is not known. […] Esophageal spasm seemingly is more common in whites, and it may be more common in women than in men. However, esophageal spasm is rare in children, and its incidence increases with age.

• #3 Diffuse Esophageal Spasm | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20507

  The incidence of diffuse esophageal spasm is around 1 case in 100000 population per year. Esophageal spasm appears to be more common in people of the White race as compared to other races and presents more frequently in women. Its incidence increases with age and is rarely seen in children. It has a prevalence of 4 to 7%, according to the data collected from referral centers.[7] […] The appropriate workup for DES should ensue as chest pain can mimic cardiac, pulmonary, and rheumatological disorders. […] The chances of mortality with DES is low, but it can significantly hamper the quality of life in a patient and can lead to high morbidity in these patients. The increase in the rate of morbidity can be due to: […] Patient education is critical in terms of the identification of symptoms and available treatment options for the disease. The treatment modality will be successful only with complete patient education and involvement.

• #4

  https://step2.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/120139/diffuse-esophageal-spasm

  Epidemiology […] Incidence […] likely underdiagnosed due to vague symptoms. […] Demographs […] rare in children. […] more common in women.

• #5 Oesophageal Spasm: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/oesophageal-spasm

  The incidence is of DOS is 1 in 100,000 per year. It increases with age and is more common in white people. It has a prevalence of 4-7%.56 […] HO occurs in 10% of patients with non-cardiac chest pain.7

• #6 Distal Esophageal Spasm: An Updated Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10404380/

  The prevalence of DES is not precisely known as it is a rare condition. Its reported prevalence varies depending on the population studied as well as the diagnostic criteria used. Additionally, DES was referred to as diffuse esophageal spasm until the recent introduction of the CC in 2008, when it was re-classified as a separate diagnosis. Studies have estimated that the prevalence of DES is around 2% to 9% in symptomatic patients undergoing esophageal motility testing. It is more common in women with a median age of 60 at diagnosis. […] Diagnosing DES requires specialized testing tools. Endoscopy is the modality used initially to exclude secondary motility disorders (eg, hiatal hernia, Schatzkis ring, neoplasm). […] The gold standard method for diagnosing DES is HRM, which is interpreted based on the Chicago Classification (CC) standardized system. According to the latest version (CC v4.0), DES is defined by premature contractions in at least 20% of swallows in the setting of normal LES relaxation in those with dysphagia or non-cardiac chest pain. This is an important distinction from the older CC which did not require relevant esophageal symptoms.

• #7 Esophageal motility disorders : GI Motility online

  https://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo20.html

  Achalasia affects patients of all ages and both sexes. It is an uncommon disorder with an annual incidence of 1 case per 100,000. In most series, achalasia is diagnosed in about 5% of patients undergoing manometry. Achalasia is usually recognized in patients between the ages of 25 and 60 years but may be seen at any age. […] Diffuse esophageal spasm is quite uncommon. When strict manometric criteria are used for diagnosis, it occurs in only 3% to 5% of patients undergoing manometry for suspected esophageal motor disorders. […] Hypotensive esophageal contraction is the most common manometric abnormality found in patients with GERD, occurring in 20% to 50%. In a large series, it was reported to be present in about 10% of patients undergoing esophageal manometry for any reason. […] Scleroderma esophagus occurs in 75% to 80% of patients with scleroderma. It most commonly affects women in the 30- to 50-year age group.

• #8

  https://step1.medbullets.com/gastrointestinal/107030/diffuse-esophageal-spasm

  diffuse esophageal spasms are non-peristaltic contractions of the esophagus that are simultaneous or uncoordinated […] incidence […] likely underdiagnosed due to vague symptoms […] demographs […] rare in children […] more common in women.

• #9 Esophageal Spasms | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/esophageal-spasms

  Esophageal spasms are not very common. […] People between the ages of 60 and 80 are at the highest risk of getting esophageal spasms. […] In addition, the risk of developing esophageal spasms seems to increase in people who have high blood pressure, anxiety or depression. […] Because esophageal spasms seem to be associated with gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) disease, those at risk for GERD may also be at greater risk of developing esophageal spasms.

• #10 Diffuse esophageal spasm epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Diffuse esophageal spasm is relatively uncommon disease with incidence of 1 per 100,000 in the USA. DES affects all age groups. There is no racial predilection to DES. […] The incidence of DES is approximately 1 per 100,000 individuals in USA. […] The prevalence of DES is 400 per 100,000 patients referred for esophageal symptoms; 7 per 100 morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, 2-7% among patients with known cardiac diseases. […] Large series of patients undergoing esophageal motility testing for related symptoms had prevalence of DES 400-1,000 per 100,000. […] There are no reported cases of mortality due to DES. […] Patients of all age groups may develop DES, but limited study results shows more common in age group 60-80 years and the prevalence of disease increases with age. […] There is no racial predilection to DES. […] Females are more commonly affected by DES than male.

• #11 Esophageal Spasm (Nutcracker Esophagus): What To Know

  https://www.health.com/esophageal-spasm-8667542

  Esophageal spasm is a rare disorder affecting about 1 in 100,000 people. […] This condition is also more prevalent among people assigned female at birth. […] Researchers do not fully understand the causes of esophageal spasms. […] Some researchers believe this constant exposure to stomach acids affects the esophageal muscle nerves, causing their patterns of activity to change and leading to esophageal spasms. […] All people can develop esophageal spasms, but this issue is more common among certain populations.

• #12 Multiple Sclerosis Is Associated With Achalasia and Diffuse Esophageal Spasm

  https://www.jnmjournal.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.5056/jnm22173

  Of 167 990 adult patients with a diagnosis of MS, 110 (0.07%) and 540 (0.32%) developed achalasia and DES, respectively, within the 15-year period. […] Univariate logistic regression modeling revealed the odds that MS patients will develop achalasia or DES were (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.73-2.52; P-value 0.001) and (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.89-3.42; P-value 0.001), respectively. […] In this population-based study using a nationwide de-identified database, we demonstrated that patients with MS are at a higher odds of developing achalasia and DES as compared to patients without MS. […] Patients with both MS and achalasia or MS and DES displayed higher prevalence of dysautonomic conditions than MS patients without abnormal manometric findings. […] In summary, patients with MS have an increased odds of having achalasia or DES.

• #13 Diffuse esophageal spasm | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/diffuse-oesophageal-spasm?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252F%25252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghradiopaedia-icon-144.pngfavicon.ico&lang=us

  Diffuse esophageal spasm is an unusual cause of non-cardiac chest pain (2%) or dysphagia (4%). It occurs most commonly in patients over 50 years old but can occur at any age. […] Manometry is the gold standard diagnostic test.

• #14 Manometrically jackhammer esophagus with fluoroscopically/endoscopically distal esophageal spasm: a case report | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01808-3

  Jackhammer esophagus is a rare esophageal motility disorder that can result in dysphagia, chest pain, and gastro-esophageal reflux symptoms. High-resolution manometry is the gold standard for diagnosis, while corkscrew esophagus on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is an uncommon manifestation. […] Nowadays, high-resolution manometry (HRM) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of this esophageal motility disorder. […] JH esophagus is an uncommon esophageal motility disorder identified in 4% of patients who undergo manometry. […] Hypercontractile (JH) esophagus can be a manifestation of EGJ outflow obstruction as evident by instances in which it occurs in association with an IRP greater than the upper limit of normal. […] These patients have major symptoms of dysphagia (72%), pyrosis (42%), retrosternal chest pain (36%), and epigastralgia (33%). […] Overall, no typical endoscopic feature which was a hallmark for JH esophagus, while a corkscrew esophagus was an uncommon finding on upper GI endoscopy reports in literatures such as the one in our present study. […] Currently, the standard treatment of this disease is not well defined.

• #15 Cary Gastroenterology Associates | Tied in Knots: Esophageal Spasm…

  https://www.carygastro.com/blog/tied-in-knots-esophageal-spasm-explained

  Esophageal spasms are rare, though if you have had one you are significantly more likely to have another. […] There are several other factors that are strongly correlated to the presence of esophageal spasms, but the exact causal links are not well understood. […] The first step in diagnosing esophageal spasm is to rule out the possibility of a heart attack. […] Ultimately, spasms in the esophageal muscles are a problem of the nervous system. […] If you have experienced an esophageal spasm, it is more likely they will happen to you again.

• #16 What Are Esophageal Spasms: Everything That You Should Know – Princeton Gastroenterology Associates

  https://princetongi.com/what-are-esophageal-spasms-everything-that-you-should-know/

  Chest pain and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) account for a reasonable percentage of hospital consultations. […] The diffuse esophageal spasm occurs in approximately 1 in 100,000 people. Although the exact cause is unknown, several theories are described in the following section. It is rarely seen in children; incidence increases with age and is more common in women. […] The laboratory, imaging studies, and treatment of esophageal spasms are done in the outpatient department. […] Upon initiation of therapy, your doctor will schedule a visit to monitor your response and any adverse drug reaction.

• #17 A Review of Esophageal Chest Pain – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/november-2015/a-review-of-esophageal-chest-pain/

  Patients often report ECP as a debilitating medical condition due to the physical pain involved, and this is further compounded by the psychological distress associated with the condition. Consequently, these patients report a diminished quality of life. Patients with ECP also seek health care from a variety of settings. In a survey of primary care physicians (PCPs), 79.5% of patients with noncardiac chest pain, including those with ECP, were treated by PCPs. Interestingly, PCPs referred these patients most frequently to a gastroenterologist (75.6%), followed by a cardiologist (7.8%) or a pulmonologist (1.6%). Almost half of these patients (45.6%) were treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). […] Costs associated with ECP have not been systematically assessed. In the United States, it has been estimated that the annual cost of admission and investigation of acute chest pain with normal coronaries is $8 billion. Indirect costs associated with prescriptions and the loss of work-related productivity were not included, but there are data showing that work absenteeism rates (29%) and interruptions to daily activities (63%) are quite high in these patients. A recent Irish study found that the cost per hospitalization in patients with nonspecific chest pain was €3729, and the annual national cost for providing health care for ECP was €71 million. ECP patients make numerous visits to the emergency room, have greater utilization of health care and greater costs, report significant psychological distress, and demonstrate diminished quality of life.

• #18 What Are Esophageal Spasms? – Gastroenterology Medical Associates

  https://gastrospecialistsnj.com/what-are-esophageal-spasms/

  Chest pain and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) account for a reasonable percentage of hospital consultations. In some patients, these occur due to a spasm of the esophagus, a muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach. […] Diffuse esophageal spasms occur in approximately 1 in 100,000 people. Although the exact cause is unknown, several theories are described in the following section. It is rarely seen in children; incidence increases with age and is more common in women.

• #19 A Review of Esophageal Chest Pain – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/november-2015/a-review-of-esophageal-chest-pain/

  There are several risk factors associated with ECP that influence the frequency with which symptoms are reported, the number of prescriptions that are written, and the health care resources that are utilized. In one study, patients with ECP were younger, consumed more alcohol, smoked more frequently, and reported more anxiety when compared with other causes of chest pain. ECP also accounted for approximately 2% to 5% of all emergency room visits in the United States, and more than 6 million patients were admitted to a hospital for the evaluation of chest pain. Overlap with other functional gastrointestinal disorders is common in patients with ECP. One study reported that 80% of patients with ECP had an overlap with another functional gastrointestinal disorder such as irritable bowel syndrome (27%) or functional bloating (22%).

• #20 Esophageal Chest Pain: Esophageal Spasm | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/esophageal-chest-pain-esophageal-spasm/

  Noncardiac chest pain, often attributed to chest pain of an esophageal origin, is a common entity with an approximately 13% worldwide prevalence. The majority of esophageal chest pain is related to gastroesophageal reflux or functional chest pain. On the other hand, primary manometric diagnoses of spastic esophageal motility disorders make up only a small proportion of noncardiac chest pain patients, though information regarding the epidemiology of spastic esophageal motility disorders relates to the diagnostic criteria applied, and thus may fluctuate over the course of evolving diagnostics definitions. Using conventional manometry criteria, a recent study of 350 consecutive patients undergoing manometry from 2012 to 2013 found DES (defined by simultaneous contractions) in 3% and nutcracker esophagus (defined by mean distal wave amplitude 220 mm Hg) in 3%. As a reference, achalasia, which has an estimated incidence rate of about 1/100,000 person-years, was found in 8% of the 350 patients. With HRM evaluation and criteria, DES with premature contractions (reduced distal latency) in 20% of swallows was found in 0.5% (n = 6) of 1070 patients without previous foregut surgery. Among the same HRM cohort, 44/1070 (4.1%) had at least one hypercontractile (DCI 8000 mm Hg s cm) swallow; thus under the current HRM diagnostic criteria requiring 20% of hypercontractile swallows, hypercontractile esophagus would be expected to be diagnosed even more infrequently. Again for reference, incident achalasia was diagnosed in 99/1000 (10%) of consecutive HRMs from the same center. Therefore, spastic esophageal motility disorders ultimately reflect rare disorders encompassing even a small portion (5%) of all patients undergoing esophageal manometry. Reports of higher rates should raise questions about diagnostic interpretation (particularly with DES and correct identification of the contractile deceleration point and subsequent measurement of the distal latency).

• #21 Esophageal Spasms: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Medication

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15575-esophageal-spasms

  Esophageal spasms are rare. Medical experts estimate that distal esophageal spasm affects 1 person per 100,000 each year. […] More research is needed to determine the specific cause and risk factors. […] Esophageal spasms sometimes cause chest pain or trouble swallowing. But providers dont consider the condition a serious threat to your health. Esophageal spasms dont increase your risk of esophageal cancer or other serious conditions that can affect your esophagus.

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